Study Guide Exam 2
S & S of uterine rupture versus placenta previa, abruptio placenta
rupture of the uterus - rare but serious injury, causes include separation of previous Csection scar ( increases with classic scar), trauma (i.e. MV accident), congenital uterine
anomaly, intense hypertonic contractions, multifetal,  parity, oxytocin induction.
Complete rupture extends through uterine wall into peritoneal cavity. Incomplete rupture
extends into peritoneal covering of uterus but not broad ligaments or peritoneal cavity.
Dehiscence may go unnoticed until next C-section. Bleeding may be internal or external.
 S&S with complete rupture: c/o sudden, sharp and shooting pain in lower
abdomen "something tore", loss of contractions and pain;
 hypovolemic shock from hemorrhage (BP, R, pallor, cool, clammy skin);
 if placenta separates, no FHR;
 if c/o chest pain, inspiratory pain, suspect pulmonary embolism;
 pain between scapula, from irritation of diaphragm by free blood;
 S&S with incomplete rupture: may be no pain, FHR may have late decels,
variability or other non reassuring pattern;
 maternal vomiting, faintness, abdominal tenderness;
 hypotonic contractions, eventually bleeding with S&S of shock, loss of FHR;
 with both:  fetal mortality >80%, maternal mortality 50-75%;
 treatment depends on severity. For incomplete - transfusions and
hysterectomy, IV, O2, immediate C-section.
Amniotomy - nursing assessment after procedure & fetal status
Amniotomy - artificial rupture of the amniotic sac, AROM, often used with oxytocin to
augment labor. Can be used to induce labor, which usually follows in 12-24 hrs.
 vaginal exam determines dilatation and effacement, fetal station and presenting
part
 deferred if high station or not a cephalic presentation because of risk of prolapsed
cord, more space between pelvis and fetus.
 "hook" is passed through cervix and membranes are snagged, opening is enlarged
with fingers, fluid is allowed to drain slowly. Place folded towel and chux under
woman's buttocks.
 Note color, odor, consistency of fluid (cloudy, yellow = infection), presence of
meconium (greenish) or blood;
 Complications include: chorioamnionitis risk increases after 24 hrs, prolapse of
the cord, abruptio placentae - if uterus is overdistended, it collapses with
discharge of fluid and placental implantation surface shrinks causing placental
separation an decreased O2 to fetus
 Monitor FHR before and after procedure for cord compression or prolapse
 Check temp q2h for signs of infection, ≥38° C, chills, foul-smelling discharge,
uterine tenderness, fetal tachycardia
 Comfort measures because fluid will continue to leak until birth
 3 associated risks:
1. prolapse of the umbilical cord: slips down in gush of fluid;
2. infection: vaginal organisms have free access to uterus; and
3. abruptio placentae: as uterus collapses, the area of plancental attachment
shrinks.
Page 1 of 12
Study Guide Exam 2
Methergine - why is this drug used postpartum, p. 736, Ch. 28
Methylergonovine (Methergine) – Classification: Oxytocic. Acts directly on uterine
smooth muscle, causing a sustained tetanic uterotonic effect that reduces uterine bleeding
and shortens the third stage of labor. Administer IM during puerperium, during delivery
of placenta, or after delivering anterior shoulder. Also may be given IV, but it should not
be administered routinely, because it may provoke hypertension or a stroke. Monitor BP
closely when administering IV. Contraindicated for women with hypertension.
PIH - major symptoms and assessments, comfort for the mother, providing
a safe environment
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) "Toxemia of Pregnancy"
Preeclampsia: referred to as pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), affects 5-8% of
women in their first pregnancy, in third trimester, or after 24 weeks gestation. May be
mild or severe with unknown etiology. It is a multisystem disorder with generalized
vasospasm and:
 BP ≥ 140/90 (mild) or ≥160/110 (severe)
 Proteinuria mild 1+ - 2+ (≥300 mg/24hr), severe 3+ - 4+ (≥5 g/24 hr)
 Pathologic edema of the hands and face, "tight wedding ring" may by 1st
symptom.
 Also: oliguria < 500mL /24 hours - decreased renal perfusion - decreased GFR
with increased BUN & creatinine leads to glomerular damage with loss of protein
(albumin) - decreased osmotic colloidal pressure allowing fluid to shift to
interstitial spaces - edema.
 Altered consciousness, headache, blurred vision, seeing spots or floaters due to
cerebral edema and retinal artery vasospasm.
 Women with mild hypertension and minimal proteinuria can quickly progress to
eclampsia, therefore, distinguishing between mild and severe can be misleading.
Eclampsia: includes the symptoms of preeclampsia along with seizure in a patient
without an underlying neurologic or febrile origin. Seizures may occur before, during or
after labor. May occur in the presence of a diastolic pressure ↑ 80 independently of other
signs.
It is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology whose only known cure is delivery of
the fetus.
Treatment: If lab work is normal, conservative treatment, possibly as outpatient. Or, may
be admitted and placed on bed rest, BP monitoring and fetal surveillance. Weekly platelet
counts, liver enzymes, renal function tests and urinary protein levels will be monitored.
Severe preeclampsia requires hospitalization, with daily labs and constant fetal
surveillance. Bed rest in the lateral position, and her environment is kept quiet. If fetus is
mature, delivery can be vaginal depending on status.
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Study Guide Exam 2
Antihypertensives:
Diastolic BP greater than 100 - Hydralazine and Labetalol to prevent maternal CVA,
placental infarctions and placental abruption.
Anticonvulsants:
Seizure prophylaxis in all preeclamptics during labor and delivery and continued for 1224 hours following delivery.
Magnesium Sulfate:
Loading dose: 4g in 100mL IV over 10-20 minutes.
Maintenance: 1-2 g/hr IV.
Therapeutic (for treatment of seizure): 1 gm/min IV until seizure controlled; 4-6g max.
Serum Magnesium Levels:
1.2-1.8
3-8
8-10
12-17
13-20
normal
therapeutic
CNS depression
respiratory depression
coma and death
Signs of magnesium toxicity include:
 hypotension, monitor BP closely during administration
 respiratory depression - rate below 12 per minute
 depressed deep tendon reflexes, especially patellar
 oliguria and proteinuria monitor urine output > 25-30ml/h
 keep resuscitation equipment in room including O2
 monitor fetal heart rate
HELLP syndrome
HELLP Syndrome
A life-threatening variation of preeclampsia, which often occurs at 26-34 weeks
gestation. It is characterized by:
 hemolysis - when breakage and damage to RBCs in narrowed and damaged blood
vessels.
 elevated liver enzymes - hepatic blood flow obstructed by fibrin deposits, may
also produce jaundice
 low platelets (thrombocytopenia) - platelets accumulate at site of vascular damage
from vasospasm, resulting in thrombocytopenia elsewhere in the body
 hyperreflexia (4+), clonus, nausea, vomiting
 lab work: low Hct not explained by any blood loss, low platelets elevated liver
function (enzymes) tests – LDH (100-190 units/L), AST (0-35 units/L),
ALP (30-120 units/L), bilirubin (<2 mg/dL)
***The diagnostic sign of HELLP syndrome is pain in the RUQ, lower chest or
epigastric region. Tenderness from liver distention, nausea, vomiting and severe edema
may be present. Avoid traumatizing the liver and rupturing the hepatic capsule by
abdominal manipulation or from seizures.
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Study Guide Exam 2
Mother must be hospitalized, and the fetus evaluated for gestational age and lung
maturity. Treatment includes magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures, hydralazine to
control BP, fluid replacement to correct hypovolemia and improve urine output. Nurse
must monitor patient carefully - fluid overload may cause pulmonary edema and ascites
(accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity).
If fetus is > 34 weeks, delivery may be done. If under <34 weeks, delivery is delayed up
to 96 hours and corticosteroids administered to stimulate fetal lung maturity.
Improvement in mother within 72 hours of delivery generally occurs.
Multifetal delivery - postpartum care of mother
Multifetal Delivery - results in dysfunctional labor because of uterine over distension.
There is an increase in twins, triplets and more because of fertility enhancing drugs.
 high risk of fetal hypoxia during birth;
 high risk of LBW and IUGR;
 higher risk of fetal malpresentation and dystocia with higher % of C-section;
 if one twin is vertex, rotation of 2nd twin may be attempted, if both are breech, Csection performed;
 during labor, each FHR monitored separately.
 Mother is at greater risk for postpartum hemorrhage from uterine atony.
Late decelerations and nursing interventions
Late
 Uteroplacental insufficiency with decreased exchange of O2 and waste products,
decreased O2 reserves -begin after contraction has started, lowest point after peak
of contraction and does not return to baseline until contraction is over. When
these persist  fetal hypoxia and acidosis - non-reassuring pattern.
 When late decels are caused by maternal hypotension, turn woman on side to
displace weight of uterus from aorta, vena cava.
 When caused by over stimulation of uterus from oxytocin, stop infusion
 Late decels with normal FHR and variability are of less concern than late decels
with abnormal FHR and absent variability
 FHR <100 BPM and no variability = BAD. Baby must be delivered.
 Nursing interventions to improve placental blood flow & fetal oxygen supply:
o Blood pressure stabilization
o Maternal positioning on the left side
o Monitoring maternal oxygenation
o Pelvic exam to identify cord presentation
Page 4 of 12
Study Guide Exam 2
S & S of shock…
Early signs:
 Tachycardia
 Pallor and pale, cool skin due to vasoconstriction
 BP, R
Late signs
 anxious, confused, then lethargic when loss is ≤40% of total volume;
 Urine output decreases to less than 5mL/hr when loss is ≥40% of total volume.
…and early postpartum hemorrhage,
Early postpartum hemorrhage is most common during 1st hour after delivery. Two major
causes are uterine atony and trauma to birth canal. Less common causes are hematomas
and retained placental fragments. S&S include:
 soft, boggy fundus;
 bleeding; heavy = soaking 1 pad/hour; excessive = 1 pad in 15 minutes.
 VS = tachycardia,  pulse pressure,  BP
 severe pelvic, rectal pain; and
 cold damp, pale skin.
…normal changes in vital signs postpartum p. 932
BP
Near baseline levels established during pregnancy.
PULSE
Normally 60-90, but bradycardia may occur (50-60 bpm) as a result of the increased
amount of blood returning to the central circulation – will usually resolve 24 to 48 hours
after delivery.
RESPIRATIONS
The respiratory rate should remain within the normal range of 12–20 respirations per
minute.
TEMPERATURE
< 38° C.
Neonate and hypothermia – re-warming infant,
Thermoregulation
Maintenance of balance between heat loss and heat production, this is secondary to
establishment of respiration and circulation for survival. Babies are 85% fluid, which is
why dehydration is more dangerous in babies.
 evaporation - vaporization of moisture from the skin, occurs during birth and from
failure to dry infant quickly after birth, wet diapers or clothing, insensible loss
from lungs. Nursing Interventions: change wet diapers/clothing promptly,
maintain hydration
Page 5 of 12
Study Guide Exam 2



conduction - flow of air away from body to cooler surfaces in direct contact scales, cold stethoscopes, cold hands. Nursing Interventions: Wrap in warm
blankets, place against mother’s skin.
convection - flow of heat from body surface to cooler surrounding air; drafts, air
conditioners, people moving creates currents. Nursing Interventions: Place
newborn under warmer until stable, then dress and move to open crib. Nursery
usually kept warm, ≥24°C.
radiation - loss of body heat to cooler objects not in direct contact but close
proximity, sides of crib, outside facing window. Nursing Interventions: Place
newborn in center of crib, away from sides. Crib on opposite wall from window.
…normal breathing rate and pattern in newborns
Newborn breathes shallow and irregular, 30-60 breaths per minute with sustained
respiration ≥60 after first short period of apnea (<15 seconds/hr). Newborns are obligate
nose breathers and cyanosis or asphyxia may develop in first 3 weeks with nasal
obstruction. During 1st hour, pulmonary lymphatic system continues to remove fluid from
lungs and from alveoli through blood capillaries. Breath sounds may be moist or coarse,
especially in infants born by C-section. However, breath sounds should be present
throughout all lung fields.
Choanal atresia — one or both passages are blocked by septal abnormality. Check by
closing mouth and occluding one nostril at a time  becomes cyanotic at rest.
Chest circumference approximately 30-33 cm, chest and abdomen rise simultaneously
with inspiration. Seesaw respirations are abnormal (chest falls and abdomen rises).
Alveoli are lined with surfactant which develops in utero. L/S ratio can be determined in
amniotic fluid for lung maturity (phospholipids) — tells if there is enough surfactant.
Infection postpartum - S & S
Normal physiologic changes of childbirth  risk of infection. During labor the acidity of
the vagina  by the amniotic fluid, blood, and lochia, which are alkaline. An alkaline
environment  growth of bacteria
 Fever, chills;
 Pain or redness of wounds;
 Purulent wound drainage;
 Tachycardia;
 Uterine subinvolution (failure of uterus to return to its normal size following
childbirth)
 Foul smelling lochia, abnormal duration;
  WBC (>10,000/mm3);
 Polyuria, dysuria, hematuria;
 Suprapubic pain;
 Localized warmth, redness, or tenderness in breasts (mastitis, p. 750)
 Body aches, general malaise.
Page 6 of 12
Study Guide Exam 2
Successful breastfeeding - latching on, inverted nipples - treatment and
care CH. 22, p. 544, 552 (table)
Latch-On Problem: Infant sucks at the end of the nipple or fails to open mouth wide.
 Pull down gently on chin to help infant open mouth wider;
 Be sure nipple is at back of mouth and 1 – 1½ inches of areola is in mouth.
Inverted Nipples: Mother’s nipples are flat or inverted and baby has difficulty drawing
them in.
 Mother wears breast shells in bra to help make nipples protrude;
 Cause nipple to become erect just before feeding by applying a cold cloth to
nipple, or rolling nipple between fingers, or using breast pump.
Phototherapy
 phototherapy to prevent kernicterus - bilirubin encephalopathy deposit of
bilirubin in the brain with severe CNS damage e.g., cerebral palsy, mental
retardation, hearing loss, attention deficit disorder.
 Special fluorescent lights placed over infant in an incubator; proper
distance to prevent burns. Double lights may be necessary for very high
levels, or a fiber optic blanket may be used instead.
 Cover eyes and leave only a diaper on baby.
 Light converts bilirubin to lumirubin, a harmless substance excreted in
bile and urine
 Causes urine and stool to turn green
 Change position q2h, check temperature, urine output (dehydration from
heat of lamps), feed protein to  elimination of bilirubin
 Explain to parents the importance of keeping infant under the light.
Neonate - tremors, nursing assessment for and interventions CH 20, p. 487
Tremors are commonly caused by low glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Other causes
include low calcium levels or prenatal exposure to drugs. Differentiated from seizures by
ceasing when the extremities are held firmly in a flexed position.
S&S of hypoglycemia:
 Tremors
 lethargy
 poor sucking reflex;
 T and respiratory difficulty
Nursing Interventions:
 Heal stick
 values <40-45 mg/dL = feeding
 recheck 30 minutes after feeding
Page 7 of 12
Study Guide Exam 2
Postpartum checkup - uterus, lochia normal findings, involution CH 17, p 394-395
UTERUS
 immediately after delivery the size of a firm grapefruit, location at midline;
 within 12 hours fundus rises to level of umbilicus;
 on 2nd day fundus begins descending 1cm/day;
 by 10th day fundus has descended into pelvic cavity and cannot be palpated.
LOCHIA
 days 1-3: lochia rubra: almost entirely blood, scanty to moderate flow;
 days 4-10: lochia serosa: pink or brown-tinged discharge composed of exudate,
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and mucus;
 days 11-3rd or 6th week postpartum: lochia alba: white or light yellow discharge
containing leukocytes, decidual and epithelial cells, fat, mucus, and bacteria.
INVOLUTION
Changes the uterus undergoes after childbirth to return to the nonpregnant size and
condition. Depends on three processes:
1. contraction of muscle fibers;
2. catabolism of plasma inside cells in uterus resulting in a reduction in cell size (but
same number of cells); and
3. regeneration of uterine epithelium. Regeneration of endometrium excluding the
site of placental attachment occurs by 2-3 weeks. Placental site heals by
exfoliation in 6-7 weeks.
Epidural anesthesia - nursing assessments CH 15, p. 347
Analgesia, rather than full anesthesia that results in complete loss of movement and
sensation, is preferred for labor. Adverse effects of epidural block include:
 Maternal hypotension; correct vasodilation (caused by blocked sympathetic
nerves) by expanding blood volume.
 Bladder distension; urge to void is blocked.
 Prolonged second stage; urge to push less intense – pain is a great motivator.
 Catheter migration; unpredictable administration effects.
 Cesarean births;  % of c-sections for all of the above reasons.
 Maternal fever; reasons unknown, but avoid unnecessary administration of
antibiotics by seeking other indicators for infection, such as fetal tachycardia or
cloudy, foul smelling amniotic fluid.
Newborn - normal color and variations Notes + p. 475
Skin of the newborn is fragile and easily shows marks. Reddened areas or rashes may
develop during 1st few days. Redness (ruddy color) - polycythemia from intrauterine
hypoxia.
Acrocyanosis - common 1-2 days from poor peripheral perfusion. Cyanosis causes bluish
discoloration in hands and feet while central body pink. Greenish brown discoloration of
nails, skin and cord = exposure to meconium before birth.
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Study Guide Exam 2
Vernix Caseosa - thick, white substance, resembles cream cheese, covers infant in utero,
full term has only small amounts left in creases, pre term may have thick layer.
Lanugo – fine, soft hair on face, shoulders and back. ↑ in dark skinned infants and pre
term infants.
Milia - white cysts (oil gland distension) on forehead, nose and chin, disappear in 2
months
Erythema toxicum -"flea bite rash", red blotchy areas with white or yellow papules in
center, on back, chest and shoulders in 1st 24-48 hours, disappear in hours – 10 days.
Brick dust staining - newborn's urine may contain crystals that cause a reddish or pink
stain on the diaper. Known as "brick dust staining"; disappears after a few days as
kidneys mature.
Birthmarks:
Mongolian spots – bluish/black marks resembling bruises on buttocks, arms, shoulders or
other areas, more common in dark skinned and Oriental infants. Usually disappear in 1st
few years or persist to adulthood.
Port wine stain – permanent, flat, dark purple/red mask, varies in size and location and
does not blanch with pressure. Can be removed by laser.
Strawberry hemangioma – dark red, raised, rough surface, usually located on head;
enlarged capillaries in outer layers of skin. Grows for 5-6 months, usually disappears by
school age.
Stork bites - nevus - flat pink/red discoloration over eyelids, bridge of nose or nape of
neck, blanches when pressed, prominent when crying. Disappear by 2 months.
Cafe-au-lait spots - permanent, light brown areas, occur anywhere, harmless.
Breasts - check for extra nipples (supranumerary) on chest or axillae. Occasionally,
engorgement occurs in response to hormones from mother 2-3 days after birth, secrete
small amount of white fluid "witch's milk".
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborn - S & S CH 29, p. 789 +
Notes p. 61
Respiratory System
The most crucial adjustment for the newborn is establishment of respirations. During
birth, vaginal fluid is squeezed or drained from newborn's trachea and lungs. Initial
breathing is probably triggered by pressure changes, chilling, light, noise and other
sensations. Also, chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotids respond to  in O2 and  in
CO2 and ph  7.35. An exaggerated first breath occurs, followed by crying.
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Study Guide Exam 2
RDS is caused by insufficient production of surfactant. With too little surfactant the
lungs become noncompliant and resist expansion, resulting in severe retractions.
As fewer alveoli expand, atelectasis and hypoxia occur, causing pulmonary
vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the lungs. There may be a return to fetal
circulation patterns, with opening of the ductus arteriosus. Acidosis and alveolar necrosis
further complicate condition by interfering with surfactant synthesis.
S&S of RDS begin within the first hours after birth and include:
 nasal flaring, retractions (drawing of tissue between ribs, below ribcage or above
sternum and clavicles) or grunting with expiration, cyanosis. The higher up the
retractions are, the worse;
 depressed respirations may result from analgesics or anesthetics given to the
mother (Narcan to correct);
 cyanosis that is central, circumoral and trunk = true hypoxia and requires
treatment. Cyanosis from crying or exertion may be from congenital cardiac
defect. Acrocyanosis - is a bluish discoloration of the hands and feet due to
decreased peripheral circulation
 tachypnea and/or tachycardia, rales;
 acidosis as a result of hypoxemia (CO2 and O2)
Condition is treated with surfactant replacement therapy. Other treatment is supportive
including mechanical ventilation or CPAP, correction of acidiosis, and IV fluids.
Nursing Interventions: Monitor for low temperature and low glucose and treat
immediately. Monitor lab results for abnormal blood gases and acid-base balance.
Preventing cold stress
Heat production - newborns cannot shiver as adults do to create heat. They increase
metabolism and if not warm enough, use non-shivering thermogenesis, primarily by
oxidation of brown fat (unique to newborns). Brown fat is located in superficial deposits
between scapulae and back of neck, axillae, around kidneys, adrenals and along
abdominal aorta. Brown fat has a rich vascular and nerve supply. When metabolized it
creates intense heat, warming blood passing through it which is then carried to rest of
body,  production of heat ≥100%, lasts several weeks and reserves are depleted rapidly
with cold stress. Preemies may not have accumulated brown fat if born too early.
Cold stress causes decrease in body temperature and increased metabolism and O2
consumption and increased glucose consumption that may lead to hypoxemia and
hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis. Oxygen and glucose are used for heat production
instead of maintenance of normal brain cell and cardiac function; pulmonary and
peripheral vasoconstriction follows with  arterial O2,  CO2 and  pH.
Radiant warmer with skin probe attached to abdomen to prevent hyperthermia.
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Study Guide Exam 2
Uterine atony, bogginess – causes
Atony refers to lack of muscle tone of uterine muscle fibers and their consequent failure
to contract post-delivery, resulting in maternal hemorrhage. Predisposing factors include:
 Overdistension of uterus (multiple gestation, large infant, hydramniosis);
 Multiparity;
 Prolonged labor, with contractions that were weak or excessively vigorous;
 Labor that was induced or augmented with oxytocin;
 Retention of large segment of placenta.
S&S include:
 fundus is difficult to locate;
 soft or “boggy” feeling fundus;
 uterus with limp tone;
 fundus located above umbilicus;
 excessive, bright red lochia or clots expelled.
Nursing Interventions (in the order they should be performed):
1. massage fundus;
2. if atony persists, check for bladder distension and catheterize if necessary;
3. Methergine administration.
Amniocentesis - nursing care
Amniocentesis - performed after 14th week when uterus is an abdominal organ and
enough amniotic fluid is available to remove a sample. At that time it is used to
diagnose fetal chromosome abnormalities and inherited disorders for which gene markers
are known, e.g., Tay-Sachs, sickle cell, hemophilia, thalassemia.
May also be done in 3rd trimester for L/S lung maturity ratio (2:1 = adequate surfactant
and mature fetal lungs), before 38 weeks when delivery is contemplated, or as a followup for high AFP levels in maternal serum.
Will diagnose erythroblastosis with high bilirubin from maternal antibody destruction of
fetal RBCs  Rh incompatibility.
Mother is placed in supine position with pillow under right buttock to prevent
hypotension from aortic and vena cava compression. Ultrasound locates fetus, placenta
and largest pocket of amniotic fluid.
Prep skin, local anesthetic over area on abdomen, use 3-4 inch, 20-21 G needle to remove
20 mL of amniotic fluid. Band-aid on abdominal site. Mother rests for 1 hr, can resume
normal activities but no stressful activities x 24-48 hrs.
Meconium stained fluid before beginning of labor is not necessarily ominous, may be
physiologic, but should be evaluated, may be chronic fetal stress.
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Study Guide Exam 2
Results are available in 9-10 days when cells grown in enriched culture.
Complications are rare, <1%, but may include: maternal hemorrhage, materno-fetal
transfusion (give Rhogam to Rh neg. mother), abruptio placentae, infection, abortion or
premature labor, inadvertent damage to bladder or intestines, needle injury to fetus, leak
of amniotic fluid.
Cultural - hot and cold foods p. 185
People of many cultures believe that certain foods are “hot” or “cold” and must be
balanced to preserve health. The designation does not necessarily match the temperature
of the food. In general, foods considered hot are used for conditions thought to be cold,
and vice versa.
In general, Asian and Latin women may believe the following:
Pregnancy = hot, so give cold food. Postpartum = cold, so give hot food.
Lab values: normal CBC, renal function BUN & creatinine, liver function
tests ALP, AST, LDH
WBC: 5,000 - 10,000/mm3
RBC: 4.2 - 5.4 x 106/µL
Plt: 150,000-400,000/mm3
Hematocrit - % of red blood cells in a
blood sample.
NORMAL VALUES
Male: 45 - 62%
Female: 37 - 48%
Fetal: 48-69%
Hemoglobin - oxygen-carrying part of red
blood cells.
NORMAL VALUES
Male: 13 - 18 gm/dL
Female: 12 - 16 gm/dL
Fetal: 14.5-22.5 gm/dL
BUN: 10-20 mg/dL
Creatinine: 0.5 – 1.2 mg/dL in blood, 110-180 in urine during pregnancy
Liver Enzymes
ALP: 30-120 units/L
AST: 0-35 units/L
LDH: 100-190 units/L
ABG
ph
PaCO2
HCO3
PaO2
SaO2
7.35-7.45
35-45 mmHg
22-26 mEq/L
75-100 mmHg
95-100%
Page 12 of 12