BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMATS
A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech—including Internet
documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such
as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and
the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, so check with your instructor to
see which format to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American
Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are
provided below.
Book: Single Author
MLA Coupland, Douglas. Souvenir of Canada. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2002.
APA Coupland, D. (2002). Souvenir of Canada. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
Book: Two or More Authors
MLA Gillmor, Don and Pierre Turgeon. Canada: A People’s History Volume One. Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart, 2000.
APA Gillmor, D. & Turgeon, P. (2000). Canada: A People’s History Volume One. Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart.
Book: Second or Later Edition
MLA Olivo, Laurence M., Ralph Cotter and Rebecca Bromwich. Youth and the Law: New
Approaches to Criminal Justice and Child Protection. 2nd ed. Toronto: Emond Montgomery,
2007.
APA Olivo, L., Cotter, R., & Bromwich, R. (2007). Youth and the Law: New Approaches to
Criminal Justice and Child Protection. (2nd ed.). Toronto: Emond Montgomery.
Book: Corporate Author
MLA Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Action Against Climate Change:
The Kyoto Protocol and Beyond. Paris: OECD, 1999.
APA Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1999). Action Against Climate
Change: The Kyoto Protocol and Beyond. Paris: OECD.
Book: Anthology or Compilation
MLA Moses, Daniel David and Terry Goldie, eds. An Anthology of Canadian Native Literature in
English. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2005.
APA Moses, D. D., & Goldie, T. (2005). An anthology of Canadian native literature in English. Don
Mills: Oxford University Press.
Chapter in Anthology or Compilation
MLA Mitchell, John J. “The Storm and Stress Debate.” Child Development: Readings for Teachers.
Eds. Claudio Violato and Anthony Marini. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises, 1991. 337-350.
APA Mitchell, J. J. (1991). The storm and stress debate. In C. Violato & A. Marini (Eds.), Child
development: Readings for teachers (pp. 337-350). Calgary: Detselig Enterprises.
Signed Magazine Article
MLA Dennis, Wendy. “The Urge to Purge.” Canadian House and Home Magazine. March 2008: 4648.
APA Dennis, W. (2008, March). The urge to purge. Canadian House and Home Magazine, 46-48.
Unsigned Magazine Article
MLA “Face of the Week.” Maclean’s 10 Mar. 2008: 11.
APA Face of the week. (2008, March 10). Maclean’s, 121, 11.
MLA
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Journal Article, Continuous Pagination
Stirn, Sglaja. “Body Piercing: Medical Consequences and Psychological Motivations.” Lancet,
361 (2003): 1205-1215.
Stirn, A. (2003). Body piercing: Medical consequences and psychological motivations. Lancet,
361, 1205-1215.
Journal Article, Noncontinuous Pagination
Keyes, Daniel. "The Imaginary Community of the Live Studio Audience of Television."
Studies in Popular Culture 21.3 (1999): 65-78.
Keyes, D. (1999). The imaginary community of the live studio audience of television. Studies
in Popular Culture, 21(3), 65-78.
Signed Newspaper Article
Bradshaw, James. “Lack of Working Smoke Detectors Deplored.” The Globe and Mail 3 Mar.
2008: A7.
Bradshaw, J. (2008, March 3). Lack of working smoke detectors deplored. The Globe and
Mail, p. A7.
Unsigned Newspaper Article
“UN Body Urges Dropping of Safe Drug Injection Site.” The Toronto Star 7 Mar. 2008, sec.
A: 16.
UN body urges dropping of safe drug injection site. (2008, March 7). The Toronto Star, section
A, p. 16.
Signed Newspaper Editorial
Goar, Carol. “Say No To Drug Ads, Doctor Warns.” Editorial. The Toronto Star 7 Mar. 2008:
AA6.
Goar, C. (2008, March 7). Say no to drug ads, doctor warns [Editorial]. The Toronto Star, p.
AA6.
Unsigned Newspaper Editorial
“Land Deal Questions.” Editorial. The Toronto Star. 7 Mar. 2008: AA6.
Land deal questions [Editorial]. (2008, March 7). The Toronto Star, p. AA6.
Government Publication
Canada. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. How to Prevent and Detect Disease in Backyard
Flocks and Pet Birds. Ottawa: Government of Canada Publications, 2006.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2006). How to prevent and detect disease in backyard
flocks and pet birds. Ottawa: Government of Canada Publications.
Signed Article in Reference Work
Brink, Jack. “Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Ed. J. H. Marsh.
Edmonton: Hurtig.
Brink, J. (1988). Head-Smashed-in Buffalo Jump. In J. H. Marsh (Ed.), The Canadian
encyclopedia (p. 971). Edmonton: Hurtig.
Unsigned Article in Reference Work
“Salishan Indians.” The Oxford Companion to Canadian History and Literature. Toronto:
Oxford University Press, 1967.
Salishan Indians. (1967). In The Oxford companion to Canadian history and literature.
Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Personal Interview
MLA Dion, Celine. Personal interview. 3 Feb. 2008.
APA C. Dion (personal communication, February 3, 2008)
Letter in E-Mail Communication
MLA Black, Conrad. E-mail interview. 4 Mar. 2008.
APA C. Black (personal communication, March 4, 2008)
Speech or Lecture
MLA Kielburger, Craig. Me to We Speech. Festival of Learning Conference: George Brown College.
27 Feb. 2008.
APA Kielburger, W. (2008, February 27). Me to we [Speech]. At the festival of learning conference.
George Brown College.
Television Program
MLA “Rick’s Rant.” Narr. Rick Mercer. The Rick Mercer Report. Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation. Toronto: 4 Mar. 2008.
APA Mercer, Rick. (Producer). (2008, March 4). Rick’s rant [Television Broadcast]. In The Rick
Mercer Report. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
Film
MLA Away From Her. Dir. Sarah Polley. Lionsgate, 2007.
APA Polley, S. (Director). (2007). Away from her. [Motion Picture]. Canada: Lionsgate Films.
Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted Online
MLA McKay, Dr. Donald W. “Measuring Blood Pressure: A Call to Bare Arms?” Canadian Medical
Association Journal. (2008) 178: 525. 9 Mar. 2008. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/
full/178/5/591>.
APA McKay, Dr. D.W. (2008). Measuring blood pressure: A call to bare arms? Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 178, 525. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/
content/full/178/5/591
Article in Online Scholarly Journal
MLA Guidotto, Nadia. “Honouring Scars, Healing Ourselves: A Theory of Social Justice.” Canadian
Online Journal of Queer Studies in Education. 3.1 (2007): 22 pp. 9 Mar. 2008 < https://jps.
library.utoronto.ca/index.php/jqstudies>
APA Guidotto, N. (2007). Honouring scars, healing ourselves: A theory of social justice. Canadian
Online Journal of Queer Studies in Education, 3(1). Retrieved March 9, 2008, from https://jps.
library.utoronto.ca/index.php/jqstudies
Online Government Publication
MLA Canada. Finance Canada. Debt Management Report 2006-2007. 2007. 9 Mar. 2008 < http://
publications.gc.ca/control/publicationInformation?searchAction=2&publicationId=323335>.
APA Finance Canada. (2007). Debt Management Report 2006-2007. Retrieved March 9, 2008 from
http://publications.gc.ca/control/publicationInformation?searchAction=2&publicationId=32333
5
Online Newspaper Article
MLA Agrell, Siri. “The Working Wounded.” The Globe and Mail 7 Mar. 2008. 9.Mar.2008.
<http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080307.wsoldier_cover08/BNStor
y/Front/home>.
APA Agrell, S. (2008, March 7). The working wounded. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 9,
2008, from http://www.theglobeandmail.com
Online Editorial
MLA Hannaford, Nigel. “Harper Must Keep Control of Environmental File.” Editorial. The Calgary
Herald 4 Mar. 2008. 9 Mar. 2008 <http://communities.canada.com/calgaryherald/blogs/
hannaford/default.aspx>.
APA Hannaford, N. (2008, March 4). Harper must keep control of environmental file [Editorial].
The Calgary Herald. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://communities.canada.com/
calgaryherald/blogs/hannaford/default.aspx
Online Magazine Article
MLA Maich, Steve. “Why We Hire Real Estate Agents.” Macleans.ca 5 Mar. 2008. 9 Mar. 2008
<http://www.macleans.ca/canada/opinions/article.jsp?content=20080305_95609_95609&page
=2>.
APA Maich, S. (2008, March 5). Why we hire real estate agents. Macleans.ca. Retrieved 9 March
2008, from http://www.macleans.ca/canada/opinions/article.jsp?content=20080305_
95609_95609&page=2
Document Accessed from Online Service
MLA Dias, David. “Wunderkind: Expert Advice from Overachievers.” Financial Post Business
Magazine 1 Apr. 2006: 32. LexisNexis Academic. George Brown College Library, Toronto,
ON. 9 Mar 2008 <http://www.lexisnexis.com.rap.bibliocentre.ca/us/lnacademic/>.
APA Dias, D. (2006, April 1). Wunderkind: expert advice from overachievers. Financial Post
Business Magazine. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from LexisNexis Academic database.
Online Document from Broadcast
MLA “Getting Psyched for Marriage.” CBC.ca. 2008. Cable News Network. 2 Mar. 2008
<http://www.macleans.ca/canada/opinions/article.jsp?content=20080305_95609_95609&page
=2>.
APA Getting psyched for marriage. (2008, March 2). CBC.ca. Cable News Network. Retrieved
March 9, 2008, from http://www.macleans.ca/canada/opinions/article.jsp?content=
20080305_95609_95609&page=2