Anatomy 35 Exam study guide Unit 1 Introduction to Anatomy • Anatomy • Anatomical position • Longitudinal midline axis • Cross section (xs) • Sagittal section • Coronal section • Movement terminology Osseous Tissue • Functions of the skeletal system • Classification of bones by shape • Sesamoid, sutural (wormian) bones • Bone surface features (condyle, facet, spine, etc.) • Compact bone o Osteon o Central canal o Perforating canal o Osteocyte o Lacunae o Trabeculae o Lamellae o Interstitial lamellae o Circumferential lamellae • Spongy bone o Trabeculae o Diploe • Marrow (red, yellow) • Hematopoietic tissue • Anatomy of a long bone o Diaphysis o Epiphysis o Marrow cavity o Nutrient foramen o Epiphyseal plate/line o Periosteum (fibrous, cellular layers) o Endosteum o Sharpy’s fibers o Articular cartilage • Histology of bone tissue o Matrix composition o Hydroxyapatite o Osteoprogenitor cells o Osteoblasts o Osteocytes o Osteoclasts o Bone lining cells • Osteogenesis • Mesenchyme • Endochondral bone formation o Primary, secondary center of ossification o Interstitial growth o Appositional growth • Intramembranous bone formation Appendicular Skeleton • Know the components of the appendicular skeleton • Name and location of every bone • Know all of the bone markings (listed in your lab manual) • Know how every bone articulates with other bones • Know components of the girdles • Know the components of the limbs o Upper limb: brachium, antebrachium, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges o Lower limb: thigh, leg, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges • Sexual dimorphism of the pelvic girdle • Arches of the foot • Dorsum of the foot (why is the top called the dorsum?) • Plantar surface of the foot (why is the bottom called the plantar surface?) Axial Skeleton • Know the components of the axial skeleton • Know all of the bones of the skull o Cranial bones o Facial bones • Know all of the bone markings (listed in your lab manual) • Know the cranial fossae • Know the cavities of the skull • Know the paranasal sinuses of the skull • Know the foramina of the skull (listed in your lab manual, plus the bone that they lie in. For foramina that exist as a junction of 2 or more bones, you need to know the bones involved) • Know the ear ossicles and how they articulate • Know the components of the vertebral column • Know the functions of the vertebral column • Know the spinal curvatures • Know each kind of vertebra, the features that all vertebra share and any unique features they might have based on their location • Know the anatomy of the intervertebral discs •
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Know how the vertebra articulate together Know the components of the thoracic cage Know the functions of the thoracic cage Know the differences between a true rib, a false rib and a floating rib Articulations Know the criteria for classifying joints Know the different categories of joints as well as specific examples o Synarthrosis (suture, schidylesis, gomphosis, synchondrosis) o Amphiarthrosis (symphysis, syndesmoses) o Diarthrosis (hinge, gliding, pivot, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket) Know characteristics of synovial joints. Know all of the structures of a synovial joint and their function Know the components of synovial fluid, what secretes it and the functions of it Know movement terminology Know the components of a lever system Know each type of lever and be able to give an example Know which joint has increased leverage or speed Histology • Know the definition of histology • Know the planes of section • Know the 4 basic tissue types and how they are classified • Know the composition and function of each type of tissue. Be able to give examples of where a type of tissue is found • Know what cilia are, where they are found and their function • Know the components of connective tissue and the characteristics of the different types of connective tissue and examples of where they are found • Know the characteristics of nervous tissue • Know the characteristics of muscle tissue and the 3 types Integument • Components of the integument (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) • Accessory structures (hair, nails, cutaneous glands) • Functions of the integument • Thick skin versus thin skin • Characteristics of the layers of the epidermis o Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale • Epidermal cell types o Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, Langerhans cells • Dermis o Names and characteristics of the layers of the dermis • Hypodermis • Human skin pigments o Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin •
Epidermal derivatives o Hair (hair follicle, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle)  Function of hair  Types of hair  Anatomy of hair o Nails (eponichium, hyponichium, lunula, nail body, root) o Glands  Endocrine glands  Exocrine glands  Goblet cells  Acinis, duct  Classification by duct structure  Branching patterns  Merocrine secretion Apocrine secretion  Holocrine secretion  Apocrine sweat glands  Eccrine sweat glands  Ceruminous glands  Sebaceous glands  Mammary glands