Credit to Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Essential Question:
How did political parties develop in
the 1820s-1840s?
Factories in “piedmont”
(foothills of Appalachian
mountains, for water power
The Center of Population
in the
Country Moves WEST
Water and pulleys
Voting Requirements
in the Early 19c
Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860
Why Increased Democratization?

White male suffrage increased

Party nominating committees.




Voters chose their state’s slate of
Presidential electors.
Spoils system—as in the “spoils of
war”. Government offices go to
members of the winning party.
Rise of Third Parties.
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies,
floats, etc.)
POLITICAL PARTIES
Federalists-
National-Republicans-
WHIGS
Democratic-Republicans
DEMOCRATS
Third Party: American (Know
Nothing)
Hunters of Kentucky
•
A bank was raised to hide our breast, not that we thought of
dying,
But then we always like to rest unless the game is flying;
Behind it stood our little force, none wished it to be greater,
For every man was half a horse and half an alligator.
•
They found at last 'twas vain to fight, where lead was all their
booty,
And so they wisely took to flight, and left us all our beauty,
And now if danger e’er annoys, remember what our trade is,
Just send for us Kentucky boys, and we’ll protect your ladies.
Little know ye who’s comin’
• Little know ye who’s comin
If John Quincy not be comin
Fire’s comin, swords are comin
Pistols, guns and knives are comin
Famine’s comin, famine's comin
If John Quincy not be comin…"
• Slavery’s coming, knavery’s comin
• Fears are coming tears are coming
• Plague and Pestilence’s comin
• Satan’s comin Satan’s comin"
No secret ballot
The County Election George Caleb Bingham 1851 Missouri
“stump” speaking
Stump Speaking (1853-54), George Caleb Bingham
Rum and cheese often given at rallies
Jackson’s First
Hermitage Residence
First Known Painting
of Jackson, 1815
General Jackson
 Battle of
Horseshoe Bend
(Alabama—end
of Indian Wars in
SE) 1814
 First Seminole War
(Florida) 18141819
 Battle of New
Orleans
– (War of 1812)
The “Common Man’s”
Presidential Candidate 1824
Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy Adams
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
Results of the 1824 Election
“Corrupt
Bargain?”
Clay
becomes
Secretary
of State,
Adams
President
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
1828 Election
Results
The New “Jackson
Coalition”




The Planter Elite in the
South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils
system
Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson’s Faith
in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of
Eastern
“establishment,”
monopolies, & special
privilege.
The Reign of “King Mob”
Andrew Jackson as
President
Tariff of
Abomination
• 1828 TARIFFS ON HEMP,
TEXTILES,IRON
• 1832 Tariff extended
1830
Webster:
Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson:
Our Federal Union—it must be
preserved.
Calhoun (Vice President, then
resigned):
The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
• South Carolina says that a state
can “nullify” a national law, thus
refuse to obey.
• Congress passes the “Force Bill”
• South Carolina gives in
• A compromise tariff is passed
The National Bank
Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
President
Jackson
Opposition to the 2nd Bank
“Soft”
(paper) $
o
o
state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
“Hard”
(specie) $
o
felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
o
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
The “Monster” Is
Destroyed!
1832  Jackson vetoed the
extension of the 2nd
National Bank of the
United States.
1836  the charter (law
creating bank) expired.
1841  the bank went
bankrupt!
The Downfall of
“Mother Bank”
Results
• Until the Civil War, there was no
standard paper currency in the
United States
– Constantly changing money
– Counterfeiting
The Specie
Circular (1836)
Specie = coins
Circular = law
“wildcat banks.”
buy federal land only
with gold or silver.
Results
$ Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The Hungry Forties
The Cherokee Nation
After 1820
Indian Removal

Gold discovered on Cherokee land

1830 Indian Removal Act

1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
* “domestic dependent nation”

1832 Worcester v. Georgia

the Cherokee nation was a "distinct
community" with self-government "in which
the laws of Georgia can have no force," –
only national government can rule Indians
• On May 10, 1838, General Scott issued the
following proclamation:
• Cherokees! The President of the United States
has sent me, with a powerful army, to cause
you, in obedience to the Treaty of 1835, to join
that part of your people who are already
established in prosperity, on the other side of
the Mississippi. . . . The full moon of May is
already on the wane, and before another shall
have passed away, every Cherokee man,
woman and child . . . must be in motion to join
their brethren in the far West.
Indian Removal
The Cherokees are nearly all prisoners.
They have been dragged from their houses,
and encamped at the forts and military
posts, all over the nation. In Georgia,
especially, multitudes were allowed no
time to take anything with them except the
clothes they had on. Well-furnished houses
were left prey to plunderers, who, like
hungry wolves, follow in the trail of the
captors. These wretches rifle the houses
and strip the helpless, unoffending owners
of all they have on earth. A missionary
Let me tell you this. My grandmother was a
little girl in Georgia when the soldiers came
to her house to take her family away. . . .
The soldiers were pushing her family away
from their land as fast as they could. She
ran back into the house before a soldier
could catch her and grabbed her [pet] goose
and hid it in her apron. Her parents knew
she had the goose and let her keep it. When
she had bread, she would dip a little in
water and slip it to the goose in her apron.
Well, they walked a long time, you know. A
long time. Some of my relatives didn't make
it. It was a bad winter and it got really cold
in Illinois. But my grandmother kept her
goose alive.
Robert K. Thomas, professor of
Anthropology at the University of Chicago
and an elder in the Cherokee tribe 1972
One day they walked down a deep icy gulch and my
grandmother could see down below her a long
white road. No one wanted to go over the road, but
the soldiers made them go, so they headed across.
When my grandmother and her parents were in the
middle of the road, a great black snake started
hissing down the river, roaring toward the
Cherokees. The road rose up in front of her in a
thunder and came down again, and when it came
down all of the people in front of her were gone,
including her parents.
My grandmother said she didn't remember getting
to camp that night, but she was with her aunt and
uncle. Out on the white road she had been so
terrified, she squeezed her goose hard and
suffocated it in her apron, but her aunt and uncle
let her keep it until she fell asleep. During the night
they took it out of her apron.
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
4,000 out of 15,000 died on the trail from exposure
To what extent was this genocide?
Who was president then?
Martin
Van Buren
1837-1841