BA Grammar, Autumn 2002
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Exercises
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1. The Sentence
Exercise 1.1
(Collins & Hollo: 6.4)
Identify whether each sentence below is declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamative:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Move right to the front of the bus.
What have you got to say for yourself?
What a good time we had!
How will they find their way to the station?
How much weight you’ve lost!
How much does it cost?
It’s been nice meeting you.
Will your parents be coming with you?
If it doesn’t rain, I’ll see you tonight.
Pass the bottle, please.
Take it!
How can I help?
Exercise 1.2
(Collins & Hollo: 6.5)
Make the positive sentences below negative, and the negative sentences positive:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
We accept credit cards.
I’m taking my car to work today.
The army is different from the police force.
The elders of the ruling party were not shocked at the election results.
Nobody can tell the difference.
The country has changed drastically.
Diet and longevity don’t seem to be linked.
Do not hold your breath.
Africa will not find it as easy as America to apply a successful programme.
He does not fully understand their objections.
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Exercises
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Exercise 1.3
(Collins & Hollo: 8.2)
Identify whether each sentence below is active or passive. Then convert active sentences into
passive sentences, and passsive sentences into active sentences. If you find it impossible to convert
some passive sentences into active ones, try to come up with some explanation for this:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The Prime Minister postponed a press briefing last night.
Five demonstrators were shot before the meeting.
The confession was obtained in breach of the police codes of practice.
Most of the tests on the Roman treasure have been carried out at the Institute of
Archaeology by one of its honorary research associates.
The astronomers expect to discover life on another planet.
The dispute changed the whole of world history.
A sharp fall in profits is predicted.
Their hopes have been dashed once again.
A developer has recently obtained permission to turn some 160 acres of farmland
into a golf course.
The motion was defeated by a large majority.
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Exercises
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2. Basic Clause Structure
Exercise 2.1
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6)
In each sentence below, identify first the predicator and then the subject:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Genghis Khan was a thoughtful husband and a good father.
He was married at 15.
The marriage was an arranged union.
His wife’s name was Burte.
Burte was kidnapped shortly after their marriage.
She had a child baby by another man.
Mongolia apparently had a kidnapping problem at that time.
Genghis was reunited with his wife.
He also accepted the child, a boy, into his family.
Everyone approved of Genghis’s domestic life.
His wife must have loved him, despite his reputation for cruelty.
Genghis is known as a ruthless warrior.
He terrified the continent of Asia.
Europe was also threatened by him.
The Mongolian People’s Republic is seeking his exoneration.
His patriotism is viewed as an example to all Mongolians.
The newest hotel in Ulan Bator has been named after him.
Genghis’s empire disintegrated after his death.
His grandson, Kublai Khan, preferred the comforts of Xanadu to campaigns around
Asia.
Kublai Khan apparently decreed a stately pleasure dome in Xanadu.
Exercise 2.2
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6)
Identify the predicator and then the subject in each of the questions and exclamations below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
How should I know?
How much does all this matter?
How we long to be home again!
Have you found any advantages in the present arrangements?
Can the roots of decline in the playing standards of English be traced back a long
way?
What a fuss they made!
Did Britain recognize the Argentine at that time?
When is St. Valentine’s Day?
Is the economic strength of Japan and Germany symbolized by their huge trade
surpluses?
What has brought about the Government’s change of heart?
Who can tell the difference?
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Exercises
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12.
13.
14.
15.
Must they make so much noise?
How badly has tourism been hit this year?
Who have you chosen as your partner?
How tight a rein was the Government keeping on public spending?
Exercise 2.3
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6)
In each sentence below, identify first the predicator and then the subject.
Observe that most sentences contain more than one predicator and one subject.
Observe also that the subject may be a clause or contain a clause.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The 12 governments of the European Community are committed to economic and
monetary reform.
Most agree that they must eventually create a single currency and a new Central
Bank of Europe.
The row about how this bank should be run has only just started.
West Germany says it will not accept union unless the new Bank of Europe is as free
from political influence as its own Bundesbank, but many Europeans disagree.
The French stress the need for accountability, and the British argue that a Bank of
Europe cannot be made properly accountable without full political union.
However, citizens need protection from their own government, and a truly
independent bank will protect citizens’ rights.
In principle, the Bundesbank is a good model for Europe’s central bank but, in
practice, it is likely that politicians willl insist on a compromise.
Exercise 2.4
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6, 6.1)
In each sentence below, identify first the predicator, then the subject and finally the direct object.
Observe that most sentences contain more than one of these sentence functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The president promised the end of racial domination, but he rejected the black
demand for one man, one vote.
That sort of democracy would mean rule by a black majority, which might feel an
understandable urge for retribution for past oppressions.
Whites, equally understandably, want safeguards for white rights, but you cannot
ensure safeguards once you surrender your power.
Having made his gamble, the president will find himself under pressure from two
directions.
Among blacks he has created an upward surge of expectations which he may be
unable to fulfil.
He has frightened white defenders of apartheid, who might attempt a final, desperate
and perhaps violent defence of their racist faith.
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Exercises
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Exercise 2.5
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6, 6.1)
Identify first the predicator, then the subject and then the subjective predicative in each sentence
below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Outside, the company sign seems modest.
Inside, the atmosphere is one of rush and ferment.
The company is a genetic engineering firm.
It has become a leader of a brand-new industry.
The focus of the project is DNA recombination.
DNA recombination is the transfer of pieces of DNA from one type of organism to
another.
The leaders of the company are research scientists.
They are also shareholders of the company.
Exercise 2.6
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6, 6.1)
In each sentence below, identify first the predicator, then the subject, then the direct object and
finally the indirect object, if there is any indirect object:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Can you tell me the time, please.
Who taught you how to do that?
Paul’s parents promised him a bicycle for his twelth birthday.
You can save yourself the bother.
The college provides accommodation for all first-year students.
I owe my parents several hundred pounds.
Show me your latest videos.
Our local council gives a maintenance grant to all students in higher education.
They can cause us a lot of trouble.
What can I offer you now?
The restaurant does not serve vegetarian meals.
What a meal they ordered for us!
Exercise 2.7
(Collins & Hollo: 2.6, 6.1)
Identify the adjuncts in the sentences below.
Some sentences may have more than one adjunct.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Opossums frequently appear to be dead.
Sometimes they merely pretend to be dead.
In that way they avoid attacks by predators.
Often they simply are dead.
Few opossums remain alive far into the second year.
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Exercises
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
According to one biologist, two-year-old opossums show the systems of advanced
old age.
Over many centuries, opossums have died at early ages because of accidents and
predators.
As a result, natural selection ends especially early in opossums’ lives.
Bad mutations accumulate in older opossums.
The natural-selection theory apparently explains their short lives.
Exercise 2.8
Please make a full sentence analysis of the following sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Salt was the first food seasoning.
Many people consider the accidental spilling of salt bad luck.
The Romans gave their soldiers special allowances for salt.
They called the allowance salarium.
That is the original of our word ‘salary’.
By 6500 BC Europeans were actively mining salt.
The first salt mines were located in Austria .
Today these caves are tourist attractions.
Salt preserved meat and fish.
Ancient peoples used salt in all their major sacrifices.
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Exercises
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3. The Structures of Phrases
3.1 The noun phrase
Exercise 3.1.1
(Collins & Hollo: 3.4 – 3.6)
Indicate whether each noun phrase (the bold part of the sentences) contains a pre-head modifier, a
post-head modifier, or both by circling pre-head modifiers and underlining post-head modifiers.
Observe that some of the noun phrases also contain determiners.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The umbrella originated in Mesopotamia over 3000 years ago.
It was an emblem of rank and distinction.
It protected Mesopotamians from the harsh sun.
For centuries, umbrellas served primarily as a protection from the sun.
The Greeks and Romans regarded the umbrella as effeminate and ridiculed men who
carried umbrellas.
On the other hand, Greek women of high rank favoured umbrellas.
Roman women began to oil their paper umbrellas to waterproof them.
In the mid-eighteenth century a British gentleman made umbrellas respectable for
men.
Coach drivers were afraid that the umbrella would threaten their livelihood if it
became a respectable means of shelter from the rain.
Eventually, men realized that it was cheaper to carry an umbrella than to take a coach
every time it rained.
Exercise 3.1.2
(Collins & Hollo: 7.3.3)
Combine the (a) and (b) sentences in each set below by turning one of the sentences into a relative
clause.
1(a)
1(b)
The drugs inevitably damage a patient’s healthy cells as well.
The drugs are used for chemotherapy.
2(a)
2(b)
Human infants pass through a critical period.
The period lasts a few years.
3(a)
3(b)
It was a mystery.
They could not solve the mystery.
4(a)
4(b)
Most of the bannings of books were overturned.
The bannings have recently been sent to the Appeal Board.
5(a)
I saw a young Canadian.
BA Grammar, Autumn 2002
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Exercises
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5(b)
The Canadian was being treated for burns.
6(a)
6(b)
He consulted with the leaders.
The leaders were released from prison last year.
Exercise 3.1.3
Indicate whether each underlined clause is a relative clause or an appositive noun clause by writing
the appropriate abbreviation in the brackets after it.
RCl (relative clause)
ANCl (appositive noun clause)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The manager lacked the experience that would have helped him overcome the
crisis ( ).
You have undermined my conviction that a nuclear war is inevitable ( ).
She has heard the news that all the passengers and crew escaped unhurt ( ).
I cannot dispute the fact that you have won the support of most members ( ).
The car hit a bus that was full of children on a school outing ( ).
I have read the report that I received last week ( ).
They have accepted the recommendation that my daughter be promoted to the next
grade ( ).
Have you heard the report that seven children were killed in the accident? (
)
It is definitely not a conviction that I share ( ).
Exercise 3.1.4
Identify the function of each underlined noun phrase by writing the appropriate abbreviation in the brackets
after it.
S
Od
Oi
PCs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(subject)
(direct object)
(indirect object)
(subjective predicative)
PCo
Ax
PrM
A
(objective predicative)
(axis)
(pre-head modifier)
(adjunct)
A survey of social trends in Britain ( ) was published last year ( ).
More and more Britons ( ) are living alone, despite the Government’s emphasis on
family ( ) values.
In 1987 Britain, with Portugal ( ), had the highest marriage rate ( ) within the
European Community ( ).
But, with Denmark ( ), it ( ) also had the highest divorce rate ( ).
Women ( ) are drinking more alcohol ( ) than men.
More people ( ) are taking more holidays ( ).
In 1988, Blackpool Pleasure Beach ( ) was the most popular free tourist ( )
attraction while Madame Tussaud’s was the most popular paid-for attraction ( ).
In 1988, 62 per cent of girls ( ) left school ( ) with at least one GCSE grade A-C ( ),
compared to 54 per cent of boys ( ).
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Exercises
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9.
10.
11.
In 1988, 16 of the High Court and circuit judges ( ) were women ( ).
Despite the growing economic importance of women ( ), both sexes will consider
some jobs ( ) a male preserve ( ).
The survey will give social scientists ( ) ideas for further research ( ).
Exercise 3.1.5
(Collins & Hollo: 7.3.3)
In the sentences below, the italicized parts are relative clauses.
Leave the restrictive clauses unpunctuated.
Punctuate the non-restrictive clauses with commas.
If you think that a clause may be either restrictive or non-restrictive, insert the commas in the
appropriate positions and explain in your own words after the sentence the two interpretations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I hate attending meetings which last longer than an hour.
She gives the impression of an umpire judging a game in which the players have no idea
of the rules.
Sporting bodies can punish those who break their rules by fines, suspensions, or
permanent bans.
The ‘cab-rank’ rule requires advocates to represent any client in an area of law in
which they practise.
Some 2000 fans who began queuing at six that morning barely slept the night before.
They seem gloomy about the prospects for the domestic film industry which has
experienced all the problems British film-makers have agonised over for 20 years.
The concert is the first in the twelth annual music festival which is devoted to
electroacoustic music.
Teenagers who drive carelessly should be banned from driving until they are 21.
This engine completely redesigned since the last model is much quieter.
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Exercises
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3.2 The verb phrase
Exercise 3.2.1
(Collins & Hollo: 4.1)
Identify the inflectional category of each of the underlined verbs in the following sentences by
writing the appropriate ”abbreviation” in the brackets after it.
(Vs)
(Vi)
(Vo)
(Ving)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cats were held ( ) in high esteem among the ancient Egyptians.
Egyptian law protected ( ) cats from injury and death.
The Egyptians used to embalm ( ) the corpses of their cats.
They put ( ) them in mummy cases made of precious metals.
Entire cat cemeteries have ( ) been unearthed by archaeologists.
The Egyptians were impressed by the way a cat could survive ( ) numerous high
falls.
They originated the belief that the cat possesses ( ) nine lives.
Dread of cats first arose ( ) in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Alley cats were often fed ( ) by poor, lonely old women.
When witch hysteria spread through Europe, such women were ( ) accused of
witchcraft.
Their cats, especially black ones, were also considered ( ) guilty.
Many innocent women and their cats were burnt ( ) at the stake.
Some superstitious people think that if a black cat crosses ( ) their path they will
have bad luck.
I have been thinking ( ) of buying a black cat.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
(Ved)
(Ven)
Exercise 3.2.2
(Collins & Hollo: 4.3 (p. 74-77))
Identify the italicized verbs as present perfect, past perfect, present progressive, past progressive,
present perfect progressive, or past perfect progressive by writing the appropriate tense after each
sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
People are realizing that trying to keep fit can be dangerous.
Ted was celebrating his 40th birthday last week.
She implied that he had become stale.
She believes that she has been enjoying good health by taking large daily doses of
Vitamin C.
They had been making regular visits to an osteopath.
Doreen has been looking much younger lately.
They have given evidence of the health advantages of a sedentary life.
We have been jogging several times a week.
BA Grammar, Autumn 2002
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Exercises
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9.
10.
She has never taken time off to relax.
Some tycoons are regularly eating heavy four-course business lunches.
Exercise 3.2.3
(Collins & Hollo: 8.2)
Identify whether the sentences below are active or passive by writing the appropriate form after
each sentence.
Then rewrite all the passive sentences into active sentences.
For any passive sentence which cannot be rewritten into an active one, please explain the reason
why.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Sotheby’s is auctioning a highly important collection of antiquities.
In the late 1970s a huge copper cauldron was discovered in a cellar.
Inside the cauldron were hidden a number of very beautiful objects.
They included silver plates two feet across.
The plates were decorated with scenes from hunting and mythology.
Apparently the treasure was made for Seuso, perhaps a high-ranking officer in the
Roman empire.
Poosibly the family was based in Hungary.
It was then moved to Lebanon for military manoeuvres.
The Lebanese authorities issued export documents for the treasure in 1981.
Nothing has been revealed about the discoveries.
The discovery site has never been located.
Nobody doubts the importance of the collection.
Because of its strange history several museums have rejected the collection.
Exercise 3.2.4
Construct verb phrases as specified below by writing the verb phrase.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
present perfect passive of eat.
present modal passive of capture.
past perfect progressive of destroy.
past progressive passive of see.
past perfect passive of tell.
past modal progressive passive of discuss.
present modal progressive passive of discuss.
past perfect progressive passive of blow.
3.3 The adjective phrase
Exercise 3.3.1
Underline each adjective phrase in the following sentences.
BA Grammar, Autumn 2002
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Exercises
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fragrant homemade bread is becoming common in many American homes.
In a recent sample, 30 per cent of the subscribers to a woman’s magazine said that
they had baked bread.
The first bread was patted by hand.
The early Egyptians added yeast and made conical, triangular, or spiral loaves as
well as large, flat, open-centred disks.
Bakers later devised tools to produce more highly refined flour.
White bread was mixed with milk, oil, and salt.
Peopled used to eat black bread because they were poor.
Bread lovers now buy black bread by choice.
Exercise 3.3.2
(Collins & Hollo: 5.2)
Identify the form af each of the post-head modifiers in each of the (italicized) adjective phrases in
the sentences below by writing the appropriate abbreviation in the brackets after it:
PP (prepositional phrase)
Cling (participial clause)
Cli (infinitival clause)
FCl (finite clause)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Do you think there is a solution acceptable to everyone concerned? ( )
Rubber boots are impervious to water. ( )
The police were surprised at finding the house empty so early in the morning. (
The police were surprised to find the house empty so early in the morning. ( )
The police were surprised that they should find the house empty so early in the
morning. ( )
)
3.4 The adverb phrase
Exercise 3.4.1
Underline each adverb phrase in the following sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Disposing of nuclear waste is a problem that has recently gained much attention.
Authorities are having difficulties finding locations where nuclear waste can be
disposed of safely.
There is always the danger of the waste leaking very gradually from the containers in
which it is stored.
Because of this danger, many people have protested quite vehemently against the
dumping of any waste in their communities.
In the past, authorities have not responded quickly enough to problems at nuclear
waste sites.
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Exercises
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6.
7.
8.
As a result, people react somewhat suspiciously to claims that nuclear power plants
are safe.
The problem of nuclear waste has caused many new nuclear power plants to remain
closed indefinitely.
Authorities fear that this situation will very soon result in a power shortage.
Exercise 3.4.2
Identify the function of each underlined adverb phrase by writing the appropriate abbreviation in the
brackets after it:
A (adjunct)
M Adj (modifier of adjective)
M Adv (modifier of adverb)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Small forks first ( ) appeared in eleventh century Tuscany.
They were widely ( ) condemned at the time.
It was in late eighteenth-century France that forks suddenly ( ) became fashionable.
Spoons are thousands of years older than forks and began as thin, slightly ( )
concave pieces of wood.
Knives were used far ( ) earlier than spoons.
The have changed little ( ) over the years.
When meals were generally ( ) eaten with the fingers, towel-size napkins were
essential.
When forks were adopted to handle food, napkins were retained in a much ( )
smaller size to wipe the mouth.
A saucer was originally ( ) a small dish for holding sauces.
Mass production made the saucer inexpensive enough ( ) to be merely ( ) an
adjunct to a cup.
3.5 The prepositional phrase
Exercise 3.5.1
Underline each prepositional phrase in the following sentences.
If a prepositional phrase is embedded within another prepositional phrase, underline it twice.
1.
2.
3.
4.
It may come as a surprise to you that massage is mentioned in ancient Hindu Chinese
writings.
It is a natural therapy for aches and pains in the muscles.
The Swedish technique of massage emphasizes improving circulation by
manipulation.
Its value is recognized by many doctors.
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Exercises
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Some doctors refer to massage as manipulative medicine.
Non-professionals can learn to give a massage, but they should be careful about
applying massage to severe muscle spasms.
The general rule is that what feels good to you will feel good to others.
A warm room, a comfortable table, and a bottle of oil are the main requirements.
The amount of pressure you can apply depends on the pain threshold of the person
on the table.
You can become addicted to massages.
Exercise 3.5.2
(Collins & Hollo: 5.5)
Identify the function of each underlined prepositional phrase by writing the appropriate abbreviation
in the bracket after it:
PoM N (post-head modifier of noun)
PoM Adj (post-head modifier of adjective)
A
(adjunct)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
Politicians in the United States ( ) must raise large sums of money ( ) if they want
to get elected.
A candidate can no longer win with little campaign money ( ).
Candidates are keenly aware of the need for huge financial contributions ( ).
They need the money to employ staff and for the frequent advertisements they run
on television ( ).
In recent campaigns ( ), television advertisements have been quite belligerent.
They frequently distort the policies of opposing candidates ( ).
They often resemble extravagant Hollywood films in their lavish production ( ).
The advertisments are making many Americans cynical of politicians ( ).
To them ( ), a politician is simply a person who will say anything to get elected.
Many people want elections to be conducted in a more dignified and honest
manner ( ).
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Exercises
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4. Clauses (Finite and Non-finite)
Exercise 4.1
The italicized part of each of the sentences below is a non-finite clause. For each clause, indicate its
function by writing the appropriate abbreviation in the brackets after it:
A (adjunct)
Od (direct object)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ax (axis)
Nearly all people were seriously religious, although differing greatly in doctrine ( ).
His unpopularity as a Catholic was stimulated by a fear that he intended to become an
absolute monarch ( ).
His expulsion was cause for celebration in America because of his centralizing of
colonial administration in the ”Dominion of New England” ( ).
All other mercantilist objects were sought through the passage of laws regulating
trade by monopolizing the British market for colonial raw materials ( ).
The original of these documents must be produced if required by the licence-issuing
authority ( ).
The master of each vessel in possession of a licence as referred to in Article 3 shall, on
landing the catch after each trip ( ), submit to the French authorities a declaration.
Exercise 4. 2
Please combine the sentences in each pair by making one of the sentences a non-finite clause or
verbless clause:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He was accused once of a lack of gravity. He replied that this was his natural bent.
The play is a talking piece. Its actions consist exclusively of monologues and
duologues.
He was ill but still irrepressible. He related former triumphs and famous anecdotes.
The actor impersonates the playwright. The playwright is giving a lecture in Paris.
He gave a promise to his friend. The promise was that he would drink no more than
a pint of wine a day.
His wife died. She left him with five children.
He believed himself to be a failure. He had made no career for himself either in
politics or the law.
He wrote to his young son. He was repaid with an inspiring reply listing all his
achievements.
He was predictably conservative. He even opposed the abolition of slavery.
In religion he was eclectic. He tried several churches.
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Exercises
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Exercise 4.3
Please rewrite each sentence, avoiding dangling participles. (A dangling participle is a participle
which has no subject of its own, and its implied subject cannot be identified with the subject of the
sentence, though it can usually be identified with some other phrase in the sentence.)
When you rewrite, you should try whereever you can to preserve the structure with a combination
of a finite and a non-finite clause.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Having completed the balloon crossing, hundreds of French villagers welcomed the
three balloonists.
Unwilling to lay down his gun, the police shot dead the escaped convict.
When delivered, they found the goods spoiled.
When approaching the building, no single feature has an impact on the viewer.
Being a weak student, his teacher gave him extra essays and went over them with
him privately.
After completing the first four columns, each should be added separately.
Being in charge, the accusation was particularly annoying to me.
Having found the first stage of our work to be satisfactory, permission was given by
the inspector for us to begin the second stage.