Self-Fullfilling Prophecies • Rosenthal & Jacobson - teacher expectancy effect • Zanna & Pack (1975) • Attractive vs. Unattractive Guy • He likes Traditional or Non-traditionalWomen • Session 1 take Sex-Stereotypic trait ratings • Session 2 (3 weeks later) they “meet” guy and find out what he likes • Take Sex-stereotypic trait ratings again • Anagram test • Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) - Stereotypes and the SelfFullfilling Prophecy Self-Fullfilling Prophecies (cont.) • Zanna & Pack (1975) • Attractive vs. Unattractive Guy • He likes Traditional or Non-traditionalWomen • Session 1 take Sex-Stereotypic trait ratings • Session 2 (3 weeks later) they “meet” guy and find out what he likes • Take Sex-stereotypic trait ratings again • Anagram test Zanna & Pack- Change in Self-Description of Sex-Role Stereotypic Traits 5.50 4.13 2.75 1.38 0 -1.38 -2.75 Untraditional High Desirability Traditional Low Desirability Zanna & Pack- Anagram Performance 45 40 35 Untraditional High Desirability Traditional Low Desirability Self-Fullfilling Prophecies (cont.) • Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) - Stereotypes and the SelfFullfilling Prophecy • Study 1 - Whites interview Blacks measure non-verable behaviour Word, Zanna & Cooper - Study 1 15 10 5 0 Distance Interview Length African-Americans Speech Errors European-Americans Self-Fullfilling Prophecies (cont.) • Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) - Stereotypes and the SelfFullfilling Prophecy • Study 1 - Whites interview Black or White confederate and measure non-verable behaviour • Study 2 - Confederates interview White subjects and treat them like the Blacks or the Whites were treated in Study 1 Word, Zanna, & Cooper - Study 2 8 6 4 2 Distance Interviewer Friendliness Speech Errors African-American European-Americans Pieces of the Self-Fullfilling Prophecy • Confirmation Bias - seeing what you expect to see • Darley & Gross (1983) - Perceptions of Hannah Darley & Gross Pieces of the Self-Fullfilling Prophecy • Confirmation Bias - seeing what you expect to see • Darley & Gross (1983) - Perceptions of Hannah • Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing - Getting people to say what you expect • Snyder & Swann (1978) - You ask question that people are likely to answer in ways that support your expectations Snyder & Swann (1978) 7.5 5.0 2.5 0 Extraverted Extraverted Hypothesis Introverted Introverted Hypothesis Pieces of the Self-Fullfilling Prophecy • Confirmation Bias - seeing what you expect to see • Darley & Gross (1983) - Perceptions of Hannah • Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing - Getting people to say what you expect • Snyder & Swann (1978) - You ask question that people are likely to answer in ways that support your expectations • Behavioral Confirmation - Causing people to act the way you expect • Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977) Behavioral Confirmation (Syder, Tanke & Berscheid) - Breaking it Down • Men believe women are attractive or unattractive and then they have a real conversation. The two sides of the conversation were taped separately. • Men ask women questions that elicit physical attractiveness stereotype (men were more pleasant to women perceived to be attractive) • Women act in accord with the physical attractiveness stereotype, the stereotype fullfills itself (women perceived as attractive were more pleasant & the men perceived them this way. • Behavior Confirmation - the men’s behavior creates confirmation of the stereotype Review of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Model