I
Al al-Bayt University
Institute of Earth and Environmental Science
Department of Environment and Water Resources
The Use of GIS Techniques to Determine the Best Sites for
Dams in Amman-Zarqa basin
By
Ala'a Reda Al-Khawaldeh
Supervisor: Dr. Rida Al-Adamat
Co- supervisor: Dr. Hani Al-Amoush
2011
II
CONTENT
DEDICATION …………………………………………………….……...…… II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………….…………..…... XI
ABSTRACT IN ARABIC…………………………………………………… XII
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… XIII
Chapter 1 ……………………………………………………………………….. 1
Introduction …………………………………….………………………….…… 1
1.1 Background ………………………………………………….……...……….. 1
1.2 Problem of the study…………………………………………………………. 6
1.3 Aim and Objective of the study ……….……………………………….……. 7
1.4 Literature review ……………………………………………………........…. 7
Chapter 2 ……………………………………………………………………….10
Study Area …………………………………………………………….………..10
2.1 Location ……………….…………………………………………………..…10
2.2 Topography ……………………………………………………...……….......10
2.3 Climate ………………………………………………………………….....…13
2.4 Rainfall …………………………………………………………………….…13
2.5 Soil and Land use ………………………………………………………...….15
2.6 Geology ………………………………………………………………...…….18
2.7 Structure ………………………………………………………………….…..23
2.8 Hydrology ………………………………………………………….…….…..23
Chapter 3 ………………………………………………………………….……..25
Water Harvesting and site selection ……………………………………………25
3.1 Water Harvesting ……..………………………………………………….……25
3.2 Component of water harvesting system ……………………..………..………26
3.3 Geographical information system (GIS) ………………………………….…..28
3.4 Data collection ………………………………………………….……………..29
3.5 Dams site selection criteria …………….………………………………...……29
Chapter 4 ……………………………………………………………………….....32
Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………….……..32
4.1 Siting Criteria ………………………………………………………..…..…..…32
4.2 The site selection criteria (Physical criteria) …………….…………...…...…....34
4.2.1 Rainfall ……………………..………………………………………….....…..34
4.1.2 Slope ……………………………….……………………………….………...34
4.1.3 Soil texture …………………….………………………………………....…...34
4.1.4 Wadis ……………………………...…………………………………....….…35
4.1.5 Fault …………………………………………………….……...................….35
4.2 Socio-economic criteria ……………………………………….…...…………..35
4.2.1 Distance to urban centers …………………………….……………..…..……35
4.2.2 Distance to road …………………………..……………………..……..……..35
4.2.3 Wells …………………………………………………………..…………...…36
4.2.4 Waste water treatment plants ……………………….……..………….….…..36
4.2.5 Archeological sites ………….…..…………………………….….………...…36
4.4Final map ……………………………………….………………………….…….59
III
4.5 Discussion …………………………………………………………….….……..64
4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations ………………………………….…….…..66
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………..…67
IV
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1.1: Rainfall distribution in Jordan ……………………………………….2
Figure 1.2: Distribution of Surface water basins in Jordan ……..………….……4
Figure 1.3: Water usage in Jordan …………………………………………….…6
Figure 2.1: Amman-Zarqa basin location …………………………………...….11
Figure 2.2: DEM of Amman-Zarqa basin ………………………………..….….12
Figure 2.3: Rainfall distribution in Amman-Zarqa basin ……..…………….…14
Figure 2.4: Land use of Amman-Zarqa basin …………………………………..16
Figure 2.5: Soil unit map of Amman-Zarqa basin ………………………….…..17
Figure 2.6: Geological map for the study area ………………………..…..……22
Figure 2.7: Hydrological classification map …………………………..…...…..24
Figure 3.1: Water Harvesting flow chart …………………………….……....…26
Figure 4.1 Flow chart of data analysis methodology
……………………………..….33
Figure 4.2: Distribution of Rainfall in Amman-Zarqa basin ………….……….37
Figure 4.3: Rating value of rainfall in Amman-Zarqa basin ………………...…38
Figure 4.4: Slope map of Amman-Zarqa basin …………………………....……39
Figure 4.5: Rating value of slope in Amman-Zarqa basin ………………..….…40
Figure 4.6: Soil triangle …………………………………………………………35
Figure 4.7: Soil texture in Amman-Zarqa basin ……………………...…....…....41
Figure 4.8: Rating of soil texture in Amman-Zarqa basin …………………...…42
Figure 4.9: Drainage system of the study area …………………………..……...43
Figure 4.10: Distance to wadi rating map ……………………………….............44
Figure 4.11: Faults of the study area ………………………………………..…...45
Figure 4.12: Distance to fault rating map in the study area …………………..….46
Figure 4.13: Towns map of the study area …………………………………...….47
Figure 4.14: Villages map of the study area ………………………..…………….48
Figure 4.15: Rating of urban centers (Towns) in the study area ………………….49
Figure 4.16: Rating of urban centers (Villages) in the study area …………..…....50
Figure 4.17: Roads map of the study area …………………………………..……51
Figure 4.18: Rating of distance to roads in the study area ……………………….52
Figure 4.19: Wells location in the study area ……………………………….……53
Figure 4.20: Distance to wells rating in the study area ……………………….….54
Figure 4.21: Waste water treatment plants (WWTP) in the study area ……….….55
Figure 4.22:Distance to WWTP rating map ………………………………….…..56
Figure 4.23: Archeological sites in the study area ………………………….……57
Figure 4.24: Distance to Archeological sites rating in the study area ………..…..58
Figure 4.25: Suitable sites map for Dams …………………………………….…..60
Figure 4.26: Suitable sites in the northern east of the study area …………………61
Figure 4.27: Catchment area of Amman-Zarqa basin …………………………….62
Figure 4.28 The most suitable sites in the study area ……………………………..63
Figure 4.29: Suitable sites map overlayed with dams location map ………………65
V
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Aquifers and basins status in Jordan ………………………………………5
Table 2.1: Soil type in the study area ………………………………………..………15
Table 3.1: Water Harvesting methods ……………………………………….………27
Table 3.2: Secondary data and their resources ………………………………………29
Table 3.3: Rating for ten criteria used in this research ………………………………30
VI
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS:
A1-2: Naur Formation (aquifer)
A1/A6: Aquitard layer
A5-6: Shueib Formation (aquitard)
ABY: Abyad soil type
AJL: Ajlun soil type
ALI: Abu Salih soil type
ALL: Tell Alluba soil type
ANJ: Anjara soil type
ATT: Attarat soil type
AYD: Aydoun soil type
B2: Amman-Al Hisa Formation (aquifer)
B3: Muwaqqar Formation (aquitard)
B4: Umm Rijam Formation (aquifer)
B2/A7: Amman Wadi As Sir Formation (aquifer)
BAN: Hisban soil type
BAQ: Baq'a soil type
BIR: Jabir soil type
BUQ: Bureiqa soil type
DE I: Mudeises soil type
DEM: Digital elevation modle
DHU: Dhuleil soil type
FUL: Fulug soil type
GAB: Ghabawi soil type
GIS: Geographic Information System
HAB: Rihab soil type
HAL: Hallabat soil type
HAT: Qihat soil type
IBB: Ibbin soil type
IRI: Tel Umeiri soil type
JADIS: Jordan Antiquities Data Information System
JER: Jarash soil type
VII
KTD: King Talal Dam
MOA: Ministry of Agriculture
RJGC: Royal Jordanian geographic center
SAB: Sabha soil type
SAK: Sakhra soil type
SIS: Mudeisisat soil type
TAR: Tarmah soil type
THA: Ramtha soil type
USGS: U.S. Geological survey
WAJ: Water Authority of Jordan
WAY: Huwaynit soil type
WWTP: wastewater treatment plants
YAD: Yaduda soil type
ZAR: Zarqa soil type
ZAY: Uzaym soil type
VIII
Dedication
To My Family,
Father, Mother,
Brothers & Sisters
&
To All Who Love Me …
Ala'a
IX
Acknowledgment
First praise Allah of the world who helped me complete this
research.
My sincere thanks to my Supervisor Dr. Rida Al-Adamat and
Co-supervisor Dr. Hani Al-Amoush
for following up my
research and for there guidance.
I would also like to express my appreciation to staff of the
institute of earth and environmental science, especially Dr.
Atef Al-Mashaqbeh.
May I also thank Dr. Mashal Al-Fawwas for his help and good
handling.
My appreciation to Mr. Ibrahim Hamdan for helping.
I would also thank Dr. Ahmad Al-Shorman from yarmouk
university and Mrs. Fatima Mohammad.
Most gratitude
to my father and mother for their support
and encouregment.
‫‪X‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻻردن ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﺠﺎف وﺷﺒﮫ اﻟﺠﺎف‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪%٨٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪١٠٠‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﯾﺼﻨﻒ اﻻردن ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻻردن‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﺷﺢ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻻردن ﺗﻢ اﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود ﻟﺠﻤﻊ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻻﻣﻄﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﮭﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻄﺮي‪ .‬وھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻردن ﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻮض ﻋﻤﺎن‪-‬اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻮاض اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻردن؛ ﻻﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻻراﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮض واﻟﺼﺤﺮاء ﺷﺮق اﻟﺤﻮض‪،‬وﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺤﻮض‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ إﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود دون اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮض وإﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺪود‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﮭﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻄﺮي‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﯿﻞ‪،%‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ )اﻟﻄﯿﻦ‪ ،(%‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ )اﻷودﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻵﺑﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺛﺮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺮق‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﺪوع‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺎدﻣﺔ(‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ وﻗﺪ أﻋﻄﯿﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪ ،(١‬وﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫وأﻋﻄﯿﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪.(٠‬‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻰ أن ‪ %٠,١٢‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ‪ ١٤١‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ إﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﺞ أن ‪ ١٣‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ھﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻻﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود‪.‬‬
XI
Abstract
Jordan is suffering from water scarcity, it is located in an arid–semi-arid climatic
region where about 80% of the country receives average precipitation of less than
100 mm/yr and is generally classified as arid. The rainfall is the main source of water
in arid land.
To face water shortage in Jordan; several dams have been constructed with different
capacities, in order to collect the maximum amount of surface water to be used in
different purposes. There is need to establish water harvesting project in various
places in Jordan to collect surface water.
Amman-Zarqa basin is one of the most important basin in Jordan, because it is located
in the transitional zone between high land in the west part of basin and desert of the
east. Also most of population living inside the basin.
An ideal location may also be decided without disturbing surrounding environment,
geographical information system (GIS) utilized as an integrating tool to store, analysis
and manage spatial information. GIS approach used to locating suitable sites for water
harvesting depends on specific criteria.
The input to GIS environment include maps of Rainfall, slope %, distance to Wadies,
distance to wells, distance to archeological sites, distance to road, distance to Faults,
soil (clay%), distance to urban centers, distance to water treatment plants.
Boolean method is used to determine the optimum site for dams in Amman-Zarqa
basin.
The result depend on the used criteria was 0.12% of the study area suitable for
constructing dams in the study area , the number of suitable sites is 141. Based on the
catchment areas within the study area the optimum sites are reduced to 13 sites.
١
Chapter
1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Jordan is located between latitudes 29◦ 11' and 33◦ 22' North and longitudes 34◦19'
and 39◦18' East. It covers an area of about 89,213 km2 in the western part of the
Arabian plate.
Jordan has a water shortage problem because the majority of its area (about 90%) lies
within the arid and semi arid region which affects the water balance (Al Mahamid,
2005). The scarcity of water resources in Jordan related to climatic conditions, such as
aridity due to its location and global warming. This accompanied with in increase of
demand on the limited resources with all sectors (Domestic, industrial and
agricultural). Water resources in Jordan depend mainly on rainfall precipitation in
winter season.
Although Jordan is a small country, it has a range of climatic zone extending from
sub-humid (annual rainfall ~ 600 mm) to semi arid (annual rainfall < 50 mm). Subhumid regions are found mainly in the northwest of the country and hyper arid in the
east. Most of the country (80% of the total land area) has annual rainfall of less than
200 mm and therefore classified as desert or (Badia). Figure (1.1) shows the rainfall
distribution in Jordan.
٢
Figure (1.1) Rainfall distribution in Jordan
٣
Jordan has three major rivers, Jordan, Zarqa and Yarmouk. Jordan River is saline and
not suitable directly for drinking and irrigation. Zarqa River receives substantial
municipal, industrial and agricultural effluent rendering it suitability for domestic or
irrigation uses in the dry season. Only during flood periods the water quality does
improve. Though the River Yarmouk is reportedly less stressed, it is also a sink for
municipal wastewater (Hadadin, 2009).
Surface water resources in Jordan distributed among 7 major basins (Figure 1.2).
Table (1.1) describes the status in surface basins in Jordan.
1- Dead sea basin:
1.1 Jordan valley basin
1.1.1 Yarmouk basin
1.1.2Wadi Al Arab basin
1.1.3 Zarqa basin
1.1.4Wadi shuieb basin
1.2 Dead Sea basin
1.2.1 Mujib basin
1.2.2 Hasa basin
1.2.3 Northern Wadi Araba basin
2- Azraq basin
3- Hamad basin
4- Sirhan basin
5- Jafir basin
6- Southern desert basin
7- Southern Wadi Araba basin
٤
Figure (1.2) Distribution of surface water basins in Jordan.
١١
4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
GIS has been used to select the optimum sites for water harvesting dams in
Amman-Zarqa Basin. 10 criteria were used within GIS environment using the
Boolean technique to find the most suitable sites for dams in the study area. The
optimum sites for water harvesting dams within the study area were found to be (141
sites) covering an area of about 0.12 % (4.28 km2) of the study area. Based on the
catchment areas within the study area the optimum sites were reduced to 13 sites.
Based on the outcomes of this research it is concluded that:
a. Constructing more dams in Jordan is essential for collecting surface
water to face the deficit in water resources.
b. The selection of water harvesting dams must be based on new
scientific methods that take into consideration the socio-economic and
physical characteristics of the targeted area.
c. GIS approach is useful for locating dams using Boolean method. GIS
save time and money.
Based on that is recommended to:
-
Use GIS to select water harvesting sites in Jordan.
-
Use the site selection criteria adopted in this study for selecting water
harvesting sites.
-
Use Boolean method to protect surrounding environment from impacts of
water harvesting.
-
Calculate the amount of runoff which can be collected in these dams.
-
Determine the best size and material for constructing the dam.
-
Apply EIA before constructing dams in the study area.
-
Survey the selected sites (Soil and geophysical).
١٢
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