PIG FARMING
Its Impact On The Environment
Kes Kajian : Mukim Batu
Kuala Langat
i
^
•»•!•••• .1. i
• « — t t s t w."tr • i- '"• . M " l
T TSOAK DDBEPSA&KAW I
Oleh
PROJEK "'PELAJAR
(Students' Projects)
Rahman bt. Md. Sheriff
Rakiah bt. Haji Laidin
Satu Kajian Akhir Yang Disediakan Untuk Memenuhi
Sebahagian Dari Syarat Untuk Penganugerahan
DIPLOMA PERANCANG BANDAR DAN WILAYAH
Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Wilayah
Kajian Senibina, Perancangan dan Ukur
Institut Teknologi MARA
SHAH ALAM
April 1985
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INST I TUT TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAJiAN SENIBINA, PERANCANGAN 6 UKUR
JABATAN PERANCANG BANDAR 6 WILAYAH
Adalah d i s y o r k a n bahawa t e s i s
i n i yang d i s e d i a k a n
i'KOji:iC
I'ELAJAR
(Students' Projects)
oleh
RAHMAH HP. MB. SHARIFF & RAKIAH BT. HAJI LAIDIN
bertajuk
PIG FARMING
I t a I m p a c t On The E n v i r o n m e n t
Kes K a j i a n
; Mukim B a t u , K u a l a
diba^/ah p e n y a l l a a n saya/kami
sebahagian d a r l s y a r a t
Langat
d i t e r i m a sebagai memenuhJ
untuk Diploma Perancang Bandar
Dan Wlletyab,
FOTSSTAT T W ^ K B J M N ^ i ! !
Diluiuskan oleh:
^ r p u s t a k a a n Tun Abdul R—k
Institiut Teknologi MARA
Shah Alans
Sdsogo*.
( EN. Uvm
YAP BOO HEQNJL.)
(PENYELIAJ
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PIG FARMING
Its Impact On The Environment
Case Study : Mukim Batu
Kuala Langat
By
Rahmah bt. Md. Shariff
Rakiah bt. Haji Laidin
A Final Studies Submitted For The Partial Fulfillment Of The
DIPLOMA IN TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Department of Town and Regional Planning
Sqhool Of Architecture, Planning and Survey
Mara Institute Of Technology
Shah Alam
April 1985
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Table of Contents
Page
Acknowledgements
1
Abstract
-
iii -
Statement of Problems
Aim of the Study
vi
Hypothesis
Work Flow Chart
vii
List of Tables
viii
List of Figures
ix
List of Plates
x
List of Charts
xi
xii
Bibliography
xiii
Appendix
Chapter 1
1.0
MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
The
3
1 .3
What i s P o l l u t i o n ?
3
1.4
P o l l u t i o n Due t o Farming A c t i v i t i e s
6
Impact of Early Man on His Environment
Chapter 2
2.0
PIG REARING IN MALAYSIA
2.1
Introduction
13
2.2
Types of Pigs
15
2.2.1
Local Types
15
2.2.2
Exotic Types
15
2.2.3
Cross-breds
16
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2.5
The Economics of Pig Production
17
2.5.1
Size of Pig Unit
18
2.5.2
Site of Pig Farm
19
2.5.5
Capital Cost of Buildings
.19
2.5.4
Quality of Stock
20
2.5.5
Number Litters Per Year
20
2.5.6
Litter-Size
21
2.5.7
Breeding Life of Sows
22
2;5«8
Feed Conversion
22
2.5.9
Feed Quality and Costs
22
2.5.10 Labour Cost
25
2.5.11 Market Price of Pigs
25
2.4
Management
24
2.5
Nutrition
26
Chapter 5
5.0
THE STUDY AREA
5.1
Historical Background
50
5.2
Location
52
3.3
Physical Features
32
5.4
Topography
54
5.5
Infrastructure
55
5.6
Occupational Structure
56
5.7
Population Structure
57
Chapter 4
4.0
SURVEY OF PIG REARING INDUSTRY IN STUDY AREA
4.1
Introduction
40
4.2
Pig Rearing
40
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4.2.1
Sample Size
41 -43
4.2.2
Size of Pig Farm
43
4.3
Acreage of Pig Farm
44
4»4
Level of Education
45 - 46
4.5
Types of Stall
46
496 Disposal of Waste
46 - 47
4.7
Methods of Disposal of Wastes
48 - 49
4.8
Expansion of Pig Farming
49 - 50
4*9
Pig Farmer's Attitude
50 - 53
Chapter 5
5.0
IMPACT OF PIG FARMING ON THE ENVIRONMENT
5.1
Introduction
62
5.2
Pollution Existing in Study Area
62 - 64
5.2.1
Water Pollution
64 - 72
5.2.2
Smell Pollution
74 - 76
5.3
Direct and Indirect Effect
76
5.3.1
76 - 78
Environment and Aesthetic Value
5.3«2 Social Problems
78 - 80
5.3.3
Health
80
5.3.4
Location of The Polluting Agent
82
5.3.5
Local Authority
82 - 84
Chapter 6
6.0
PROPOSED STRATEGIES AND CONCLUSION
6.1
Introduction
93 - 94
6.2
Malaysia Environmental Policy
94 - 96
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6.3
Existing Environmental Control
6.4
Identification of Problems and forming
of Strategies
6.4*1
99 - 100
Restructure Government
Organization
6.4.2
96-99
100 - 110
Improvement in Local Planning
Authority
110 - 113
6.4*3
Introduction of New Technology
113 - 120
6.4*4
Increase the Environmental
Awareness
120 - 122
6-4*5
Preventive Measures
123-125
6.4*6
Conclusion
125 - 126
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-1-
Acknowledgeroents
We wish to express our gratitude to the following people
who have in one way or another helped in special the
preparation of this Final Studies.
In this respect special
acknowledgement goes in particular to Mr. David Yap Boo
Heong, Department of Town and Country Planning, ITM, for
his guidance, and valuable assistance in the preparation of
this paper and also for his constant encouragement, understanding and advice which has helped to overcome the many
difficulties and frustration encountered along the way in
the preparation of this paper.
We would also like to extend our sincere thanks and gratitude
to the following
1.
persons and authorities concerned j
Encik Abdullah b. Said
Lecturer, Department of Town and Country Planning,
ITM, Shah Alam .
2.
Pejabat Daerah
Kuala Langat, Selangor.
3.
State Secretary Department
Shah Alam.
4.
Veterinary Department
Kukim Tanjung Sepat, Kuala Langat, Selangor.
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5.
Health Department
Mukim Tanjung Sepat, Kuala Langat, Selangor.
6.
Encik Saini b. Long
Ketua Kampong Mukim Batu,
Kuala Langat Selangor.
7.
Land Department
Daerah Petaling
P.J. New Town
Selangor.
We are very gratified to have received much co-operation
from the community in our study area and the encouragement
of our friends and classmates and also their assistance in
various ways.
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*-iii-
Abstract
Through the pressure of man's activities, environmental
pollution has been more acute.
The pattern of animal
farming has also changed, becoming more intensive and thus
leading to greater environmental pollution.
Pig rearing is gaining importance as
a source of protein in
Malaysia especially for the Chinese.
The number and size
of pig farms have also increased greatly leading to changes
in management techniques.
However, in a multi-racial
society, the disposal of pig wastes has led to increase in
sensitivities especially among the muslims.
Certain areas tend to have a higher concentration of pig
farms.
One of the areas is the Mukim Batu in the Kuala
Langat District.
The community in this mukim is multi-
racial and the rearing of pigs has caused varies problems to
arise.
The pig farms are traditionally managed and through the
increase in numbers, pollution of the environment has
occured.
The situation arose out of a series of problems
among which are economic, cultural, physical, educational
and political.
Pollution of the area has resulted in poor water quality
of the streams and rivers, odour, lower the visual quality
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-IV-
and caused social unrest among the residents.
Short term and long term measures are proposed to solve
the pollution due to the disposal of pig wastes in the
country, in general, and Mukim Satu , in particular.
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_v.
Statement
of Problems
Pig rearing activity in Malaysia is fairly profitable, but the
pig farmers seem to ignore the negative impact on nature
(environment) that they have created by not disposing off the
pig wastes in a manner that will not pollute the environment,
and thereby not arouse the sensitivities of other communities.
Aim of the Study
The major objectives of this study are to investigate and find
out:~
1.
How far pig farming activities has affected the environment
and the comfortability of the comnunity.
2.
The effect of pollution on the community.
3.
The effectiveness of local authority concerned with dealing
and combating the pollution problem arising from such
operations.
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— Vi—
General Hypothesis
Pig Farming on a large scale witnout proper disposal of
wastes will lead to severe environmental pollution.
Working Hypothesis
a.
Proper management of pig farming including waste
disposal is important to the surrounding environment.
b.
Proper planning will help to contribute to the
environment from being polluted.
c.
Proper policies to be formulated and the enforcement of
the policies is necessary to keep the environment
pollution free.
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-vii-
WORK PLOW CHART
Statement of Problems
Objectives and Goals
Literature Review
Information Prom
Relevant Authorities
and Organisations
Interview Surveys
Processing
Analysis of Data
Problem
Identification
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Formulation
of Policies
and Strategis
-viii-
List of Tables
2.1
Page
Relationship Between Farming Interval
21
and Litters per Sow
3.1
Population St Mukim Batu
37
3.2
In-migration
39
4.1
Sample Size
41
4.2
Size of Pig Farm
43
4.3
Acreage of Pig Farm
44
4.4
Level of Education
45
4.5
Methods of Disposal of Waste or Faeces
48
4.6
Expansion Plans of Pig Farms
49
4.7
Rearer's Attitude
51
4.8
Relocation of Existing Pig Farms
52
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-IX-
List of Figures
Page
Pig. 1
Location Map
31
Fig* 2
Pig Farming Area
33
Fig. 3
Sample Area
42
Fig. 4
Nutrient Flows From Its Component to
the Aquatic Environment
65
Fig. 5
Water Pollution Control
66
Fig. 6
River Exposed to Farming Pollution
67
Fig. 7
Effect of Organic Pollutants on Water
Condition
71
Fig. 8
Water Quality Conditions
73
Fig. 9
Interactions Between Animal Faecal
Wastes and Infectious Diseases in Man
and Animal
81
Fig. 10
The Waste Cycle
114
Fig. 11
Element of A Watershed System and
Their Broad Lingkage
115
Pig. 12
Proposed a Lagoon for Collecting Waste
and Formation
Fig. 13
at Pig Farming
Proposed Coral System
117
for Confinement
Pig
Pig. 15
116
Proposed a Slurry or Waste Handling
System
Fig. 14
of a Biogas
118
Proposed a Secondary Oxidation Pond
(Regroup)
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124
-X-
List of Plates
page
•4.1
54
4.2
55
4.3
56
4.4
57
4.5
58
4.6
59
4-7
60
4.8
61
5.1
75
5.2
83
5.3
85
5.4
86
5.5
87
5.6
88
5.7
89
5.8
90
5.9
91
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-xi-
L i s t of Charts
—•
-—-.-•
Page
—
— — ,.W....—
1. Decision Tree
2.
Interrelationships of Ecological Groups
5. Proposed Structure for the Department of
Ecology
98
102
106
4. Proposed Structure for the Public Services
Branch
107
5. Proposed Structure-Administration and
Planning Branch
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108
Eist of Bibliography
Page
Chapter 1
12
Chapter 2
29
Chapter 5
92
Chapter 6
12?
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-xiii-
List of Appendix
A.
Definations and Abbreviations .
B.
Tables - Standard of Fresh Water Tolerance Limits
for Various Uses.
C.
Articles - Newspaper.
D.
Questionaires.
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1.0
MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1-1
Introduction
Man, now, has the power to make tremendous changes to
his environment for better or for worse.
of man to his environment is nothing new.
The relation
He has
always influenced it and been influenced by it.
The ecosystem in which man lives always strives toward
an equilibrium and as long as man's actions on this
equilibrium is at minimum, the ecosystem will remain
very much in the same state.
However, as soon as man's
influence becomes substantial, the whole ecosystem
becomes upset a totally new environment may or may not
be conducive to his living conditions.
When environment
is altered unfavourable, environmetal pollution occurs.
Environment pollution is attributed to three main
1
causes:-
a.
The increased density in the number of people
occupying a limited space.
1.
As a result, straining
MARQUIS RALPH W (1966), "Environmental Improvement",
page 1.
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the ecosystem from the increase of constant
activities, whether good or bad to influence it's
surrounding.
b.
The cumulative effect of all our past actions is
becoming so great which therefore making unfavourable
impact on the environment.
c.
The product of advancements in science and technology
created a situation in the long term effects on the
environment.
Actually there is a great da.nger in man's present method
of exploiting the land and his new discoveries only
leads to a worsening of his happiness and satisfaction
with life.
"If we believe that mankind should have a future, it
is time for us to ensure that it is a future which we
can bequeath to our descendants without feeling shame
and guilt.
V/e need in fact to reorientate our attitude
to time, absorbing more from the past, fussing less about
the present and reaching out toward the future in a
friendly and helpful way - Max Nicholson".
2.
2
EMMEL THOMAS C (1977), "Global Perspectives on
Ecology", page 486.
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-3-
1.2
The Impact of Early Man on His Environment
Actually there is not much evidence that early man did
pollute his environment.
Even if they did, it is not
serious and unwittingly.
Through historical discovery, the ancient primitive
agriculturists has used to practise shifting agriculture
or other slash-and-burn agriculture where these activity
gave a disastrous effect on the land such as erosion.
But the practice might have been defensible so long as
the pollution was small. Only favourable sports were
cultivated and the period of rotation was long enough
for vegetation and soil to recover somewhat.
Pollution is the symptom of ecological imbalance.
If
the energy level of the environment is being reduced,
the ecosystem will affect man late on.
man acted in ignorance.
In the past,
We do not have the excuse
3
today.
1.3
What is Pollution?
According to the environmental Pollution Panel of the
President's Science Advisory Committee, 1965, USA.
1
3.
'
DIMBLEY G.W. (1972), "The Impact of Early Man on
His Environment", page 7.
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.
i1
-4-
Pollution has been defined as follows :•-
"Environmental pollution is the unfavourable alteration
of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a by-product
of man's action, through direct or indirect effects
of changes in energy patterns,
radiation levels,
chemical and physical constitution and abundances of
organisms.
These changes may affect man directly, or
through his supplies of water and of agricultural and
other biological products, his physical objects and
possessions, or his opportunities for recreation and
4
appreciation of nature.
Pollution is a world wide world problem, it is not the
problem of scientist only.
When it affects human lives,
it has become a health problem.
When it affects property
and health, it is an economic problem.
Later still when
it affect living organisms, it is a problem in
conservation of natural resources.
Thus when it affects
the senses, it has become an aesthetic problem.
Naturally man cannot survive wihtout having some effect
on the environment, ever since the early primitive man,
4.
WILLIAM ANDREWS (1972), ''A Guide to the Study of
Environment Pollution", page 4•
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