Breach Repudiation and
Terminating a Contract
Michael Bennett
Barrister
Seven Wentworth Chambers
www.legalwiseseminars.com.au
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1
Improving Australia’s Law and Justice Framework at page 1
World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business – Economy Rankings, 2011: see
www.doingbusiness.org/rankings
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3
Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth); Electronic Transactions Act 2000 (NSW); Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act
2000 (Vic); Electronic Transactions Act 2001 (Qld); Electronic Transactions Act 2003 (WA); Electronic Transactions Act
2000 (SA); Electronic Transactions Act 2000 (Tas); Electronic Transactions Act 2011 (ACT); and Electronic
Transactions Act 2000 (NT)
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Overturned in O’Connor v SP Bray Pty Ltd (1937) 56 CLR 464 without reference to the point.
J W Carter, Carter’s Breach of Contract, LexisNexis Australia 2011 at 441,[10-07]
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Breach&TerminatingaContract
MichaelBennett
mbennett@wentworthchambers.com.au
Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
StateofFlux
Applicablelaw
Whatconstitutesbreach&terms
Terminationrights:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Therighttoterminate
Electingtoterminate
Complete termination
Partialtermination
Revivaloftherighttoterminate
1
Overviewcontinued
6. Contractsandsettlementofproceedings
7. Terminationforconvenience
Introduction
•
•
•
•
Contractlawisimportant
Certaintyinthelawisimportant
17th of183countries
Butknowingrightsofbreachisnecessary
2
2StateofFlux
• Contractlawisinastateofflux
1.CommonwealthGovt Initiative–– 22/3/2012
2.Significantchangesinotherareasofthelaw
– NationalConsumerCreditProtectionAct2009
(Cth)
– PersonalPropertySecuritiesAct2009(Cth)
– AustralianConsumerLaw
3.Technologicaladvancements
3Applicablejurisdiction
•
•
•
•
Properlawofanagreement–– allowschoice
Somelegislationsremoveschoice
Ifnostipulation,‘‘mostrealconnection’’
OnecommonlawofAustralia
– NoteWesternExportServicesIncvJireh
InternationalPtyLtd(2011)86ALJR1
• AssumesCthandNSWlawsapply
3
4Breachofcontract
• Breach:
– promisor failstoperformcontractualobligation
withinthetimestipulatedforitsperformance
– anticipatorybreach
• Preciseconsequencesdependonthe
particularcircumstancesofthecase
4Breachofcontractcont……
• Damagesisaninevitableconsequenceof
breachofcontract
• Therightdoesnotdependonlossordamage
• Absentproofoflossordamagelimits
entitlementtonominaldamages
4
4Breachofcontract……
• 3otherpossibilitiesfrombreach
– Activateanexpressrightunderthecontract
– Disentitlethepromisor fromenforcingpromisee’’s
promisetoperform
– Entitlethepromisee toterminatethecontract
• Thisthirdrightisthefocusofthis
presentationandthepaper
4Breachofcontract……
• Tripartiteclassification:
– Condition
– Warranty
– Intermediateterm
• Tritetostatethese
• Importanttorememberthatconsequences
informcharacterisation,nottheotherway
around
5
4Breachofcontractcont……
• Itisalsonotsosimpleasthis
• InAssociatedNewspapersvBancks itwasa
simplecommercialcircumstance
• HighCourthelditwasacomposite
undertakingof3ingredients:
– 1)presentfullͲpagedrawing
– 2)weekly
– 3)onfrontpageofcomicsection
5Terminationrights
• Righttoterminatearisesifeither:
– Expressincontract
– Impliedbylaw
• Importanttorememberterminationis
terminationoftheobligationstofurther
performpromises
6
5Terminationrightscont……
• Righttoterminate–– expressinthecontract
– Thiswillbeinterpretedcommerciallynotliterally
• Righttoterminate–– impliedbylaw
– Breachofcondition
– Sufficientlyseriousbreachofintermediateterm
– Repudiationofobligation
5Terminationrightscont……
• Electiontoterminate
• Terminationisalwaysamatterofchoice
• Cannotsetupselfexecutingcircumstancesof
termination–– NewZealandShippingCoLtdv
Societe desAteliersetChantiers deFrance
[1919]AC1
7
5Terminationrightscont……
• Generalprinciplesofelectionlawapply
1. Whatmattersiswhetherpromisee isentitledto
doso,notwhetherthatbasiswasproffered
2. Unequivocalwordsorconductrequired
3. Subjecttostatute,requirementsforaneffective
electiontoterminatedependonparties’’
intention
4. Presumptioninfavour ofcommonlawrights
5Terminationrightscont……
• Onusofprovingeffectiveelectionisonthe
promisee electing
• Requirementsforelectiontoterminate
– Righttoterminateisavailableatthetimeofthe
election
– Compliancewithanyrequirementsforexercise
8
5Terminationrightscont……
• Contractualrightstoterminatearestrictly
construed
• Failuretofollowcontractualregimewill
renderinvalidanytermination
• Somestatuteswillapplyregardless
– Eg s269oftheAustralianConsumerLawrequires
notice
– Eg s72ofthePropertyLawAct1972(Qld)
requiresarighttobeheardafternotice
5Terminationrightscont……
• 5impedimentstotermination
1.Exclusionclause
2.Terminatingpartyhavingbreachedcontract
3.Waiverofrighttoterminate
4.Estoppel
5.Unfairconductofterminatingparty
• Impossibilitytosubstantiallyreturnto
previousposition(necessaryforrescission)is
notrelevant
9
5Terminationrightscont……
• Consequencesoftermination:
– Completetermination
– Partialtermination
– And,incertaincircumstances,maybeaffectedby
revivalofrighttoterminate
5Terminationrightscont……
• Primaryeffect–– dischargebothpartiesfrom
thedutytofurtherperform
• Thisdischargesanydutytobereadyand
willingtoperform
• Neitherpartycancallontheothertoperform
anyunperformedobligations
10
5Terminationrightscont……
• Intentionofpartiesfollowingterminationis
relevant.Therefore:
– Anycontractualtermsintendedtodealwith
consequencesofterminationmustbeapplied
– Anytermsintendedtoapplynotwithstanding
terminationmustbeapplied
– Rightswhichaccruedunconditionallypriorto
terminationremainenforceable
5Terminationrightscont……
• Contrarytocommonbelief,partial
terminationisavailable:
• Atcommonlaw:
– Terminationofunperformedobligations(nota
genuinecategory)
– Severablecontracts
– Terminationofapplication
11
5Terminationrightscont……
• Partialterminationexpresslyprovided:
– Terminationforcause
– Circumstancesbeyondthecontroloftheparties
– Issuesofvalidity
5Terminationrightscont……
• Revivaloftherighttoterminate
• Occursin5circumstances
– Continuingbreachbypromisor
– Subsequentbreachbypromisor
– Continuingrepudiationbypromisor
– Subsequentrepudiationbypromisor
– Failurebypromisortocomplywithanoticeto
perform
12
5Terminationrightscont……
• Revivalofrighttoterminate
– Lookfor‘‘freshright’’
– Maybeestoppedfromrelyingonfreshright
6SettlementAgreements
• Commonoccurrence–– shouldknowthese
• Onlysolicitorsor,ifunrepresented,partyto
signdocuments–– nocounsel
• Seerule4.4ofUCPRandDistCourtNote
• Settlementagreementsarecontracts
– HarveyvPhillips
– SinghvSecretary,DepartymentofFamily&
CommunityServices
– AWEllisEngineeringPtyLtdvMalagoPtyLtd
13
7TerminationforConvenience
• Commonlawdoesnotusuallypermit
terminationinabsenceofbreach
• Exceptionisindefinitecontracts–– can
terminateonreasonablenotice:NewSouth
WalesCancerCouncilvSarfaty
• Partiescanexpressprovideforitbutneeds:
– Clearandunambiguousrighttounilaterallyend
– Entitlementtocompensation(uncertainty!)
14