Masonry
Dr. V.Nagarajan
Brick Masonry
• Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using
bricks and mortar to build up brick structures such as
walls. Brickwork is also used to finish corners, door,
and window openings, etc. in buildings made of other
materials.
• Brick Masonry is defined as systematic arrangement of
bricks and bonding them together with mortar
• The strength of the masonry depends on
– Quality of bricks
– Quality of mortar
– Type of bonding
Brick Masonry Terminologies
• Header : A masonry unit laid flat with its longest dimension
perpendicular to the face of the wall. It is generally used to tie
two wythes of masonry together.
• Stretcher: A masonry unit laid flat with its longest dimension
parallel to the face of the wall.
• Course: One of the continuous horizontal layers (or rows) of
masonry that, bonded together, form the masonry structure.
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– Header Course: It is a course of brickwork showing only headers on the
exposed face of the wall
– Stretcher Course: It is a course of brickwork showing only stretchers on
the exposed face of the wall
Wythe: A continuous single vertical wall of brick
Brick Masonry Terminologies
• Arises
– The edges formed by
the intersection of
plane surfaces of a
brick are called arises.
• Frog
– The depression
provided in the face
of a brick during its
manufacturing is
Courses
called the frog.
Frog
Arises
Definitions
• Quoins
– The external corners of a wall are
called Quoins. And the bricks forming
quoins are called quoin bricks. E.g
quoin header or quoins stretcher.
– Squint Quoin: It is a brick cut such
that an angle other than right angle
is formed in plan
• Perpends
– The imaginary vertical lines which
includes vertical joints called
Perpends. They should be plumb.
Perpends
Quoin
Header
Quoin
Stretcher
Brick Masonry Terminologies
• Bed: It is the lower surface of the bricks in each course
• Bed Joint: It is the horizontal layer of mortar on which bricks are
laid
• Lap: It is the horizontal distance between vertical joints of
successive courses.
• Bullnose- Rounded edges are useful for window sills, and capping
on low and freestanding walls.
• Cownose: A brick moulded with double bullnose on end
Brick Masonry Terminologies
• Brick Bat: a cut brick. A quarter bat is one-quarter the
length of a stretcher. A half-bat is one-half.
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Three fourth brick bat
Half or square brick bat
One fourth brick bat
Bevelled brick bat
• Closer - a cut brick used to change the bond at quoins.
Commonly a quarter bat.
– Queens closer - a brick that has been cut over its length
and is a stretcher long and a quarter-bat deep. Commonly
used to bond one brick walls at right-angled quoins.
– Kings closer - a brick that has been cut diagonally over its
length to show a half-bat at one end and nothing at the
other.
– Bevelled Closer: a closer obtained by cutting a triangular
portion of the brick, joining half the header and full
stretcher. It is used for splayed brick work like jambs of
doors and windows
Bond in brick masonry
• It is the arrangement of bricks in each layer to avoid the continuity of vertical
joints in any two adjacent courses.
• NECESSITY OF BOND
Bond in brickwork is provided for the following reasons:
– To break the continuity of vertical joints in consecutive courses.
– To ensure longitudinal and lateral strength of the masonry work.
– To distribute the load uniformly over the structural mass.
– To ensure the quality of work.
– To ensure systematic work
– To provide good esthetics
– To economize the work.
• REQUIRENMENTS OF GOOD BOND IN BRICK WORK
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Bricks should be uniform in size.
Mortar thickness should be less than 10mm
Vertical joints in alternate courses should be in a single plumb line.
Header should be exactly in the middle of stretcher in two consecutive courses.
Brick bats should be avoided.
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Brick Masonry :Bonds
• A bond is an arrangement of layer of bricks by
which no continuous vertical joints are formed.
• Common types of bonds are
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Header Bond
Stretcher Bond
English Bond
Flemish Bond
Raking Bond
Zig-Zag bond
Brick Masonry :Bonds
• Header Bond
All bricks are arranged in header courses. The following
are some features of header bond.
– Headers alone visible in elevation. Bricks are laid with
their length perpendicular to wall
– Lap is half the width of bricks. This is provided by
using three-fourth brick bat at quoins of alternate
courses
– This brick bond is used for curved surface in brick
work because if stretcher is used for curved surface, it
would project beyond the face of wall.
Brick Masonry :Bonds
• Stretcher Bond (Running
Bond)
– All bricks are arranged in
stretcher courses
– Length of brick parallel to
wall
– Lap is half the length of the
bricks. Lap is provided by
half brick bat at quoins of
alternate courses
– Used for partition wall and
half brick thick walls
Brick Masonry :English Bonds
• Contains alternate courses of headers and stretchers
• Vertical joints of header course comes over each other
• Vertical joints of stretcher course comes over each
other
• Wall thickness
– If wall thickness is an even number of half bricks, the same
course will show either header or stretcher on both face
and back. The appearance of both face and back will be the
same
– If wall thickness is an odd number of half bricks, the same
course will show header on face and stretcher on back or
show header on back and stretcher on face.
• One of the strongest bonds
English Bond for One Brick Thick Walls
• Number of half brick bats is two
• A course will show either header or stretcher on both sides
of the wall. The appearance on both face and back are
same
• A Queen closer is placed next to quoin header in header
course to the full thickness of wall. This is done to break the
continuity of the vertical joints in successive courses
• Queen closer is not required for stretcher courses
• Each alternate header lies centrally over a stretcher
• The joints in the header course should be thinner than
joints in the stretcher course, as there are more joints in
header course than in stretcher course
English Bond
2 courses of English bond
English Bond for one and half
brick Thick wall
• Each Course has a
header and
stretcher course
• If wall thickness is an
odd number of half
bricks, the same
course will show
header on face and
stretcher on back or
show header on back
and stretcher on face.
Flemish Bond
• Headers and Stretchers are laid alternately in each
course
• Every alternate course start with a quoin header
• Queen closer is laid next to the quoin header in
alternate course to develop face lap for creating bond
• Every header is centrally supported over the stretcher
below it
• If Wall thickness is odd number of half bricks, more
brick bat is to be used
• This type of bond gives better appearance, as the
headers are distributed more evenly
Flemish Bond Types:
Double Flemish Bond
• Each course presents the same
appearance in front and back faces.
• It gives better appearance than
English bond , but is not as strong
as English bond
• There should always be a quoinheader in every other course.
• There should always be a queencloser next to the quoin-header,
which is broken at 1-brick intervals
through the whole thickness of the
wall.
• Each course should consist of
headers and stretchers alternately.
Flemish Bond Types:
Single Flemish Bond
• Flemish bond on face
side and English bond
on back side
• It has the strength of
English bond and
appearance of Flemish
bond
• Minimum wall
thickness : one and half
brick thickness
• Half brick bats are used
to develop laps
Comparison: English bond
and Flemish Bond
English Bond
Flemish Bond
• Strength is more for walls of
thickness 1⅟2 bricks or more
• Strength is more for walls of 1
brick thickness. For thicker walls
strength is less
• Appearance of facing is more
pleasing and uniform
• Alternate stretchers and headers
in each course
• Maintaining of correct breaking of
joint is easy
• Skilled and experience labor
required
• More mortar is used
• Large number of brick bats used
• Appearance of facing is not
pleasing
• Alternate courses of stretchers
and headers
• Maintaining of correct breaking
of joint is difficult
• Skilled labor not required. It is
easy and fast to construct
• Less mortar is used
• Less number of brick bats used
Raking bond
• Herringbone bond
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Diagonal bond
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Zigzag bond
Stone Masonry
• Stonemasonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into
accurate geometrical shapes, mostly simple, but some of
considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones,
often together with mortar, to form structures.
• The craft of stonemasonry (or stonecraft) has existed since the
dawn of civilization
– creating buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone from the earth.
– used to construct many of the long-lasting, ancient monuments, artifacts,
cathedrals, and cities in a wide variety of cultures.
– Examples: Taj Mahal, Cusco's Incan Wall, Easter Island's statues, the
Egyptian Pyramids, Tenochtitlan, Persepolis, the Parthenon, Stonehenge,
and Chartres Cathedral.
• Natural choice for masonry, when readily available in large
quantities
Stone Masonry Terminologies
Stone Masonry Terminologies
Stone Masonry Terminologies
Stone Masonry Terminologies
Classification of Stone Masonry
Stone Masonry
Ashlar Masonry
Rubble Masonry
Ashlar Fine Masonry
Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry
Random
Rubble Masonry
Un-coursed
Polygon
Squared
Rubble Masonry Rubble Masonry
Coursed
Un-coursed
Coursed
Ashlar Rock or Quarry
Faced Masonry
Ashlar Chamfered Masonry
Ashlar Facing Masonry
Rubble Masonry
• Rubble masonry is rough, unhand building stone
set in mortar, but not laid in regular courses.
• It may appear as the outer surface of a wall or
may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit
masonry such as brick or cut stone.
• Composed of irregular pieces of stones;
• mason has to choose carefully each stone so that
it can fit into the available space
• Stones are nor dressed. Stones from quarry
directly used in masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
• Un coursed random rubble masonry:
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stones are laid without forming courses
roughest and cheapest type of masonry ,of varying appearance
Stones of different sizes and shapes used.
Before lying, all projecting corners of stones are slightly knocked off.
Vertical joints are not plumbed, joints are filled and flushed.
Large stones are used at corners and at jambs to increase their strength.
Through stone is used for every square meter of the face area for joining faces and
backing.
– Suitability: Used for construction of walls of low height in case of ordinary buildings.
• Coursed random rubble masonry:
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Stones are laid in layers of equal height
the stones are laid in somewhat level courses.
Headers of one coursed height are placed at certain intervals.
The stones are hammer dressed.
Suitability: Used for construction of residential buildings,
godowns, boundary walls etc
Squared Rubble Masonry
• Stones roughly squared with straight
edge s and sides with hammer
• Un coursed squared rubble masonry:
– stones are laid without forming courses in
irregular pattern
– Stones of different sizes and heights, but
with straight edges, and faces used
• Coursed squared rubble masonry:
– Stones are laid in layers of equal height
– the stones are laid in level courses.
– Headers of one coursed height are placed
at certain intervals.
Stone Masonry: Precautions
Stone Masonry: Precautions
Stone Masonry: Precautions
Comparison of Brick and Stone Masonry
Comparison of Brick and Stone Masonry