Cover Page Microbiology Proteins, Genes and Genetics Author: Rohini Ajay Copyright (c) 2015 About Us Powered by QuizOver.com The Leading Online Quiz & Exam Creator Create, Share and Discover Quizzes & Exams http://www.quizover.com (2) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved Disclaimer All services and content of QuizOver.com are provided under QuizOver.com terms of use on an "as is" basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, without limitation, warranties that the provided services and content are free of defects, merchantable, fit for a particular purpose or non-infringing. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the provided services and content is with you. In no event shall QuizOver.com be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of the services. 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NoDerivatives: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. (4) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4. Chapter: Proteins, Genes and Genetics 1. Proteins, Genes and Genetics Questions (5) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.1. State the function of alpha-helix molecules and pleated beta-sheets. Author: Rohini Ajay State the function of alpha-helix molecules and pleated beta-sheets. • alpha-helix -Fits into major grooves of DNA-mediating interactions with other molecules. -Provides stability+rigidity (superhelix) Beta-sheets -Strength and flexibility -Have a flat surface for binding sites and AA interactions from side chains above/below the sheet. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: State the function of alpha-helix molecules Rohini Ajay Proteins (6) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.2. Which amino acids would not be very good in alpha-helices and would... Author: Rohini Ajay Which amino acids would not be very good in alpha-helices and would be good in beta-sheets? • Glycine and Proline in Alpha helices not very good in alpha-helices. But MALEK (methionine, alanine, leucine, glutamate, lysine) would be good in alpha-helices. Aromatic amino acids (e.g. tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) are better in beta-sheets. As are branched amino acids like isoleucine, valine, threonine would also be good in beta-sheets. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: Which amino acids would not be very good in Rohini Ajay Proteins (7) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.3. State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and how you would work out... Author: Rohini Ajay State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and how you would work out the fraction of a molecule that's unportonated. • pH=pKa+log [A-]/[HA] [A-]/[HA] = ratio Ratio/(Ratio+1) = Fraction unprotonated Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and Rohini Ajay Proteins (8) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.4. Explain the Bohr effect and it's impact on O2 affinity. Author: Rohini Ajay Explain the Bohr effect and it's impact on O2 affinity. • The Bohr effect means that muscle's respiring output more CO2 which dissolves into blood plasma creating more H+= increase in pH of blood = release of more O2 and so it decreases the O2 affinity and means O2 is more easily unloaded. Since the HCO3- reacts with the AA of the Hb chains meaning that it stabilises the deoxy-Hb (T form). Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: Explain the Bohr effect and it's impact on Rohini Ajay Proteins Quest (9) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.5. What are the 3 steps to the protein (re)folding process? Author: Rohini Ajay What are the 3 steps to the protein (re)folding process? • Nucleation-Aggregation-Compactiation Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: What are the 3 steps to the protein re folding Rohini Proteins Quest (10) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.6. State the progression of structures of a protein and the bonding it... Author: Rohini Ajay State the progression of structures of a protein and the bonding it (potentially) undergoes at each level. • Primary=Peptide bonding between a sequence of AAs. Secondary=Hydrogen bonding leading to alpha-helix and beta sheets. Tertiary=the 3D structure. Ionic, hydrogen, electrostatic bonding and disulphide bonding (covalent bonding) Quaternary=similar bonding to tertiary but between 1+ polypeptide chains. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: State the progression of structures of a Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes (11) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.7. Name 4 types of non-covalent bonds Author: Rohini Ajay Name 4 types of non-covalent bonds • Ionic--> Electron transfer Electrostatic---> Coulomb's Law Van der Waals--->Transient dipole moments to induce asymmetrical distribution of electrons in adjacent molecule=attraction Hydrogen Bonds-->2 atoms sharing a H Hydrophobic-->Non-polar molecules associating with each other in water Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: Name 4 types of non-covalent bonds Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes and (12) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.8. List 3 functions of the cell membrane Author: Rohini Ajay List 3 functions of the cell membrane • 1: Semipermeable barrier-->regulate what goes in and out. 2: Receptors-->To detect and communicate with the extracellular membrane and changes in environment 3: Alternative environment to cytoplasm--->So as to maintain things like electrochemical gradients. 4: Anchorage sites Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: List 3 functions of the cell membrane Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes (13) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.9. At low temperatures what can help the lipid membrane remain fluid? Author: Rohini Ajay At low temperatures what can help the lipid membrane remain fluid? • 1. More short unsaturated (double bonded hydrocarbons) increase fluidity at low temperatures. 2. Cholesterol can help increase fluidity at low temperatures by giving the phospholipids more distance between them especially in the middle of the lipid membrane. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: At low temperatures what can help the lipid Rohini Ajay Proteins (14) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.10. Draw a nucleoside Author: Rohini Ajay Draw a nucleoside • Nucleoside=sugar+base Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: Draw a nucleoside Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes and Genetics Quest (15) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.11. Describe the Anfinsen experiment which used Ribonuclease A and expl... Author: Rohini Ajay Describe the Anfinsen experiment which used Ribonuclease A and explored the folding of proteins. • Urea stops H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Beta-mercaptoethanol (BME) is a reducing agent that reversibly disrupts disulphide bonds. When 8M Urea and BME were added to Ribonuclease A it denatured and unfolded. When urea and BME were slowly removed-protein spontaneously refolded. When BME was removed BEFORE urea-there were random disulphide bonding And so proteins adopt native conformation sequence=most stable conformation Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: Describe the Anfinsen experiment which used Rohini Ajay Proteins (16) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.12. Why does haemoglobin binding to one O2 molecule increase affinity f... Author: Rohini Ajay Why does haemoglobin binding to one O2 molecule increase affinity for others? • Because binding of 1 O2 molecules to the Haem group, causes the middle Fe atom to be pulled into the plane of the ring and so changes it's conformation to a relaxed state. This echoes throughout the entire structure, increasing the affinity for other Haem groups to bind to O2. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: Why does haemoglobin binding to one O2 molecule Rohini Proteins Quest (17) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.13. What causes lipid bilayers are asymmetric? Author: Rohini Ajay What causes lipid bilayers are asymmetric? • Flippases which care phospholipid translocators which catalyse flip-flop to maintain and even lipid concentrations and makes the bilayer asymmetric. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: What causes lipid bilayers are asymmetric Rohini Ajay Proteins Quest (18) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.14. What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid membrane and how d... Author: Rohini Ajay What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid membrane and how does it's structure allow for this? • Cholesterol provides rigidity to the cell membrane. The ring structure gives rigidity and the hydrocarbon tail flexibility. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: What is the function of cholesterol in the Rohini Ajay Proteins Quest (19) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.15. What are the types of ATP pumps? Author: Rohini Ajay What are the types of ATP pumps? • 1: P-Type pumps-->Phosphorylate during transportation. 2: F-Type pumps--->Works down the H+ gradient. 3: ABC Transporter--->Pumps small molecules Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: What are the types of ATP pumps Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes and Quest (20) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved 4.1.16. What are a variety of mechanisms used to regulate composition? Author: Rohini Ajay What are a variety of mechanisms used to regulate composition? • Enzymes synthesising fatty acids that're temperature dependent. Enzymes introducing C=C bonds that are temperature dependent. Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com: Question: What are a variety of mechanisms used to Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes (21) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved