Cover Page
Microbiology
Proteins,
Genes and
Genetics
Author: Rohini Ajay
Copyright (c) 2015
About Us
Powered by QuizOver.com
The Leading Online Quiz & Exam Creator
Create, Share and Discover Quizzes & Exams
http://www.quizover.com
(2) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
Disclaimer
All services and content of QuizOver.com are provided under QuizOver.com terms of use on an "as is" basis,
without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, without limitation, warranties that the provided
services and content are free of defects, merchantable, fit for a particular purpose or non-infringing.
The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the provided services and content is with you.
In no event shall QuizOver.com be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use
or performance of the services.
Should any provided services and content prove defective in any respect, you (not the initial developer, author or
any other contributor) assume the cost of any necessary servicing, repair or correction.
This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an essential part of these "terms of use".
No use of any services and content of QuizOver.com is authorized hereunder except under this disclaimer.
The detailed and up to date "terms of use" of QuizOver.com can be found under:
http://www.QuizOver.com/public/termsOfUse.xhtml
(3) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
eBook Content License
Creative Commons License
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
You are free to:
Share: copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You
may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial: You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others
from doing anything the license permits.
(4) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4. Chapter: Proteins, Genes and Genetics
1. Proteins, Genes and Genetics Questions
(5) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.1. State the function of alpha-helix molecules and pleated beta-sheets.
Author: Rohini Ajay
State the function of alpha-helix molecules and pleated beta-sheets.
•
alpha-helix
-Fits into major grooves of DNA-mediating interactions with other molecules.
-Provides stability+rigidity (superhelix)
Beta-sheets
-Strength and flexibility
-Have a flat surface for binding sites and AA interactions from side chains above/below the sheet.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: State the function of alpha-helix molecules Rohini Ajay Proteins
(6) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.2. Which amino acids would not be very good in alpha-helices and would...
Author: Rohini Ajay
Which amino acids would not be very good in alpha-helices and would be good in beta-sheets?
•
Glycine and Proline in Alpha helices not very good in alpha-helices.
But MALEK (methionine, alanine, leucine, glutamate, lysine) would be good in alpha-helices.
Aromatic amino acids (e.g. tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) are better in beta-sheets. As are branched
amino acids like isoleucine, valine, threonine would also be good in beta-sheets.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: Which amino acids would not be very good in Rohini Ajay Proteins
(7) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.3. State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and how you would work out...
Author: Rohini Ajay
State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and how you would work out the fraction of a molecule that's
unportonated.
•
pH=pKa+log [A-]/[HA]
[A-]/[HA] = ratio
Ratio/(Ratio+1) = Fraction unprotonated
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and Rohini Ajay Proteins
(8) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.4. Explain the Bohr effect and it's impact on O2 affinity.
Author: Rohini Ajay
Explain the Bohr effect and it's impact on O2 affinity.
•
The Bohr effect means that muscle's respiring output more CO2 which dissolves into blood plasma creating
more H+= increase in pH of blood = release of more O2 and so it decreases the O2 affinity and means O2 is
more easily unloaded. Since the HCO3- reacts with the AA of the Hb chains meaning that it stabilises the
deoxy-Hb (T form).
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: Explain the Bohr effect and it's impact on Rohini Ajay Proteins Quest
(9) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.5. What are the 3 steps to the protein (re)folding process?
Author: Rohini Ajay
What are the 3 steps to the protein (re)folding process?
•
Nucleation-Aggregation-Compactiation
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: What are the 3 steps to the protein re folding Rohini Proteins Quest
(10) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.6. State the progression of structures of a protein and the bonding it...
Author: Rohini Ajay
State the progression of structures of a protein and the bonding it (potentially) undergoes at each level.
•
Primary=Peptide bonding between a sequence of AAs.
Secondary=Hydrogen bonding leading to alpha-helix and beta sheets.
Tertiary=the 3D structure. Ionic, hydrogen, electrostatic bonding and disulphide bonding (covalent bonding)
Quaternary=similar bonding to tertiary but between 1+ polypeptide chains.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: State the progression of structures of a Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes
(11) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.7. Name 4 types of non-covalent bonds
Author: Rohini Ajay
Name 4 types of non-covalent bonds
•
Ionic--> Electron transfer
Electrostatic---> Coulomb's Law
Van der Waals--->Transient dipole moments to induce asymmetrical distribution of electrons in adjacent
molecule=attraction
Hydrogen Bonds-->2 atoms sharing a H
Hydrophobic-->Non-polar molecules associating with each other in water
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: Name 4 types of non-covalent bonds Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes and
(12) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.8. List 3 functions of the cell membrane
Author: Rohini Ajay
List 3 functions of the cell membrane
•
1: Semipermeable barrier-->regulate what goes in and out.
2: Receptors-->To detect and communicate with the extracellular membrane and changes in environment
3: Alternative environment to cytoplasm--->So as to maintain things like electrochemical gradients.
4: Anchorage sites
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: List 3 functions of the cell membrane Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes
(13) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.9. At low temperatures what can help the lipid membrane remain fluid?
Author: Rohini Ajay
At low temperatures what can help the lipid membrane remain fluid?
•
1. More short unsaturated (double bonded hydrocarbons) increase fluidity at low temperatures.
2. Cholesterol can help increase fluidity at low temperatures by giving the phospholipids more distance
between them especially in the middle of the lipid membrane.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: At low temperatures what can help the lipid Rohini Ajay Proteins
(14) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.10. Draw a nucleoside
Author: Rohini Ajay
Draw a nucleoside
•
Nucleoside=sugar+base
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: Draw a nucleoside Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes and Genetics Quest
(15) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.11. Describe the Anfinsen experiment which used Ribonuclease A and expl...
Author: Rohini Ajay
Describe the Anfinsen experiment which used Ribonuclease A and explored the folding of proteins.
•
Urea stops H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Beta-mercaptoethanol (BME) is a reducing agent that
reversibly disrupts disulphide bonds.
When 8M Urea and BME were added to Ribonuclease A it denatured and unfolded.
When urea and BME were slowly removed-protein spontaneously refolded.
When BME was removed BEFORE urea-there were random disulphide bonding
And so proteins adopt native conformation sequence=most stable conformation
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: Describe the Anfinsen experiment which used Rohini Ajay Proteins
(16) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.12. Why does haemoglobin binding to one O2 molecule increase affinity f...
Author: Rohini Ajay
Why does haemoglobin binding to one O2 molecule increase affinity for others?
•
Because binding of 1 O2 molecules to the Haem group, causes the middle Fe atom to be pulled into the plane
of the ring and so changes it's conformation to a relaxed state. This echoes throughout the entire structure,
increasing the affinity for other Haem groups to bind to O2.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: Why does haemoglobin binding to one O2 molecule Rohini Proteins Quest
(17) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.13. What causes lipid bilayers are asymmetric?
Author: Rohini Ajay
What causes lipid bilayers are asymmetric?
•
Flippases which care phospholipid translocators which catalyse flip-flop to maintain and even lipid
concentrations and makes the bilayer asymmetric.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: What causes lipid bilayers are asymmetric Rohini Ajay Proteins Quest
(18) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.14. What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid membrane and how d...
Author: Rohini Ajay
What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid membrane and how does it's structure allow for this?
•
Cholesterol provides rigidity to the cell membrane.
The ring structure gives rigidity and the hydrocarbon tail flexibility.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: What is the function of cholesterol in the Rohini Ajay Proteins Quest
(19) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.15. What are the types of ATP pumps?
Author: Rohini Ajay
What are the types of ATP pumps?
•
1: P-Type pumps-->Phosphorylate during transportation.
2: F-Type pumps--->Works down the H+ gradient.
3: ABC Transporter--->Pumps small molecules
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: What are the types of ATP pumps Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes and Quest
(20) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved
4.1.16. What are a variety of mechanisms used to regulate composition?
Author: Rohini Ajay
What are a variety of mechanisms used to regulate composition?
•
Enzymes synthesising fatty acids that're temperature dependent.
Enzymes introducing C=C bonds that are temperature dependent.
Check the answer of this question online at QuizOver.com:
Question: What are a variety of mechanisms used to Rohini Ajay Proteins Genes
(21) Powered by QuizOver.com - http://www.quizover.com
QuizOver.com is the leading online quiz & exam creator
Copyright (c) 2009-2015 all rights reserved