Review
C H A P TER
15
Summary
HOW DO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS FUNCTION?
p.220
• During minimal consciousness, we only dimly
perceive the environment and might respond to a
stimulus without full awareness of it (for example,
• After we complete Stage 4 sleep, we cycle back through Stage
3 and 2 sleep and enter REM sleep, in which heart rate and
breathing increase and brain waves become fast and irregular.
• This cycle occurs every 90 minutes throughout the night. Stage
3 and 4 sleep periods decrease in length and eventually disappear,
while REM sleep periods lengthen over the course of the night.
during sleep).
• During full consciousness, we are aware of our environment and
HOW CAN HYPNOSIS AND
MEDITATION ALTER CONSCIOUSNESS?
p.229
of our own thoughts and mental state.
• Self-consciousness is the highest level of consciousness; it
enables us to reflect on our own identity.
HOW DOES CONSCIOUSNESS
CHANGE WHILE WE SLEEP AND
DREAM, AND WHY?
p.222
• The body’s circadian rhythm controls sleep
patterns.
• Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
achieved through social interaction. It may cause
dissociation, a split in consciousness that allows
some simultaneous thoughts and behaviors to occur separately
from others.
• Meditation is a process by which people can achieve a state of
deep mental calm through concentration or mindfulness.
Chapter 15
232
• The sleep cycle consists of several stages. Stage 1
is a very short period characterized by slow breathing and irregular
brain waves, Stage 2 is a brief period characterized by burst of brain
activity, and Stages 3 and 4 are longer periods of deep sleep.
Test Your Understanding
1. When Jenna smells her grandmother’s perfume, she is reminded
of a trip that she and her grandmother took many years ago.
Jenna is accessing:
a.
b.
c.
d.
preconscious memories
unattended information
non-conscious processes
unconscious information
2. Which of the following best states the problem of other minds?
a. We unconsciously allow other people to influence our own
perceptions.
b. We cannot determine how other people’s perceptions compare to our own.
c. We are more susceptible to the power of suggestion when we
are with others.
d. We cannot access unconscious, preconscious, and nonconscious information in the brain.
3. Antonio has a guitar lesson today and needs to practice. Although
he has a lot going on in his life, including relationship problems and
pending exams, he manages to focus on learning a new chord.
Which function of consciousness is Antonio most likely utilizing?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the executive control function
the unconscious function
the planning function
the restrictive function
4. The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus controls circadian rhythms by causing the pineal gland to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
adjust melatonin production
produce adenosine
inhibit certain neurons
induce rapid eye movement
5. As the brain prepares for sleep, brain activity transitions from:
a.
b.
c.
d.
beta waves to alpha waves
alpha waves to beta waves
theta waves to beta waves
theta waves to alpha waves
6. John sleeps for less than four hours a night but does not feel
tired during the day. He functions well at work and leads an
active social live. John is probably:
a.
b.
c.
d.
an insomniac
a nonsomniac
narcoleptic
suffering from sleep apnea
7. A child who wets the bed is probably in:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stage Two sleep
Stage One sleep
REM sleep
Stage Four sleep
8. REM sleep is characterized in part by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
motor cortex activity and a lack of muscular activity
visual cortex activity and a lack of dreams
sleepwalking and a lack of theta waves
physiological arousal and a lack of rapid eye movement
9. Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is
NOT true?
a. Sleep deprivation can cause irritability, fatigue, lowered productivity, and a tendency to make mistakes.
b. Traffic accidents are more common the morning after
daylight savings time begins, when people are likely to
be sleepy.
c. Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system and makes us
susceptible to obesity.
d. It is possible to reduce the effects of sleep deprivation
during the week by sleeping for longer periods of time at
weekends.
10. How does a night terror differ from a nightmare?
a. A person can usually be easily awakened from a
night terror.
b. A night terror occurs during Stage 4 sleep, not REM sleep.
c. Children have night terrors; adults have nightmares
d. A night terror is more frightening than a nightmare.
11. Why are sufferers of sleep apnea often unable to experience slow
wave sleep?
They experience frequent, severe night terrors.
They cannot fall asleep due to anxiety.
They stop breathing and wake up repeatedly.
They fall asleep suddenly and unpredictably.
a.
b.
c.
d.
lucid dreaming
a night terror
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
17. Damage to the visual processing areas or limbic system may
lead to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
symbolic dreaming
impairment in dreaming
more frequent dreams
more lucid dreams
18. Abena has hypnotic ability. Which of the following statements is
most likely to be true about Abena?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She is able to persuade people easily.
She can control people’s thoughts and actions.
She is highly imaginative and inventive.
She is not susceptible to the power of suggestion.
19. Hypnosis has been successfully used to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
regress people back to childhood
assist with pain relief
force people to behave against their will
treat addictions to drugs and alcohol
20. Which of the following indicates that meditation is a state of
altered consciousness?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Meditation helps people reduce their anxiety.
Meditation involves focused and regulated breathing.
Meditation causes physiological changes on EEG recordings.
Meditation can be used to decrease metabolism.
order to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
problem solve
avoid predators
repair body tissue
establish memories
Remember to check www.thethinkspot.com for additional information, downloadable flashcards, and other helpful resources.
13. Which of the following people is most likely to have a natural
sleep pattern?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a member of an unindustrialized culture
a typical teenage college student
a nurse who works the night shift
a parent of several young children
14. After a visit to the dentist, Keerthi dreams that her teeth are falling
out. According to Freudian theory, the teeth in Keerthi’s dream
are the:
a.
b.
c.
d.
manifest content
latent content
hidden content
symbolic content
15. While Kat is sleeping, her malfunctioning MP3 player turns on
quietly and plays a few songs. Kat is most likely to:
sing along to the songs in her sleep
stop dreaming for the rest of the night
wake up and be unable to go back to sleep
incorporate the music into her dreams
Answers: 1) a; 2) b; 3) d; 4) a; 5) a; 6) b; 7) d; 8) a; 9) d; 10) b; 11) c;
12) b; 13) a; 14) a; 15)d; 16) a; 17) b; 18) c; 19) b; 20) c
a.
b.
c.
d.
Consciousness
12. According to the preservation and protection theory, we sleep in
he doesn’t immediately plummet to the ground, Eric realizes he is
dreaming. Eric is experiencing:
233
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. During a dream, Eric jumps from the roof of a tall building. When