泛美国际
Name_
Date
• A na l o g i e s 1
Level 11
Directions: Choose the pair of words that
best express a relationship similar to that
of the original pair. Then write the bridge
sentence(s) to the right.
A finger is part of a hand.
A leaf is part of a tree.
Example:
Bridge Type: Lack
#) UNDERQUALIFIED : CREDENTIALS
A)
B)
C)
D)
tentative : doubt
tenacious : determination
lackluster : enthusiasm
epicurean : appreciation
Bridge Type: Characteristic
1) ENIGMA : MYSTERIOUS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
bigot : prejudiced
beetle : venomous
politician : obtuse
professor : glib
potion : potent
Bridge Sentence:
A characteristic of an enigma is to be
mysterious.
A characteristic of a
_.
is to be
Bridge Type: Function
2) VEIL : ENSHROUD
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
beautician : paint
lampoon : mock
laureate : preside
flare : locate
lantern : identify
Bridge Sentence:
The function of a veil is to enshroud.
The function of a
_.
is to
Bridge Type: Characteristic
3) POISON : NOXIOUS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
performance : stellar
satellite : worldly
maze : labyrinthine
wavelength : shallow
leather : worn
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Bridge Sentence:
A characteristic of a poison is to be noxious.
A characteristic of a
_.
is to be
1
Bridge Type: Definition (Antonyms)
4) PLACID : TUMULTUOUS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
coveted : desired
reviled : despised
tangential : irrelevant
credible : dubious
unconventional : irregular
Bridge Sentence:
Placid is the opposite of tumultuous.
is the opposite of
.
Bridge Type: Degree
5) BLATANT : OBVIOUS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
obscure : marred
legendary : unbelievable
novel : obsolete
powerful : dominant
preeminent : important
Bridge Sentence:
Something that is blatant is very obvious.
Something that is
_.
is very
Bridge Type: Other
6) BLASPHEMY : RELIGION
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
fornication : marriage
treason : state
lethargy : energy
avarice : currency
apathy : motivation
Bridge Sentence:
Blasphemy is an offense against a religion.
is an offense against a
_.
Bridge Type: Lack
7) TAWDRY : TASTE
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
vicious : wrath
bourgeois : wealth
haughty : humility
paraplegic : legs
misshapen : deformity
Bridge Sentence:
Someone who is tawdry lacks taste.
Someone who is
_.
lacks
Bridge Type: Definition (Antonyms)
8) TEDIUM : EXCITEMENT
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
revision : edition
honor : prestige
mortgage : debt
acceptance : denial
perturbation : frustration
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
Bridge Sentence:
Tedium is the opposite of excitement.
.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
An enigma is a mystery or a puzzle. Thus, a characteristic of an enigma is to be mysterious. A bigot is an intolerant or prejudiced
person. Thus, a characteristic of a bigot is to be prejudiced. Therefore (A) is correct.
2)
B
A veil is a cloth that covers or hides something. Thus, the function of a veil is to enshroud. A lampoon is satirical comedy. Thus, the
function of a lampoon is to mock. Therefore (B) is correct.
3) C
A characteristic of a poison is to be noxious or toxic. A characteristic of a maze is to be labyrinthine or intricate. Therefore (C) is
correct.
4) D
Placid means peaceful, while tumultuous means chaotic or hectic. Thus, placid is the opposite of tumultuous. Credible means
believable, while dubious means doubtful or suspicious. Thus, credible is the opposite of dubious. Therefore (D) is correct.
5) E
Something that is blatant is very obvious. Something that is preeminent is very important. Therefore (E) is correct.
6) B
Blasphemy is an offense against a religion. Treason is an offense against a state. Therefore (B) is correct.
7) C
Tawdry means tacky or tasteless. Thus, someone who is tawdry lacks taste. Haughty means pretentious or proud. Thus,
someone who is haughty lacks humility. Therefore (C) is correct.
8) D
Tedium is the opposite of excitement. Acceptance is the opposite of denial. Therefore (D) is correct.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• A na l o g i e s 2
Level 11
Directions: Choose the pair of words that
best express a relationship similar to that
of the original pair. Then write the bridge
sentence(s) to the right.
A finger is part of a hand.
A leaf is part of a tree.
Example:
Bridge Type: Lack
#) UNDERQUALIFIED : CREDENTIALS
A)
B)
C)
D)
tentative : doubt
tenacious : determination
lackluster : enthusiasm
epicurean : appreciation
Bridge Type: Lack
1) FRAIL : BRAWN
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
humorous : wit
obtuse : intensity
disinterested : ennui
longwinded : brevity
tenuous : weakness
Bridge Sentence:
Someone who is frail lacks brawn.
Someone who is
_.
lacks
Bridge Type: Other
2) ACROPHOBIA : HEIGHTS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
claustrophobia : closets
homophobia : discrimination
agoraphobia : crowds
vertigo : balance
arachnophobia : insects
Bridge Sentence:
Acrophobia is the fear of heights.
is the fear of
.
Bridge Type: Characteristic
3) HERETIC : UNORTHODOX
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
hero : folksy
braggart : boastful
javelin : underhanded
hiatus : eternal
jinx : auspicious
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
Bridge Sentence:
A characteristic of a heretic is to be
unorthodox.
A characteristic of a
_.
is to be
1
Bridge Type: Definition (Antonyms)
4) DEBUNK : VERIFY
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
revere : denigrate
besmirch : slander
cower : submit
pontificate : pronounce
capitulate : surrender
Bridge Sentence:
To debunk is the opposite of to verify.
To
is the opposite of to
_.
Bridge Type: Part to Whole
5) LEGEND : MAP
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
continent : nation
page : tome
tirade : government
legion : family
army : soldier
Bridge Sentence:
A legend is part of a map.
A
is part of a
.
Bridge Type: Type/Kind
6) EPISTLE : LETTER
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
decathlon : competition
multitude : feast
lounge : vacation
credo : church
festival : carnival
Bridge Sentence:
An epistle is a type of letter.
A
is a type of
.
Bridge Type: Other
7) ARCHAEOLOGIST : HIEROGLYPHICS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
theologian : cancer
sojourner : destiny
storyteller : mysteries
courier : packages
translator : languages
Bridge Sentence:
An archaeologist interprets hieroglyphics.
.
Bridge Type: Definition
8) THWART : FRUSTRATE
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
retain : burst
meditate : snooze
bully : balk
bristle : brush
laud : praise
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Bridge Sentence:
To thwart means to frustrate.
.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) D
Someone who is frail is weak. Thus, someone who is frail lacks brawn. Someone who is longwinded talks at length. Thus,
someone who is longwinded lacks brevity. Therefore (D) is correct.
2) C
Acrophobia is the fear of heights. Agoraphobia is the fear of crowds. Therefore (C) is correct.
3) B
A heretic is someone who dissents from official doctrines or beliefs. Thus, a characteristic of a heretic is to be unorthodox. A
braggart is someone who brags. Thus, a characteristic of a braggart is to be boastful. Therefore (B) is correct.
4) A
To debunk is to prove to be untrue. To verify is to prove to be true. Thus, the opposite of debunk is verify. To revere is to respect
or honor. To denigrate is to debase or insult. Thus, the opposite of revere is denigrate. Therefore (A) is correct.
5) B
A legend is part of a map. A page is part of a tome or book. Therefore (B) is correct.
6) A
An epistle is a type of letter. A decathlon is a type of competition. Therefore (A) is correct.
7) E
An archaeologist is someone who studies ancient relics. Thus, an archaeologist might interpret ancient writing such as
hieroglyphics. A translator is someone who translates from one language to another. Thus, a translator interprets languages.
Therefore (E) is correct.
8) E
To thwart means to frustrate. To laud means to praise. Therefore (E) is correct.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• A na l o g i e s 3
Level 11
Directions: Choose the pair of words that
best express a relationship similar to that
of the original pair. Then write the bridge
sentence(s) to the right.
Example:
Bridge Type: Lack
#) UNDERQUALIFIED : CREDENTIALS
A)
B)
C)
D)
A finger is part of a hand.
A leaf is part of a tree.
tentative : doubt
tenacious : determination
lackluster : enthusiasm
epicurean : appreciation
Bridge Type: Other
1) BUTTRESS : WALL
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
precinct : city
column : pillar
cream : lotion
document : preamble
philanthropist : charity
Bridge Sentence:
A buttress supports a wall.
A
supports a
.
Bridge Type: Function
2)
JURY : DELIBERATE
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
candidate : deprecate
precedent : preside
ruse : illuminate
lobbyist : persuade
parachute : open
Bridge Sentence:
The function of a jury is to deliberate.
The function of a
_.
is to
Bridge Type: Degree
3)
SACCHARINE : SWEET
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
omniscient : omnipotent
lethargic : slovenly
sacrosanct : sacred
hypocritical : dissonant
obtuse : angular
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
Bridge Sentence:
Something that is saccharine is very sweet.
Something that is
very
_.
is
1
Bridge Type: Definition (Antonyms)
4) ALTRUISM : SELFISHNESS
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
alacrity : clarity
passion : fervor
levity : flippancy
gravity : momentum
impartiality : bias
Bridge Sentence:
Altruism is the opposite of selfishness.
is the opposite of
.
Bridge Type: Characteristic
5) BISHOP : ORDAINED
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
palace : stately
transgression : acceptable
cliché : intrepid
loft : unattainable
character : humorous
Bridge Sentence:
A characteristic of a bishop is to be
ordained.
A characteristic of a
_.
is to be
Bridge Type: Definition
6) PRAGMATIC : PRACTICAL
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
irritating : pleasing
tenacious : faltering
opaque : translucent
trivial : negligible
unusual : ludicrous
Bridge Sentence:
By definition, something that is pragmatic
is practical.
.
Bridge Type: Type/Kind
7) CAULDRON : POT
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
vibration : perception
pictograph : symbol
favor : currency
luminary : phantasm
paragon : light
8) PRECEPT : GUIDANCE
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
chord : music
footnote : connotation
mathematician : numbers
epilogue : introduction
alibi : defense
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
Bridge Sentence:
A cauldron is a kind of pot.
.
Bridge Sentence:
.
.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) E
A buttress is a structure that supports a wall. A philanthropist is someone who supports a charity. Therefore (E) is correct.
2) D
The function of a jury is to deliberate in order to reach a verdict. The function of a lobbyist is to persuade an elected official to vote
a certain way. Therefore (D) is correct.
3) C
Something that is saccharine is very sweet. Something that is sacrosanct is very sacred. Therefore (C) is correct.
4) E
Altruism is the opposite of selfishness. Impartiality is the opposite of bias. Therefore (E) is correct.
5)
A
A characteristic of a bishop is to be ordained or officially consecrated. A characteristic of a palace is to be stately or elegant.
Therefore (A) is correct.
6) D
By definition, something that is pragmatic is practical. Both of these words mean useful in the real world. By definition,
something that is trivial is negligible. Both of these words mean unimportant. Therefore (D) is correct.
7) B
A cauldron is a type of pot. A pictograph is a type of symbol. Therefore (B) is correct.
8) E
A precept is a guiding command or principle. Thus, the function of a precept is to provide guidance. An alibi is an excuse. Thus, the
function of an alibi is to provide defense against an accusation. Therefore (E) is correct.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Antonyms 1
Level 11
Directions: Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters.
1. REFINED
6. MINUSCULE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
suave
indolent
cultured
boorish
bland
gargantuan
nondescript
navigable
microscopic
formidable
2. GINGERLY
7. PROTECT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
lackadaisically
rashly
stubbornly
warily
oafishly
perpetrate
champion
jeopardize
arrest
harbor
3. BUOYANT
8. INVIGORATE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
mirthful
nautical
levelheaded
profound
morose
extrude
gall
fatigue
activate
galvanize
4. ARTIFICE
9. URBAN
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
innuendo
decadence
injustice
forthrightness
stratagem
ethnic
rustic
municipal
cosmopolitan
unassuming
5. USUAL
10. VOLATILE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
atypical
nocturnal
commonplace
occult
mystical
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
combustible
mercurial
evolving
sedentary
stable
1
Answers and Explanations
1) D
The word refined means well-mannered or free of vulgarity or coarseness. A person who is refined might also be called
well-bred and would behave in a polite manner. The opposite of refined is coarse, vulgar, or lacking in manners. Because
boorish means rude or unmannered, choice (D) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because suave means polite or smoothly agreeable. This is practically synonymous with refined, not the
opposite of it.
(B) is incorrect because indolent means lazy. This is not the opposite of refined.
(C) is incorrect because cultured means enlightened or well-mannered. This is synonymous with refined, not the opposite
of it.
(E) is incorrect because bland means soothing or mild. This is not the opposite of refined.
2) B
The word gingerly means very carefully. A cat burglar would move gingerly so as to avoid making a sound or being
detected. The opposite of gingerly is carelessly. Because rashly means impetuously or done without consideration or
thought, choice (B) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because lackadaisically means listlessly or lethargically. This is not the opposite of gingerly.
(C) is incorrect because stubbornly means resolutely or obstinately. This is not the opposite of gingerly.
(D) is incorrect because warily means very carefully. This is synonymous with gingerly, not the opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because oafishly means stupidly. This is not the opposite of gingerly.
3) E
The word buoyant means cheerful and optimistic. Someone who is buoyant is usually in good spirits. The opposite of
buoyant is unhappy or pessimistic. Because morose means ill-humored or melancholy, choice (E) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because mirthful means merry or full of laughter. This is synonymous with buoyant, not the opposite of it.
(B) is incorrect because nautical means pertaining to ships or navigation. This is not the opposite of buoyant.
(C) is incorrect because levelheaded means sensible. This is not the opposite of buoyant.
(D) is incorrect because profound means of deep meaning. This is not the opposite of buoyant.
4) D
The word artifice means deception or trickery. One of the most famous examples of artifice is the Trojan horse, a
supposed gift that actually tricked the Trojans into opening their gates to the invading Greek army. The opposite of artifice
is honesty or a lack of deception. Because forthrightness is straightforwardness or directness, choice (D) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because an innuendo is a hint or insinuation. This is not the opposite of artifice.
(B) is incorrect because decadence is decay. This is not the opposite of artifice.
(C) is incorrect because an injustice is a violation of one’s rights. This is not the opposite of artifice.
(E) is incorrect because a stratagem is a deceptive trick. This is synonymous with artifice, not the opposite of it.
5) A
The word usual means normal, routine, or customary. A usual occurrence is something that happens every day. The
opposite of usual is unusual or not normal. Because atypical means irregular or not normal, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because nocturnal means done at night. This is not the opposite of usual.
(C) is incorrect because commonplace means ordinary or uninteresting. This is practically synonymous with usual, not the
opposite of it.
(D) is incorrect because occult means pertaining to magic or supernatural powers. This is not the opposite of usual.
(E) is incorrect because mystical means pertaining to magic or spiritual powers. This is not the opposite of usual.
6)
A
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2
The word minuscule means very small. For example, a single speck of dust is miniscule in size. The opposite of
minuscule is huge. Because gargantuan means huge or enormous, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because nondescript means ordinary or not distinctive. This is not the opposite of minuscule.
(C) is incorrect because navigable means wide and deep enough for a ship to pass through. Though this does imply size,
it is not the direct opposite of minuscule, since the meaning of navigable is limited specifically to size in water.
(D) is incorrect because microscopic means very small or tiny. This is synonymous with minuscule, not the opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because formidable means difficult or fear-inspiring. This is not the opposite of minuscule.
7) C
The word protect means to defend or guard. For example, a goalie in hockey protects the goal from opposing players’
shots. The opposite of protect is to endanger. Because jeopardize means to endanger or put at risk, choice (C) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because perpetrate means to commit an offense. This is not the opposite of protect.
(B) is incorrect because champion means to support militantly. This is not the opposite of protect.
(D) is incorrect because arrest means to stop or slow down. This is not the opposite of protect.
(E) is incorrect because harbor means to give shelter to. This is practically synonymous with protect, not the opposite of it.
8) C
The word invigorate means to energize or stimulate. For example, the caffeine in coffee invigorates a coffee drinker. The
opposite of invigorate is to weaken in energy or tire out. Because fatigue means to exhaust, choice (C) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because extrude means to force or push out. This is not the opposite of invigorate.
(B) is incorrect because gall means to annoy. This is not the opposite of invigorate.
(D) is incorrect because activate means to cause to function. This is not the opposite of invigorate.
(E) is incorrect because galvanize means to stimulate by shock or revitalize. This is practically synonymous with
invigorate, not the opposite of it.
9) B
The word urban means pertaining to a city. For example, a large city such as Chicago would be called an urban area. The
opposite of urban is rural. Because rustic means pertaining to rural areas or people, choice (B) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because ethnic means relating to races. This is not the opposite of urban.
(C) is incorrect because municipal means pertaining to a city or its government. This is practically synonymous with urban,
not the opposite of it.
(D) is incorrect because cosmopolitan means worldly. This is not the opposite of urban.
(E) is incorrect because unassuming means modest. This is not the opposite of urban.
10) E
The word volatile means changeable or explosive. A situation is volatile if it is unstable or could change any second. The
opposite of volatile is nonvolatile or unchanging. Because stable means steady or resistant to sudden change, choice (E)
is correct.
(A) is incorrect because combustible means easily burned. This is not the opposite of volatile.
(B) is incorrect because mercurial means changing. This is synonymous with volatile, not the opposite of it.
(C) is incorrect because evolving means developing into being over time. This is not the opposite of volatile.
(D) is incorrect because sedentary means motionless or requiring sitting. This is not the opposite of volatile, since being in
motion and being changeable are not synonymous.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Antonyms 2
Level 11
Directions: Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters.
1. DEARTH
6. THRIVE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
countenance
modicum
excess
quorum
pitfall
burgeon
flop
entrance
excoriate
fabricate
2. LAGGARD
7. BELLICOSE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
frantic
dilatory
presumptuous
restive
expeditious
pacifistic
irreconcilable
petty
ruthless
belligerent
3. RAPT
8. CULPABLE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
gamely
impartial
obsequious
blasé
enthralled
ineffable
incriminated
innocent
indignant
inordinate
4. TENUOUS
9. BOON
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
dubious
rigid
supple
tentative
substantial
hallucination
prodigy
advantage
hindrance
annihilation
5. IMPERCEPTIBLE
10. STINGY
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
manifest
minute
ephemeral
faint
iridescent
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
parsimonious
magnanimous
indigent
impoverished
pristine
1
Answers and Explanations
1) C
The word dearth means scarcity. For example, during a drought there is a dearth of water. The opposite of dearth is
abundance. Because excess is overabundance or having more than what is needed, choice (C) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because a countenance is a face. This is not the opposite of dearth.
(B) is incorrect because a modicum is a limited quantity. This is nearly synonymous with dearth, not the opposite of it.
(D) is incorrect because a quorum is the number of members necessary to start a meeting. This is not the opposite of
dearth.
(E) is incorrect because a pitfall is a hidden danger. This is not the opposite of dearth.
2) E
The word laggard means slow or sluggish. For example, a snail would be described as laggard. The opposite of laggard is
quick-moving. Because expeditious means quick or prompt, choice (E) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because frantic means desperate or wild with excitement. This is not the opposite of laggard, since it does
not necessarily reference speed.
(B) is incorrect because dilatory means delaying. This is practically synonymous with laggard, not the opposite of it.
(C) is incorrect because presumptuous means overconfident. This is not the opposite of laggard.
(D) is incorrect because restive means restlessly impatient. This is not the opposite of laggard.
3) D
The word rapt means absorbed or enchanted. For example, an audience is described as rapt if the audience is extremely
attentive and enthralled by the performance or speaker. The opposite of rapt is bored. Because blasé means unmoved or
bored, choice (D) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because gamely means with spirit. This is not the opposite of rapt.
(B) is incorrect because impartial means not biased. This is not the opposite of rapt.
(C) is incorrect because obsequious means slavishly attentive. This is practically synonymous with rapt, not the opposite
of it.
(E) is incorrect because enthralled means captivated. This is practically synonymous with rapt, not the opposite of it.
4) E
The word tenuous means thin or slim. A tenuous claim is one that is not well supported. The opposite of tenuous is well
supported or thick. Because substantial means strong or of ample or considerable size, choice (E) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because dubious means questionable or flimsy. This is nearly synonymous with tenuous, not the opposite
of it.
(B) is incorrect because rigid means strict or unyielding. This is not the opposite of tenuous.
(C) is incorrect because supple means flexible. This is not the opposite of tenuous.
(D) is incorrect because tentative means hesitant. This is not the opposite of tenuous.
5) A
The word imperceptible means unnoticeable or undetectable. Camouflage is used to attempt to make something
imperceptible. The opposite of imperceptible is apparent or visible. Because manifest means evident, visible, or obvious,
choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because minute means small in stature. This is not the opposite of imperceptible.
(C) is incorrect because ephemeral means short-lived or fleeting. This is not the opposite of imperceptible.
(D) is incorrect because faint means lacking clearness or visibility. This is practically synonymous with imperceptible, not
the opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because iridescent means exhibiting rainbow-like colors. Even though this implies visibility, this is not the
opposite of imperceptible, since its meaning is too specific and limited.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
6) B
The word thrive means to prosper or flourish. A successful business would be one that thrives. The opposite of thrive is to
fail or not succeed. Because flop means to fail completely, choice (B) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because burgeon means to growth forth. This is practically synonymous with thrive, not the opposite of it.
(C) is incorrect because entrance means to put under a spell. This is not the opposite of thrive.
(D) is incorrect because excoriate means to harshly scold. This is not the opposite of thrive.
(E) is incorrect because fabricate means to build or to tell a lie. This is not the opposite of thrive.
7) A
The word bellicose means warlike or inclined to fight. For example, pit bulls and other dogs with a reputation for violence
might be described as bellicose. The opposite of bellicose is peaceful. Because pacifistic means opposed to war or
fighting, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because irreconcilable means not able to be resolved. This is not the opposite of bellicose.
(C) is incorrect because petty means trivial or unimportant. This is not the opposite of bellicose.
(D) is incorrect because ruthless means cruel. This is not the opposite of bellicose.
(E) is incorrect because belligerent means quarrelsome. This is synonymous with bellicose, not the opposite of it.
8) C
The word culpable means deserving of blame. A thief is culpable for the crime of robbery or theft. The opposite of
culpable is blameless or not deserving of blame. Because innocent means guiltless or not deserving of blame, choice (C)
is correct.
(A) is incorrect because ineffable means unutterable or inexpressible. This is not the opposite of culpable.
(B) is incorrect because incriminated means accused. This is not the opposite of culpable.
(D) is incorrect because indignant means angry at a perceived injustice. This is not the opposite of culpable.
(E) is incorrect because inordinate means excessive. This is not the opposite of culpable.
9) D
The word boon means a blessing or benefit. Something is a boon if it makes completing a task easier. The opposite of a
boon is a burden. Because a hindrance is a block or obstacle, choice (D) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because a hallucination is a delusion. This is not the opposite of boon.
(B) is incorrect because a prodigy is a marvel or a highly gifted child. This is not the opposite of boon.
(C) is incorrect because an advantage is a benefit or gain. This is synonymous with boon, not the opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because annihilation is extinction or destruction. This is not the opposite of boon, since it is too extreme in
meaning.
10) B
The word stingy means not willing to give or spend money. A stingy person would not be willing to share with others. The
opposite of stingy is generous. Because magnanimous means generous, choice (B) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because parsimonious means frugal or not generous. This is synonymous with stingy, not the opposite of
it.
(C) is incorrect because indigent means needy or poor. This is not the opposite of stingy.
(D) is incorrect because impoverished means poor. This is not the opposite of stingy.
(E) is incorrect because pristine means unspoiled. This is not the opposite of stingy.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Antonyms 3
Level 11
Directions: Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters.
1. AUGMENT
6. INFALLIBLE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
dishearten
aggrandize
heighten
disband
diminish
impassive
iniquitous
ingenuous
impeccable
insolvent
2. MEAGER
7. STRIDENT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
grandiose
copious
paltry
majestic
slipshod
muffled
murky
muddled
monastic
multiform
3. LOYAL
8. GAUDY
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
obstinate
allegiant
florid
perfidious
problematic
august
puerile
drab
garish
explicit
4. AGGRAVATE
9. DEPRECATE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
vex
nourish
pique
haggle
allay
disparage
chastise
malign
propagate
commend
5. FLAVORLESS
10. CONVOLUTED
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
baleful
maudlin
pungent
vapid
insipid
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
simple
utilitarian
serpentine
laborious
tortuous
1
Answers and Explanations
1) E
The word augment means to increase or add to. For example, a salary may be augmented by a pay raise. The opposite of
augment is to decrease or subtract from. Because diminish means to make smaller, choice (E) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because dishearten means to discourage or cause to lose hope. This is not the opposite of augment.
(B) is incorrect because aggrandize means to increase or intensify. This is synonymous with augment, not the opposite of
it.
(C) is incorrect because heighten means to increase in degree or amount. This is synonymous with augment, not the
opposite of it.
(D) is incorrect because disband means to disperse. This is not the opposite of augment.
2) B
The word meager means scanty or inadequate. For example, a meager meal would be one that is too small to satisfy
one’s appetite. The opposite of meager is adequate or plentiful. Because copious means plentiful, choice (B) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because grandiose means impressive or exaggerated. This is not the opposite of meager.
(C) is incorrect because paltry means insignificant. This is synonymous with meager, not the opposite of it.
(D) is incorrect because majestic means stately or grand. This is not the opposite of meager.
(E) is incorrect because slipshod means untidy. This is not the opposite of meager.
3) D
The word loyal means faithful. One is considered a loyal fan of a sports team if he or she never waivers in support of the
team, regardless of the team’s success. The opposite of loyal is disloyal or traitorous. Because perfidious means
treacherous or disloyal, choice (D) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because obstinate means stubborn. This is not the opposite of loyal.
(B) is incorrect because allegiant means devoted or loyal. This is synonymous with loyal.
(C) is incorrect because florid means ruddy or reddish. This is not the opposite of loyal.
(E) is incorrect because problematic means questionable. This is not the opposite of loyal.
4) E
The word aggravate means to make worse or more severe. For example, putting salt on an open wound aggravates the
pain of the wound. The opposite of aggravate is to lessen in severity. Because allay means to calm or pacify, choice (E) is
correct.
(A) is incorrect because vex means to annoy. This is not the opposite of aggravate.
(B) is incorrect because nourish means to strengthen or build up. Despite its positive meaning, this is not the opposite of
aggravate, since nourish does not necessarily mean to weaken in severity.
(C) is incorrect because pique means to provoke or annoy. This is not the opposite of aggravate.
(D) is incorrect because haggle means to argue about prices. This is not the opposite of any word, including aggravate.
5) C
The word flavorless means lacking in taste or flavor. A bland meal would be called flavorless. The opposite of flavorless is
strong in flavor or taste. Because pungent means sharp in taste or smell, choice (C) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because baleful means deadly. This is not the opposite of flavorless.
(B) is incorrect because maudlin means overly sentimental. This is not the opposite of flavorless.
(D) is incorrect because vapid means dull or bland. This is synonymous with flavorless, not the opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because insipid means lacking in flavor. This is synonymous with flavorless, not the opposite of it.
6)
B
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
The word infallible means unerring or absolutely trustworthy. Catholics consider the Pope to be infallible. The opposite of
infallible would be erring or untrustworthy. Because iniquitous means wicked or immoral, choice (B) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because impassive means without feeling. This is not the opposite of infallible.
(C) is incorrect because ingenuous means naïve or trusting. This is not the opposite of infallible.
(D) is incorrect because impeccable means faultless or flawless. This is practically synonymous with infallible, not the
opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because insolvent means bankrupt. This is not the opposite of infallible.
7) A
The word strident means harshly loud. For example, a police siren is strident. The opposite of strident is muted in sound
or quiet. Because muffled means wrapped to prevent sound, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because murky means dark or gloomy. This is not the opposite of strident.
(C) is incorrect because muddled means confused or mixed up. This is not the opposite of strident.
(D) is incorrect because monastic means related to monasteries and removed from worldly concerns. This is not the
opposite of strident.
(E) is incorrect because multiform means having many forms. This is not the opposite of strident.
8) C
The word gaudy means flashy or showy. For example, the peacock is a very gaudy animal. The opposite of gaudy is
subdued or muted. Because drab means dull or lacking in color, choice (C) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because august means impressive. This is not the opposite of gaudy.
(B) is incorrect because puerile means childish. This is not the opposite of gaudy.
(D) is incorrect because garish means overly bright in color. This is synonymous with gaudy, not the opposite of it.
(E) is incorrect because explicit means totally clear or unambiguous. This is not the opposite of gaudy.
9) E
The word deprecate means to belittle or express disapproval. If the public did not agree with the decision of a president,
the public might deprecate the decision. The opposite of deprecate is to praise or express approval of. Because commend
means to express praise, choice (E) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because disparage means to belittle. This is synonymous with deprecate, not the opposite of it.
(B) is incorrect because chastise means to punish. This is not the opposite of deprecate.
(C) is incorrect because malign means to speak evil of or defame. This is practically synonymous with deprecate, not the
opposite of it.
(D) is incorrect because propagate means to multiply. This is not the opposite of deprecate.
10) A
The word convoluted means intricate or complex. The plot of a movie is considered convoluted if it is too complicated for
audiences to follow. The opposite of convoluted is not complex. Because simple means easy to understand or not
elaborate, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because utilitarian means being useful or having a purpose. This is not the opposite of convoluted.
(C) is incorrect because serpentine means winding or twisting. This is not the opposite of convoluted.
(D) is incorrect because laborious means demanding much work. This is not the opposite of convoluted.
(E) is incorrect because tortuous means winding or curving. This is not the opposite of convoluted.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Like many people acting on the desire to eat healthy and local, Acropolis resident Eduardo
Jimenez decided to plant a garden in his backyard. He tilled the soil, he planted the seeds, and he even
erected a fence to keep out the deer. Eduardo did everything right. Or so it seems. Harvest time has
come, and he has not one tomato, bean, or leaf of lettuce to show for his hard work. How did this
happen? The answer comes in the form of a small, brown, particularly smelly insect: the stink bug.
Unlike their fastidious cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs,
mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as soybeans, legumes, and weeds. Although they do little
damage to the plant itself, they make the fruits and vegetables unmarketable. For this reason, stink bugs
pose the most serious threat to the big agriculturalists and macro farm operators. Macro farmers have
more invested in their produce, and therefore have more to lose. While hobbyists like Eduardo are left to
face the disappointment of an unsuccessful garden, macro farmers are forced to live with the loss of
entire tracts of cash crops—a fact that has left many barely able to clothe their children or put food on the
table. Last season alone, several New Jersey pepper farmers saw 75% of their crops damaged.
Pennsylvania lost half of its peach population, and, according to the US Apple Association, apple farmers
in the mid-Atlantic states lost $37 million. This year could be worse.
As a result of this decline in the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables, shoppers have seen
adjustments—sometimes quite dramatic—in prices at the grocery store. Prices of apples in Maryland are
up 8%. In the north-Atlantic states, prices for peppers shot up an astounding 14%. Not only are these
items becoming more expensive, but they are also getting harder to find. Last week, Marge Jenkins of
Athens, Georgia reported having to check three different stores before stumbling upon a decent batch of
peas. And this, she assures us, is a regular occurrence.
Accidentally brought from Asia, the stink bug has no natural predators in America, and thus its
population is soaring. Reported sightings of stink bugs are becoming increasingly numerous, as the
desiccated, brown, trapezoidal shells of the dead bugs are ubiquitous in some areas. This has farmers
and scientists alike scratching their heads in search of a remedy. Hope, they believe, may lie with an
Asian parasitic wasp, which helpfully lays its eggs inside stink bug eggs. The larvae of the wasp devour
the stink bug from the inside. Implementation of such a solution is still several years away, as scientists
must first determine if it is safe for the wasp to be introduced into America. Until then, some farmers are
resorting to homemade traps. Others have even contemplated the use of peacocks and praying mantises,
which, they hypothesize, will gulp down the little stinkers.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) It is typically a good idea to begin a new paragraph with a transition sentence. Transition sentences
are used to introduce a new idea, and to make a smooth shift from the previous paragraph to the
next. This helps prevent the reader from getting lost or confused. Using this information, which of the
following is the best transition sentence to insert at the beginning of paragraph 2?
A. An increasing number of them have been found in North America, occupying over half of the
continental United States as well as Mexico and parts of Canada.
B. Unbeknownst to Eduardo, the local population of stink bugs has increased dramatically over the
last decade, especially in and around the town of Acropolis.
C. A member of the Pantatomidae family, stink bugs surprisingly do not share the eating habits of
related insects.
D. Brown marmorated stink bugs, which first appeared in America in the late 1990s, are now found
in over 30 states.
E. And this problem isn't specific to Eduardo; it is affecting a wide range of gardeners and farmers
alike spanning the continental United States.
2) Based on its use in paragraph 2, it can be inferred that fastidious belongs to which of the following
word families?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
forward, assertive, proactive
demanding, particular, critical
delicate, insubstantial, frail
passionate, fervent, avid
abstemious, moderate, restrained
3) In paragraph 2, the author most likely refers to people like Eduardo as "hobbyists" in order to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
illustrate the type of person who plants a home garden
characterize the type of person who is most likely to be affected by stink bugs
emphasize the idea that gardeners are relatively unskilled compared to farmers
juxtapose the impact of stink bugs on gardeners with that on farmers
elucidate the similarities between the gardener and farmer
4) According to the author, what is the biggest problem resulting from stink bugs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hobbyists like Eduardo Jimenez are unable to eat healthy and local.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are becoming harder to find.
Peppers and apples are becoming increasingly scarce.
The price of fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing.
Macro farmers are losing their crops.
5) Based on the information in paragraph 3, it can be inferred that an increase in supply results in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a decrease in price
an increase in demand
low availability
reduced importance
higher values
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
6) Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The fight against stink bugs is hopeless.
There is a possible remedy to the stink bug problem, but it is unlikely to succeed.
In hopes of eradicating stink bugs, several solutions are in the works.
While the stink bug problem is difficult, most believe it to be short-lived.
Scientists have arrived at a foolproof method for eliminating stink bugs.
7) Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that
I. Macro farmers commonly use pesticides, artificial hormones, and other synthetic materials.
II. Until a solution to the stink bug problem is found, it is probably not a good time to start a home
garden in Washington DC.
III. Introducing foreign insects to closed environments can cause hazardous imbalances.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
8) As used in the final paragraph, which of the following describes something that is ubiquitous?
A. On Valentine's Day, our school was littered with little pink love notes. I even found one stuck to
my shoe when I got home.
B. Ignacio counted eight purple trucks on the way to work today. He is in the market for a new truck
and would like to get a color that nobody else already has.
C. The copier malfunctioned and showered paper all over the room. It took Earnest twenty minutes
to clean it up.
D. Upon taking the hot dogs from the fire, flies swarmed the campers. Jaime wished he had brought
bug spray.
E. In 1849, droves of gold miners fled to California in hopes of striking it rich. Unfortunately, many
arrived too late and found nothing but hard times.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
The first paragraph introduces the problem created by the stink bug in the United States. The second paragraph gives more detailed
information about the stink bug’s eating habits and why exactly it is so destructive to farmers. An effective transition sentence will
connect the two paragraphs by offering more detail about the stink bug, and then by leading into the question of eating habits. An
effective transition sentence also has to take into account the second sentence of paragraph 2: “Unlike their fastidious cousins, stink
bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs, mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as soybeans, legumes, and
weeds.” Informing the reader that “stink bugs surprisingly do not share the eating habits of related insects” directly connects to the
beginning of the next sentence: “unlike their fastidious cousins.” The phrase “fastidious cousins” refers back to “related insects.”
Giving the scientific classification of the stink bug adds more detail about the insect, which connects to paragraph 1. Inserting that
the stink bug is “a member of the Pantatomidae family” provides this detail. Then, contrasting the stink bug’s eating habits with those
of other insects sets up the author to elaborate on why its eating habits are wreaking such havoc on farms. The sentence A member
of the Pantatomidae family, stink bugs surprisingly do not share the eating habits of related insects adds detail to connect to
paragraph 1, introduces the topic in paragraph 2, and provides a direct point of reference for the phrase “fastidious cousins.”
Therefore (C) is correct. While it may be true that “an increasing number” of stink bugs have been found in North America, and this
provides more detail about the stink bug to build on paragraph 1, we still need a transition to the following sentence: “Unlike their
fastidious cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs, mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as
soybeans, legumes, and weeds.” Since answer choice (A) offers no such transition to the relatives and specific eating habits of the
stink bug, it is incorrect. Beginning with “Unbeknownst to Eduardo” provides a connection to the subject of paragraph 1. However,
again there is no direct transition to the discussion of the stink bug’s cousins and their eating habits. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The
facts that brown marmorated stink bugs “first appeared in America in the late 1990s” and can now be “found in 30 states” build on
the information in paragraph 1. Yet this sentence offers no connection to the “fastidious cousins” mentioned in sentence 2 of
paragraph 2. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Generalizing the impact of the stink bug from just Eduardo to “a wide range of gardeners
and farmers” does not adequately introduce the topics of paragraph 2, which are the stink bug’s eating habits and the consequences
therein. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
2) B
fastidious (adjective): excessively particular, critical, or hard to please.
In paragraph 2 we learn that “unlike their fastidious cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs,
mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as soybeans, legumes, and weeds.” From this the reader can infer that the stink bugs eat
many different kinds of plants and are not very particular about diet. In fact, they are undemanding or indiscriminating about what
they eat. Since the stink bugs are “unlike their fastidious cousins,” the reader can infer that fastidious means the opposite of
undemanding. Fastidious means particular or choosy. This meaning fits in well with the word group demanding, particular, and
critical. Therefore (B) is correct. Being forward, assertive and proactive is not the same as being particular or choosy. Therefore (A)
is incorrect. Being delicate, insubstantial, and frail is not the same as being particular or choosy. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Being
passionate, fervent and avid is not the same as being particular or choosy. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Being abstemious, moderate
and restrained conveys a sense of refusing some options, but it is not necessarily the same as being particular or choosy. It conveys
a sense of not taking too much rather than not taking certain things. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 2, the author transitions from a discussion of the effects of the stink bug on gardeners like Eduardo to the effects on
macro farmers and the economy. We learn that “while hobbyists like Eduardo are left to face the disappointment of an unsuccessful
garden, macro farmers are forced to live with the loss of entire tracts of cash crops.” Later we learn that some of these macro
farmers cannot “clothe their children or put food on the table.” Losing your livelihood is much more dramatic than not being able to
grow fruits and vegetables successfully in your backyard. The author uses the word “while” to contrast Eduardo’s fate with those of
macro farmers. The author also uses the word “hobbyist” to highlight the contrast between Eduardo, a gardener for pleasure, and a
famer, who must grow crops to earn money. The word “hobbyist” as it describes Eduardo here juxtaposes the impact of stink bugs
on gardeners with that on farmers. Therefore (D) is correct. A “hobbyist” in this context is a person who plants a home garden, but
the use of the word does not illustrate anything about the type of person who plants a home garden. Therefore (A) is incorrect. A
“hobbyist” like Eduardo is affected by stink bugs to a point, but from the information in the passage, the reader can infer that the
macro farmer is more likely to be affected in bigger ways. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain any information
about whether gardeners are more or less skilled than farmers. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The word “hobbyist” is used to heighten
the differences between gardeners and farmers, not to elucidate the similarities. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
4) E
In paragraph 2 we learn that “stink bugs pose the most serious threat to the big agriculturalists and macro farm operators.” The
author goes on to say that “macro farmers have more invested in their produce, and therefore have more to lose.” The author then
details what can happen when macro farmers lose an entire crop: they might be “barely able to clothe their children or put food on
the table.” From this information, the reader can infer that the macro farmers have the biggest problem resulting from stink bugs.
Therefore (E) is correct. Although it is true that stink bugs can prevent “hobbyists like Eduardo Jimenez” from eating “healthy and
local,” the author makes it clear in paragraph 2 that the macro farmers have much bigger problems. Therefore (A) is incorrect. In
paragraph 3 we learn that fruits and vegetables “are also getting harder to find.” However, that is a direct, smaller consequence of
the larger problem, which is that macro farmers are losing their crops. Therefore (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 3 we learn that the
prices of apples and peppers are going up in Maryland and the north-Atlantic states. The author adds, “Not only are these items
becoming more expensive, but they are also getting harder to find.” However, this scarcity of apples and peppers is also a direct,
smaller consequence of the larger problem, which is that macro farmers are losing their crops. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The
passage contains information that the price of some fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing, but that is a minor hardship for grocery
shoppers, compared to the losses faced by macro farmers. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
4
5) A
In paragraph 3, we learn about the relationship between supply and demand with regard to fresh fruits and vegetables. The impact
of the stink bug has caused a decline in the supply of fresh produce. “As a result of this decline in the supply of fresh fruits and
vegetables, shoppers have seen adjustments—sometimes quite dramatic—in prices at the grocery store.” From this information the
reader can infer that when supply goes down, the prices go up. If this is true, then its opposite must also be true: when supply goes
up, the prices go down, or decrease. An increase in supply results in a decrease in price. Therefore (A) is correct. When there is a
decrease in supply, there is an increase in demand. It does not logically follow that an increase in supply would lead to an increase
in demand. Therefore (B) is incorrect. An increase in supply is another way to say an increase in availability, or high availability.
High availability is the opposite of low availability. Therefore (C) is incorrect. An increase in supply could result in reduced
importance, as the rarity of a thing can bestow importance. However, the passage does not contain information about the
relationship between supply and importance. The passage contains information about the relationship between supply and price.
Therefore (D) is incorrect. An increase in supply would not result in higher values, because an increase in supply leads to a
decrease in price. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
6) C
In paragraph 4, we learn about possibly remedies to the stink bug problem. The scientists believe “hope…may lie with an Asian
parasitic wasp, which helpfully lays its eggs inside stink bug eggs. The larvae of the wasp devour the stink bug from the inside.
Implementation of such a solution is still several years away, as scientists must first determine if it is safe for the wasp to be
introduced into America.” Since that solution is not immediate, “some farmers are resorting to homemade traps. Others have even
contemplated the use of peacocks and praying mantises, which, they hypothesize, will gulp down the little stinkers.” From this
information, the reader can infer that there are several solutions in the works, though none of them are guaranteed at the moment.
Therefore (C) is correct. The fact that several possible solutions are offered in paragraph 4 contradicts the idea that “the fight
against stink bugs is hopeless.” Therefore (A) is incorrect. There is more than just one possible remedy to the stink bug problem,
and scientists have “hope,” so some of them may be likely to succeed. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain any
information to indicate that most people believe the stink bug problem to be short-lived. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Scientists are not
sure if any of the proposed remedies will work completely, so they have not arrived at a foolproof method for eliminating stink bugs.
Therefore (E) is incorrect.
7) D
The passage does not contain any information about whether macro farmers do or do not commonly use pesticides, artificial
hormones, or other synthetic materials. This eliminates option (I). In paragraph 1 we learn that the stink bug caused the crops to fail
in Eduardo Jimenez’ home garden. In paragraph 3 we learn that many of the problems with stink bugs affecting produce have
occurred in the mid-Atlantic or north-Atlantic states. Both Georgia and Maryland are specifically mentioned. Since Washington DC is
located in the mid-Atlantic area, and is between Georgia and Maryland, the reader can infer that the stink bugs are likely a problem
in Washington DC. Therefore, it is probably not a good idea to start a home garden there until a solution to the stink bug problem is
found. This supports option (II). In paragraph 3, we learn that the stink bug was “accidentally brought from Asia.” It “has no natural
predators in America, and thus its population is soaring.” From these facts the reader can infer that the stink bug is not native to this
environment, but has been introduced. The passage details the consequences of this hazardous imbalance created by the soaring
stink bug population. Therefore the reader can infer that introducing foreign insects to closed environments can cause hazardous
imbalances. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
8) A
ubiquitous (adjective): having or seeming to have the ability to be everywhere at once; omnipresent.
In the final paragraph, we learn that the stink bug population is “soaring.” The evidence of this is that “reported sightings of stink
bugs are becoming increasingly numerous, as the desiccated, brown, trapezoidal shells of the dead bugs are ubiquitous in some
areas.” From this information we can infer that there are large numbers of dead bugs, and that in some areas, they even seem to be
everywhere. We often say something ubiquitous covers or litters an area. Little pink love notes littered all over school is a good
example of something that seems to be everywhere—even stuck to a shoe. Therefore (A) is correct. Eight purple trucks is a lot, but
eight sightings does not make something ubiquitous or omnipresent. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Though a copier malfunctioning can
send lots of paper around the room, the paper is limited to the copy room, rather than seeming to be everywhere at once. Therefore
(C) is incorrect. Flies swarming represent a large number, but if they all flock to the hot dogs and campers, they do not seem to be
everywhere at once. Rather, they are focused on one target. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Droves of gold miners also represent a large
number, but they are all concentrated in California. They do not seem to be everywhere at once; instead, they are all flocking to one
location. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
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5
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The average computer user has between 5 and 15 username/password combinations to log in to
email accounts, social networking sites, discussion boards, news and entertainment sites, online stores,
online banking accounts, or other websites. For people who use email or other internet applications at
work, the number of required username/password combinations may surpass 30. Some of these
accounts demand that you use a specific number of symbols and digits, while others require you to
change your password every 60 days. When you add to this list the codes needed to access things like
ATMs, home alarm systems, padlocks, or voicemail, the number of passwords becomes staggering. The
feeling of frustration that results from maintaining a memorized list of login credentials has grown so
prevalent that it actually has a name: password fatigue.
Having to remember so many different passwords is irritating, but it can also be dangerous.
Because it is virtually impossible to remember a unique password for each of these accounts, many
people leave handwritten lists of usernames and passwords on or next to their computers. Others solve
this problem by using the same password for every account or using extremely simple passwords. While
these practices make it easier to remember login information, they also make it exponentially easier for
thieves to hack into accounts.
Single sign-on (SSO) authentication and password management software can help mitigate this
problem, but there are drawbacks to both approaches. SSO authentication can be used for related, but
independent software systems. With SSO, users log in once to access a variety of different applications.
Users only need to remember one password to log in to the main system; the SSO software then
automatically logs the user in to other accounts within the system. SSO software is typically used by large
companies, schools, or libraries. Password management software, such as KeePass and Password Safe,
is most often used on personal computers. These software programs—which have been built into many
major web browsers—store passwords in a remote database and automatically “remember” users’
passwords for a variety of sites.
The problem with both SSO authentication and password management software is that the
feature that makes them useful is also what makes them vulnerable. If a user loses or forgets the
password required to log in to SSO software, the user will then lose access to all of the applications linked
to the SSO account. Furthermore, if a hacker can crack the SSO password, he or she will then have
access to all of the linked accounts. Users who rely on password management software are susceptible
to the same problems, but they also incur the added threat of passwords being compromised because of
computer theft.
Although most websites or network systems allow users to recover or change lost passwords by
providing email addresses or answering a prompt, this process can waste time and cause further
frustration. What is more, recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solution; it does not
address the larger problem of password fatigue.
Some computer scientists have suggested that instead of passwords, computers rely on
biometrics. This is a method of recognizing human users based on unique traits, such as fingerprints,
voice, or DNA. Biometric identification is currently used by some government agencies and private
companies, including the Department of Defense and Disney World. While biometrics would certainly
eliminate the need for people to remember passwords, the use of biometrics raises ethical questions
concerning privacy and can also be expensive to implement.
The problems associated with SSO, password management software, and biometrics continue to
stimulate software engineers and computer security experts to search for the cure to password fatigue.
Until they find the perfect solution, however, everyone will simply have to rely on the flawed password
system currently in place.
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1
Questions
1) Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. The passage organizes ideas in order of increasing importance.
B. The author presents an argument and then uses evidence to dismiss opposing views.
C. The author explains a problem, explores solutions, and then dismisses these solutions as
inadequate.
D. The author explains a problem and then persuades readers to agree with his or her solution to
the problem.
E. The author explains a problem, contextualizes the problem, and ultimately dismisses it as an
unnecessary concern.
2) The passage discusses all of the following solutions to password fatigue except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
writing the passwords down on a piece of paper
voice-recognition software
KeePass
using very simple passwords
intelligent encryption
3) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for mitigate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
predict
postpone
investigate
lessen
complicate
4) According to the passage, SSO authentication software may be safer than password management
software because
I. stolen personal computers contain passwords memorized by a user’s web browser
II. if a user of password management software forgets his or her login credentials, the user can no
longer access any of the applications protected by the password
III. hackers who access password management software can gain access to all of the applications
protected by that password
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) Which of the following statements from the passage represents an opinion, as opposed to a fact?
A. “For people who use email or other internet applications at work, the number of required
username/password combinations may surpass 30.”
B. “The feeling of frustration that results from maintaining a memorized list of login credentials has
grown so prevalent that it actually has a name: password fatigue.”
C. “Having to remember so many different passwords is irritating, but it can also be dangerous.”
D. “Additionally, recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solution; it does not address
the larger problem of password fatigue.”
E. “The problems associated with SOS, password management software, and biometrics continue to
stimulate software engineers and computer security experts to search for the cure to password
fatigue.”
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2
6) In paragraph 6, the author notes that “the use of biometrics raises ethical questions concerning
privacy.” Which of the following situations could be used as an example to illustrate this point?
A. A thief steals a personal computer with password management software and gains access to
private email accounts, credit card numbers, and bank statements.
B. An employee at a company uses a voice recognition system to log in to his computer, only to be
called away by his boss. While he is away from the computer but still logged in, another
employee snoops on his computer and reads personal email correspondence.
C. A computer hacker gains access to a system that uses SSO software by cracking the password,
thus gaining private access to all linked accounts.
D. A company that employs fingerprint identification security software turns over its database of
fingerprints to the local police department when a violent crime occurs on its grounds.
E. Even when a person is on password-protected websites, an internet browser tracks the person’s
internet use and collects information in order to tailor advertisements to his or her interests.
7) In the final paragraph, the author’s tone can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
angry
resigned
confused
hopeful
depressed
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3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
This passage begins with an explanation of the problem of password fatigue. As the passage progresses, the author discusses
multiple different solutions, such as SSO authentication, password management software, and biometrics. For each potential
solution, the author identifies the flaws. In the final paragraph, the author dismisses these solutions as insufficient and states that
software engineers and computer security experts continue to search for “the perfect solution.” Based on this information, we can
describe the organization of the passage this way: the author explains a problem, explores solutions, and then dismisses these
solutions as inadequate. Therefore (C) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support choices (A), (B), (D), and
(E). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) E
Intelligent encryption is never mentioned in the passage. Therefore (E) is correct. In paragraph 2, the author states that some
people who experience password fatigue leave “handwritten lists” next to the computer. This means (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 5,
the author discusses using biometric identification that can recognize “human users based on unique traits, such as fingerprints,
voice, or DNA.” This makes (B) incorrect. In paragraph 3, the author mentions password management software and lists KeePass
as an example. This means (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author states that some people use “extremely simple passwords.”
Therefore (D) is incorrect.
3) D
mitigate (verb): to lessen or alleviate; to make something less harsh, severe, or violent.
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Single sign-on (SSO) authentication and password management software can help mitigate this
problem, but there are drawbacks to both approaches.” Based on this information, we can understand that SSO and password
management software are attempts to reduce or lessen the problems of password fatigue, but that they are not perfect. This means
mitigate means to alleviate or reduce the severity of something, so a good synonym is lessen. Therefore (D) is correct. Predict
means to foretell, but SSO and password management software are both proposed solutions to the problem. The software does not
predict the problem, but aims to solve it. This makes (A) incorrect. Postpone means to delay or defer. The software does not delay
the problem, but aims to solve it. This means (B) is incorrect. Investigate means to inquire or explore. The software does not explore
the problem, but aims to solve it. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Complicate means to make something more complex. The software
does not make the problem more complex, but aims to solve it. This eliminates (E).
4) A
According to the author, those who use password management software (as opposed to SSO) “incur the added threat of passwords
being compromised because of computer theft.” This is a heightened threat for users of password management software because it
is most commonly used on personal computers, which can easily be stolen; SSO authentication software is “typically used by large
companies, schools, or libraries,” which cannot be stolen. In other words, safety concerns associated with personal computer theft
are a problem for those who rely on password management software, but not for those who use SSO. This means SSO software
may be safer than password management software. This supports option (I). In paragraph 4, the author discusses the flaws in both
SSO authentication and password management software. The author states that for both software programs, forgetting a password
poses dangers because of the fact that one password grants access to many accounts. Because this is a danger for both kinds of
software, it does not make SSO safer than password management software. This eliminates option (II). In paragraph 4, the author
discusses the flaws in both SSO authentication and password management software. The author states that for both software
programs, hackers pose dangers because of the fact that one password grants access to many accounts. Because this is a danger
for both kinds of software, it does not make SSO safer than password management software. This eliminates option (III). Therefore
(A) is correct.
5) C
A fact is something known to exist or be true as a result of experience or observation. Facts can be proven. An opinion is a belief or
judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty, such as an emotion or personal bias. Opinions cannot be
proven true or false. For example, it is a fact that roses are flowers, but an opinion that roses smell nice. Although most people
would be likely to agree with the author’s opinion that having to remember many passwords is irritating, it is still an opinion. Some
people might enjoy the challenge of remembering 30 different passwords. Since this statement cannot be proven true, (C) is correct.
Choices (A), (B), (D), and (E) all contain facts based on experience or observation. These statements can be proven. Therefore
they are incorrect.
6) D
In paragraph 6, the author writes that “the use of biometrics raises ethical questions concerning privacy.” To correctly interpret this
question, we must understand the term “biometrics.” Previously in the paragraph, the author defines it as “a method of recognizing
human users based on unique traits, such as fingerprints, voice, or DNA.” Based on this information, we can infer that using
people’s unique traits, like fingerprints, voice, or DNA, as identification raises ethical questions about privacy because of how the
information might be used. A situation that could raise such a concern likely includes a questionable use of these unique, identifying
traits. If a company employs fingerprint identification security software and turns its database over to the local police department
when a violent crime occurs on its grounds, this could be viewed as a violation of the employees’ privacy. On the other hand, some
people may believe that it is ethical to use the database of fingerprints to solve the crime. This situation represents an ethical
question concerning privacy and the use of biometrics, so it could be used as an example to illustrate the author’s point. Therefore
(D) is correct. A thief stealing a personal computer with password management software and gaining access to private information is
a privacy concern, but it does not involve the questionable use of biometrics. This means (A) is incorrect. Voice-recognition software
is an example of biometrics, but an employee snooping on another employee’s computer does not represent an ethical question that
is any different than the violation of privacy that occurs from reading someone else’s diary. If the employee’s computer had been
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4
password-protected rather than protected by voice recognition, the privacy concern would be the same. This means that the privacy
concern is not raised by the use of biometrics, so (B) incorrect. SSO software is not a use of biometrics, but a password system, so
(C) is incorrect. Password-protected websites are not a use of biometrics, so (E) is incorrect.
7) B
In the final paragraph, the author notes that until a perfect solution is found, “everyone will simply have to rely on the flawed
password system currently in place.” The author has accepted the fact that we will have to rely on a flawed system. This means the
author’s tone is resigned. Therefore (B) is correct. The author does not express anger in the final paragraph, so (A) is incorrect. The
author does not express confusion in the final paragraph, so (C) is incorrect. Although the author discusses the future in the final
paragraph, he or she cannot necessarily be described as hopeful that a perfect solution will be found. This means (D) is incorrect.
Although the author is not necessarily hopeful in the final paragraph, nothing suggests that the author is depressed. This makes (E)
incorrect.
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5
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that affects millions of people
around the world. Individuals can develop PTSD after experiencing any event that results in psychological
trauma. Symptoms of PTSD involve flashbacks to the traumatic event, nightmares, obsessive behavior,
anger, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and hypervigilance. Individuals who suffer from PTSD can
experience significant difficulties in social relationships, have lower self-esteem, and have trouble
maintaining employment. People with PTSD experience a higher risk of committing suicide, developing a
drug addiction, and suffering from alcoholism. Although PTSD can affect any individual, military veterans
are especially susceptible to this debilitating affliction. Furthermore, within this population, women are
more than twice as likely as men to develop PTSD. Studies have also shown that former service women
who do develop PTSD experience more severe symptoms than their male counterparts. Recent changes
made by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs have improved treatment options for female
veterans living with PTSD, but there is still more that needs to be done.
Although studies investigating precisely why women are more likely than men to experience
PTSD have not yet been completed, some experts have theorized that low unit cohesion is a major factor.
Unit cohesion, defined as the mutual bonds of friendship and support among members of a military unit,
is thought to be helpful in reducing the incidence of developing PTSD. According to recent surveys
compiled by U.S. Army researchers, increased unit cohesion emerged as the most important factor
determining whether soldiers developed suicidal thoughts. Women are more likely than men to
experience low unit cohesion for a variety of reasons. One of the most obvious factors is the relative
paucity of females in the military; currently, women make up only 20% of the armed forces. Pervasive
male prejudice against women is another factor that can diminish unit cohesion for female soldiers.
Because women are less likely than men to experience unit cohesion while serving in the military, women
are less likely to develop the social support structures that will help prevent them from developing PTSD,
depression, or other serious mental health problems.
Another issue at play is the stigma amongst military personnel that asking for help for mental
health issues makes one “weak.” A recent Department of Defense study of returning combat troops
shows that only 1 in 6 veterans acknowledged themselves to be suffering from symptoms of PTSD, and 3
out of 5 veterans were convinced that their comrades and commanding officers would lose confidence in
them if they sought treatment for mental health issues. For women, this hesitation to self-identify as a
sufferer of PTSD could be even greater; historically, female soldiers have struggled to be counted as
equals to men on the battlefield. Women, stereotypically considered to possess less emotional fortitude
than men, may be unwilling to admit that they are suffering from PTSD lest they appear to conform to this
stereotype. Unfortunately for those who do not seek help, when PTSD goes untreated it is very likely to
worsen over time.
Another challenge is that until very recently, treatment for PTSD has been more difficult for
women than men to obtain. Before rule changes were enacted in 2010, only veterans who encountered
direct combat experience qualified to receive disability payments for PTSD. Because very few women are
placed on the front lines, very few were eligible to receive free treatment for PTSD. However, recent
regulation changes have ended these stipulations, allowing women who serve in any capacity to be
eligible for benefits.
Even if female veterans are eligible for these benefits, the quality of the care a wartime PTSD
sufferer receives can vary widely. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) pays disability
benefits to service men and women who have been diagnosed with PTSD and also provides these
individuals with free health care. But while mental health counseling that comes directly from VA doctors
is completely free to veterans, there are often long waiting lists for those who need to be evaluated or
treated. Therapy provided by non-VA professionals may not be covered by health insurance. Access to
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1
mental health professionals who have been specially trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for
those not living near major urban centers.
Perhaps the biggest impediment to achieving quality treatment for women suffering from wartime
PTSD is a lack of research. While both the VA and independent agencies have completed hundreds of
studies researching the prevention of and treatment for PTSD amongst general military populations, there
have been no studies completed that solely target women. Before adequate care can be provided, there
must be greater understanding about the root causes of this issue as it affects women specifically. On
both the research level and the policy level, more must be done to help the women who have sacrificed
so much for their country.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. explain why military veterans are more likely than civilians to develop PTSD
B. persuade government officials to increase funding for PTSD treatment centers in non-urban areas
C. denounce the United States military for the way they have handled veterans’ mental health
problems
D. inform readers about the likely warning signs of PTSD among military veterans
E. educate readers about the problem of insufficient treatment available for female veterans with
PTSD
2) According to the passage, all of the following are reasons why females develop PTSD more
frequently than males except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
women experience lower unit cohesion than men
women can face negative stereotypes in the military
women are more likely than men to suffer from depression (CORRECT)
males in the military greatly outnumber females
males tend to develop stronger social bonds during their time of service than females do
3) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for paucity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
certainty
audacity
deference
contentment
abundance
4) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that negative stereotypes about women in the
military contribute to their increased likelihood to develop PTSD in which of the following ways?
I.
Some male members of the armed forces subscribe to negative stereotypes about women; this
prejudice may prevent women from forming close bonds with their units.
II. Women may be less likely than men to admit to suffering from PTSD because they do not want to
conform to stereotypes that portray women as weak.
III. Women are aware of the negative stereotypes that pervade the military. This awareness may
lead to a reduction in self-esteem.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
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2
5) Based on information in the passage, which of the following statements best reflects the author’s
opinion about the mental health care provided for female veterans?
A. Although the VA has not done nearly enough, state and independent agencies have made up for
government deficiencies.
B. The government has done almost nothing to help; the way we treat our female veterans is a
national disgrace.
C. Because service women are more likely than service men to develop PTSD, mental health care
has been better for female veterans.
D. The VA and other government agencies have attempted to provide mental health care for female
veterans, but most of them refuse to seek treatment.
E. The amount of care provided has improved over the past few years, but it is still insufficient.
6) Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would best strengthen the author’s argument in
paragraph 5?
A. Since 2001, when operations in Iraq and Afghanistan began, more than 230,000 women have
served in the United States Military.
B. Studies have shown that those who receive therapy for PTSD are less likely to commit suicide
and develop substance abuse problems.
C. Women are 50% more likely to experience sexual assault while deployed than men.
D. Although experts now argue that intensive cognitive therapy is more effective at treating wartime
PTSD than prescription drugs, most mental health professionals are trained only to offer
pharmaceutical solutions for PTSD.
E. In addition to causing obvious mental and social health problems for those who suffer from the
disorder, PTSD can also cost society up to $6.2 billion in the form of lost labor productivity and
welfare expenses.
7) In paragraph 5, the author writes: “Access to mental health professionals who have been specially
trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for those not living near major urban centers.” Which of
the following conjunctions, used at the beginning of this sentence, would best clarify the sentence’s
role in the paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Furthermore
Incidentally
Although
Nevertheless
Therefore
8) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author is most likely someone who
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
does not believe women should be allowed to serve in the military
is a mental health care professional
has conducted studies on PTSD among veterans
believes that advocating for others can lead to change
is female
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3
Answers and Explanations
1) E
An author’s purpose is directly related to the content of a passage. In this passage, the author begins in paragraph 1 by identifying
PTSD as a problem, especially for female military veterans. He or she claims that “more that needs to be done” to provide treatment
options for this population. In paragraphs 2 and 3, the author describes two factors that may make female veterans more
susceptible to PTSD than male veterans: low unit cohesion and a desire not to appear weak, especially in light of gender
stereotypes. In paragraph 4, the author states that until very recently, female veterans have had less access than males to
treatment for PTSD. In paragraph 5, the author informs readers that the quality of care a PTSD sufferer receives “can vary widely.”
Finally, in paragraph 6, the author notes the lack of research targeting women PTSD sufferers specifically, and argues that “more
must be done to help the women who have sacrificed so much for their country.” Throughout the passage, the author provides
information about female veterans suffering from PTSD and the problems they face. Based on this overview, we can determine that
the author’s purpose is to educate readers about the problem of insufficient treatment available for female veterans with PTSD.
Therefore (E) is correct. The author focuses specifically on why female veterans are more susceptible to PTSD than male veterans.
He or she notes that military veterans are more likely than civilians to develop it, but does not explain why this is true. This means
(A) is incorrect. Although the author may agree that government officials should increase funding for PTSD treatment centers, the
author’s primary purpose here is to educate, not to persuade. Furthermore, the author addresses a general audience rather than
government officials specifically. This makes (B) incorrect. Although the author does criticize the government for not doing more
about female soldiers’ PTSD, the tone is not so critical that the purpose could be to denounce the government. The author focuses
on providing information more than assigning blame. This eliminates (C). The author briefly mentions symptoms of PTSD in
paragraph 1, but the larger purpose of the passage is not to inform readers about these warning signs. This makes (D) incorrect.
2) C
In paragraph 2, the author mentions that “women are less likely to develop the social support structures that will help prevent them
from developing PTSD, depression, or other serious mental health problems.” This is the only mention of depression in the passage,
so the author does not state or imply that women are more likely than men to suffer from depression. Therefore (C) is correct. In
paragraph 2, the author states, “Women are more likely than men to experience low unit cohesion for a variety of reasons.” Earlier in
the paragraph the author states that low unit cohesion could be a significant factor in the development of PTSD. This means (A) is
incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author notes that “pervasive male prejudice against women is another factor that can diminish unit
cohesion for female soldiers.” Since the author links low unit cohesion to an increased risk of PTSD, this makes (B) incorrect. In
paragraph 2, the author points out that there are far fewer women serving in the military than men, a factor that can contribute to low
unit cohesion, which is linked to an increased risk of PTSD. This eliminates (D). In paragraph 2, the author states that “because
women are less likely than men to experience unit cohesion while serving in the military, women are less likely to develop the social
support structures that will help prevent them from developing PTSD.” This means (E) is incorrect.
3) E
paucity (noun): scarceness; a small number; inadequacy or lack of something.
The author writes in paragraph 2, “One of the most obvious factors [leading to low unit cohesion] is the relative paucity of females in
the military; currently, women make up only 20% of the armed forces.” Based on this information, we can understand that there are
significantly fewer women in the military than men. This tells us that paucity means a small number. Since abundance means a
large number, it is a good antonym. Therefore (E) is correct. Certainty means sureness or conviction. While there is a relative lack of
females in the military, it does not make sense to say there is a relative uncertainty of them. This means (A) is incorrect. Audacity
means boldness or daring. The author does not in any way imply that women in the military lack daring. Rather, this sentence is
about the number of women in the military. This makes (B) incorrect. Deference means respectful submission. The author does not
in any way imply that women in the military are disrespectful or not submissive. Rather, this sentence is about the number of women
in the military. This eliminates (C). Contentment means satisfaction. Although the author discusses potential problems for women in
the military, he or she does not indicate that women in the military are dissatisfied. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
4) C
In paragraph 2, the author states, “Pervasive male prejudice against women is another factor that can diminish unit cohesion for
female soldiers. Because women are less likely than men to experience unit cohesion while serving in the military, women are less
likely to develop the social support structures that will help prevent them from developing PTSD.” This means that male prejudice
against women may limit unit cohesion for women and prevent them from forming close bonds with their units. Low unit cohesion is
cited as a factor that may lead to increased risk of PTSD. This supports option (I). In paragraph 3, the author states that “for
women, this hesitation to self-identify as a sufferer of PTSD could be even greater; historically, female soldiers have struggled to be
counted as equals to men on the battlefield. Women, stereotypically considered to possess less emotional fortitude than men, may
be unwilling to admit that they are suffering from PTSD lest they appear to conform to this stereotype.” This means that some
women hesitate to admit they are suffering from PTSD because they do not want to conform to stereotypes that portray women as
weak. This supports option (II). Although it might be true that women’s awareness of negative stereotypes may lead to a reduction
in self-esteem, this not discussed in the passage. Furthermore, a reduction in self-esteem is cited as a result of PTSD, not a factor
that increases the likelihood of developing PTSD. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
5) E
In paragraph 1, the author notes that due to “recent changes,” there are now “improved treatment options” for female veterans
suffering from PTSD. In paragraph 4, the author discusses a rule change that now makes mental health counseling available to
women who have not served in combat positions, which increases women’s eligibility for benefits. Despite these improvements, the
author suggests in the final paragraph that the amount of care provided is still insufficient by stating, “More must be done to help the
women who have sacrificed so much for their country.” Based on this information, we can determine that the author believes the
amount of care provided has improved over the past few years, but it is still insufficient. Therefore (E) is correct. The author does not
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4
suggest that state and independent agencies have made up for government deficiencies, so (A) is incorrect. Although the author is
critical of the government, he or she is not so harsh as to suggest that the government has done almost nothing to help. This makes
(B) incorrect. The author claims that mental health care has been worse for female veterans as compared to males, not better, so
(C) is incorrect. The author states in paragraph 3 that there is a “stigma amongst military personnel that asking for help for mental
health issues makes one ‘weak.’” The author goes on to explain that women may be even more hesitant to ask for help than men
because of negative gender stereotypes. However, the author does not suggest that most female veterans refuse to seek treatment.
This eliminates (D).
6) D
In paragraph 5, the author argues, “Even if female veterans are eligible for these benefits, the quality of the care a wartime PTSD
sufferer receives can vary widely.” The final sentence in paragraph 5 suggests that some doctors do receive specialized training to
treat those who suffer from wartime PTSD, but these doctors are most often located in urban centers. Intense cognitive therapy
might be one of the specialized treatments referred to in paragraph 5, but most mental health care professionals that veterans have
access to may be trained only to offer prescription drugs as treatment. This piece of evidence would support the author’s argument
that different veterans receive different treatment, and that this treatment can vary in its effectiveness. Therefore (D) is correct. The
number of women serving in the military is irrelevant to the quality of care a wartime PTSD sufferer receives. This makes (A)
incorrect. In paragraph 5, the author argues that the quality of care can vary widely, not that there are benefits to therapy. This
means (B) is incorrect. The likelihood of women experiencing sexual assault while deployed could be evidence used to argue that
women develop PTSD at higher rates than men, but the argument in paragraph 5 is specifically about the varying quality of care that
all sufferers of PTSD receive, male or female. This makes (C) incorrect. The costs of PTSD to society could be evidence used to
argue for the importance of treating it, but this evidence does not specifically support the argument that quality of care varies widely.
This eliminates (E).
7) A
In paragraph 5, the author’s main argument is contained in the first sentence: “Even if female veterans are eligible for these benefits,
the quality of the care a wartime PTSD sufferer receives can vary widely.” Later in the paragraph he or she writes: “Therapy
provided by non-VA professionals may not be covered by health insurance. Access to mental health professionals who have been
specially trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for those not living near major urban centers.” The information in the first
sentence is one piece of evidence that the quality of care varies widely for sufferers of PTSD. The information in the second
sentence provides additional or supplemental evidence. Therefore, the conjunction “Furthermore” would be the best choice,
because it signals to the reader that further, related information is forthcoming. This conjunction clarifies the sentence’s role in the
paragraph, which is to provide an additional reason why care varies widely. Therefore (A) is correct. The conjunction “Incidentally”
indicates that the information to follow is in some way a departure from the previous idea, or only loosely connected to the main
idea. This is not the case, so (B) is incorrect. The conjunction “Although” indicates that the information to follow contains an idea that
qualifies or contrasts with the idea presented either previously or directly following. This is not the case, so (C) is incorrect. The
conjunction “Nevertheless” indicates that the information to follow contrasts in some way with the previous point. This is not the
case, so (D) is incorrect. The conjunction “Therefore” indicates that the information to follow is a conclusion based on the preceding
information. This is not the case, so (E) is incorrect.
8) D
In paragraph 1, the author states, “Recent changes made by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs have improved
treatment options for female veterans living with PTSD, but there is still more that needs to be done.” At the end of the final
paragraph, the author reiterates, “On both the research level and the policy level, more must be done to help the women who have
sacrificed so much for their country.” Based on these calls to action, we can determine that the author is advocating for female
veterans who suffer from PTSD. Because the author includes such direct statements of advocacy and states that change is needed,
we can infer that he or she is most likely someone who believes that advocating for others can lead to change. Therefore (D) is
correct. The author does not give any indication that he or she does not believe that women should be allowed to serve in the
military. This eliminates (A). Although the author appears interested in and knowledgeable about mental health care, there is no
information in the passage to suggest that he or she is a mental health care professional. This means (B) is incorrect. The author
cites studies on PTSD among veterans, but this is not an indication that he or she personally conducted such studies. This makes
(C) incorrect. Although the subject of the passage is female veterans, there is no evidence in the passage about whether the author
is male or female. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
5
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
According to some estimates, if we could compile the amount of food, land, water, and energy
used to raise the 10 billion animals slaughtered each year for meat, we could use those resources to feed
every single starving person on earth. The majority of these resources are depleted by concentrated
animal feeding operations (CAFOs). CAFOs are factory farms that mass-produce livestock—harming
animals, the environment, and humans in the process. It is true that these farming methods provide an
abundant source of food and employ thousands of workers across the country. However, CAFOs should
be placed under more stringent restrictions because of their unfair treatment of animals and the harm
they do to both the environment and humans.
One of the key controversies surrounding factory farms is animal rights. Factory farms raise
livestock indoors, as opposed to allowing the animals to graze in fields and pastures. The farmers favor
this overcrowded environment because it maximizes profits. Providing less space for the animals costs
less money; filling pens to their maximum capacity ensures that no space is wasted. Consequently,
animal pens are often so small that larger animals cannot lie down or turn around. In some cases, these
small cages are beneficial for more than just maximizing capacity: calves, for example, do not gain
muscle mass in this environment. This keeps their meat more tender, which makes it more attractive to
consumers.
Livestock in CAFOs are often found living in their own urine and feces, stimulating the spread of
diseases—such as avian flu, foot and mouth disease, and mad cow disease—among other animals on
the farm. In order to combat this, farmers must give the animals antibiotics. In many cases, however,
antibiotics are used for disease prevention instead of treatment. In addition to being used to combat the
spread of disease, antibiotics are also commonly used to encourage faster growth in livestock. This
overuse increases the risk of livestock developing immunity to antibiotics, ironically making animals even
more susceptible to disease. After being digested, these antibiotics are released back into the
environment in the form of milk, meat, and waste, which can affect the people who eat these products or
the environment that absorbs them.
CAFOs also negatively impact the environment in the form of air and water pollution. Factory
farms contribute to air pollution issues in the United States through the release of toxic gases and vapors
and by burning fossil fuels to run farm machinery. These farms also have notable consequences for the
environment in terms of water pollution. One characteristic of CAFOs that creates water pollution is the
presence of a lagoon. Lagoons are artificial storage basins where animal excrement is temporarily
contained; periodically, farmers flush this waste into ditches or nearby bodies of water. This waste
combines with runoff from fertilized fields to pollute the water sources surrounding CAFOs. It adds excess
nutrients, pathogens, veterinary pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and excreted hormones to the water
sources. Such pollutants not only affect aquatic life, but can lead to severe impacts on human health.
Another negative environmental impact of factory farms is resource depletion. Factory farming
uses more land than any other agricultural or industrial enterprise in the country. CAFOs consume a great
deal of resources in terms of grain, energy, and land. There are far more efficient ways of using these
resources to feed people. For example, it has been estimated that the grain used to feed livestock in the
United States alone could feed up to 800 million people in one year. By contrast, the production of
livestock in CAFOs is a wasteful use of energy. While both chicken meat and soybeans are good sources
of protein, producing equivalent amounts of protein from chicken meat and soybeans does not require
equivalent amounts of energy: chicken meat production consumes 14 times more energy than soybean
production. Grain and energy supplies should be used more efficiently to produce food sources other than
livestock.
In order to combat the unfair treatment of animals and the risks to environmental and human
health, CAFOs should be placed under stricter guidelines. One such regulation would force factory farms
to adhere to air and water quality protection standards from which they have previously been exempted,
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
1
like those set forth by the Clean Water Act. Enforcing these standards would lead to banning
environmental hazards such as waste lagoons, which in turn would reduce environmental pollution and
human health liabilities.
Some have suggested that due to these environmental and human health concerns, factory farms
should be banned outright. Advocates for CAFOs, however, argue that factory farming allows for lower
production costs that translate into lower food prices for consumers. Organic and free-range products,
they argue, do not allow for the large-scale production of livestock; prices for meat, eggs, and dairy would
increase should the country shift towards organic products. Although this would be an inconvenience to
consumers, a price increase would encourage people to eat a diet of less meat. This cultural change
would assist in solving the broader resource crisis as fewer grain, energy, and land resources would be
needed to support smaller-scale production. Better treatment of animals and more responsible
environmental practices would protect humans more from infectious diseases and the effects of air and
water pollution—a benefit everyone should embrace.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. persuade readers that factory farms should be more strictly regulated to minimize the harm they
cause
B. suggest economic alternatives to factory farms, such as organic farming and soybean production
C. complain about the water pollution caused by the irresponsible practice of keeping waste lagoons
on CAFOs
D. educate readers about the pros and cons of CAFOs
E. argue against the use of antibiotics for disease prevention in animals
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that animals raised on CAFOs live indoors
because
I. animals that live indoors require fewer antibiotics than animals raised outside
II. some animals raised inside produce more appealing meat
III. animals raised indoors are less expensive to maintain
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
3) The author describes CAFOs as having a negative impact on the environment for all of the following
reasons except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
animal waste pollutes water sources near factory farms
exhaust from farm machinery contributes to air pollution
animals that live in overcrowded environments waste energy
fertilizer-rich runoff from farms contaminates the environment
antibiotics enter the human food supply through meat and milk
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
4) Which of the following statements from paragraph 5 represents an opinion, as opposed to a fact?
A. “Factory farming uses more land than any other agricultural or industrial enterprise in the
country.”
B. “It has been estimated that the grain used to feed livestock in the United States alone could feed
up to 800 million people in one year.”
C. “Producing equivalent amounts of protein from chicken meat and soybeans does not require
equivalent amounts of energy.”
D. “Chicken meat production consumes 14 times more energy than soybean production.”
E. “Grain and energy supplies should be used more efficiently to produce food sources other than
livestock.”
5) Which of the following pieces of information, if true, would best strengthen the author’s argument in
paragraph 6?
A. People who reduce their intake of meat raised on factory farms reduce their chances of
developing high blood pressure and heart conditions.
B. A town in North Carolina that used to be situated next to a hog waste lagoon reported 50% fewer
cases of respiratory illness after the lagoon was shut down.
C. Factory farms that are forced to adhere to air and water quality protection standards often report
a 30% decrease in annual profits.
D. Several animal rights groups have supported bills to force factory farms to abide by greater
environmental protection standards.
E. The Clean Water Act was enacted in 1948 and expanded in 1972.
6) In the final paragraph, the author states that meat from animals raised on factory farms is cheaper
than organic or free-range meat. The author likely admits this fact in order to
A. provide a balanced perspective before concluding that the drawbacks of CAFO-produced meat
outweigh the economic benefits
B. give readers enough information so that they can come to their own conclusions about CAFOs’
benefits and drawbacks
C. warn readers about the economic dangers that would result from shutting down CAFOs
D. criticize supporters of CAFOs for being more concerned with the economy than the environment
E. argue that it is more important to address the broader resource crisis than to worry about food
prices
7) As used in the final paragraph, which is the best synonym for advocates?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
critics
founders
supporters
censors
followers
8) Which of the following statements contains a valid objection to the author’s argument in the final
paragraph that he or she does not address?
A. Not everyone wants to be a vegetarian.
B. An increase in food prices is more than just an inconvenience for many households; it can mean
the difference between having enough to eat or not.
C. Factory farm owners pay taxes just like everyone else, and therefore they should be allowed input
in the creation and modification of environmental policy.
D. If farms move toward producing more organic products, food prices will likely go up.
E. It is illegal to ban factory farms on the basis of current laws.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In the final sentence of paragraph 1, the author states his or her main argument: “CAFOs should be placed under more stringent
restrictions because of their unfair treatment of animals and the harm they do to both the environment and humans.” Throughout the
passage the author provides evidence about the CAFOs’ unfair treatment of animals, their pollution of the environment, and the
dangers they pose to human health. In paragraph 6, the author restates his or her point in light of the evidence presented: “In order
to combat the unfair treatment of animals and the risks to environmental and human health, CAFOs should be placed under stricter
guidelines.” Throughout the passage the author’s tone is persuasive. From this we can determine that the primary purpose of the
passage is to persuade readers that factory farms should be more strictly regulated to minimize the harm they cause to animals, to
the environment, and to human beings. Therefore (A) is correct. Although in paragraph 5, the author does mention economic
alternatives to factory farms, this is only a minor point in the passage and thus does not represent the primary purpose. This makes
(B) incorrect. The author discusses the problems with waste lagoons in paragraphs 4 and 6, but he or she uses this evidence to
support the larger argument that CAFOs harm the environment as well as humans and animals. Because it is too narrow in scope,
(C) is incorrect. Educating readers about the pros and cons of CAFOs suggests a neutral, informative tone. However, the author’s
tone is persuasive and he or she takes a clear position on the issue. Therefore (D) is incorrect. In paragraph 3, the author describes
the problems with the use of antibiotics on factory farms, but he or she does not explicitly argue against their use in disease
prevention. Furthermore, this is a minor point in the passage used to support the larger argument that CAFOs cause harm. This
makes (E) incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Livestock in CAFOs are often found living in their own urine and feces, stimulating the spread of
diseases—such as avian flu, foot and mouth disease, and mad cow disease—among other animals on the farm. In order to combat
this, farmers must give the animals antibiotics.” From this we can infer that living indoors increases the amount of antibiotics
required by animals, so they likely require more, not fewer, than animals that are raised outside. This eliminates option (I).In
paragraph 2, the author writes of animals raised indoors: “Calves, for example, do not gain muscle mass in this environment. This
keeps their meat more tender, which makes it more attractive to consumers.” This means that some animals raised inside produce
more appealing meat. This supports option (II). In paragraph 2, the author writes, "The farmers favor this overcrowded environment
because it maximizes profits. Providing less space for the animals costs less money; filling pens to their maximum capacity ensures
that no space is wasted." This means animals raised indoors are less expensive to maintain. This supports option (III). Therefore
(D) is correct.
3) C
In paragraph 5, the author writes, “CAFOs consume a great deal of resources in terms of grain, energy, and land. There are far
more efficient ways of using these resources to feed people.” From this we can infer that the author believes that factory farms in
general waste energy. However, the author does not specifically pinpoint overcrowded environments as the cause of this waste. In
fact, if the animals bred by factory farms lived outside instead of inside in crowded pens, the farms would likely consume even more
land and energy resources. The author does not claim that CAFOs have a negative impact on the environment because animals
that live in overcrowded environments waste energy. Therefore (C) is correct. In paragraph 4, the author writes, “Lagoons are
artificial storage basins where animal excrement is temporarily contained; periodically, farmers flush this waste into ditches or
nearby bodies of water. This waste combines with runoff from fertilized fields to pollute the water sources surrounding CAFOs.” This
means (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 4, the author writes, “Factory farms contribute to air pollution issues in the United States
through the release of toxic gases and vapors and by burning fossil fuels to run farm machinery.” This means (B) is incorrect. In
paragraph 4, the author writes, “This waste combines with runoff from fertilized fields to pollute the water sources surrounding
CAFOs.” This means (D) is incorrect. In paragraph 3, the author writes, “After being digested, these antibiotics are released back
into the environment in the form of milk, meat, and waste, which can affect the people who eat these products or the environment
that absorbs them.” This makes (E) incorrect.
4) E
A fact is something known to exist or be true as a result of experience or observation. Facts can be proven. An opinion is a belief or
judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty, such as an emotion or personal bias. Opinions cannot be
proven true or false. For example, it is a fact that roses are flowers, but an opinion that roses smell nice. The author states that grain
and energy supplies should be used more efficiently to produce food sources other than livestock. Because he or she is claiming
something should be done, it is an opinion. The owners of CAFOs, for example, would likely disagree with this statement. Therefore
(E) is correct. Choices (A), (B), (C), and (D) all contain facts based on experience or observation. These statements can be proven.
Therefore they are incorrect.
5) B
In paragraph 6, the author argues that CAFOs should be placed under stricter environmental guidelines. To illustrate the benefits of
these stricter regulations, he or she states that “enforcing these standards would lead to banning environmental hazards such as
waste lagoons, which in turn would reduce environmental pollution and human health liabilities.” If a town in North Carolina reported
fewer cases of illness after a nearby hog waste lagoon shut down, then this evidence would directly support the this claim, thus
strengthening the author’s argument. Therefore (B) is correct. The argument in paragraph 6 is about environmental guidelines, not
personal diet choices, so (A) is incorrect. A decrease in profits for those farms forced to comply with strict environmental guidelines
would weaken, not strengthen, the author’s argument. This makes (C) incorrect. Noting that animal rights groups support bills to
enforce stricter environmental guidelines for factory farms only provides evidence that there is support among the public for such
guidelines, but it does not suggest that these guidelines would be effective. Since this fact does not specifically support the author’s
claim that enforcing these environmental standards would reduce pollution and human health liabilities, (D) is not the best choice.
While the author mentions the Clean Water Act in paragraph 6, providing information about when the Clean Water Act was enacted
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
4
merely adds background information. It does not strengthen the author’s claim that enforcing these environmental standards would
reduce pollution and human health liabilities, so (E) is incorrect.
6) A
In the final paragraph, the author states, “Advocates for CAFOs, however, argue that factory farming allows for lower production
costs that translate into lower food prices for consumers.” Including an opposing point of view can strengthen an author’s argument
because it shows the reader that the author has carefully considered both sides of the issue before coming to his or her conclusion.
Providing a balanced perspective can also make an author appear more reasonable to readers, making them more willing to
consider the author’s argument. In this case, the author likely includes this fact about food prices to provide a balanced perspective
before concluding that the drawbacks of CAFO-produced meat outweigh the economic benefits. Therefore (A) is correct. Careful
readers will note that the author is not particularly interested in readers coming to their own conclusions; the author wants the reader
to agree with his or her position. This makes (B) not the best choice. The author does not go so far as to characterize higher food
prices as “economic dangers.” In fact, he or she later argues that there would be a benefit to higher food prices: “A price increase
would encourage people to eat a diet of less meat. This cultural change would assist with solving the broader resource crisis as
fewer grain, energy, and land resources would be needed to support smaller-scale production.” From this information we can
understand that the author does not intend to warn readers about economic dangers of shutting down CAFOs. This means (C) is
incorrect. Although the author implies that supporters of CAFOs are likely more concerned with the economy than the environment,
the author’s tone here is conciliatory, not critical. This means (D) is incorrect. The author agrees that it is more important to address
the broader resource crisis than to worry about food prices, but that is not the reason he or she likely includes the information that a
move away from factory farms would lead to higher food prices. He or she includes this fact as a concession to opponents of his or
her argument rather than as a piece of evidence supporting his or her main argument. This makes (E) incorrect.
7) C
advocate (noun): one who shows support for or promotes an idea.
In the final paragraph, the author writes: “Advocates for CAFOs, however, argue that factory farming allows for lower production
costs that translate into lower food prices for consumers.” Since advocates for CAFOs argue that factory farms help consumers
save money, we can infer that these advocates support factory farming. This means that supporters is a good synonym. Therefore
(C) is correct. Critics are people who find fault with something. We can understand that these advocates see the benefits of factory
farms rather than their faults. This means (A) is incorrect. Founders are people who establish something. Supporting factory farms
does not necessarily mean that one has established a factory farm. This makes (B) incorrect. Censors are people who find fault with
something. We can understand that these advocates see the benefits of factory farms rather than their faults. This means (D) is
incorrect. Followers are people who subscribe to a belief, or disciples. While these advocates support factory farms, this does not
mean that they are disciples of factory farms. This eliminates (E).
8) B
In the final paragraph, the author argues that the economic drawbacks of moving away from factory farms, particularly higher food
prices, would be outweighed by the benefits to the environment and to people. He or she states, “Although this would be an
inconvenience to consumers, a price increase would encourage people to eat a diet of less meat. This cultural change would assist
in solving the broader resource crisis as fewer grain, energy, and land resources would be needed to support smaller-scale
production.” However, the author does not consider that for some people, higher food prices would be more than just an
inconvenience, but a real hardship. It could mean the difference between having enough to eat or not. We know that the author is
concerned about the problem of hunger, as he or she mentions in paragraph 1 that “if we could compile the amount of food, land,
water, and energy used to raise the 10 billion animals slaughtered each year for meat, we could use those resources to feed every
single starving person on earth.” It is a valid objection that higher food prices could be more than just an inconvenience, but could
actually contribute to the hunger problem. Since the author does not address this objection, (B) is correct. The author does not
argue that everyone should be a vegetarian, or cut out meat entirely. He or she merely claims that there would be benefits if people
ate a diet of less meat. This means (A) is incorrect. The author does not argue that factory farm owners should or should not be
allowed input in environmental policy, so (C) is incorrect. It is a valid objection to the author’s argument that if farms move toward
more organic products, food prices will likely go up. However, the author acknowledges this objection and addresses it. This means
(D) is incorrect. The author does not argue that factory farms should be banned; he or she merely states that “some” people believe
they should be. The author’s own argument is for more stringent regulations. This makes (E) incorrect.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
5
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to provide shade.
By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, it works as a natural insulator, blocking the sun and
decreasing air conditioning costs. This means big savings for both building tenants and homeowners
alike. And it can happen quickly, too. Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to
cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year. Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly
2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be completely covered in
about four years. When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage: First
year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this is especially true.
Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about how invasive English Ivy can
be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about its ability to burrow holes, fracture windows, and
even deteriorate brick? But be warned. Oftentimes, this suggestion is taken to the comical extreme.
Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one
that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night, silently strangling homeowners in their sleep.
Admittedly, this can be a funny story to tell. But are we to believe such a tale? The intelligent gardener will
quickly dismiss such rubbish for what it is.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
highlight the reasons why English Ivy’s fast growth rate is beneficial
argue that English Ivy is an essential plant for homeowners
educate readers about how to use English Ivy to insulate their homes
belittle detractors of English Ivy
defend the reputation of English Ivy
2) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best definition for betrays?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
gives away
contradicts
reveals
supports
highlights
3) In paragraph 1, the author states, “Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly 2000
square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be completely covered in
about four years.” Which of the following logical mistakes does the author make in drawing this
conclusion?
I.
English Ivy will not cover the area of most roofs in 4 years if it only grows 500 square feet per
year.
II. Most homes may not have the proper conditions necessary for English Ivy to grow at the
specified rate.
III. Newly planted ivy does not grow as fast as established ivy.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
4) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for deteriorate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
wear away
shield
add to
climb on
strengthen
5) Based on information in paragraph 1, which of the following would most likely be considered an
insulator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
an umbrella
an automobile
suntan lotion
skin
a winter jacket
6) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for malevolent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
wary
sensitive
virtuous
injured
willing
7) This passage would most likely be found
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
in a scholarly journal about botany
in a magazine article about gardening
in a letter from one gardener to another
on a website identifying different types of plants
in a pamphlet about the best ways to make a home more energy-efficient
8) The author's tone can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
passionate
indignant
argumentative
persuasive
accusatory
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) E
To answer this question correctly, we must study the first sentence: “English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its
unparalleled ability to provide shade.” In this sentence, the author lets us know that he or she is providing reasons why English Ivy
betrays, or contradicts, its poor reputation. In other words, the author intends to point out some benefits of English Ivy. By pointing
out these benefits, as well as discrediting detractors of ivy who often “take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns” about it, the author
defends the reputation of English Ivy. Therefore (E) is correct. Although the author does highlight one reason why English Ivy’s fast
growth rate is beneficial (it will quickly cover a house and thus act as a natural insulator), he or she does not point out more than one
reason. Furthermore, this minor point serves the author’s larger argument, which is that English Ivy does not deserve its poor
reputation. Therefore (A) is incorrect. The author does not argue that English Ivy is an essential plant for homeowners, only that it
does not deserve its reputation as a nuisance. This means (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 1, the author states that homeowners can
use ivy to insulate their homes, but he or she does not provide details about precisely how to do this. The author’s lack of specific
directions indicates that he or she is more concerned with defending English Ivy’s reputation than with educating readers. This
makes (C) incorrect. The author does not intend to belittle, or disparage, detractors of English Ivy, but rather to contradict them.
Although the author does gently mock their tendency to “take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns” about ivy, this statement is not
so harsh as to be considered belittling. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
2) B
betray (verb): to be unfaithful in guarding, maintaining, or fulfilling.
In paragraph 1, the author indicates his or her intention to explain how English Ivy “betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance.” The
author then goes on to cite reasons why English Ivy is beneficial. Based on this information, we can infer that English Ivy has a bad
reputation, but in the author’s opinion, it does not deserve such a reputation. This means that in this context betrays means goes
against or fails to remain true to. Contradicts is the only answer choice that reflects this meaning, so it is a good definition in this
context. Therefore (B) is correct. Although the word betray is often used to describe the act of treason, or someone who disloyally
gives away secrets, this is not the definition used in the passage. This means (A) is incorrect. While betray can mean to reveal
information that should remain secret, this is not the definition used in the passage. Indeed, in this context, if the English Ivy
revealed its poor reputation as a nuisance, it would confirm it, not contradict it. This makes (C) incorrect. Support means to maintain.
This is the opposite meaning of contradict, so (D) is incorrect. Highlight means to emphasize. This is the opposite meaning of
contradict, so (E) is incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 1, the author states, “Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500
square feet per year. Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly 2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest
assured that their roofs will be completely covered in about four years.” 500 (square feet) multiplied by 4 (years) equals 2000
(square feet). Given that English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year, and most homes have a roof
measuring roughly 2000 square feet, then it makes mathematical sense to figure that English Ivy will indeed have enough time to
cover the area of most roofs in 4 years. This means the author does not make a logical mistake in this calculation. This eliminates
option (I). While the author's math checks out correctly, there are other flaws in his or her logic. In paragraph 1, the author states,
“Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year.” Given that
these figures only hold true under the proper conditions, it is wrong to assume that English Ivy will grow at this rate at most homes.
After all, many houses may not get the proper light, rain, or temperatures necessary for English Ivy to grow well. This supports
option (II). At the end of paragraph 1, the author states, “When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old
adage: First year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this is especially true.” Using this
information, it can be inferred that English Ivy will need up to two years before it begins to grow at a regular pace. The author cites
the growth rates for “established” ivy, or ivy that is not newly planted. Using this information, we can infer that newly planted English
Ivy will likely take longer than 4 years to cover a 2000-square foot roof. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
4) A
deteriorate (verb): to make or become worse in quality or character; to disintegrate or wear away.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about how invasive English Ivy can
be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about its ability to burrow holes, fracture windows, and even deteriorate brick?”
The author describes how invasive ivy can be by listing ways in which it can be destructive. Based on this information, we can infer
that deteriorate has a negative, destructive connotation. Wear away is the only answer choice that has a destructive connotation, so
it is the best definition for deteriorate. Therefore (A) is correct. Shield means to cover or protect, which is not a negative or
destructive action. Since the author uses deteriorate in a list of negative actions, we know that (B) is incorrect. Add to means to
increase or build on, which is not a negative or destructive action. Since the author uses deteriorate in a list of negative actions, we
know that (C) is incorrect. Climb on means to ascend or crawl up. Although this may accurately describe how ivy grows, it does not
indicate a way that ivy could be destructive to brick. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Strengthen means to make stronger. This is not a
negative or destructive action, so (E) is incorrect.
5) E
In paragraph 1, the author writes, “By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, [English Ivy] works as a natural insulator,
blocking the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs.” According to this statement, an insulator is something that covers the
exterior of something else, thus providing protection and regulating temperature. The English Ivy covers the outside of the house,
providing shade from the sun and therefore keeping the temperature of the house down. A winter jacket is something that covers the
exterior of the body, providing protection from winter elements such as wind, rain, snow, and cold air, and therefore keeping the
temperature of the wearer’s body up. Given that an insulator covers the exterior of something, regulates temperature, and protects it
from the elements, it can be inferred that a winter jacket would most likely be considered an insulator. Therefore (E) is correct. An
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
umbrella does provide protection from the rain, but it is held above one’s head and does not cover the exterior of the body as ivy
covers a house. Furthermore, an umbrella does not help regulate temperature. This means (A) is incorrect. Although an automobile
surrounds its occupant, its primary purpose is not to provide protection, but rather to provide transportation. It also does not cover
those who ride in it in the same way that ivy covers a house. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Suntan lotion can provide protection from the
sun’s rays, but it does not regulate temperature as an insulator does. This means (C) is incorrect. Skin is the exterior of the body; it
is not a cover for an exterior. Although it may provide protection from the elements and help regulate temperature, skin does not
cover the outside of something as ivy covers the outside of a house. This means (D) is incorrect.
6) C
malevolent (adjective): evil, harmful, or injurious.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night, silently strangling homeowners in their sleep.” A plant that wishes to
strangle someone is portrayed as bad, so malevolent must mean bad or evil. Virtuous is the best antonym for evil. Therefore (C) is
correct. Wary means cautious. Although one might be wary about something evil, wary is not the opposite of evil. This means (A) is
incorrect. Sensitive means emotional or perceptive. Although these are generally considered positive characteristics, they are not
the opposite of evil. This makes (B) incorrect. Injured means harmed in some way. Although something evil could cause harm, the
opposite of evil is not injured. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Willing means compliant or agreeable. Although this is a positive
characteristic, it is not the opposite of evil. This means (E) is incorrect.
7) B
The passage provides a defense of English Ivy’s reputation. In paragraph 1, the author notes its benefits, namely that it can provide
shade, act as an insulator, and is fast-growing. In paragraph 2, the author argues that those who claim ivy is invasive often take their
warnings “to the comical extreme.” Overall, the author argues that English Ivy does not deserve its poor reputation as a nuisance.
Moreover, the author uses familiar, colloquial language that gives the passage a folksy tone. For example, he or she writes: “When
considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage: First year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year,
it leaps!” This tone is also evident when the author asks, “But are we to believe such a tale?” Finally, the author seems to address a
general audience that includes “building tenants and homeowners,” “detractors,” “naysayers,” as well as “ivy enthusiasts.” Based on
the content, the colloquial tone, and the general audience of this passage, we can infer that it would most likely be found in a
magazine article about gardening. Therefore (B) is correct. The folksy, familiar tone and general audience of this passage do not
belong in a scholarly journal, so (A) is incorrect. The audience of this passage includes many different types of people, and while the
tone is familiar, it is not as intimate as one would expect in a personal letter. This eliminates (C). The purpose of the passage is not
to identify plants in an objective way, but to defend English Ivy’s reputation. This means it would not likely be found on a website
identifying plants, so (D) is incorrect. Although in paragraph 1 the author does note that English Ivy can act as a “natural insulator,
blocking the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs,” the focus of the passage is on English Ivy’s reputation, not on ways to make
a home energy-efficient. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
8) B
At the beginning of the passage, the author writes, “English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to
provide shade.” This lets us know that the author intends to defend English Ivy against its poor reputation. He or she then provides
several reasons why English Ivy might be considered a desirable plant. In paragraph 2, the author expresses indignation about how
English Ivy acquired such a bad reputation, suggesting that “naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a
particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night, silently strangling homeowners in
their sleep.” Furthermore, the author advises the reader to "be warned" about these detractors of English Ivy, which implies that the
author considers their tactics somehow unfair or offensive. The author continues to discuss how detractors will try to scare the
reader into believing false accounts of English Ivy that the author states are "rubbish." Based on the displeasure the author
expresses about English Ivy’s poor reputation and how it is acquired, we can determine that the author's tone is indignant. Therefore
(B) is correct. The author may indeed be passionate about gardening and English Ivy. However, the author's tone in this passage is
not as passionate as it is indignant. In passionate writing, the author would be more sentimental and expressive. Moreover, the
author would probably focus on his or her love of English Ivy rather than his or her indignation at its detractors. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. While the author does present several arguments in the passage, the passage as a whole does not restrict itself to formal
argument. In argumentative writing, facts are used to support an opinion. However, in this passage, there is a mixture of facts
(“Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year”) and opinions
(“Oftentimes, this suggestion is taken to the comical extreme,” and “But are we to believe such a tale?”). Furthermore, the author
relies on anecdotal, conjectural evidence instead of concrete facts and statistics to support his or her claim that the reader should
ignore ivy’s detractors. This means the tone is not strictly argumentative. Therefore (C) is incorrect. While one of the author’s
secondary purposes is to persuade the reader to agree with him or her, the author does not overtly call the reader to action using
language such as should, must, needs to, or has to. The author is not explicitly persuasive about what the reader should believe. He
or she merely claims that the reader should not listen to those who criticize English Ivy. This means (D) is incorrect. The author does
not overtly accuse or blame anyone, but rather provides a defense against general “detractors.” An accusatory tone is harsher than
the author’s tone in this passage, so (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
4
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 6
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
A new discovery has prompted astronomers to rethink one of their most basic
assumptions regarding the types of solar systems that can support life. Previously, astronomers
believed that any solar system containing more than one sun would produce an orbit too volatile
to support an Earth-like planet. However, recent images from the Kepler spacecraft have
uncovered evidence of a two-star system—what astronomers call a binary system—with a
stable orbit containing at least one planetary body.
Questions
1) The target audience for this passage would most likely include a(n)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
scientist who wants to evaluate a peer’s recent research
dentist who has a general interest in science and astronomy
third grade student who is learning the basics of astronomy
government official who is assessing the success of the Kepler project
aviator worried about impending atmospheric conditions
2) As used in the passage, it can be inferred that volatile belongs to which of the following
word groups?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
dangerous, hazardous, troubling
explosive, charged, detonative
irregular, abnormal, weird
unstable, unpredictable, uneven
reckless, wild, irresponsible
3) Based on information presented in the passage, it can be concluded that
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
solar systems must mirror our own in order to support life
life likely exists outside our own solar system
binary solar systems may harbor life
the Kepler space program has been largely successful
life in solar systems other than our own is likely to be hazardous
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
To answer this question, we need to analyze the type of information the passage provides and how this information might fit the
audience’s particular interests and abilities. The passage provides general information about astronomers’ unexpected discovery of
a two-star planetary system. The passage contains details that are not overly specialized or technical, making it accessible to the
general public. Some people, like a dentist who already has an interest in science, would likely be able to comprehend the
information presented in the passage and also find it of interest. Therefore (B) is correct. A scientist who wants to evaluate a peer’s
recent research would expect a much higher level of detail than what is provided in the passage. Research would likely include
detailed technical data from the Kepler spacecraft so that the scientist could make his or her own judgments about the significance
of this discovery. This passage does not provide this type of data, so (A) is incorrect. The passage uses terms such as “orbit” and
“planetary body” that assume a basic familiarity with astronomy. The author does not explain or define these terms, so the reader
can infer that the passage was not likely intended for a third grade student who is still learning the basics of astronomy. A student
this young would probably have difficulty understanding the passage. Therefore (C) is incorrect. A government official who is
assessing the success of the Kepler project would expect a much higher level of detail than what is provided in the passage. He or
she would probably want to see detailed technical data from the Kepler spacecraft to make his or her own judgments about the
significance of this discovery. This passage does not provide this type of data, so (D) is incorrect.
2) D
volatile (adjective): tending to change suddenly; unstable; unsteady.
Towards the middle of the passage, the author writes, “Previously, astronomers believed that any solar system containing more than
one sun would have an orbit too volatile to support an Earth-like planet.” The author then explains how a new discovery contradicts
this belief: “However, recent images from the Kepler spacecraft have uncovered evidence of a two-star system—what astronomers
call a binary system—with a stable orbit containing at least one planetary body.” Whereas astronomers expected a two-star system
to have a “volatile” orbit, the system they discovered actually has a “stable” orbit. Since the new discovery contradicted astronomers’
expectations, the reader can infer that volatile means the opposite of "stable." This means that, as used in the passage, volatile
must belong to a word group that includes words that have meanings similar to unstable, unpredictable, or uneven. Therefore (D) is
correct. While something that is hazardous may be unstable, something that is volatile more nearly means unpredictable than
dangerous or troubling. Choice (A) is incorrect. Explosive, charged, detonative are words that are too strong to be necessarily
associated with volatile, and moreover are often associated with chemical properties. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Irregular, abnormal,
weird are not words synonymous with uneven or unstable. A weird personality is not necessarily unstable, and an irregular
heartbeat is not necessarily unpredictable. Choice (C) is incorrect. Reckless, wild, irresponsible are words describing behavior that
is too random and too strong to refer to an orbit or planetary system. Choice (E) is incorrect.
3) C
The author begins by telling us that an old assumption about the types of solar systems that can support life is being reconsidered.
The author says, "Previously, astronomers believed that any solar system containing more than one sun would produce an orbit too
volatile to support an Earth-like planet." Given that an Earth-like planet would likely support life, just as Earth does, we can infer that
astronomers used to think that a solar system with more than one star could not support life. In the next sentence, the author begins
with the conjunction, "However," letting us know that he or she intends to contradict this idea. The author continues to say that
recent images show a solar system with more than one star (a binary system) that has a stable orbit. What is more, this solar
system "contains at least one planetary body." Given that the orbit is stable, and there is a planetary body present, we can conclude
that binary solar systems may contain Earth-like planets, and therefore may harbor life, just as Earth does. The author does not
imply that it is necessarily likely, merely that it is possible. Therefore (C) is correct. As we can infer from the first sentence, "one of
the old assumptions" that astronomers have been prompted to "rethink" is that solar systems must mirror our own in order to support
life. This makes (A) incorrect. Since the "new discovery" has taken place, it would not be unreasonable to conclude that the
likelihood of life existing outside our own solar system is higher. However, it is too extreme to conclude from these findings that life
likely exists outside our own solar system. This statement is too strong, making (B) incorrect. The passage does not contain
enough information to draw conclusions about the success of the Kepler space program. While the program may be responsible for
this new discovery, we have no way of knowing about the other successes or failures it has sustained. Since we cannot draw an
overall conclusion about the program, (D) is incorrect. The passage does not suggest anything about the risk of danger or hazard
associated with life in other solar systems. The author merely speculates about the possibility of life in other solar systems, not what
life would be like there. This makes (E) incorrect.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 7
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
I mean what I say: science in education, not education in science. The difference between the
two is by no means a case of tweedledum and tweedledee. Education in science means the systematic
teaching of science so as to train for careers in science. Scientific men are exceedingly useful members
of a community, as are engineers, bakers, blacksmiths, artists, and bankers. But we can't all be bakers,
and we can't all be painters of watercolors. “It takes all sorts to make a world.” A community entirely
composed of scientific men would fail to feed itself, clothe itself, house itself, and keep itself supplied with
amusing light literature. Education in science produces specialists, and specialists, though useful and
valuable persons in their fields, are no more the staple of a civilized community than lawyers or ballet
dancers.
What the world at large really needs is due recognition of the true value of science in education.
We don't all want to be made into first class anatomists or surgeons. But we do all want a competent
general knowledge of anatomy at large, and especially of human anatomy; of physiology at large, and
especially of human physiology. We don't all want to be analytical chemists, but we do all want to know
enough about oxygen and carbon to understand the most common phenomena of combustion, chemical
combination, and animal or vegetable life. We don't all want to be zoologists and botanists, but we do all
want to know enough about plants and animals to walk through life intelligently, and to understand the
meaning of the things that surround us. We want a general acquaintance with the results rather than with
the methods of science.
The mass of scientific opinion has always gone the other way; but then scientific opinion means
only the opinion of men of science. Scientists appreciate the education needed to make men specialists
more than the education needed to fit them for the general exigencies and emergencies of life. We don't
want authorities on the nuances of interstellar gasses, but well informed citizens. What common sense
really demands, then, is education in all the sciences: a knowledge of what is known rather than
knowledge of each successive step by which men came to know it.
Questions
1) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author considers it important that
everyone understand the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
components of an atom
properties of chemical equations
scientific names of common plants
human digestive system
formula for calculating the distance of stars
2) The author apparently believes that scientists
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
are not as useful to society as lawyers or bakers
lack fundamental writing and social skills
are smarter than painters or blacksmiths
discount the value of general courses of study
are better educated than engineers or bankers
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
1
3) Based on information in the passage, it can be understood that the author would likely find all of the
following proverbs to be true of the pursuit of “science in education” except for which one?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
One should exercise moderation in all things.
It is better to know a little bit about everything than everything about nothing.
One must be able to see the forest through the trees.
Knowledge does not come to one in the details.
A jack of all trades is a master of none.
4) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
create more diversified and productive communities
discredit the value of science in a liberal arts education
encourage interest in and appreciation for non-science-related careers
describe why scientists are valuable to communities
promote science education that is useful for all citizens
5) Which of the following questions is answered in the passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Why is job diversification in communities important?
What is the best way to learn about combustion?
How popular are careers in the science fields?
When should specialized science training for a career begin?
Why are scientists useful members of their communities?
6) The author apparently believes that for those not interested in a science-related career, it is more
useful to know the
than the
of science.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
reasons … conclusions
process … meaning
findings … procedures
facts … theories
details … steps
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) D
In paragraph 2, the author states, “We do all want a competent general knowledge of anatomy at large, and especially of human
anatomy; of physiology at large, and especially of human physiology.” From this, it can be inferred that the author considers it
important for everyone to know about the human digestive system, as it is a matter of general human physiology. This inference is
further confirmed by the author’s statement in the final paragraph that “we don't want authorities on the nuances of interstellar
gasses, but well informed citizens.” We can infer that the author would consider knowledge of the human digestive system the kind
of practical information that would make for well informed citizens. Therefore (D) is correct. Choices (A), (B), (C), and (E) each refer
to specific scientific knowledge that a specialist might hold as opposed to the “competent general knowledge” valued by the author.
Therefore they are incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 3, the author states, “Scientists appreciate the education needed to make men specialists more than the education
needed to fit them for the general exigencies and emergencies of life.” This means that, in the author’s opinion, scientists place
more value on an education that provides career-specific training than an education made up of general courses of study that equip
them for life. In other words, he believes that scientists discount the value of general courses of study and raise the value of courses
geared toward a specific skill or career. Therefore (D) is correct. In paragraph 1, the author writes that “scientific men are
exceedingly useful members of a community, as are engineers, bakers, blacksmiths, artists, and bankers.” Later on in this
paragraph, the author writes that scientists, “though useful and valuable persons in their fields, are no more the staple of a civilized
community than lawyers or ballet dancers.” Based on this information we can understand that the author believes scientists are as
useful to society as bakers and lawyers, not less useful. This means (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 1, the author writes: “A
community entirely composed of scientific men would fail to feed itself, clothe itself, house itself, and keep itself supplied with
amusing light literature.” However, he does not imply here that scientists lack fundamental writing and social skills. Instead, he
makes the point that a community needs people with a variety of skills and careers. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The author does not
state or imply that any person with a specific career is necessarily smarter than a person with a different career, so (C) is incorrect.
The author does not state or imply that any person with a specific career is necessarily better educated than a person with a
different career, so (E) is incorrect.
3) E
In paragraph 2, the author offers his vision of what “science in education” should accomplish: “We do all want to know enough about
plants and animals to walk through life intelligently, and to understand the meaning of the things that surround us. We want a
general acquaintance with the results rather than with the methods of science.” Based on this information, we can infer that “science
in education” is a way to create what the author calls “well informed citizens,” people with a basic working knowledge of science. In
contrast, in paragraph 1, the author defines “education in science” as: “the systematic teaching of science so as to train for careers
in science,” or in other words, something that “produces specialists.” Based on this information we can infer that “science in
education” produces general knowledge whereas “education in science” produces specialized knowledge. The saying “a jack of all
trades is a master of none” means that knowing a small amount of information about a great many things does not equip one for
mastery in any area, or that specific knowledge is better than general knowledge. Since the author indicates that for “science in
education,” generalization is preferable to specificity, it can be inferred the author would not likely find this saying to be true of the
pursuit of “science in education.” Therefore (E) is correct. Choices (A),(B), (C), and (D) all contain sayings that indicate a value of
general, broad knowledge over specific, deep knowledge. This means the author would likely find them to be true of the pursuit of
“science in education,” and therefore they are incorrect.
4) E
The purpose of a passage is directly related to its content. In paragraph 1, the author recognizes that not everyone is destined to
become a scientist—and indeed that we would not want a community made up only of scientists. In paragraph 2, the author
emphasizes the importance of a broad and practical understanding of science for most people, rather than the specialized
understanding required of those who become scientists. In paragraph 3, the author states that common sense “demands” that
science education be designed to prepare people to be “well informed citizens,” as opposed to “specialists.” Based on this
information, we can determine that the main idea of the passage is that while it is valuable for everyone to learn science, a general
scientific education is more useful for all citizens than specialized scientific training. This means the primary purpose is to promote
science education that is useful for all citizens. Therefore (E) is correct. Although the author would likely support more diversified
and productive communities, he does not seek to create them by writing this passage. This means (A) is incorrect. The author does
not discredit the value of science in a liberal arts education or elsewhere, but rather he argues for teaching useful, general scientific
information. This makes (B) incorrect. The focus of the passage is on how science should be taught, not on non-science-related
careers, so (C) is incorrect. Although the author states that scientists are valuable to communities, he does not describe why this is
so. This eliminates (D).
5) A
In paragraph 1, the author writes: “Scientific men are exceedingly useful members of a community, as are engineers, bakers,
blacksmiths, artists, and bankers. But we can't all be bakers, and we can't all be painters of watercolors. ‘It takes all sorts to make a
world.’ A community entirely composed of scientific men would fail to feed itself, clothe itself, house itself, and keep itself supplied
with amusing light literature.” These lines answer the question, why is job diversification in communities important? Therefore (A) is
correct. Although the author says in paragraph 2 that it is useful to learn about combustion, he does not identify the best way to do
so. This eliminates (B). The passage does not provide information about the popularity of science-related careers, so (C) is
incorrect. The passage does not provide information about when specialized training for a science career should begin, so (D) is
incorrect. While the author states that scientists are useful members of their communities, he does not specifically explain why this
is so or what they contribute. This eliminates (E).
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
6) C
In paragraph 2, the author states that for general citizens, the focus of science education should be on “general acquaintance with
the results rather than the methods of science.” In paragraph 3, he reiterates that the focus should be on “knowledge of what is
known rather than knowledge of each successive step by which men come to know it.” This means that for those not interested in a
science-related career, it is more useful to know the results, or findings, than the successive steps, or procedures, of science.
Therefore (C) is correct. The author argues that it is the conclusions, not the reasons behind them, which are most useful to the
average person. This means (A) is incorrect. The author argues that the process, or “each successive step by which men come to
know” science, is not very useful to someone who is not going to become a scientist, so (B) is incorrect. The author compares the
usefulness of knowing the results of science versus knowing the procedures of science, not the usefulness of facts versus theories.
This eliminates (D). Although the author argues that it is more useful for people to know the results of science than “each successive
step by which men come to know” these results, he does not necessarily argue that details are more useful than steps. In fact,
throughout the passage, he argues for the value of general knowledge over details. This means (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
4
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Reading Comprehension 8
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
In this lawsuit, the lawyer who represents three different insurance companies against
one plaintiff is seeking a settlement agreement, wherein the plaintiff agrees to drop the lawsuit
in exchange for a certain amount of money. The plaintiff has agreed to accept $10,000. Now the
lawyer must convince the companies, none of which wants to pay more than $3,000, that it is in
their interest to pay enough so that the total reaches $10,000. The lawyer claims that this
lawsuit is like a giant jigsaw puzzle.
Questions
1) The lawyer claims that “this lawsuit is like a giant jigsaw puzzle” mostly because it
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cannot be solved
is a source of frustration and anxiety for the lawyer
has pieces that must fit together in a certain way
is too difficult for the lawyer to handle
is a confusing jumble of information
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the settlement agreement can
be reached if
I. each of the three companies agrees to pay a little more money
II. one of the companies is willing to pay an extra $1,000
III. the plaintiff reduces the amount of money he or she is willing to accept
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In this passage, the author describes a lawsuit. The author writes, “In this lawsuit, the lawyer who represents three different
insurance companies against one plaintiff is seeking a settlement agreement, wherein the plaintiff agrees to drop the lawsuit in
exchange for a certain amount of money.” This means that there are four different parties involved in this lawsuit: the three
companies and the plaintiff. Then the author explains that for the settlement agreement to work, “the lawyer must convince the
companies, none of which wants to pay more than $3,000, that it is in their interest to pay enough so that the total reaches $10,000,”
which is the amount the plaintiff is willing to accept. If none of the companies pays more than $3,000, then the total will only be
$9,000, and the settlement agreement will not work. If each of the three companies agrees to pay a little more money, or if one of
the companies is willing to pay an extra $1,000, or if the plaintiff reduces the acceptable amount, then the pieces will fit together in
such a way that the settlement agreement will work. If the pieces do not fit together in a certain way, though, the settlement
agreement will not be reached. In the same way, a giant jigsaw puzzle has pieces that must fit together in a certain way to make the
puzzle work. This means that the lawyer claims that “this lawsuit is like a giant jigsaw puzzle” mostly because it has pieces that must
fit together in a certain way. Therefore (C) is correct. Although the lawsuit has not yet been solved, the passage does not suggest
that it cannot ever be solved (see above). Furthermore, a jigsaw puzzle can be solved, so if the lawsuit could not be solved, this
would be unlike a giant jigsaw puzzle. This makes (A) incorrect. While some people may find a giant jigsaw puzzle to be a source of
frustration and anxiety, the passage does not provide information to suggest that the lawyer finds the lawsuit to be this way.
Therefore (B) is incorrect. While some people may find a giant jigsaw puzzle to be difficult, the passage does not provide
information to suggest that the lawsuit is too difficult for the lawyer to handle. This means (D) is incorrect. Although the lawsuit
contains particular information, the information is not a confusing jumble. It is presented in an organized way that, albeit
complicated, is readily understandable. This makes (E) incorrect.
2) D
In the passage, the author explains how the settlement agreement will work: “The plaintiff has agreed to accept $10,000. Now the
lawyer must convince the companies, none of which wants to pay more than $3,000, that it is in their interest to pay enough so that
the total reaches $10,000.” If each of the companies pays $3,000, then the total will only be $9,000 and the settlement agreement
will not be reached. If, however, each of the three companies agrees to pay a little more money, they could have a total of $10,000.
This means that the settlement agreement can be reached if each of the three companies agrees to pay a little more money. This
supports option (I). In the passage, the author explains how the settlement agreement will work: “The plaintiff has agreed to accept
$10,000. Now the lawyer must convince the companies, none of which wants to pay more than $3,000, that it is in their interest to
pay enough so that the total reaches $10,000.” If two of the companies only pay $3,000, but one of the companies is willing to pay
an extra $1,000 for a contribution of $4,000, then the total will be $10,000. This means that the settlement agreement can be
reached if one of the companies agrees to pay an extra $1,000. This supports option (II). In the passage, the author explains how
the settlement agreement will work: “The plaintiff has agreed to accept $10,000. Now the lawyer must convince the companies,
none of which wants to pay more than $3,000, that it is in their interest to pay enough so that the total reaches $10,000.” If each of
the companies pays $3,000, then the total will only be $9,000. But if the plaintiff reduces the amount of money he or she is willing to
accept, then the settlement agreement can be reached. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Sentence Completion 1
Level 11
Directions: Complete the sentence using the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1. My chronic back pain was only
4. The film’s story seemed so
by the whiplash I
experienced in the car crash.
that audiences couldn’t believe
that it was based on a true story.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ameliorated
aggravated
alleviated
assuaged
amended
2. The
ceremony of the
ancient tribe can be shocking to
modern researchers who are not
familiar or comfortable with human
sacrifices.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
atonement
immolation
hedonistic
ritualistic
penance
3. The argument Laura made in her
essay seemed
; it was
clear to the teacher that she had
not fully thought through the
differences between the moons of
Saturn.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
synthesized
sagacious
inchoate
developed
coherent
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
implausible
tenable
orchestrated
conceivable
lucid
5. As punishment for his
insubordination, the lance corporal
was demoted and
to the
demeaning task of cleaning the
latrine.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
scourged
patronized
exonerated
succored
relegated
6. After putting out the devastating
blaze, investigators quickly came
to the conclusion that the
was probably started by
device.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
arson ... an incombustible
holocaust ... a noisome
pyre ... a flammable
conflagration ... an incendiary
terror ... an inflammable
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords are
“whiplash” and “car crash,” and the prompt hinges on a cause-and-effect relationship: the missing word is the effect of the car
crash and whiplash. Since the narrator had “back pain” before the car crash, and since whiplash and car crashes would not
make back pain better, the missing word must mean worsened. Choice (B) is correct, then: aggravated means made worse.
(A) is incorrect because ameliorated means improved, the exact opposite of what one would expect to happen to back pain as
a result of a car crash.
(C) is incorrect because alleviated means lessened, the exact opposite of what one would expect to happen to back pain as a
result of a car crash.
(D) is incorrect because assuaged means soothed, though one would not expect a car crash or whiplash to soothe one’s back.
(E) is incorrect because amended means improved or changed for the better, the exact opposite of what one would expect to
happen to back pain as a result of a car crash.
2) B
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords are
the phrase “human sacrifices.” This phrase makes it clear that the ceremony in question involves human sacrifices, so the
missing word, which describes the ceremony, must mean sacrificial. Therefore, choice (B) is correct, as immolation means
sacrifice.
(A) is incorrect because atonement means reparation for a past wrong. While there certainly are atonement ceremonies in
many cultures, an atonement ceremony does not necessarily involve human sacrifice.
(C) is incorrect because hedonistic means devoted to seeking pleasure, which is not something that would be used to describe
a ceremony involving a human sacrifice.
(D) is incorrect because ritualistic means descriptive of a ceremony done for religious or spiritual purposes. The ceremony in
the prompt is clearly ritualistic, but a ritual does not need to include sacrifices. This choice is not specific enough to be correct.
(E) is incorrect because penance is a sacrament done as redemptive punishment for a sin. While there certainly are penance
ceremonies, a penance ceremony does not usually involve human sacrifice.
3) C
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords are
“not fully thought through,” a phrase that, like the missing word, describes Laura’s argument. Thus, the missing word must
mean not fully thought through or undeveloped. Choice (C) provides such a word, since inchoate means not fully developed.
(A) is incorrect because synthesized means formed through a combination or fusion of parts. Since Laura’s argument was “not
fully thought through,” this word cannot describe her argument.
(B) is incorrect because sagacious means wise. This would describe an argument that was “fully thought through,” unlike
Laura’s.
(D) is incorrect because developed means brought to maturity. The prompt implies that Laura’s argument was not fully mature,
since it was “not fully thought through.”
(E) is incorrect because coherent means understandable. This would describe an argument that was “fully thought through,”
unlike Laura’s.
4) A
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords are in
the construction of “so … that,” a phrase that sets up a cause-and-effect relationship: the film’s story led audiences to
disbelieve that it was based on a true story. The missing word describes the story, so the missing word must mean
unbelievable or atypical of reality. Since implausible means not having an appearance of truth, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because tenable means capable of being defended as a theory. However, the plot in question is apparently not
tenable, since “audiences couldn’t believe that it was based on a true story.”
(C) is incorrect because orchestrated means arranged, and while the story was probably orchestrated by a writer or director,
this would not imply that the story was unbelievable. The unbelievable elements of the film are grounded in the story’s factuality
or plausibility.
(D) is incorrect because conceivable means possible or able to be understood, but the prompt suggests that the film’s story is
just the opposite, since “audiences couldn’t believe that it was based on a true story.”
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
(E) is incorrect because lucid means clear, but nothing in the prompt implies that the film’s story was clear or unclear.
5) E
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keyword is
“demoted,” a word that, like the missing word, describes the result of the lance corporal’s insubordination, his punishment.
Thus, the missing word must also mean demoted. Because relegated means consigned to an inferior position, choice (E) is
correct.
(A) is incorrect because scourged means punished. The prompt does discuss the lance corporal’s punishment, but the missing
word describes what the punishment was, not merely the fact that he was punished.
(B) is incorrect because patronized means acted in a condescending manner. The lance corporal might have patronized his
newfound duties, but whoever reprimanded him did not necessarily act in a condescending manner.
(C) is incorrect because exonerated means cleared of blame. Since the prompt hinges on the lance corporal’s punishment,
nothing in the prompt indicates that he was cleared of blame. If he had been exonerated, he would not have been “demoted.”
(D) is incorrect because succored means assisted. As the lance corporal was punished, succored is the exact opposite of what
the missing word describes.
6) D
To figure out what the missing words are, try to predict their definitions by using key words from the prompt. Here, the key
words are “devastating blaze,” and the prompt makes it clear both missing words relate to fire, since the prompt hinges on a
cause-and-effect relationship: once the fire was put out, the investigators found out what “started” it. Thus, the first missing
word must mean a devastating blaze, while the second missing word must mean a device that causes fire. Therefore, choice
(D) is correct, since a conflagration is an intense, destructive fire and incendiary means used for starting fires.
(A) is incorrect because neither word fully works in context. An arson is a malicious, intentional fire to a piece of property,
though the prompt does not necessarily imply that the fire was intentional. Moreover, incombustible means fireproof and is, as
such, not a word that would describe a device that caused arson.
(B) is incorrect because only the first word could work in context. A holocaust is a complete devastation caused by fire and is,
thus, synonymous with a “devastating blaze,” but noisome means foul smelling. Nothing in the prompt discusses the smell of
the device that caused the fire.
(C) is incorrect because only the second word works in context. A pyre is a pile of a combustible material, so it is something
that would cause a fire, not a fire itself. However, flammable means easily set on fire and, as such, could describe a device that
investigators believe caused the “devastating blaze.”
(E) is incorrect because only the second word works in context. Terror is extreme fear or something that causes extreme fear.
This term is too broad to work in context, since a terror is not necessarily a fire. However, inflammable means capable of being
set on fire and, as such, could describe a device that investigators believe caused the “devastating blaze.”
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Sentence Completion 2
Level 11
Directions: Complete the sentence using the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
4. Though usually
Nixon’s debate coach noticed the
young debater’s ability to answer
questions
and noted that
Nixon rarely seemed to address
anything
.
, my
neighbor’s cat was quite
when it came to defending what
she considered her territory; luckily
for her, she would often win the
fights she started.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1. While still in school, Richard
audaciously ... brazenly
ambiguously ... disingenuously
unequivocally ... absolutely
obliquely ... directly
bluntly ... explicitly
2. Mrs. Rubin was taken aback by
Timothy's
, as she had
never before seen a child
disrespect his elders so blatantly.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
jauntiness
reverence
impudence
humility
obsequiousness
3. Many states use a point system in
which each driving infraction is
worth a certain number of points,
and if one exceeds a certain
number of cumulative points in a
year, his or her driving privileges
are
until a later date, at
which time the driver may reapply
for his or her license.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
revoked
recuperated
reprimanded
curbed
instituted
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
antagonistic ... placatory
cantankerous ... belligerent
serene ... amicable
aggressive ... pacifistic
peaceful ... pugnacious
5. The councilwoman accused the
city manager of
, alleging
that he abused his power to help
secure a contract beneficial to his
own personal bank account.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
malfeasance
unscrupulousness
depravity
bribery
misconduct
6. Though not appreciated in the
author’s own lifetime, Thomas
Paine’s The Age of Reason has
come to be recognized as a
work, one that profoundly
impacted Western theology for
generations.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
controversial
negligible
seminal
trifling
provocative
1
Answers and Explanations
1) D
To figure out what the missing words are, try to predict their definitions by using keywords from the prompt. Here, there are
three keywords: “answer,” “rarely,” and “address.” “Answer” and “address” are both modified by missing words that must refer
to how the questions were answered, and “rarely” gives the relationship between them, making it clear they should be
opposites: Nixon was able to answer questions one way and rarely answered questions the other way. Thus, the missing
words’ meanings cannot be predicted, but the correct choice must provide a pair of antonyms. Of the choices, only choice (D)
provides a pair of antonyms, as obliquely means not in a straightforward manner, while directly means in a straightforward
manner.
(A) is incorrect because it does not provide a pair of antonyms. Audaciously means bravely, while brazenly means
shamelessly. If anything, these words are synonyms.
(B) is incorrect because it does not provide a pair of antonyms. Ambiguously means vaguely or indirectly, while disingenuously
means lacking in frankness. Both words, then, essentially would imply that Nixon was unable to answer questions head on.
(C) is incorrect because it does not provide a pair of antonyms. Unequivocally means clearly, while absolutely means certainly.
Thus, these two words are essentially synonyms and would both imply that Nixon could not be vague.
(E) is incorrect because it does not provide a pair of antonyms. Bluntly means frankly or without sensitivity, while explicitly
means clearly. If anything, these words are synonyms, though the prompt requires a pair of antonyms.
2) C
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords are
“disrespect his elders,” which means that Timothy did or said something rude to an adult. The missing word describes
something Timothy possesses, and, since we only know that he is rude, the missing word must mean rudeness. Therefore,
choice (C) is correct, since impudence means impertinence or audacious rudeness.
(A) is incorrect because jauntiness is cheerfulness. This word does not work because cheerfulness has no relationship to
rudeness.
(B) is incorrect because reverence is respect, something a rude child would almost certainly not possess.
(D) is incorrect because humility is modesty. The prompt indicates that the child was rude, not modest.
(E) is incorrect because obsequiousness is flattery, something a rude child would probably not use.
3) A
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keyword is
“reapply,” a word that implies that driving privileges must have been taken away from the driver who exceeded a certain
number of points, as one would not need to “reapply” if one did not lose the license to begin with. Thus, the missing word must
be one that means taken away. Therefore, the correct choice is (A), since revoked means taken away.
(B) is incorrect because recuperated means recovered from financial or physical loss. The prompt means to imply the opposite:
driving privileges are not recovered until after the driver “reapplies for his or her license.”
(C) is incorrect because reprimanded means punished, and while the driver in the prompt is being punished for exceeding a
number of driving points, the privileges themselves are not being punished. This answer does not make sense grammatically.
(D) is incorrect because curbed means limited. While the driver in question certainly will have more limited driving privileges,
the prompt makes it clear that he or she will lose his or her license, as the driver must then “reapply” for it. This means that
curbed is not extreme enough for the prompt.
(E) is incorrect because instituted means created or started. It is, thus, the opposite of what happens to driving privileges if a
driver exceeds a number of points.
4) E
To figure out what the missing words are, try to predict their definitions by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keyword
is “though,” which implies a negative or opposite relationship between the two missing words. In this prompt, the cat is usually
one way but was “was quite” the opposite way when she was “defending… her territory.” The prompt provides one additional
clue in stating that she “would often win the fights she started.” This phrase implies that the two missing words relate to
fighting, meaning the correct choice will provide two antonyms relating to fighting. Peaceful means calm, while pugnacious
means quick to fight. These words are opposites, so choice (E) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because the words are in the wrong order to work in context. Antagonistic means hostile and placatory means
attempting to appease. This choice does not work because the prompt implies that the cat is usually placatory but could be
antagonistic when she needed to defend her territory.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
(B) is incorrect because the two words are synonyms, rather than the antonyms the prompt requires. Cantankerous means
disagreeable or hostile, while belligerent means warlike, meaning both words imply that the cat is hostile.
(C) is incorrect because the two words are not opposites. Serene means calm and amicable means agreeable, so both words
would imply that the cat is easy to get along with. The prompt, however, implies that the cat can be hostile and will “start fights.”
(D) is incorrect because the words are in the wrong order to work in context. Aggressive means hostile, while pacifistic means
peace-loving. This choice does not work because the prompt implies that the cat is usually pacifistic but could be aggressive
when she needed to defend her territory.
5) A
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords in the prompt. Here, the keywords are
“abused his power,” something that the councilwoman “alleged” the city manager did. The missing word likewise describes an
allegation or accusation made about the city manager, so the missing word must be one relating to an abuse of power. A
malfeasance is a wrongdoing committed by a public official such as a city manager, so choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because unscrupulousness is a lack of morality. While it implies wrongdoing, just as the prompt requires, it does
not directly relate to an abuse of power. One can show unscrupulousness without being in a position of power.
(C) is incorrect because depravity is a lack of morality. While it implies wrongdoing, just as the prompt requires, it does not
directly relate to an abuse of power. One can show depravity without being in a position of power.
(D) is incorrect because bribery is an act of giving or taking money to induce one into doing something he or she would
otherwise not do. While bribery is an example of a finance-related wrongdoing, the prompt does not imply that the city manager
bribed anyone; rather, it merely implies that the city manager in some way made a little more money than he should have.
(E) is incorrect because misconduct is misbehavior. While it implies wrongdoing, just as the prompt requires, it does not directly
relate to an abuse of power. One can perform misconduct without being in a position of power.
6) C
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords come
after the comma, in the descriptive clause “one that profoundly impacted Western theology for generations.” This clause
elaborates on the “work” modified by the missing word, so the missing word must mean profoundly important. Because seminal
means highly influential, choice (C) is correct.
(A) is incorrect because controversial means causing controversy or scandal. While The Age of Reason might have been
controversial, the prompt only implies that it was not appreciated in its time period but was later seen as having import. There is
not enough information in the prompt to definitively call it a controversial work.
(B) is incorrect because negligible means small in significance and is, thus, the exact opposite of an adjective that would be
used to describe a work that “profoundly impacted” Western thought.
(D) is incorrect because trifling means insignificant and is, thus, the exact opposite of an adjective that would be used to
describe a work that “profoundly impacted” Western thought.
(E) is incorrect because provocative means stimulating. While The Age of Reason is probably interesting and stimulating, the
prompt is looking for a word that discusses the work’s impact and influence, not how interesting it is.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Sentence Completion 3
Level 11
Directions: Complete the sentence using the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
4. The food critic was not quite sure what
1. The staff writers found the new editorin-chief to be
, especially when
he would belittle the writers and irritate
them with his desire to micromanage
their stories.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
abrasive
judicial
charismatic
demure
winsome
to make of the
foam that
accompanied the foie gras, as it
seemed
and added nothing to
the dish overall.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
insufficient ... imperative
causeless ... warranted
gratuitous ... superfluous
verbose... extravagant
lavish ... opulent
5. Early historians referred to Custer’s
2. Contrary to popular belief, most
Americans did not feel the deleterious
effects of the stock market crash for
several years; as the Depression
worsened, though, millions of
Americans were left
as the
nation saw its highest unemployment
levels in history.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
irate
inferior
covetous
destitute
laboring
defeat at Little Big Horn as a savage
massacre by the Cheyenne tribe, but
most modern interpretations place the
in the proper historical context
and note, for instance, that Custer
himself had led several similar bloody
attacks on various tribes in the region.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
restitution
carnage
ordnance
vengeance
insurrection
6. Most felt that Carlton’s
3. Though obviously a work of fiction, the
book became popular because of its
: because the author made
even the ancient Byzantine conspiracy
plot seem believable, the book sold
millions of copies.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
incongruities
disingenuousness
honesty
machinations
verisimilitude
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
made
him incredibly unpopular, since people
seldom wish to be friends with
someone who constantly looks down
on them.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
superciliousness
apathy
gregariousness
modesty
insensitivity
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords are
“belittle” and “irritate,” two words that describe the actions of the “new editor-in-chief.” The missing word describes how others
found the editor to be, so it make it clear that the writers did not like the editor’s style and found him disagreeable and
annoying, since most would be annoyed by someone who would “irritate them.” Because abrasive means annoying or causing
ill will, choice (A) is correct.
(B) is incorrect because judicial means fair. The prompt indicates that the writers found the editor to be belittling and irritating.
These qualities are not indicative of someone who is fair.
(C) is incorrect because charismatic means likeable, which is the exact opposite of how the prompt describes the editor-inchief.
(D) is incorrect because demure means shy and modest, not words that would describe an editor known to “belittle” or insult his
writers.
(E) is incorrect because winsome means charming, which is the exact opposite of how the prompt describes the editor-in-chief.
2) D
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. In this prompt, the
keywords are “deleterious effects” and “highest unemployment rates.” Both of these are effects of the Depression and stock
market crash, and no part of the prompt implies there were positive effects of either, as the prompt simply calls into question
when the effects were felt. Thus, the missing word must also be one that refers to the harmful or “deleterious” effects of the
Depression. The missing word must also specifically refer to poverty, given that the immediate cause of the missing word is a
high unemployment rate. Because the unemployed do not earn income, they descend into poverty. Thus, choice (D) is the best
choice, as destitute means impoverished.
(A) is incorrect because irate means extremely angry. While many people probably were angry during the Depression, the
prompt does not suggest that this is a fact. The prompt only focuses on unemployment and other “deleterious effects” of the
Depression.
(B) is incorrect because inferior means less than adequate. In context, this would imply that the Americans experiencing the
Depression were themselves not adequate, though the prompt really means to suggest that Americans were left with an
inadequate amount of money.
(C) is incorrect because covetous means greedy. The prompt does not imply that the Americans in question were greedy but
that they, instead, did not have the ability to meet basic needs.
(E) is incorrect because laboring means working, though the prompt implies that few had jobs, “as the nation saw its highest
unemployment levels in history.”
3) E
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the key word is
“believable,” which comes in the clause that follows the colon. Colons are used to separate explanatory information from the
rest of a sentence, so everything that comes after the colon in this sentence elaborates on the missing word. The missing word
must, thus, refer to the fact that the book is believable despite the fact that the book is a work of fiction. Choice (E) provides a
word that works in context, as verisimilitude means the appearance of truth or believability.
(A) is incorrect because incongruities are things that do not fit together or are inconsistent. Inconsistencies do not make a
novel popular and generally do not add to a book’s believability.
(B) is incorrect because disingenuousness is insincerity. This is not a quality that would contribute to a book’s believability.
(C) is incorrect because honesty is candor or sincerity. While the prompt makes it clear the author wrote the book to be
“believable,” it does not say that the book is a true story or one full of sincerity.
(D) is incorrect because machinations are crafty schemes. This word could describe the plot of the novel, but it would not
explain why it was successful, since the book’s success depended on the book being “believable,” not on the crafty schemes in
its plot.
4) C
To figure out what the missing words are, try to predict their definitions by using keywords from the prompt. Here, the keywords
for both missing words are “added nothing to the dish overall.” This phrase describes the “foam” as unnecessary to the taste or
appearance of the meal, and, since the first missing word describes the foam and the second what the foam “seemed” to be,
both words should imply that the foam was unnecessary. Therefore, choice (C) is the correct answer, since it provides two
words that work in context: gratuitous means added without justification, while superfluous means unnecessary.
© Copyright PICEC, 2013. All rights reserved.
2
(A) is incorrect because neither word works in context. Insufficient means not enough, while imperative means crucial. As the
foam “added nothing to the dish overall,” there is no such thing as insufficient or not enough foam. Furthermore, the prompt
would not say that an unnecessary addition was crucial, as those ideas are antithetical.
(B) is incorrect because only the first word works in context. Causeless means unnecessary or without reason and, thus, works
in context for the first missing word. However, warranted means deserved and would not be used to describe the unnecessary
foam.
(D) is incorrect because only the second word works in context. Verbose means using more words than are needed. The foam
in question is an unnecessary food item, not a redundant word, so verbose does not make sense logically. However,
extravagant means beyond what is necessary, so this word would accurately describe the foam.
(E) is incorrect because neither word works in context. Lavish and opulent both mean decadent, but the prompt only implies
that the foam was unnecessary, not that it was necessarily rich or decadent.
5) B
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. The keywords here are
“massacre” and “bloody attacks.” The prompt makes it clear that the missing word refers to the defeat of Little Big Horn and
that it is also an example of “similar bloody attacks” or “massacres” that Custer once led. The missing word must be one that
means bloody violence, so choice (B) is correct: carnage is a massacre.
(A) is incorrect because restitution is a reparation made to compensate a loss. The prompt implies that the battle at Little Big
Horn was part of an ongoing war but not that it was necessarily payback for the Cheyenne.
(C) is incorrect because an ordnance is a military weapon, not a violent act.
(D) is incorrect because vengeance is violent revenge. The prompt implies that the battle at Little Big Horn was part of an
ongoing war but not that it was necessarily payback for the Cheyenne.
(E) is incorrect because an insurrection is a violent uprising against an authority figure. The prompt does not imply that the
battle at Little Big Horn was an insurrection by the Cheyenne; rather, it merely implies that it was a bloody battle in an ongoing
war. Insurrection usually refers to an armed rebellion.
6) A
To figure out what the missing word is, try to predict its definition by using keywords from the prompt. Here the keywords are in
the phrase “someone who constantly looks down on them,” a phrase that explains why Carlton was unpopular. The missing
word likewise provides a cause for his unpopularity, so the missing word must be a noun that would describe one who is
arrogant or looks down on others. Choice (A) provides such a word, as superciliousness is haughty contempt or arrogance.
(B) is incorrect because apathy is the absence of emotion or feeling for others. While such a trait would make one unpopular,
the prompt provides a different explanation for Carlton’s unpopularity: the fact that he “looks down on” others.
(C) is incorrect because gregariousness is sociability or friendliness and is, as such, a trait that would not define someone who
is “unpopular” and “looks down on others.”
(D) is incorrect because modesty is humility or a lack of arrogance. The prompt implies Carlton is anything but modest, as he
“constantly looks down on” others.
(E) is incorrect because insensitivity is callousness or an inability to care for others. While such a trait would make one
unpopular, the prompt provides a different explanation for Carlton’s unpopularity: the fact that he “looks down on” others.
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3
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Word Definition 1
Level 11
Directions: Choose the answer choice that best defines the word in capital letters.
1) AMBIGUITY
6) TENACIOUS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
amateur or beginner status
uncertainty of meaning in language
the state of being undecided
largeness in size or import
the character and atmosphere of a place
destructive or harmful
stretched tight and rigid
occupied as a rental
showing gentleness
unwilling to give up
2) PRUDENT
7) IMPUTE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
intelligent
pure
lustful
obedient
cautious
to blame or attribute
to seize or take custody
to share or communicate
to welcome or host
to stab or pierce
3) JUDICIOUS
8) HAUGHTY
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
showing good judgment
having strong feelings
practicing the law
being equitable and fair
acting in haste
mentally anguished
arrogantly superior
modestly understated
charmingly polite
nobly aristocratic
4) SUPERFLUOUS
9) CLAIRVOYANT
A. lubricated or containing enough liquid
B. behaving as though one thinks he/she is
superior
C. more than is necessary
D. shallow or lacking depth
E. more important than or taking the place
of something else
A. a person who oversees a trek or journey
B. a person who sings songs and lyrical
poems for nobility
C. a person who enjoys watching other
people without their knowledge
D. a person who claims to be able to
predict the future
E. a person who is known for being
naturally and impressively talented
5) FRUGAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
natural
sugary
lively
economical
exotic
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10) ANACHRONISM
A.
B.
C.
D.
something that runs behind schedule
something that lacks a purpose or use
something that is out of place in time
something that serves as an
abbreviation or something else
E. something that is beneficial to consume
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
ambiguity (noun): uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language: The lawyers carefully crafted the language of the agreement
so as to avoid any ambiguities or misunderstandings.
2) E
prudent (adjective): acting with or showing care and thought for the future: Lisa encouraged both her children to save money and
be prudent about their futures.
3) A
judicious (adjective): with good judgment: Yoda encouraged Luke to be more judicious; he especially cautioned Luke to not do
anything rashly or out of anger.
4) C
superfluous (adjective): unnecessary, especially through being more than is needed or is enough: One way to detect a liar is to
look for superfluous information; liars often falsely believe that adding more information than someone asked for makes a lie seem
more realistic, when in fact it has the opposite effect.
5) D
frugal (adjective): sparing or economical with regard to money or food: During the Great Depression, families had to learn to live
with a much more frugal lifestyle, since so few people had money to spend.
6) E
tenacious (adjective): not readily relinquishing a position, principle, or course of action: Martin Luther King was tenacious on the
subject of civil rights, and he would not give up his fight or change his stance even when jailed.
7) A
impute (verb): to represent something as being done, caused by, or possessed by someone: Many atrocities have been imputed to
the Nazis, and deservedly so: they slaughtered millions of people.
8) B
haughty (adjective): arrogantly superior and disdainful: As a young man, George Amberson is as haughty as they come, but as the
novel progresses, he learns to be less arrogant and snobbish.
9) D
clairvoyant (noun): a person who claims to have a supernatural ability to perceive events in the future or beyond normal sensory
contact: While Nostradamus is probably the most well-known clairvoyant, there are several other famous psychics, including Edgar
Cayce and Derek Acorah.
10) C
anachronism (noun): a thing belonging or appropriate to a period or place other than the one in which it exists, especially
something that appears to be noticeably old-fashioned: The film contained several intentional anachronisms; for instance, even
though the film takes place in 2012 and shows modern conveniences, the children have an old-fashioned record player and wear
clothing that looks to be from the 1920s.
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2
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Word Definition 2
Level 11
Directions: Choose the answer choice that best defines the word in capital letters.
1) BENEVOLENT
6) TRANSIENT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A. existing in a place between two larger
spaces
B. involving a violation of socially accepted
boundaries
C. staying or working in a place for only a
short time
D. moving or able to moved or carried
E. going beyond the range of known limits
talkative
kindly
private
favorable
powerful
2) DIVERGENT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
becoming less advanced
unspoiled or brand new
developing in different directions
splitting in two or more parts
very loving or loyal to a person or cause
3) NONCHALANT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
calm or indifferent
difficult or hard
anxious or uncomfortable
beautiful or charming
unintelligent or dimwitted
4) OSTENTATIOUS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
excluded
arty
hardened
showy
monastic
5) SUPPRESS
A.
B.
C.
D.
to add an extra element to something
to absorb something in something else
to forcibly put an end to something
to supersede and then replace
something
E. to bury a thought and hide it from
oneself
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7) WARY
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
tired or fatigued
cautious or hesitant
gray-haired or aged
icy or frigid
aggressive or combative
8) VENERABLE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
possibly corrupt or corruptible
certainly true or provable
slightly broken or inoperable
clearly defined or expressible
greatly respected or respectable
9) EXEMPLARY
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
serving as a summary for a text
representing the best of its kind
suggesting a point of exit in the theater
free from obligation or liability
having the power to put plans into effect
10) AESTHETIC
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
concerned with beauty and appearance
characterized by severe self-discipline
committed to scholarly learning
reminiscent of past themes
strong, physically fit, and active
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
benevolent (adjective): well-meaning, kindly, or charitable: The nightclub manager prided himself on being a benevolent boss, and
he was always willing to listen to any employee complaints and help any way that he could.
2) C
divergent (adjective): tending to de different or develop in different directions: The two brothers had the same upbringing but took
divergent paths at adolescence, one becoming a cop, the other a criminal.
3) A
nonchalant (adjective): feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed, or not displaying interest, enthusiasm, or anxiety: The
student’s lack of interest in the class was evidenced by her nonchalant body language and blasé attitude.
4) D
ostentatious (adjective): characterized by vulgar or pretentious display: While many old palaces such as Versailles were elegantly
gaudy, imitation palaces built by 21st century moguls are typically just ostentatious and lack any elegance or dignity.
5) C
suppress (verb): to forcibly put an end to something: While Charles I’s army was able to suppress rebellions in Scotland and
Ireland, it was unable to put down the large army the Parliament formed, which allowed Oliver Cromwell to take over England.
6) C
transient (adjective): staying or working in a place for only a short time: Restaurants are notorious for having high turnover in their
workforce, as most restaurant workers are transient employees.
7) B
wary (adjective): feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems: Ever fearful of snakes, Dr. Jones was wary of
entering the snake-riddled ancient tomb.
8) E
venerable (adjective): accorded or deserving of a great deal of respect because of age, wisdom, or character: Few people are as
venerable as Nobel Peace Prize recipients, for they are among a select few who have truly made the world a better place.
9) B
exemplary (adjective): serving as a desirable model or representing the best of its kind: The valedictorian of a graduating class is
typically the student who has done the most exemplary job in the class; usually, he or she has the highest grade point average.
10) A
aesthetic (adjective): concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty: While there is more to art than its aesthetic qualities, it is
true that most art historically has shown an artist’s appreciation of beauty.
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2
泛美国际
Name_
Date
• Word Definition 3
Level 11
Directions: Choose the answer choice that best defines the word in capital letters.
1) DEMAGOGUE
6) PRETENTIOUS
A. an antagonist in a work of fiction
B. a political leader who seeks support by
appealing to prejudices
C. a social climber or person with a great
deal of ambition
D. a person who makes his or her living
through public speaking
E. a being with partial or lesser divine
status than a deity
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2) CORROBORATE
A. to divide an activity into separate
smaller projects
B. to remove the central part of something
C. to work jointly on an activity
D. to make two things accurately align or
become parallel
E. to confirm a statement with evidence
3) INTUITIVE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
invisible
inside
instinctive
insulting
ingenious
4) NOVICE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a beginner
an original idea
a short literary work
a religious zealot
a numbing agent
5) ORATOR
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
toadyish and fawning
snobbish and disdainful
unwarranted and excessive
affected and pompous
punctual and prompt
7) MUNDANE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
generous
dull
dirty
required
extraordinary
8) DELETERIOUS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
harmful
canceled
envious
censored
slowing
9) RECLUSIVE
A.
B.
C.
D.
enjoying a relaxing or amusing activity
becoming less advanced
denying other people or things entry
opening up previously secret information
to the public
E. avoiding the company of other people
10) ENERVATE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
to cause worry
to sadden
to weaken
to encourage
to excite
a doctor or surgeon
a coach or teacher
an opera singer
a public speaker
a graceful person
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1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
demagogue (noun): a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using
rational argument: George Wallace was arguably the most successful demagogue in history: he was able to win five states in 1968
largely by appealing to Southern racism.
2) E
corroborate (verb): to confirm or give support to a theory, statement, or argument: The defense attorney found four separate
witnesses who could corroborate her client’s statement, and this firmly proved his alibi in the eyes of the jury.
3) C
intuitive (adjective): using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning: I had an intuitive feeling that
something was wrong with my dog, and my instincts paid off when the vet was able to diagnose her with ringworm.
4) A
novice (noun): a person new to or inexperienced in a field or situation: Unlike her brother, who has been playing chess for years,
Dorothy remains a mere novice.
5) D
orator (orator): a skilled and eloquent public speaker: Abraham Lincoln’s greatest asset was his speaking skills; he was such a fine
orator that he could convince almost anyone to agree with his points of view.
6) D
pretentious (adjective): attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, or knowledge than is actually
possessed: Derrick had a tendency to try to mention important works of literature and art in his casual conversation, and such
pretentious airs tended to make others dislike him.
7) B
mundane (adjective): lacking interest or excitement: Many readers seek a temporary escape from their dull, mundane existences by
reading gripping adventure stories.
8) A
deleterious (adjective): causing harm or damage: While exercise is generally beneficial, too much exercise can actually have
deleterious effects on one’s health.
9) E
reclusive (adjective): solitary or avoiding the company of other people: Many, inspired by Thoreau’s life of solitude in the words,
have sought similar reclusive excursions.
10) C
enervate (verb): to cause someone to feel drained of energy or vitality: Just as a vampire drains blood out of its victim, so an energy
vampire enervates its victim, leaving him or her feeling drained of vigor.
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2