Nick Reed Mr. Kann APUSH Saturday, October 17, 2015 Unit 5 Notes​
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Part 2 ​
(Textbook and Crashcourse 16 Notes) 1. “President of the Common Man” ​
p.237­239 The Spoils System ● During 8 years of office → Jackson removed ⅕
of federal officeholders. ■ Many were for partisan reasons. ○ Because misused govt funds engaged in other forms of corruption. ● Jackson → embraced philosophy of the​
“spoils system”. ○ System = well entrenched in number of state governments. ● Jackson administration ​
→ made right of elected officials to appoint own followers to public office. ○ (An established future of American politics). ■ Jackson's supporters → transformed process. ■ (Presidential candidates won their party’s nominations). ● 1832: National party convention held to replace congressional caucus. ○ Democratic pride because power came from people, not from aristocratic caucus. Limited Nature of Democratic Reform ● Spoils System/ convention → limited power of rooted elites. ○ (Permanite officeholders, executive party caucus). ■ Neither transferred true power to the people. ● National convention delegates = less​
common men ​
then members of local party organizations. ○ Political opportunity in party expanding → but less than Jackson had suspected. “Our Federal Union” ​
p.239­242 1. Calhoun and Nullification ​
p.239 Calhoun’s Theory of Nullification ● 1828: John C. Calhoun = 46 years old → from disguised past/ promising future. ○ Issue of tariff → created dilemma for him → strongly supported tariff 1816. ○ 1820’s: South Carolinians → believed “tariff of abominations” = responsible for stagnation of state’s economy. ■ Stagnation = large result of south carolina’s farmland exhaustion. ■ Some → ready for consideration of drastic remedy secession. ● Developed theory → believed offered moderate alternative secession. ■ (Theory of Nullification) ○ Idea = similar to Madison/ Jefferson’s KY + VA Resolutions → 1798­1799. ■ Argued the federal government created by the states. ■
Convention → held to invalidate and void laws within a state. 2. The Rise of Van Buren ​
p.239­240 Martin Van Buren ● Won election governorship of NY: 1828 → resigned 1829 when appointed secretary of state by Jackson. ○ Established himself member of official cabinet/ president’s political ally circles. ■ (Kitchen Cabinet) ○ His influence = unmatched + grew stronger → quarrel over etiquette result. ■ Senator Eaton became Jackson’s secretary of war. ● Van Buren befriended Eatons → 1831: Jackson chose Van Buren to succeed him in the white house. ○ Ended Calhoun’s desire of becoming a president. 3. The Webster ­ Hayne Debate ​
p.240­241 States Rights versus National Power ● January 1830: Proposal to temporarily stop western land sales. ○ SC Senator Robert Hayne → responded slowing down western growth = way for east to contain political/ economic power. ● Daniel Webster ​
(MA senator/ nationalistic whig) → attacked Hayne. ○ Then attacked Calhoun for challenging integrity in the Union. ■ Debate = not on public lands/ tariff → ensued over issue of states rights vs national power. ● Democratic Party banquet (honor Thomas Jefferson): Jackson thought of argument. ○ Quote: “Our Federal Union­It must be preserved” ○ Quote: “The Union, next to our liberty most dear” ■ Tension between important US government figures (Calhoun/ Jackson). 4. The Nullification Crisis ​
p.241­242 ● 1832: controversy of nullification process crisis → (south carolinians responded angrily to congressional tariff bill). ○ Legislature summoned state convention. ○ Voted to nullify tariffs of 1828 + 1832/ forbid collection of duties within the state. ■ SC → elected Hayne as governor. ■ Calhoun resigned as vice president to replace Hayne as senator. ● Jackson established nullification = treason + people implementing = traitors. ● Proposed bill giving president right to military use → for obeying acts of Congress. Compromise ● No states supported SC → state itself divided in two (founding of NC). ○ Senator Henry Clay:​
arranged compromise that tariff gradually lowered so in 1842 → would be at same level as in 1816. ■ Compromise + force bill passed in March 1833. ●
SC state convention met/ reassembled its nullification of the tariffs. ○ Also nullified the force act → (unwilling to allow congress to have last word). ■ Calhoun + followers claimed victory for nullification. The Removal of the Indians p
​.242­246 1. White Attitudes Toward the Tribes Changing Attitudes Toward the Indians ● 18th century: white americans considered indians “noble savages”. → (People without real cultivation, but still able to live “civilized”. ● 19th century: attitude towards indians transformed to be way more hostile. ○ Whites viewed natives as savages. ○ Didn’t think they should have to live close to tribal areas. ■ White westerners → favored removal (feared endless arguing between whites + natives → would result in violence). ● Only federal govt had power to negotiate with Indians over land. ● Result of Supreme Court decisions → established indians being part of the nation. ○ Indians created larger tribes → for collective strength to deal with whites. ■ Untested political entities → tribes often weak + divided. ● Marshal Court: acknowledged tribes sovereign nations + dependent “nations”. ○ Government interpreted responsibility to move natives away from white settlement expansion. 2. The Black Hawk War ● Old Northwest Black Hawk War: 1831­1832 between white settlers in Illinois and Sauk (Fox Indians) → now under fable aged.
○ Earlier treaty made with tribal lands and US government. ■ Black Hawks refused to accept legitimacy of agreement. Sauk and Fox Indians ● Conflict known for viciousness of military efforts. ○ Whites attacked black hawk even when attempted to surrender. ■ Sauks + Foxes resulted defeated and starving. ● Retreated across the Mississippi to Iowa. ○ White troops joined retreat/ chase. ■ Resulted slaughtering majority of natives within range. 3. The “Five Civilized Tribes” Agrarian Tribes of the South ● 1830’s: government worried about remaining “Five Civilized Tribes” in the South. ■ Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw. ○ Most established + settled in agricultural societies with good economies. ● Some whites argued with Cherokees → unlike other tribes should be allowed to retain eastern lands. ■ (Since some were becoming “civilized” societies). Removal Act ● Federal government → worked to negotiate treaties to remove tribes to West + open lands for white settlement. ○ Negotiation process → didn’t proceed fast enough for whites. ● 1830: Congress passed Removal Act (Jackson’s approval). ○ Meant to finance negotiations with tribes to relocate them to the west. ■ Most tribes = too weak to resist → ceded over lands in return for token payments (some balked). ● Georgia: Cherokees tried to stop white invasions. ○ (Encouraged by Andrew Jackson → by appealing Supreme Court). Cherokee Resistance ● 1835: treaty signed by federal government + minority faction of Cherokees → none had represented the Cherokee nation. ○ Treaty ceded $5 million + reservation west of Mississippi. ■ 17000 of Cherokees didn’t consider treaty to be legitimate → refused to end up leaving their homes. ■ Jackson = not happy about situation. ● Sent an army of 7000 (under general Winfield Scott) to get indians and drive them westward. ■ (Rough/ physical approach → bayonet point (guns)). 4. Trails Of Tears Cherokee Removal ● 1000 cherokee fled across state line → to NC. ○ Federal govt provided small reservation for them in Smoky Mountains. ■ Forced trek to “Indian Territory. ● Later became Oklahoma → (beginning of winter: 1838. Indian Removal ● 1830­1838: all “Five Civilized Tribes” = expelled from Southern states + relocated to Indian Territory created by Congress. ○ Indian Intercourse Act (1834). ● Government → thought indian territory = safely distant/ consisted of land that most whites considered undesirable. ○ Prospect of whites → surrounding reservation, producing conflict = remote. The Seminole War ● Seminoles in Florida = managed to resist relocation. ○ Under pressure → agreed cede land + move to indian territory. ■ (Many tribal members resulted moving). ● 1835: Chief Osceola refused to leave + staged uprising. ○
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Jackson sent troops → conducted campaign of systematic extermination. ■ Guerilla warfare forced government abandoning war → 1842. By then: Seminoles either killed/ forced westward. Jackson And The Bank War ​
p.246­248 1. Biddle’s Institution ​
p.246­247 Nicholas Biddle ● 1830’s: bank of US = mighty institution + attracted Jackson’s irritation. ○ Had branches in 29 cities → most powerful institution in US. ○ Provided credit to growing enterprises, served as dependable medium throughout US, issued banknotes. ● Nicholas Biddle: ​
president of US bank from 1823 on. ■ Andrew Jackson: ​
determined to destroy bank. Hard and Soft Money ● Soft­money​
= those who wanted more currency in circulation + believed in issuing banknotes. ○ Consited of state banks. ○ Resisted state banks to free issue of notes from state banks. ■ Believers of rapid economic growth. ● Hard­money​
= believe gold/ silver = only basis of money. ○ Commended all banks + issued banknotes. ■ Jackson = supporter of hard money. ● Jackson → involvement land/ commercial speculations based on paper credit. ○ Business failed → fallen into debt → (result of panic of 1797). ○ Jackson = suspicious of all banks + paper currency. ■ Would not favor renewing of bank due to expire 1836. ● Biddle → granted financial favors to men (who helped preserve bank). ○ Turned to​
Daniel Webster ​
→ cultivated friendship with Biddle. ■ Webster = director of Boston branch. ■ Webster = frequent heavy borrower from bank. Jackson’s Veto ● 1832: Clay + Webster → persuaded Biddle to apply for congress. ○ Forcing vote = allowing bank to become major issue for 1832 national elections. ■ Congress passed bill. ■ Jackson vetoed bill (predictable). ○ Banks failed to override veto. ● Clay ran for president → bank war prevented him from become executive branch. ○ Jackson → defeated Clay (with Van Buren). 2. The “Monster” Destroyed ​
p.247 Removal of Government Deposits ●
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Administration transferred funds from US bank → to pet banks. ○ Biddle called in loans + raised interest rates. ○ Actions were likely to cause financial distress. ■ Persuaded congress to recharter bank 1833­1834: financial conditions worsened. ○ Bank supporters → blamed Jackson’s policies. Jacksonians: blamed concession on Biddle. ○ Biddle threatend their interests. Group of Boston merchants → protested. Jackson Victorious ● Jackson won political victory. ○ Bank of US died 1836. ■ Nation lost valuable financial institution. ○ Left with → unstable banking system would plague economy for a century. 3. The Taney Court ​
p.247­348 Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge ● 1837: Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge. ○ Company chartered by state to build bridge from Boston to Cambridge. ○ Charter guaranteed monopoly of bridge traffic. ● Taney → government’s goal promote general happiness over right of contract + property. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Crash Course 16 ● How women transformed pre civil war America. ○ Helped to improve prisons, schools, decrease public drunkenness, and an end to slavery. ● Colonial era → most american women lived like their European counterparts. ● Lower/ working class women = more equal to men of their own classes. ○ The higher the social class → the greater the restrictions on women. ● American women did participate in American revolution. ■ Expected to marry + have kids rather than pursue a career. ○ Husband's held authority over their wives. ● Women = important to new republic → they were responsible for raising children. ○
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Women could not participate in political process. ■ Still needed to be somewhat educated. Republican mother idea → allowed women access to education. ○ Women were counted in determining population/ representation in a state. ■ (Unlike slaves → ⅗
comprise idea). Cult of Domesticity​
→ determined a woman's place was in a home. ○ (Working in the home). ■ Provided love, food, clean living space, friendship, mutual obligation. Was not just men who bought into cult of domesticity. ○ Idea of true equality between men/ women = radical. ■ Women's opportunities for work were very limited. ■ Poor women still did find work → factories, domestic servants ○ Some middle class women found jobs → teaching/ staying at home. ○ Most american women had no chance to work for profit outside their house. Reform movements = open to women. ○ Women could also claim to be the moral conscience of the nation. Many of most famous advocates for legally prohibiting sale of alcohol = women. Women gave many temperance lectures. ○ Temperance lecture → meant for the men’s advantage. ■ Alcohol = consumed way more in past than today. Temperance movement → huge difference in American life. ○ Male + female supporters of temperament realized that women would be more powerful ally against alcohol. ■ (Voting rights) → if they could vote. Most urgent reasons women to want to vote → mid 1800’s = alcohol related. ○ Wanted saloons to close down, wanted right to own private property, wanted right to divorce husbands for child protection. ■ Needed a vote for a change in those laws. Maria Stewart​
→ first African american women to lecture/ mix male + female audiences. Many women → involved with abolitionist movements. ○ Equality under law for male slaves → slippery slope for equality of women. ■ Movement of women's rights was born. ■ Issue of women's suffrage. Many wrote + published ​
declaration of sentiments. ○ This declaration = more radical than declaration of independence. Women’s movements → primarily middle/ upper women (effort). Sojourner Truth​
→ famous black women abolitionist. ■ Spoke about working class women. Amelia Bloomer ​
→ got paid because she recognized that it was impossible for women to participate in economic activity. ○ (Because of their clothes). Women had question vast majority of social reform in the US.