UNIT 3. SECONDARY INDUSTRY
1. RAW MATERIALS
2. ENERGY SOURCES
3. SECONDARY INDUSTRY
3.1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
3.2. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
3.3. LOCATION OF INDUSTRY
3.4. MANUFACTURING IN THE WORLD.
4. ENERGY AND INDUSTRY IN SPAIN AND GALICIA
KEY WORDS
Raw materials
Energy sources
Open-cast
Wind farm
Power
Tanker
To heat
Pipeline
Sluices
Reservoir
Silt
Rotor blades
Iron ore
Steel
Engine
Limestone
Bulk
Capital goods
Consumer goods
Heavy manufacturing
Light manufacturing
Steam
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TASK 1
Raw materials are all these substances that turn into different things during industrial process. Classify the following raw materials in three different groups according to its origin:
TASK 2:
Looking at the map, can you tell in which continents are the main exporters of raw materials?
And the main importers?
Can you think of a reason for this distribution?
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TASK 3:
People use energy to heat their houses or run factories and cars. The sources of the energy can be classified into two categories:
1.
Non-renewable or finite energy resources are sources of power that cannot be replaced once they are used, because the energy source has taken millions of years to form.
2.
Renewable or infinite energy resources are sources of power that can be used again and again.
Classify the following energy sources into renewable and non-renewable:
Wave
Tidal
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
Hydro-electric power (HEP)
Solar
Wood
Uranium
Wind
Geothermal
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY
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TASK 4:
Now, choose one of the following titles for each paragraph.
NUCLEAR POWER
OIL AND GAS
COAL
SOLAR POWER
WIND POWER
HEP
1)
Origin: it is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of 300-million-year old trees and plants.
Use: it is burned in thermal power stations to produce electricity and in peoples’ homes to provide heat.
Producers: USA, Australia, South Africa and China.
Advantages: known reserves will last about 300 years, relatively efficient source of energy.
Disadvantages: open-cast mines cause visual, noise and air pollution, gases produced when it is burned cause global warming and acid rain.
2)
Origin: They are formed from the remains of the tiny sea creatures that lived
200 million years ago.
Use : both are burned in thermal power stations to produce electricity, as well as being used in peoples’ homes.
Producers : Middle East, USA, Russia and the North Sea.
Advantages : easy to transport by pipeline and tanker, cleaner than coal, produces less than half the amount of greenhouse gases.
Disadvantages : limited known reserves, environmental damage caused by spills.
3)
Origin: it is produced using a radioactive mineral called uranium.
Use: uranium atoms are split in a process called nuclear fission. It produces intense heat. The heat is used to boil water to produce steam. The steam drives turbines which produce electricity.
Producers: France, Japan.
Advantages: small amounts are needed, reserves will last for at least 1000 years, it does not produce gases which pollute the atmosphere.
Disadvantages: radioactive substances can kill, a large dose is fatal immediately and low doses cause cancer, nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste which remains dangerous for hundreds of years, there is no long-term solution for storing nuclear waste.
4)
Origin: The water of the rivers.
Use: it is provided by damming a river to form a reservoir. Water is released through sluices and its pressure drives turbines which generate electricity.
Producers: it is possible in areas with large or fast-flowing rivers.
Advantages: no greenhouse gases produced, after construction provides cheap electricity, dam also prevents flooding, reservoir is used for recreation.
Disadvantages: extremely expensive and difficult to build, large area of land is flooded, reservoirs will slowly fill with silt.
5)
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6)
Origin: sunlight.
Use: a panel containing light-sensitive cells is exposed to sunlight. The cells can be used to heat water or to convert the sunlight to electricity.
Advantages: it is mobile and is used to power electronic equipment, satellites and other space stations use solar power to extend their effective lives.
Disadvantages: its use is limited by night and by clouds, the technology is only
15% efficient at converting sunlight into energy.
Origin: the wind.
Use: the wind turns rotor blades at up to 400 km per hour and the generator converts energy into electricity.
Producers: it is most suitable for upland areas with reliable strong winds.
Advantages: no greenhouse gases, electricity is cheap, it is adaptable (from one turbine for an isolated house, to a wind farm with hundreds of turbines).
Disadvantages: visually intrusive in areas of natural beauty, rotor blades are noisy and interfere with television signals, to replace fossil fuels would need a huge number of turbines.
EXERCISES:
7.3., 7.4., Energy and power, 7.7.
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TASK 5:
Secondary industry or manufacturing industry involves the processing of raw materials or other manufactured products to produce goods.
Fill in the gaps in the following text with the words you have at the end:
3.1.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution happened during the second half of the 18 th -----------in the
UK. A series of ------------- led to the development of manufacturing and many people working in ---------------.
The first factories made iron, steel and textiles, and during the early 19 th ship building and --------------- became very important. Iron, steel, railway and shipbuilding are known as traditional manufacturing or heavy industry .
Factories at this time used steam --------- . Coal was the main fuel for the steam engines. Most factories were built close to the--------- of coal, which was heavy and expensive to transport.
The other important raw materials were limestone and --------- because they were used in the steel-making process.
Inventions, iron, railways, century, sources, factories, power
3.2.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
A) BY THE GOODS PRODUCED
Capital goods . They produce machines for other industries or material for transport. For example iron and steel industry, shipyards, aeronautic industry...
Consumer goods . They produce goods directly for markets. For instance food manufacturing, books, textile...
B) BY THE WEIGHT OF THE GOODS
Heavy manufacturing . Usually matches with capital goods. They need a lot of investments, so only states or big financial groups can participate in it.
Light manufacturing . Usually matches with consumer goods. They need less investments and attract more private capital.
TASK 6: Classify the following industries in the different groups. One industry can be situated in one group by the goods produced and in other group by the weight of the goods.
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3.3. LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES.
The location of one or several factories can be explained in order to attempt the lowest costs. So, we can see different conditioning factors.
TASK 7:
Working in pairs, write a title for each of the following paragraphs, being each of them a conditioning factor:
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1.
In the past they have been very important in the location of industry.
Some of them are very heavy, bulky and were expensive to transport. The iron and steel industries tended to be located near the raw material.
2. In the past industries factories used steam power and tended to be located near to coal mines. Today they use electricity, and they don’t need to be close to a source power. The manufacture of aluminium takes very large amount of power.
As a result some aluminium manufacturing plants have located close to energy sources to reduce their energy costs (Xove: As Pontes-Meirama)
3. Larger industrial plants need flat land. It is also helpful for expansion in the future.
4. Every industry takes large amounts of money: to set up, to buy raw materials and machines, transport... Banks and governments offer loans to people developing a business.
5. The availability, skill level and cost of the workforce are all important factors in the location of industry. For example, the textile factories need large numbers of workers who need not be highly skilled. As a result the textile factories tend to locate near to large urban areas. The computer hardware and software industries need educated and skilled labour, and they tend to locate near
Universities.
6. A good transport network will help move products quickly. A site that is well connected to a motorway network with rail and airport connections will be more attractive.
7.
Industries that produce perishable goods tend to locate near to the market.
Some products gain weight or bulk during manufacture, like baking, brewing and soft drinks. These industries used to locate near to their markets to reduce transport costs. When a factory sells all its product to a small group of factories it is usual for them to group together. This is said to create an agglomeration .
8. There are a number of ways in which government may influence the location of industry: a) Setting aside plots of land for industrial use b) Banning industries that create pollution from locating near to residential areas.
c) Offering loans, subsidies and tax exemptions to companies willing to open factories in regions in need of development.
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4.4.
MANUFACTURING IN THE WORLD
There are marked differences between the economic development of more economically developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically developed countries
(LEDCs). a) INDUSTRY IN MEDC’s
TASK 8:
Listen to the following text and try to fill in the gaps:
As traditional industries such as ---------- and ---------- declined, modern industries have taken their place. Modern industries include light --------------- industry and high-tech industry. Light manufacturing produces things such as ------------- goods, parts for cars and food. High-tech industries are involved in ----------, bio-technology and communications.
Modern industries are described as “ footloose ”. This means they are not tied to one ----------. Because they do not use bulky raw materials they are able to locate wherever they choose. Many modern industries will look for a site with good transport -----and a suitable workforce.
Modern industries prefer to locate on greenfield sites , locations near urban areas with no ------------. Some greenfield sites are business and science parks . On these sites the local authorities provide roads and services as well as attractive -------------.
EXERCISES: 8.4, 8.5, 8.7.
TASK 9: Try to order the following paragraphs: b) INDUSTRY IN LEDC,s
Capital for investment is limited.
Local markets are limited.
Transport networks are poor and can be disrupted by the weather,
Electricity is unreliable or unavailable.
Government officials may be corrupt.
Lack of skilled labour and management expertise.
MEDCs may trade unfairly (eg quotas on imports).
Industry in LEDCs is divided into formal and informal sectors, but the informal sector employs the most people:
Low labour costs.
Government encouragement such as lower taxes.
Modern communications that allow the headquarters, research and development parts of the company to remain in a MEDC.
Access to a potentially growing market.
LEDCs have not gone through an Industrial Revolution in the same way as
MEDCs. The majority of the population are still employed in agriculture. Before industrialisation can take place a number of problems need to be solved:
Formal: official jobs where workers have contracts, work fixed hours and regular wages. Examples: working in a factory or office.
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Informal: unofficial job where workers have no contract, long irregular hours and uncertain wages. Example: working in a small workshop or on a street stall.
Transnationals are also called multinational companies. They are very large companies with offices and production sites all over the world. They employ millions of people and they can move production to the cheapest site they can find. TNCs tend to locate in LEDCs to take advantage of:
Most of the profit is transferred back to the MEDC.
The jobs created are low in skills.
Wages are low and working conditions are often not good.
They may cause environmental damage.
They may leave a country for a cheaper source.
LEDCs welcome TNCs because they provide employment, pay some taxes, train the local workforce, improve roads and provide some school and health facilities. But they have some disadvantages:
The role of the transnational corporations (TNCs).
c) NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (NICs)
TASK 9:
This task is very similar to the last one, but you must work individually. Try to order the following paragraphs:
1.
Cheap loans and subsidies
Imports restricted to protect national industries
Currencies devalued to make exports cheaper
Education and training prioritised to attract high-tech companies.
2.
Problems:
3.
A small number of LEDCs have developed economies based on manufacturing since the
1960s. They are known as NICs. They include Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South
Korea and Brazil. Governments of NICs used different strategies to attract companies:
4.
Some successes:
5.
TNCs move to other countries when subsidies and tax breaks end.
Wages have risen, making other LEDCs cheaper locations.
NICs borrowed heavily.
6.
Manufacturing industry has progressed from textiles and clothes to high-tech electronics.
Wages and living standards have risen.
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In some cases, NICs’ industries have grown to become transnational companies.
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TASK 10
SPAIN
ENERGY
Using the maps, answer the questions:
Spain is poor in energy resources, with the exception of coal. Rapid industrial growth has intensified the problems caused by insufficient oil reserves.
1. Name all the places where you can find coal reserves.
2. Name three other minerals you can find in Spain.
3. Name all the nuclear power stations we have in Spain. In which Communities are they located?
INDUSTRY
Industrial production was around one third of GDP in 2001. The chief industrial sectors are food and beverages, energy, and transport materials. Chemical production is also significant. Of the heavy industries, iron and steel, centered mainly in Bilbao and Avilés, is the most important.
Automobiles are Spain's leading export.
1. Name the main four industrial areas in Spain
2. Name some towns that are located in the main industrial axis
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TASK 11
MINING, ENERGY AND INDUSTRY IN GALICIA
Complete the text with the words you have below:
MINING
Coal --------- is decreasing in production. This is due to the exhaustion of the -------- being mined in
Cerceda and As Pontes, and the difficulty of exploiting new deposits.
The future of Galician mining lies with the natural -------- sub-sector. Galicia is the second Spanish region in production and the first in exports, as well as the world’s top slate -------- and exporter.
There have been created the technological granite and slate -------- in O Porriño and Valdeorras respectively.
Words:
Producer, mining, stone, deposits, centers.
TASK 12
Listen carefully to the following text, and try to fill in the gaps.
ENERGY
Galicia's electricity production ------------- includes several thermoelectric power stations, cogeneration plants, power stations supplied by renewable ------------- (wind, biomass and hydroelectric), as well as some fuelled by waste.
Galicia has a highly diversified electricity production network that reduces the potential risks of occasional shortages.
•
•
•
•
•
In Galicia there are currently three large ------------- power stations (which use fossil fuels): As
Pontes, Meirama and Sabón.
There are 34 ------------- power stations which represent 17% of Spain's hydroelectric power and
38% of Galicia's.
Natural gas is a clean, economical, easy-to-use and ------------- source of energy. It is the most attractive solution, in Galicia and in the rest of Spain, in order to meet the growing final demand and partially replace oil products. New electricity production projects are linked to this
-------------.
The existence of a ------------- in A Coruña gives Galicia an important presence in the management of energy resources at a national level, with the transformed products being sent to the interior and exterior -------------.
Renewable energy sources can ------------- 74% of electricity consumption. Galicia is one of the regions in the world that best exploits ------------- resources, being among the top six with the greatest power. Galicia is the leading Spanish region in relation to forestwaste potential
(-------------) (17% of the national total).
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TASK 13
Read the following text, analyze the graphs and then answer the questions.
INDUSTRY
In addition to food industries, derived from the powerful primary sector, Galicia is involved in important industrial activities in, above all, the car, timber, shipbuilding and textile sectors, along with the production of natural stone.
1. In what product is Galicia the world’s top exporter?
2. Where can you find industrial stones in Galicia?
3. Name the three thermoelectric power stations in Galicia.
4. What is the main domestic energy source?
5. What is the main imported energy source?
6. Name the main towns you can find over the current gas pipelines network.
7.
Name two heavy and one light industries in Galicia
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