Coordination and Acceleration of
Standards for Smart Grid
− Distributed Generation
Allen Hefner
NIST Smart Grid Team
National Institute of Standards and Technology
U.S. Department of Commerce
Smart Grid – U.S. National Priority
“We’ll fund a better, smarter electricity
grid and train workers to build it…”
President Barack Obama
“To meet the energy challenge and create a 21st
century energy economy, we need a 21st century
electric grid…” Secretary of Energy Steven Chu
“A smart electricity grid will revolutionize the way we use energy, but
we need standards …” Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke
Congressional Priority: EISA 2007, ARRA, oversight, new bills …
Administration Policy development:
http://www.smartgrid.gov/news/nstc_subcommittee
What Will the Smart Grid Look Like?
•
High use of renewables: 20% – 35% by 2020
•
Distributed generation and microgrids
•
“Net” metering: selling local power into the grid
•
Distributed storage
•
Smart meters that provide near-real time usage data
•
Time of use and dynamic pricing – demand response
•
Ubiquitous smart appliances communicating with the grid
•
Energy management systems in homes as well as commercial and
industrial facilities linked to the grid
•
Growing use of plug-in electric vehicles: Million in US by 2015
•
Networked sensors and automated controls throughout the grid
The NIST Role
Energy Independence and Security Act (2007) In cooperation with the DoE, NEMA, IEEE, GWAC, and other stakeholders, NIST has “primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems…”
US Government Roles in Smart Grid
Federal
Office of Science & Technology
Policy; National Economic Council;
& Council on Environmental Quality
Smart Grid Task Force /
National Science &
Technology Council
Smart Grid
Subcommittee
Federal
Energy
Regulatory
Commission
State
FERC – NARUC
Smart Response Collaborative
Public Utility Commissions
Other Federal
Agencies
NIST Smart Grid Framework and Roadmap
• Published January 2010
– Smart Grid Vision / Reference Model
– Identified 75 key standards
http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
IEC, IEEE, …
– 16 Priority Action Plans to fill gaps
• Cyber Security Document published August 2010
Conceptual Reference
Model
Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP)
•
Public-private partnership created in Nov. 2009
– 22 stakeholders groups
– over 600 member organizations, 50 international
– over 1700 participants
•
Coordinates development of standards by over 20
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs)
Stakeholder
Category
Members (22)
including
utilities,
suppliers, IT
developers
Smart Grid Identified Standards
One Organization,
One Vote
(Over 450; over 1500 persons participating including from international organizations)
At large
Members (3)
Ex Officio
(non‐voting)
Members
SGIPGB
Priority
Action Plans
Use Cases
Requirements
Standing Committees
Working Groups
(Architecture, Conformance and Security)
Standards
Descriptions
(DEWG, PAP, Other)
SGIP
Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board
Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board
Conceptual Model
Products (IKB)
Priority Action Plans
Priority Action Plans
Priority Action Plans
Smart meter upgradeability standard
(PAP 00, completed by NEMA in 2009)
Guidelines for use of IP protocol suite in
the Smart Grid (PAP 01)
Standard meter data profiles (PAP 05)
Guidelines for the use of wireless
communications (PAP 02)
Develop common specification for price
and product definition (PAP 03)
Develop common scheduling
communication for energy transactions
(PAP 04)
Standard demand response signals (PAP
09)
Harmonize power line carrier standards
for appliance communications in home
(PAP15)
Develop common information model
(CIM) for distribution grid management
(PAP 08)
Customer energy use information (PAP10)
DNP3 Mapping to IEC 61850 Objects
(PAP12)
Energy storage/generator interconnection
and object model standards (PAP 07)
Transmission and distribution power
systems model mapping (PAP 14)
Object model standards for plug-in electric
vehicles (PAP 11)
Wind communication standards (PAP 16)
Harmonization of IEEE C37.118 with
IEC 61850 and Precision Time
Synchronization (PAP 13)
PAP 7: Smart Grid ES‐DER Standards
SG Standards Need
• Interconnection and object model standards needed for:
– DER grid operational interface with dispatchable: VAR, V, F, etc.
– support for energy storage devices (ES), including PEV
– and hybrid generation‐storage systems (ES‐DER) PAP Major Objectives
• Revised and updated consistent guidelines and standards:
– Involve broad set of Stakeholders: SDOs, utilities, vendor, etc.
– Scoping Document to determine priorities and timeline for standards development for spectrum of applications – IEEE 1547 revisions for urgent applications
– Consistent object models for DER, ES, ES‐DER in IEC 61850‐7‐420
– UL, NEC‐NFPA70, SAE guidelines for safe, reliable implementation
9
PAP 7: Task Interactions
Task 2: IEEE 1547.4 for island applications and IEEE 1547.6 for secondary networks
Info exchanges
MIC
PAPs Task 4: Develop and Harmonize Object Models
IEC 61850‐7‐420: Expanded to include • Multifunctional ES‐DER operational interface
• Harmonized with CIM & MultiSpeak
• Map to MMS, DNP3, web services, & SEP 2 10
IEC 61850 Object Models
• IEC 61850 – Interface Standard of Object Models for Utility Industry
–
–
–
–
Very modular
Establishes “well‐known” standardized names, data formats, and services
Initially focused on substation automation, but now being expanded IEC 61850 object modeling constructs:
Logical Devices (LD)
• IEC 61850‐7‐420 for DER
–
–
–
–
–
–
General DER management
Photovoltaic systems
Fuel cells
Diesel generation
Combined heat and power
Battery storage
Logical
Nodes
(LN)
Logical
Nodes
Data Objects (DO)
Common
DataData
Classes
(CDC)
Common
Class
CommonComponents
Attributes
Common
Standard Data Types
• Working on Edition 2 to reflect PAP 7 and PEV requirements
courtesy: Frances Cleveland (Xanthus Consulting International)
DER Logical Devices and Logical Nodes DER Plant Electrical
Connection Point (ECP)
DER Unit Controller
ECP
DRCT, FSEQ, MMXU
Recip Engine DCIP
Fuel Cell DFCL, DSTK, DFPM
Photovoltaics DPVM, DPVA, DPVC, DTRC
Combined Heat Power DCHC, DCHI, DCHX, DCHS
Energy
Converter
DREX,
DEXC
Exciter
DFUL, DFLV
ECP
DGEN,
DRAT,
DRAZ,
DCST
Generator
Unit
RSYN
YRCT,
YINV,
MMDC
DC
Converter
Converter
Sync
Storage
Device
Fuel
System
DCRP, DOPA, DOPR, DOPM,
DPST, DCCT, DSCC, CSWI,
XCBR, MMXU
CSWI
XCBR
DER
Circuit
Breaker
MITV
M
MITV
CSWI
XCBR
M
Utility
Circuit
Breaker
Electric Power
Utility Grid
System
DBAT, DBTC
Battery
System
MMXU
Power System
Measurements
DER Protective
Relaying
…
Physical Measurements
MTMP
MPRS
MHET
Temperature
Pressure
Heat
Load Circuit
Breaker(s)
M
MFLW
MVBR
MENV
Flow
Vibration
Emission
PBRO
PBTC
PTUF
PTOF
MITV
PCDL
Generation
Protection
Local Loads
CSWI
XCBR
Station
Service
MMET
Meteorological
New Logical Nodes
Existing Logical Nodes
Logical Device
Energy Converter = Microturbines,
Fuel Cell, Photovoltaic System, Wind
turbines, Diesel Generators,
Combustion Turbines
Storage Device = Battery, Pumped
Hydro, Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage, Flywheels, Micro flywheels
Converter = DC to AC,
frequency conversion, voltage
level conversion
Auxiliaries = Battery, Fuel Cell
IEC 61850‐7‐420 Information Exchange
Distribution Operations
Market Operations
Local DER
Controller/HMI
DER Management
System
Aggregator’s Remote
DER Master Station
kV = 11.8
Local
Loads
Vendor’s proprietary
communications
DER
Standardized
Communications
Microgrid Disconnect
Utility power system
DER Units
HAN and/or DER Plant
DER Object Models
Out of Scope
NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model
Communication Protocol Layers
OSI RA
Abstract Object Models
Information exchanged end‐to‐end from host application to end device
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Link Layer
Physical Layer
Common Usage Examples
“Layer 8”
IEC 61850, CIM, BACnet
Abstract models including both • nouns (data objects) • verbs (messaging requirements)
Application Layers
Transport Layers
MMS, SEP v2, Web Services, DNP3, BACnet
Maps the abstract model to bits and bytes, including the semantics
TCP/IP, Ethernet
Transport protocols − doesn’t care about data semantics
Phy/MAC Layer IEEE 802.xx wireless, power line carrier, fiber optics, etc. Links the Link Layer with the physical media
Transport and Physical Layers
• SEP v2 − one of preferred application layer protocols
in U.S. cusumer sites (especially residential)
– mappings of CIM and 61850 to it – PEV models being developed within it
– first implementations expected after Q2 2011 • MMS − IEC standard may be adopted internationally
• BACnet − preferred application layer protocol for HVAC and building automation – many existing and planned applications – must be supported with gateway and mapping
– especially commercial and industrial
AHAM (Association of Home Appliance Manufactures) recent survey identified SEP v2 as top application layer protocol. Appliances are lowest cost, highest volume HAN devices so may determine base level ESI. Application Layer for Consumer Domain
• It is generally agreed that HAN will be IP‐based – IPv4 or IPv6 for Network, and TCP/UDP for Transport
– IPv6 recommended for future large address space • Phy/MAC will include multiple protocols – Wireless – many such as IEEE 802 family, including broadband (Wi‐fi 802.11a/b/g/n) and narrowband (802.15.4 ZigBee and SUN). – Twisted pair and phone lines – twisted pair uses Ethernet protocol, while phone lines use xDSL and PPP protocols. A major issue is that most houses do not have pre‐wired twisted paired for Ethernet.
– Power line carrier (PLC) – including broadband (IEEE P1901, ITU‐T G.9960, 9961), and narrowband (IEEE P1901.2 and ITU‐T G.hnem, both still under development and require further harmonization)
Coexistence issues exist and are still being resolved between the many different PLC protocols.
– Need to narrow down to a few for base level ESI and add advanced
protocols with adapter as needed.
International Standards are Vital
• ISO/IEC/ITU
• IETF
• IEEE/SAE/ISA
• Global consortia
•
•
•
•
Avoid unnecessary adaptations Promote supplier competition
Encourage innovation
Lower costs for suppliers, utilities, and customers
NIST Bilateral Interactions on SG Standards
International Smart Grid Action Network
Purpose: To accelerate development
and deployment of smarter electric
grids around the world
• Announced at the first meeting of
the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM)
in July 2010
Policy, Regulation, & Finance
International Smart Grid Action Network
Contact Information
George Arnold
National Coordinator for Smart Grid Interoperability
george.arnold@nist.gov
David Wollman
david.wollman@nist.gov
Dean Prochaska
dean.prochaska@nist.gov
Al Hefner (NIST liaison to IEC SG3)
Allen.hefner@nist.gov
US Government Smart Grid Website: http://www.smartgrid.gov/
NIST Smart Grid Website: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
NIST SGIP Collaborative Twiki site: http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki‐sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/