NIST Smart Grid Interoperability
Program
Barbara Goldstein
bgoldstein@nist.gov
Sr. Scientific Advisor, Physical Measurement Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
October 21, 2010
Agenda
• NIST View of the Smart Grid
• Key Issues and Challenges
• NIST Mandate, Plans and Progress
NIST View of the Smart Grid
U.S. Electric Grid
• 3,100 electric utility
companies
• 10,000 power plants
• 157,000 miles of highvoltage lines
• 140 million meters
• $800 billion in assets
• $247 billion annual
revenues
Today’s Electric Grid
Generation
Markets and Operations
Transmission
Distribution
One-way flow of electricity
•
•
•
•
•
Centralized, bulk generation
Heavy reliance on coal, natural gas
Limited automation
Limited situational awareness
Customers lack data to manage energy usage
Customer Use
Smart Grid
2-way flow of electricity and information
Intelligent Infrastructure
Why Do We Need Smart Grids?
Fundamental Drivers
Smart Grid goals
• Climate change
• Energy security
• Lifestyle dependent on
electricity
• Jobs
• Reduce energy use overall
and increase grid efficiency
• Increase use of renewables
(wind and solar don’t
produce carbon)
• Support shift from oil to
electric transportation
• Enhance reliability and
security
• Improve grid capacity
utilization
Why Do We Need Smart Grids?
Current Grid is Inherently Inefficient
PJM Real Time Load Duration
20% of capacity is needed to serve
5% of highest usage hours
Demand Response: “Time shifting” peak load
Improves capacity utilization of the grid
Source: PJM (a Regional Transmission Organization part of the Eastern Interconnection grid)
Why Do We Need Smart Grids?
Integration of Renewables and PEVs
PCS
Power
PCS
Smart Grid
PCS
Communication
Renewable/Clean Energy
(20% by 2020)
Plug-in Vehicle to Grid
(Million in US by 2015)
Energy Storage
(FERC top 4 priority)
• Power Conditioning Systems (PCS) convert to/from 60 Hz AC for
interconnection of renewable energy, electric storage, and PEVs
• “Smart Grid Interconnection Standards” required for devices to be
utility controlled operational asset and enable high penetration:
•
•
•
•
Dispatchable real and reactive power
Acceptable ramp-rates to mitigate renewable intermittency
Accommodate faults, without cascading area-wide events
Voltage/frequency control and utility controlled islanding
Why Do We Need Smart Grids?
Integration of PEVs
Electrification of transportation could:
•
•
•
•
•
Displace US oil imports
Reduce CO2 emissions
Reduce urban air pollutants
Idle capacity of the power grid could supply 70% of charging needs
Batteries in EVs could provide power during peak electricity demand
California Forecasted EV Charging Load
2020 SUMMER LOAD IMPACT – NO UTILITY INVOLVEMENT*
2020 SUMMER LOAD IMPACT – WITH UTILITY INVOLVEMENT*
26,000
26,000
24,000
24,000
22,000
22,000
20,000
20,000
MW
MW
Worst Case
18,000
18,000
16,000
16,000
14,000
14,000
12,000
12,000
10,000
10,000
1 2 3
Hours
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Initial Load Forecast
Ports
Rail
T rucks
Forklifts
PEVs
1 2 3
Hours
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Initial Load Forecast
Ports
Rail
T rucks
Forklifts
*Based on predicted 1.6 million EVs on the SCE grid
Copyright 2009 Southern California Edison
PEVs
Why Do We Need Smart Grids?
There’s no Smart Grid without Smart Buildings
Air-Conditioning
16.0 %
Other
Appliances and
Plug Loads
39.0 %
Refrigerators
13.7 %
Space Heating
10.1 %
Lighting
8.8 %
Water Heating
9.1 %
Furnace Fan
3.3 %
Ways to make buildings smarter:
• Get real-time price signals
• Use energy management tools to
balance load with generation and
storage
• Get smarter loads
Energy usage
in buildings
What Will the Smart Grid Look Like?
• High use of renewables – some jurisdictions as high as
35% by 2020
• Distributed generation and microgrids
• Bidirectional metering – selling local power into the grid
• Distributed storage
• Smart meters that provide near-real time usage data
• Time of use and dynamic pricing
• Ubiquitous smart appliances communicating with the
grid
• Energy management systems in homes as well as
commercial and industrial facilities linked to the grid
• Growing use of plug-in electric vehicles
• Networked sensors and automated controls throughout
the grid
NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model
Cybersecurity
(everywhere)
Wide Area
Situational
Awareness
(WASA)
Networks
Electromagnetic
compatibility
(everywhere)
Building
Automation
Intelligent
sensors
Industrial
Control
Systems
Electric
Power Metering
Power Electronics
Key Issues & Challenges
Security Needs to be Designed In
• Integration of new IT and networking technologies
brings new risks & new standards, processes, and
tools
• Modernization provides an opportunity to improve
security of the Grid
• Architecture is key
– Security must be designed in – it cannot be added on later
• Other risks need consideration
– Electromagnetic interference, natural or intentional
15
The Need for Standards is Urgent
Whirlpool Corporation To
Produce One Million Smart
Grid-Compatible Clothes
Dryers by the End of
2011…
Standards for data
communication,
price information, schedules,
demand response signals
Standards Come From Many Sources
International
Global
Consortia
Regional and
National
Example:
Electric Vehicles Require Many Standards
J2293 (Communication)
Smart Energy 2.0
National Electric
Code
(Enclosures)
National
Electric
Safety Code
(Battery)
C12 (Meter)
J1772 (Connector)
1547 (Distributed energy interconnection)
61850 and 61970/61968 Information models
Demand response
& price signaling
NIST Mandate, Plans and Progress
Smart Grid – US National Priority
“We’ll fund a better, smarter electricity
grid and train workers to build it…”
President Barack Obama
“To meet the energy challenge and create a 21st
century energy economy, we need a 21st century
electric grid…” Secretary of Energy Steven Chu
“A smart electricity grid will revolutionize the way we use energy, but
we need standards …” Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke
Congressional Priority: EISA 2007, ARRA, oversight, new bills …
Government Roles in Smart Grid
Federal
Federal
Energy
Regulatory
Commission
State
Public Utility Commissions
NIST Role
• Under Title XIII, Section 1305 of EISA, NIST has
“primary responsibility to coordinate development of a
framework that includes protocols and model standards for
information management to achieve interoperability of
smart grid devices and systems…”
• Congress directed that the framework be “flexible, uniform, and
technology neutral”
• Use of these standards is a criteria for DoE Smart Grid
Investment Grants
• Input to FERC and state PUC rulemaking
22
Smart Grid Investment Grants
Category
Integrated/Crosscutting
$ Million
2,150
AMI
818
Distribution
254
Transmission
148
Customer Systems
32
Manufacturing
26
Total
Geographic Coverage of Selected Projects
3,429
18 million smart meters
1.2 million in-home display units
SGIG Topic Areas
206,000 smart transformers
177,000 load control devices
170,000 smart thermostats
877
networked phasor measurement units
671
automated substations
100
PEV charging stations
NIST Three Phase Plan for Smart Grid
Interoperability
PHASE 1
Identify an initial set of
existing consensus
standards and develop
a roadmap to fill gaps
PHASE 2
Establish Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel (SGIP)
public-private forum with
governance for ongoing efforts
Summer 2009 Workshops
Draft Framework Sept 2009
PHASE 3
Conformity Framework
(includes Testing and
Certification)
Smart Grid Interoperability Panel
Established Nov 2009
NIST Interoperability Framework 1.0
Released Jan 2010
2009
SGIP
meetings
Congressional
testimony
2010
today
NISTIR 7628 Cyber
Security Guidelines
Released Sep 2010
NIST Framework and Roadmap
• Revised version January 2010
• Smart Grid Vision / Model
• 75 key standards identified
– IEC, IEEE, …
– 25 “ready for implementation”
• 16 Priority Action Plans to
fill gaps:
– One completed
– Another added (wind plant
communication)
• Cyber security strategy
– Companion document
NISTIR 7628
http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
Conceptual Reference
Model
NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Panel
• Public-private partnership created by NIST in Nov. 2009
• Broad range of stakeholders in SGIP developing consensus
about standards needed to build a smarter grid
– Nearly 600 member organizations (with over 50 international
organizations) & over 1700 participants from 22 stakeholder
categories
• Supports NIST to coordinate the development of standards by
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs)
– Identifies Requirements
– Prioritizes standards development programs
– Works with over 20 SDOs including IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE, …
• Open, transparent & inclusive process
– SGIP Twiki: http://collaborate.nist.gov/twikisggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIP
Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board
Stakeholder
Category
Members (22)
including
utilities,
suppliers, IT
developers
Smart Grid
Identified
Standards
One Organization,
One Vote
(Over(Over
450; 600;
over over
15001700
persons
persons
participating
participating including from
including from
international
organizations)
international organizations)
At large
Members (3)
Ex Officio
(non-voting)
Members
SGIPGB
Priority
Action
Plans
Use Cases
Requirements
Standing
Committees
Working
Groups
(Architecture,
Conformance and
Security)
Standards
Descriptions
(DEWG, PAP, Other)
SGIP
Conceptual Model
http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
Smart
Smart Grid
Grid Interoperability
Interoperability Panel
Panel and
and Governing
Governing Board
Board
Products (IKB)
International Standards are Vital
Source of Standards in NIST Roadmap
US Government
10%
International Coordination
•
US Domestic
13%
•
International
77%
•
Bilateral interactions
– China, Japan, Korea, India, Brazil,
France, Germany, Ireland …
US-EU Energy Council activities
– Smart Grids-Electric Vehicles
– Public workshop, USG-European
Commission
Coordination with International
Standards Organizations:
– NIST Liaison to IEC-SG3
– SGIP international participation
Priority Action Plans (PAPs)
Created to address gaps in Smart Grid standards
# Priority Action Plan
#
Priority Action Plan
0
Meter Upgradeability Standard
9
Standard DR and DER Signals
1
Role of IP in the Smart Grid
10
Standard Energy Usage Information
2
Wireless Communication for the Smart Grid
11
Common Object Models for Electric
Transportation
3
Common Price Communication Model
12
IEC 61850 Objects/DNP3 Mapping
4
Common Scheduling Mechanism
13
Time Synchronization, IEC 61850 Objects/ IEEE
C37.118 Harmonization
5
Standard Meter Data Profiles
14
Transmission and Distribution Power Systems
Model Mapping
6
Common Semantic Model for Meter Data
tables
15
Harmonize Power Line Carrier Standards for
Appliance Communications in the Home
7
Electric Storage Interconnection Guidelines
16
Wind Plant Communications
8
CIM for Distribution Grid Management
17
Facility Smart Grid Information
SGIP Stakeholder Categories
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Appliance and consumer electronics
providers
Commercial and industrial equipment
manufacturers and automation vendors
Consumers – Residential, commercial,
and industrial
Electric transportation industry
Stakeholders
Electric utility companies – Investor
Owned Utilities (IOU)
Electric utility companies - Municipal
(MUNI)
Electric utility companies - Rural Electric
Association (REA)
Electricity and financial market traders
(includes aggregators)
12
Power equipment manufacturers and
vendors
13
Professional societies, users groups,
and industry consortia
14
R&D organizations and academia
15
Relevant Federal Government
Agencies
16
Renewable Power Producers
17
Retail Service Providers
18
Standard and specification
development organizations (SDOs)
19
State and local regulators
20
Testing and Certification Vendors
21
Transmission Operators and
Independent System Operators
22
Venture Capital
Independent power producers
Information and communication
technologies (ICT) Infrastructure and
Service Providers
Information technology (IT) application
developers and integrators
Some Members We Know (of the 633)
Appliance & Consumer Electronics
Sony
Commercial & Industrial Equipment
Honeywell
Electric Transportation
Chrysler, Ford, BMW, GM, Mercedes
Information & Communication Technologies
Cisco, Motorola, Sprint, Texas Instruments, T-Mobile
Power Equipment
Fuji, Mitsubishi, Petra Solar, Siemens, Toshiba
R&D Organizations
EPRI, Georgia Tech, MIT
Standards & Specifications Development Organizations
IEC, IEEE, NEMA, NAESB, OASIS
Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security
(NISTIR 7628) Published August 2010
What it IS
• A tool for organizations that are researching, designing, developing, and
implementing Smart Grid technologies
• May be used as a guideline to evaluate the overall cyber risks to a Smart
Grid system during the design phase and during system implementation
and maintenance
• Guidance for organizations
– Each organization must develop its own cyber security strategy (including a
risk assessment methodology) for the Smart Grid.
What it IS NOT
• It does not prescribe particular solutions
• It is not mandatory
32
Examples of NIST Research Activities
Supporting Smart Grid
• Metering
– Power and energy calibrations
– “Quantum Watt” link
quantum-based standards
– New metering testbed under
development
– ANSI C12 U.S. metering standards
• Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
– Special test calibrations,
feedback to manufacturers
– Testbed expanded for dynamic
measurements
• Building automation, power electronics,
cybersecurity, wireless measurements,
electromagnetic compatibility, SCADAs, …
For more information
George Arnold, National Coordinator for Smart Grid
Interoperability, george.arnold@nist.gov, 301-975-5987
David Wollman, david.wollman@nist.gov
NIST Smart Grid Website:
http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
NIST SGIP Collaborative Twiki site:
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/