JASON S. BAEHR Curriculum Vitae Department of Philosophy Loyola Marymount University One LMU Drive Los Angeles CA, 90045 Office location: University Hall 3749 Office phone: 310.338.4486 Mobile phone: 562.234.4888 Email: jbaehr@lmu.edu I. ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT Professor, Department of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 2014 – present. Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 2009 – 2014. Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 2003 – 2009. Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Philosophy, Baylor University, TX, 2002 – 2003. II. AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Epistemology, Virtue Theory III. AREAS OF COMPETENCE Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Education IV. EDUCATION Ph.D. Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, 2002. Dissertation: The Epistemological Role of the Intellectual Virtues. Advisor: Laurence BonJour. M.A. Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, 2000 M.A. Philosophy, Biola University, 1996, with highest honors. B.A. English, Arizona State University, 1994, with honors V. PUBLICATIONS Books: 1. Intellectual Virtues and Education: Essay in Applied Virtue Epistemology, edited collection (Routledge, 2016). 2. The Inquiring Mind: On Intellectual Virtues and Virtue Epistemology (Oxford University Press, 2011). Journal articles and chapters in books: 1. "Responsibilist Virtues and the 'Charmed Inner Circle' of Traditional Epistemology," forthcoming in a special issue of Philosophical Studies devoted to Judgment and Agency (Oxford, 2015) by Ernest Sosa. 2. "Honesty's Threshold," forthcoming in Moral Psychology, Vol. 5: Virtues and Vices, ed. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (The MIT Press). 3. “Intellectual Virtues and Truth, Understanding, and Wisdom,” forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of Virtue, ed. Nancy Snow (Oxford University Press). 4. “Intellectual Humility: Owning our Limitations,” with Dennis Whitcomb, Heather Battaly, and Dan Howard-Snyder, forthcoming in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 5. “Four Dimensions of an Intellectual Virtue,” forthcoming in Moral and Intellectual Virtues in Western and Chinese Philosophy, eds. Michael Slote, Ernest Sosa, and Chienkuo Mi (Routledge). 6. "The Situationist Challenge to Educating for Intellectual Virtues," forthcoming in Epistemic Situationism, eds. Abrol Fairweather and Mark Alfano (Oxford University Press). 7. “Virtue,” forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of the Epistemology of Theology, eds. Fred Aquino and William Abraham (Oxford University Press). 8. "Character Virtues, Knowledge, and Epistemic Agency," a debate with Ernest Sosa, for Current Controversies in Virtue Theory, ed. Mark Alfano (Routledge, 2015): pp. 74-90. 9. “Sophia,” Virtues and their Vices, eds. Kevin Timpe and Craig Boyd (Oxford University Press, 2014): pp. 303-26. 10. “Must Knowledge Be Virtuously Motivated?” a debate with Linda Zagzebski, Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, second edition, eds. Matthias Steup and John Turri (Blackwell, 2013): pp. 133-51. 11. “Educating for Intellectual Virtues: From Theory to Practice,” Journal for the Philosophy of Education 47.2 (2013): pp. 248-62. Reprinted in Education and the Growth of Knowledge: Perspectives from Social and Virtue Epistemology, ed. Ben Kotzee (Blackwell, 2014). 12. “The Cognitive Demands of Intellectual Virtue,” Knowledge, Virtue, and Action, eds. David Schweikard and Tim Henning (Routledge, 2013): pp. 99-118. 13. “Credit Theories and the Value of Knowledge,” Philosophical Quarterly 62 (2012): pp. 1-22. 14. “Two Types of Wisdom,” Acta Analytica 27 (2012): pp. 81-97. This is a special issue featuring papers from the 2011 Bled Philosophy Conference. 15. “Open-Mindedness as a Christian Virtue?” in Being Good, eds. Doug Geivett and Michael Austin (Eerdmans, 2012): pp. 30-52. 16. “The Structure of Open-Mindedness,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 41 (2011): pp. 191-213. 17. “Epistemic Malevolence,” Metaphilosophy 41 (2010): 189-213. Reprinted in Virtue & Vice: Moral & Intellectual, ed. Heather Battaly (Blackwell, 2010). 18. “Evidentialism, Vice, and Virtue,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 78 (2009): 545-67. Reprinted in Evidentialism and Its Discontents, ed. Trent Dougherty (Oxford University Press, 2011). 19. “Is There a Value Problem?” The Value of Knowledge, eds. Adrian Haddock, Alan Millar, and Duncan Pritchard (Oxford University Press, 2009): 42-59. 20. “Four Varieties of Character-Based Virtue Epistemology,” Southern Journal of Philosophy 46 (2008), pp. 469-502. Reprinted in Virtue Epistemology: Contemporary Readings, eds. John Greco and John Turri (MIT Press, forthcoming). 21. “On the Reliability of Moral and Intellectual Virtues,” Metaphilosophy 38 (2007), pp. 457-71. 2 22. “Character in Epistemology,” Philosophical Studies 128 (2006), pp. 479-514. 23. “Character, Reliability, and Virtue Epistemology,” The Philosophical Quarterly 56 (2006), pp. 193-212. 24. “Necessity and Rational Insight: Audi and BonJour on A Priori Justification,” Journal of Philosophical Research 28 (2003): pp. 361-70. 25. “Korsgaard on the Foundations of Moral Obligation,” Journal of Value Inquiry 37 (2003): pp. 481-91. Encyclopedia articles: 1. "Virtue Epistemology," New Catholic Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2012-2013 Supplement (Toronto: Gale Cenage Learning/Catholic University of America Press). 2. “Virtue Epistemology,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. James Feiser, Spring 2004 <http://www.iep.utm.edu/v/VirtueEp.htm> [7500 words]. 3. “A Priori/A Posteriori,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. James Feiser, Fall 2003, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/apriori.htm> [5800 words]. Book reviews: 1. Ernest Sosa, Knowing Full Well (Princeton UP, 2011), in Mind 121 (2012): pp. 53239. 2. Rebecca Konyndyk DeYoung, Glittering Vices (Eerdmans, 2009), Journal of Spiritual Formation 3 (2010): pp. 109-11. 3. Robert Roberts and Jay Wood (Oxford, 2006), Notre Dame Philosophical reviews, 7/01/07, <http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=10223>. 4. Duncan Pritchard, Epistemic Luck (Oxford, 2005), Metaphilosophy, 37 (2006): pp. 728-36. 5. Michael DePaul and Linda Zagzebski, eds., Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology (Oxford, 2003), Philosophical Books 47 (2006): pp. 81-85. 6. W. Jay Wood, Epistemology: Becoming Intellectually Virtuous (InterVaristy Press, 1998), Philosophia Christi 2 (2000): pp. 125-28. Other publications: 1. Cultivating Good Minds: A Practical and Philosophical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues (will be available at http://intellectualvirtues.org). 2. “A Dose of Intellectual Humility for Adolescents,” Slate.com, August, 2015. 3. “How Does Humility Contribute to Strength?” Big Questions Online, 12/13, <https://www.bigquestionsonline.com/content/how-does-humility-contributestrength>. 4. “Foreword,” Virtuous Minds: Intellectual Character Development (InterVarsity Press, 2013). 5. "Educating for Intellectual Character," Voices in Education, Harvard Education Publishing, Jan. 2013, <http://hepg.org/blog/educating-for-intellectual-character>. 6. “Intellectual Virtue and the Life of the University,” invited faculty column, Baylor News, faculty publication at Baylor University, Spring, 2003. Scholarly work in progress: 3 1. Creativity: Trait, Talent, or Both?” for Creativity and Philosophy, eds. Berys Gaut and Matthew Kieran (Routledge). 2. “Is Intellectual Character Growth a Realistic Educational Aim?” for a special issue of the Journal of Moral Education collecting papers from the “Developing Virtue: East and West” conference at Cal State Fullerton in 2014, eds. Heather Battaly and Ryan Nichols. 3. “The Comparative Structure of Moral and Intellectual Virtues,” for the Routledge Handbook of Virtue Epistemology, ed. Heather Battaly. 4. “Intellectual Virtues, Critical Thinking, and the Aims of Education,” for the Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology, eds. Peter Graham, Miranda Fricker, David Henderson, Nikolaj Pedersen, and Jeremy Wyatt. 5. “Two Concepts of Intellectual Humility,” for a festschrift for Bob Roberts, eds. Scott Cleveland and Adam Pelser. 6. “Intellectual Virtues, Civility, and Public Discourse” 7. “Flannery O’Connor and Religious Epistemology” 8. “Wisdom In Perspective” VI. PRESENTATIONS Papers presented: 1. “Intellectual Virtues, Civility, and Public Discourse,” plenary talk, conference on “Intellectual Virtue and Civil Discourse,” sponsored by the Center for Christian Thought, Biola University, 5/15. 2. “Intellectual Humility: Owning our Limitations,” co-presentation with Heather Battaly and Dennis Whitcomb, conference on “Intellectual Humility: Its Nature, Value, and Implications,” Fuller Theological Seminary, 5/15. 3. “Responsibilist Virtues and the ‘Charmed Inner Circle’ of Traditional Epistemology” part of a “author meets critics” session on Ernest Sosa’s book Judgment and Agency, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Vancouver, BC, 4/15 (due to a physical injury, I was unable to attend the conference, so my paper was read by the session chair). 4. “Intellectual Virtues and the Purpose of Education,” a talk to the Cal State Long Beach Student Leadership Institute, sponsored by the Ukleja Center of Ethical Leadership, CSU Chancellor’s Office, Long Beach, 4/15. 5. An invited series of five lectures at the University of Tokyo, sponsored by the University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy, 12/1/14-12/12/14. Lecture titles: 1. “What Is Virtue Epistemology?”; 2. “Virtues: Moral and Intellectual”; 3. “The Four Dimensions of an Intellectual Virtue”; 4. “Character Virtues, Epistemic Agency, and Reflective Knowledge”; and 5. “Intellectual Virtues, Civility, and Public Discourse.” 6. “Teaching for Intellectual Virtues, Part III,” Center for Teaching Excellence, Loyola Marymount University, 12/14. 7. “The Intellectual Virtues Academy: An Exercise in Applied Virtue Epistemology,” Association for Moral Education conference, Pasadena, 11/14. 8. “The Positive Psychology of Flannery O’Connor,” Rosemead School of Psychology Chapel, Biola University, 10/14. 9. “What’s the Point? Intellectual Character and the Purpose of education,” a talk to a general audience at the University of Oklahoma, 9/14. 4 10. “Intellectual Virtues in the University Classroom,” a talk to the Virtuous Circle group at the University of Oklahoma, 9/14. 11. “Is Intellectual Character Growth a Realistic Educational Aim?” Developing Virtue: East and West conference, California State University, Fullerton, 6/14. 12. “The Four Dimensions of an Intellectual Virtue,” University of Edinburgh, 5/14. 13. “Virtue Epistemology and Character Education,” Intellectual Virtue in Education: Can Virtue Be Taught workshop, Edinburgh, 5/14. 14. “The Situationist Challenge to Educating for Intellectual Virtues,” University of Edinburgh, 5/14. 15. “Four Dimensions of an Intellectual Virtue,” The Virtue Turn: Virtue Epistemology, Virtue Ethics, and Chinese Philosophy conference, Taipei, 5/14. 16. “Intellectual Virtue and Education,” King’s College, New York City, 4/14. 17. “Educating for Intellectual Virtues,” a three-part series delivered to the faculty and staff of the Rosslyn Academy in Nairobi, Kenya, 8/13. 18. “Wisdom in Perspective,” Ethics and Epistemology Workshop at Fordham University, 4/13. 19. “Intellectual Virtues and Education,” invited talk at Cal State Fullerton, 4/13. 20. “Loving the Epistemic Good,” invited symposium at the Pacific Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association, San Francisco, 3/13. 21. “Intellectual Virtues in 4-D,” Baylor University, 3/13. 22. “Teaching for Intellectual Virtues, Part II,” Center for Teaching Excellence, Loyola Marymount University, 1/13. 23. “Virtues of the Mind: What Are They and Why Do They Matter?” Kings College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, 1/13. 24. “Educating for Intellectual Virtues,” University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, the inaugural conference for the Jubilee Centre for Character and Values, 12/12. 25. “Virtues of the Mind: What Are They and Why Do They Matter?” invited address to faculty and students at Whitworth University, 11/12. 26. “Intellectual Virtues and the Aims of Education,” Chapman University, 11/12. 27. “Educating for Intellectual Virtues,” group meeting of Philosophers in Jesuit Education, American Catholic Philosophical Association, 11/12. 28. “Teaching for Intellectual Virtues, Part I,” Center for Teaching Excellence, Loyola Marymount University, 11/12. 29. Author-meets-critic session on my The Inquiring Mind: On Intellectual Virtues and Virtue Epistemology (critics were Heather Battaly, Wayne Riggs, and Sven Bernecker), Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Seattle, WA, 4/12. 30. “Two Types of Wisdom,” Bled Philosophy Conference, Bled, Slovenia, 6/11. 31. “Sophia vs. Phronesis,” UC Irvine, 5/11. 32. Author-meets-critics session on my book The Inquiring Mind: On Intellectual Virtues and Virtue Epistemology (critics were Bob Roberts/Baylor University and Sarah Wright/University of Georgia), Southern Society of Philosophy and Psychology, New Orleans, 3/11. 33. “The Cognitive Demands of Intellectual Virtue,” Knowledge, Action, Virtue, invited conference in Jena, Germany, 10/10. 34. “Credit Theories and the Value of Knowledge,” Southern California Epistemology Group, UCLA, 1/10. 35. “Credit Theories and the Value of Knowledge,” Northwest Philosophy Conference, Portland, OR, 10/09. 5 36. “Inverting the Value Problem,” Epistemic Goodness conference, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 3/09. 37. “Epistemic Malice” (invited paper), Virtue & Vice: Moral & Intellectual, Fullerton International Philosophy Conference, Cal State Fullerton, 6/08. 38. “Open-mindedness as an Intellectual Virtue” (invited paper), 11th Annual Southern California Philosophy Conference, California State University, Northridge, 10/07. 39. “Open-mindedness as an Intellectual Virtue” (invited paper), American Catholic Philosophical Association annual meeting, Milwaukee, 10/07. 40. “Is There a Value Problem?” (invited paper), conference on epistemic value at the University of Stirling, Scotland, 8/06. 41. “Virtue and Reliability,” Pacific Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Portland, 3/06. 42. “Virtue and Reliability,” Northwest Philosophy Conference, Seattle University, 10/05. 43. “Three Varieties of Virtue Epistemology” (invited paper), 10th Annual Southern California Philosophy Conference, California State University, Northridge, 10/05. 44. “Virtue and Reliability,” 32nd Conference on Value Inquiry, Baton Rouge, LA, 4/05. 45. “Internalism and the Value Problem” (invited paper), 9th Annual Southern California Philosophy Conference, UC Irvine, 10/04. 46. “Virtue and Character in Reliabilism,” Inland Northwest Philosophy Conference on Knowledge and Skepticism, Moscow, ID, 5/04. 47. “Virtue and Character in Reliabilism,” Midsouth Philosophy Conference, Memphis, Tennessee, 2/04. 48. “Epistemic and Ethical Varieties of Doxastic Normativity,” Wesleyan Philosophical Society annual meeting, Lexington, KY, 3/03. 49. “Problems and Prospects for a ‘Virtue Responsibilist’ Epistemology,” Baylor University, Waco, TX, 11/02. 50. “Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue,” Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, 1/02. 51. “Rationalism, Internalism, and Necessity,” Baylor University, Waco, TX, 2/03. 52. “Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue,” Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, 2/03. 53. “The Epistemological Role of the Intellectual Virtues,” University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 10/01. 54. “Valuing Humanity: Korsgaard on the Foundations of Moral Obligation,” 29th Conference on Value Inquiry, Tulsa, OK, 4/01. Paper commentaries: 1. Northwest Philosophy Conference, Seattle, WA, 10/05 (on P. Hieronymi’s “Will as Reason”). 2. American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Meeting, 3/05 (on J. Lackey’s “Knowledge and Credit”). 3. Northwest Philosophy Conference, Portland, 12/00. Other presentations: 1. “Intelligence, Virtue, and Intellectual Excellence,” invited presentation at the Los Angeles Area MENSA Regional Meeting, 3/08. 6 2. “Intelligence, Virtue, and Intellectual Excellence,” invited presentation to LMU alumni at the 2008 President’s Day, Loyola Marymount University, 3/08. 3. “Virtues of the Mind,” invited presentation to LMU alumni at the 2005 President’s Day, Loyola Marymount University, 3/05. 4. “Cultivating Good Minds: The Role of the Intellectual Virtues in a Liberal Arts Education,” invited three-part lecture series delivered to the faculty and staff of the Bear Creek School, Redmond, WA, 8/01. VII. TEACHING Undergraduate courses taught: Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy of Human Nature Symbolic Logic Ethics Virtue Ethics Epistemology Contemporary Moral Problems Biomedical Ethics Environmental Ethics Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Human Rights Virtue Epistemology Wicked: Philosophical Issues in the Broadway Musical Philosophical Issues in Dead Man Walking Moral and Religious Knowledge in the Stories of Flannery O’Connor Philosophy of Education Graduate courses taught: Virtue Ethics Epistemology Virtue Epistemology Epistemology of Disagreement VIII. HONORS AND AWARDS 1. Grant award of $2,013,287 from the John Templeton Foundation for the founding of an Intellectual Virtues Academy high school. Co-wrote and am Co-PI on the grant. Awarded 7/15. 2. Fellowship award of $30,000, Center for Christian Thought, Biola University, for participation in the center’s project on “Intellectual Virtue and Civil Discourse,” fall semester of 2014. 3. Summer Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2014 (for a paper on epistemic situationism) 4. Grant award of $430,000 from the John Templeton Foundation for the Intellectual Virtues and Education Project, a three-year grant project at LMU devoted to understanding the importance of intellectual character virtues to educational theory 7 and practice (http://intellectualvirtues.org). Wrote and served as PI on the grant. Awarded 4/12. 5. Grant award of $720,000 from the John Templeton Foundation for the founding of the Intellectual Virtues Academy of Long Beach, a new charter middle school in Long Beach, CA. Wrote and served as PI on the grant. Awarded 11/12. 6. Summer Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2012 (for an article on “sophia” or theoretical wisdom) 7. Faith and Justice Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2011 (for a paper on the moral and religious epistemology of Flannery O’Connor) 8. Faith and Justice Curriculum Development Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2010 (for the development of a course on moral and religious knowledge in the fiction of Flannery O’Connor) 9. Summer Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2009 (for a book chapter on intellectual courage) 10. Faith and Justice Curriculum Development Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2008 (for the development of a community-based learning course on philosophical issues in the book/film Dead Man Walking) 11. Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts College Fellowship, Loyola Marymount University, fall 2007 (for work on my book manuscript The Inquiring Mind) 12. Summer Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, 2007 (a paper on the structure of open-mindedness) 13. Faith and Justice Curriculum Development Grant, Loyola Marymount University, summer 2006 (for the development of a community-based learning course in the philosophy of human rights) 14. Summer Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, 2005 (for a paper on the reliability of moral and intellectual virtues) 15. Summer Research Grant, Loyola Marymount University, 2004 (for a paper on the value problem in epistemology) 16. Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, Baylor University, 2002 17. Dissertation Fellowship and membership in the Society of Scholars, Simpson Center for the Humanities, University of Washington, 2001 (turned down for Baylor postdoc) 18. Departmental Teaching Award, University of Washington, 2001 19. Departmental Teaching Award, University of Washington, 2000 20. Research Fellowship, University of Washington, 1998 21. Kappa Tau Epsilon Honor Society, Biola University 22. Alpha Lamda Delta and Golden Key National Honor Societies, Arizona State University IX. SERVICE To the department: Undergraduate Director, fall 2008 – present (excepting semesters on leave, sabbatical, etc.) Philosophy majors advisor, 2004 –2011; 2013 – present Faculty mentor (to Dan Speak), 2007 – 2010 Helped create and served as faculty sponsor an for Telos, the online undergraduate philosophy journal, 2006 – 2008 8 Directed honors theses: R. Fiztgerald (2008); Nicole Antonopoulos (2012) Advisor to students pursuing graduate school in philosophy, 2003 – 2007 Departmental Search Committee for a position in analytic metaphysics, 2006-2007 Arranged lectures to the department by distinguished scholars from other universities, 2004 – present (John Greco, Robert Roberts, Miranda Fricker, Paul Moser). Revised assessment criteria for the MA oral exam (w/colleague Jeffrey Wilson), 2003 To the college: BCLA Curriculum and Assessment Committee, 2009-2010 LAUD advisor 2005-present BCLA Technology Committee, 2007-2009 To the university: University Library Committee, 2007-2008, 2010-present Moderator, university-wide forum on academic rigor in the Core, 10/08 LMU faculty representative, participated in conference at Seattle University on the role of philosophy in Jesuit education, 4/08 Presenter at LMU President’s Day (alumni event), 3/08 Lily Fellows Program faculty representative, 2007 (traveled to Lily conference in Macon, GA, 9/07) Presenter at LMU President’s Day (alumni event), 3/05 Participant in the 2004 LMU President’s Institute, 5/04 To the profession: Member, Board of Advisors, The John Templeton Foundation (2014-present) Consultant, $1.5 million grant project on intellectual humility led by Peter Hill at Biola University, 2012 – present. Society of Christian Philosophers, Pacific APA Program Committee, 2006 – 2013. Co-editor and contributor to JanusBlog (an online virtue theory discussion group), <http://janusblog.squarespace.com/>. Chaired papers: Pacific APA, 3/04; Society of Christian Philosophers (SCP), Pacific Regional Meeting, 3/04; Pacific APA, 4/07; SCP, APA group meeting (SCP) 4/07; APA group meeting (SCP) 4/08; Pacific APA 4/08. Referee for: The Philosophical Quarterly; Oxford University Press; Sophia; Australasian Journal of Philosophy; Journal of Philosophical Research; Synthese; Rowman and Littlefield; Erkenntnis; Philosophy and Phenomenological Research; Nous; Dialogue; American Philosophical Quarterly; Cambridge University Press. Refereed grant proposals for the John Templeton Foundation: 10/12; 2/13; 4/13; 3/140; 10/14 Consulting on a $2 million grant project in psychology on intellectual humility: 6/13present. To the community: 9 Founding member and board member of the Intellectual Virtues Academy of Long Beach (www.ivalongbeach.org), a new middle school charter school in Long Beach, CA. Wrote major portions of charter petition; helped develop the instructional program of the school; currently overseeing the school’s implementation of an “intellectual virtues educational model”: 9/2012-present. X. REFERENCES John Greco, Leonard and Elizabeth Eslick Chair in Philosophy, St. Louis University, jgreco2@slu.edu Roert C. Roberts, Distinguished Professor of Ethics, Baylor University, robert_roberts@baylor.edu Ernest Sosa, Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers Unviersity: ernsosa@rci.rutgers.edu Linda Zagzebski, Kingfisher College Chair of the Philosophy of Religion and Ethics, University of Oklahoma, lzagzebski@ou.edu 10