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Contents
Preface xi
Introduction
RETHINKING THE COLOR LINE: Understanding How Boundaries Shift 1
Part I
SORTING BY COLOR: Why We Attach Meaning to Race 5
(A) Race and Ethnicity: Sociohistoric Constructions 7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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How Our Skins Got Their Color Marvin Harris 7
Drawing the Color Line Howard Zinn 9
Racial Formations Michael Omi and HowardWinant 17
Theoretical Perspectives in Race and Ethnic Relations Joe R. Feagin and Clairece Booher Feagin 22
Racialized Social System Approach to Racism Eduardo Bonilla-Silva 33
Seeing the Big Picture: The Social Construction of Race, 1790–2000 38
(B) Race and Ethnicity: Contemporary Socioeconomic Trends 39
6. An Overview of Trends in Social and Economic Well-Being, by Race Rebecca M. Blank 39
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Seeing the Big Picture: The Role of Race in Social Mobility 49
7. The Color of Health in the United States David R.Williams and Chiquita A. Collins 50
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Seeing the Big Picture: How Race Can Be Hazardous to Your Health 56
8. Transformative Assets, the Racial Wealth Gap, and the American Dream Thomas M. Shapiro 57
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Seeing the Big Picture: The Color of Money 60
(C) Race as Chameleon: How the Idea of Race Changes over Time and Place 61
9. Defining Race: Comparative Perspectives F. James Davis 61
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Seeing the Big Picture: What Was Your Race in 1890? 71
10. A Tour of Indian Peoples and Indian Lands David E.Wilkins 71
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Seeing the Big Picture: From Riches to the “Res” (Reservation System) 86
11. Asian American Panethnicity: Contemporary National and Transnational Possibilities
Yen Le Espiritu 87
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Seeing the Big Picture: Panethnic Fortunes: Riches and Rags 94
12. Beyond Black and White: Remaking Race in America Jennifer Lee and Frank D. Bean 94
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Seeing the Big Picture: Check All That Apply (Finally!): The Institutionalization of Mixed Race
Identity 99
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Contents
(D) Color-Blind America: Fact, Fantasy, or Our Future? 100
13. Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post-Race
America Charles A. Gallagher 100
14. The Ideology of Color Blindness Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres 109
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Seeing the Big Picture: Color-Blind or Blind to Color? 113
15. The Possibility of a New Racial Hierarchy in the Twenty-First-Century United States Herbert J. Gans 114
Part II
PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION, AND RACISM 123
(A) Understanding Racism 125
16. Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position Herbert Blumer 125
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Seeing the Big Picture: Racism: Group Position or Individual Belief? 130
17. Discrimination and the American Creed Robert K. Merton 130
18. Race and Civil Rights Pre–September 11, 2001: The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims
Susan M. Akram and Kevin R. Johnson 137
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Seeing the Big Picture: America’s New Public Enemy? 145
19. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: Racialized Social Democracy George Lipsitz 146
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Seeing the Big Picture: Race as an Investment 154
20. Laissez-Faire Racism, Racial Inequality, and the Role of the Social Sciences Lawrence D. Bobo 155
(B) How Space Gets Raced 165
21. Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Conditions in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Douglas S. Massey 165
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Seeing the Big Picture: How Integrated Is Your Neighborhood? 183
22.
23.
24.
25.
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The Code of the Streets Elijah Anderson 184
Environmental Justice in the 21st Century: Race Still Matters Robert D. Bullard 192
Race, Religion, and the Color Line (Or Is That the Color Wall?) Michael O. Emerson 203
Why Are There No Supermarkets in My Neighborhood? The Long Search for Fresh Fruit,
Produce, and Healthy Food Shannon N. Zenk (et al.) 212
Seeing the Big Picture: Urban Food Deserts: Race, Health, and the Lack of “Real” Food 216
Part III
RACIALIZED OPPORTUNITY IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 217
(A) Race and Criminal Justice: Oxymoron or an American Tragedy? 219
26. No Equal Justice: The Color of Punishment David Cole 219
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Seeing the Big Picture: How Race Tips the Scales of Justice 225
27. Black and Blue: Everyday Racism on the Police Force Kenneth Bolton Jr. and Joe R. Feagin 225
28. . . . and the Poor Get Prison Jeffrey Reiman 234
29. The Mark of a Criminal Record Devah Pager 246
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Seeing the Big Picture: The Link between Race, Education, Employment, and Crime 249
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Contents
(B) How Race Shapes the Workplace 250
30. Kristen v. Aisha; Brad v. Rasheed: What’s in a Name and How It Affects Getting a Job
Amy Braverman 250
31. When the Melting Pot Boils Over: The Irish, Jews, Blacks, and Koreans of New York
Roger Waldinger 251
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Seeing the Big Picture: Who’s Got the “Good” Jobs and Why 259
32. “There’s No Shame in My Game”: Status and Stigma among Harlem’s Working Poor
Katherine S. Newman and Catherine Ellis 259
33. Sweatshops in Sunset Park: A Variation of the Late-Twentieth-Century Chinese Garment Shops
in New York City Xiaolan Bao 271
34. Hispanics in the American South and the Transformation of the Poultry Industry William Kandel
and Emilio A. Parrado 285
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Seeing the Big Picture: How Is Upward Mobility Linked to Education, Occupation, and Immigration? 297
(C) Race, Representations, and the Media: Drug Dealers, Maids, and Mammies: The Role of
Stereotypes in the Media 298
35. Broadcast News Portrayal of Minorities: Accuracy in Reporting Roger D. Klein and
Stacy Naccarato 298
36. Television and the Politics of Representation Justin Lewis and Sut Jhally 302
37. Distorted Reality: Hispanic Characters in TV Entertainment S. Robert Lichter and
Daniel R. Amundson 310
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Seeing the Big Picture: How the Media Shape Race Relations 320
(D) Crazy Horse Malt Liquor and Athletes: The Tenacity of Stereotypes 321
38. Winnebagos, Cherokees, Apaches, and Dakotas: The Persistence of Stereotyping of American
Indians in American Advertising and Brands Debra Merskin 321
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Seeing the Big Picture: The Tomahawk Chop: Racism in Image and Action 327
39. Sport in America: The New Racial Stereotypes Richard E. Lapchick 327
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Seeing the Big Picture: Television’s Interracial Images: Some Fact, Mostly Fiction 334
Part IV
HOW AMERICA’S COMPLEXION CHANGES 335
(A) Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration 337
40. The Melting Pot and the Color Line Stephen Steinberg 337
✺
Seeing the Big Picture: Who Is Allowed to “Melt” in the Pot? Who Wants To? 342
41. Who Are the Other African Americans? Contemporary African and Caribbean Immigrants
in the United States John R. Logan 343
42. The Arab Immigrant Experience Michael W. Suleiman 353
43. Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City
Mary C. Waters 365
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Seeing the Big Picture: Is a Nonethnic Racial Identity Possible? 376
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(B) Race and Romance: Blurring Boundaries 377
44. Guess Who’s Been Coming to Dinner? Trends in Interracial Marriage over the 20th Century
Roland G. Fryer Jr. 377
45. Captain Kirk Kisses Lieutenant Uhura: Interracial Intimacies—The View from Hollywood
Randall L. Kennedy 384
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Seeing the Big Picture: Love May Be Blind, but It’s Not Color-Blind 389
46. Discovering Racial Borders Heather M. Dalmage 390
47. Redrawing the Color Line? The Problems and Possibilities of Multiracial Families and Group
Making Kimberly McClain DaCosta 399
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Seeing the Big Picture: Interracial Marriage and the Blurring of the Color Line 408
(C) Living with Less Racism: Strategies for Individual Action 409
48. Policy Steps toward Closing the Gap Meizhu Lui, Bárbara J. Robles, Betsy Leondar-Wright,
Rose M. Brewer, and Rebecca Adamson 409
49. Ten Things You Can Do to Improve Race Relations Charles A. Gallagher 416
Appendix: Race by the Numbers: America’s Racial Report Card 419
Notes and References 439
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