contents
ONE
ON LOGIC AND LANGUAGE
1
The Nature and Scope of Logic
4
Exercises
5
6
7
11
13
13
14
The Medium of Language
17
Language and Thought
Speech and Language
Signs and Symbols
Words and Things
The Uses of Language
The Art of Plain Talk
Ambiguity and Vagueness
Verbal Disputes
Exercises
18
19
20
22
25
27
29
30
32
33
"THE STORY OF A-TOWN AND B-VILLE: SECOND
SEMANTIC PARABLE" S. \. Hayakawa
40
Suggested Readings for Part One
46
Logic As Science and Art
Logic As the Study of Argument
Truth, Validity, and Soundness
Deduction and Induction
Advantages of Logical Thought
Summary
2
1
Summary
ix
X
CONTENTS
TWO
47
INFORMAL FALLACIES
3
Fallacies of Ambiguity
51
Amphiholy
Accent
Hypostatization
Equivocation
Exercises
52
54
56
59
62
63
Fallacies of Presumption
65
Summary
4
Exercises
66
66
69
72
74
74
79
82
85
87
87
91
96
101
102
Fallacies of Relevance
107
Personal Attack
MohAppeal
Appeal to Pity
Appeal to Authority
Appeal to Ignorance
Appeal to Fear
108
113
121
123
127
130
133
134
Overlooking the Facts
Sweeping Generalization
Hasty Generalization
Bifurcation
Evading the Facts
Begging the Question
Question-Begging Epithets
Complex Question
Special Pleading
Distorting the Facts
False Analogy
False Cause
Irrelevant Thesis
Summary
5
Summary
Exercises
"LOVE IS A FALLACY"
Max Shulman
139
Suggested Readings for Part Two
150
Index
151