Philippine Literat
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Part I – The Historica
Background of
Philippine Literature
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Chapter 1
Introduction to the
of Literature
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Definition of Literature:
The word literature is derived from
term litera which means letter. It
defined differently by various writers.
Some loosely interpret literature
printed matter written within a
magazine or a pamphlet.
Other
literature as a faithful reproduction
manifold experiences blended i
harmonious expression.
Because literature deals with ideas,
and emotions of man, literature can
be the story of man.
Man’s love
thoughts, dreams and aspirations co
beautiful language is literature.
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In order to know the history of
spirit, one must read its literature.
that to understand the real spirit o
one must “trace the little rills as t
along down the ages, broadening and
into the great ocean of thought wh
the present source are presently exp
Brother Azurin, said that “literatur
the feelings of people to socie
government, to his surrounding
fellowmen and to his Divine Crea
expression of one’s feelings, accord
may be through love, sorrow,
hatred, anger, pity, contempt, or rev
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For Webster, literature is anythin
printed, as long as it is related to
and feelings of people, whether it i
just a product of one’s imagination.
In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by
Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says t
literature is a piece of written work
undying.
It expresses the feel
emotions of people in response
everyday efforts to live, to be hap
environment and, after struggles,
his Creator.”
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Why We Need to Study Philippine Lit
We can enumerate many reasons for
literature.
Here are but a few:
We study literature so that we c
appreciate our literary heritage. W
appreciate something that we
understand.
Through a study
literature, we can trace the rich h
ideas handed down to us from our fo
Then we can understand ourselves b
take pride in being a Filipino.
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Like other races of the world, we
understand that we have a great a
tradition which can serve as the
assimilate other cultures.
Through such a study, we will re
literary limitations conditioned b
historical factors and we can take
overcome them.
Above all, as Filipinos, who truly
take pride in our own culture, we
manifest our deep concern for
literature and this we can do by stu
literature of our country.
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Of Philippine Literature in English
Frames
It can be said that Philippine lit
English has achieved a stature th
way, phenomenal since the inc
English in our culture.
Our written literature, which is
hundred years old, is one of
evolutionary growth.
Our writers
express their sentiments while stru
a foreign medium. The great mass o
in English that we have today is,
tribute to what our writers have a
the short span of time. What they h
can compare with some of the bes
the world.
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Much is still to be achieved. Ou
have yet to write their OPUS M
Meanwhile, history and literature a
unfolding before us and we are as
in the assembly lines to an evolvin
life.
Time frames may not be necessary i
of literature, but since literature an
are inescapably related it has
facilitative to map up a system whic
us in delineating certain time bound
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These time boundaries are not ex
defined; very often, time frames
another in a seeming continuum
systematic discussion of the
customs, and feelings of our people t
traced in our literature, we shall ad
delimitations.
These time frames are:
Time Frames of Philippine Literature
Different opinions prevail regarding
that mark the development of
literature in English. Let us take th
time frames for purpose of discussion
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Period of Re-orientation: 18
Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1
Japanese Period: 1941-1945
The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1
Period of Activism: 1970-1972
Period of the New Society: 1972
Period of the Third Republic: 19
Contemporary Period: 1986
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Literature and History
Literature
and
history
ar
interrelated. In discovering the hi
race, the feelings, aspirations, cu
traditions of a people are sure to be i
. and these feelings, aspirations, cu
traditions that are written is literatur
can also be written and this too, is
Events that can be written down are p
literature.
Literature, therefore,
history.
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Literature and history, however,
differences. Literature may be figm
imagination or events devoid of
have been written down, while histo
up of events that really happened.
Literary Compositions that Have
the World.
Among them are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Bible or the Sacred Writings
Koran
The Iliad and the Odyssey
The Mahab-harata
Canterbury Tales
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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7. The Divine Comedy
8. El Cid Compeador
9. The Song of Roland
10. The Book of the Dead
11. The Book of the Days
12. One Thousand and One Night
Arabian Nights
General Types of Literature
Literature can generally be divided
types; prose and poetry.
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Prose consists of those written
common flow of conversation in sen
paragraphs, while poetry refers
expressions in verse, with measure a
line and stanza and has a more melo
I. PROSE
There are many types of prose. The
the following:
a.
Novels.
A long narrative di
chapters and events are taken from
stories.
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Example:WITHOUT SEEING THE
Stevan
Javellana
b. Short story. This is a narrative
one or more characters, one plot
single impression.
Example:THE LAUGHTER OF MY FA
Carlos
Bulosan
c. Plays. This is presented on a
divided into acts and each act h
scenes.
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Example:
Guerrero
THIRTEEN PLAYS by W
d. Legends. These are fictitious
usually about origins.
Example:
THE BIKOL LEGEND by P
e. Fables. These are also fictitiou
deal with animals and inanimate
speak and act like people and their
to enlighten the minds of children
that can mold their ways and attitud
Example:
THE MONKEY AND THE
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f. Anecdotes. These are merely pr
the writer’s imagination and the ma
to bring out lessons to the reader.
Example:THE MOTH AND THE LAMP
g. Essay. This expresses the vie
opinion of the writer about a
problem or event. The best examp
is the Editorial page of a newspaper
h. Biography. This deals with the
person which may be about him
autobiography or that of others.
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Example:
O. Albert
CAYETANO ARELLANO
i. News. This is a report of everyda
society, government, science and ind
accidents, happening nationally or n
j. Oration. This is a formal treat
subject and is intended to be spoken
It appeals to the intellect, to the wi
emotions of the audience.
II. POETRY
There are three types of poetry and
the following:
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A. Narrative Poetry.
important events in
imaginary.
This form
life either
The different varieties are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narrat
heroic exploits often under sup
control.
Example:THE HARVEST SONG OF A
translated in
English by Am
Daguio
2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative
written in verse and can be classif
as a ballad or a metrical romance.
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Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al
HERO OF THE FIELDS by
3. Ballads. Of the narrative poe
considered the shortest and simples
simple structure and tells of a sing
There are also variations of these: l
war ballads, and sea ballads, humor
and historical or mythical ballads. I
time, this referred to a song accom
dance.
B. Lyric Poetry. Originalaly, this re
kind of poetry meant to be su
accompaniment of a lyre, but now,
to any type of poetry that expresse
and feelings of the poet. They
short, simple and easy to understan
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1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). Thes
poems intended to be sung.
Th
theme is love, despair, grief, doubt
and sorrow.
Example:
CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem
dealing with an emotion, a feeling,
These are two types: the Italian
Shakespearean.
Example:
Santos
SANTANG
BUDS
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by
A
3.
Elegy.
This is a lyric poe
expresses feelings of grief and me
and whose theme is death.
Example:THE LOVER’S DEATH by
Demetillo
4. Ode. This is a poem of a nobl
expressed with dignity, with no
number of syllables or definite n
lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song
God or the Virgin Mary and con
philosophy of life.
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6. Awit (Song). These have measure
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowl
the accompaniment of a guitar or ban
Example:
Balagtas
FLORANTE AT LAURA by
7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have m
eight syllables (octosyllabic) and re
martial beat.
Example:
IBONG ADARNA
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C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy. The word comedy co
the Greek term “komos” meaning fe
revelry.
This form usually is
written with the purpose of amu
usually has a happy ending.
2.
Melodrama.
This is usually
musical plays with the opera. Toda
related to tragedy just as the fa
comedy. It arouses immediate an
emotion and is usually sad but t
happy ending for the principal chara
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3.
Tragedy.
This involves
struggling mightily against dynam
he meets death or ruin without su
satisfaction obtained by the protag
comedy.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated co
seeks to arouse mirth by laugha
situations are too ridiculous to be
characters seem to be caricatures
motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems. This form is eith
comic or tragic and it pictures th
today. It may aim to bring about c
the social conditions.
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Exercises
1. Deals with ideas, thoughts, and em
man. It is said to be the story of m
2. Literature as a faithful reprodu
man’s manifold _______ blended
harmonious expression.
3-5. Three reasons why do we need
Philippine Literature.
6. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe o
This depicted the sad fate of sla
became the basis of democracy lat
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7. This was written by Confucius of Ch
became the basis of Roman Calenda
8. This deals with the life of a pers
may be about himself, his autobio
that of others.
9.These have been the source of m
legends of Greece. They were w
Homer.
10.This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dea
an emotions, a feeling, or idea.
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Chapter 2
The Pre-Spanish Perio
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Historical Background
Long before the Spaniard an
foreigners landed on Philippine sh
forefathers already had their own
stamped in the history of our race.
Our ancient literature shows our
and traditions in everyday life as tra
folk stories, old plays and short stor
Our ancestors also had their own
which was different from that broug
Spaniards. The first alphabet use
ancestors was similar to that of th
Polynesian alphabet.
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Whatever record our ancestors left w
burned by the Spanish friars in the
they were works of the devil or were
materials that easily perished, like t
trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylin
could not have remained undestroy
efforts were made to preserve them.
Other records that remained showed
that proved existence of a native cu
our own. Some of these were pas
word of mouth till they reached th
some publishers or printers who to
in printing the manuscripts of th
Filipinos.
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The Spaniards who came to the P
tried to prove that our ancestors w
fond of poetry, songs, stories, rid
proverbs which we still enjoy to
which serve to show to generations
culture of our people.
Pre-Spanish Literature is characteri
A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form
the common theme of which is a
origin of a thing, place, location
The events are imaginary, devoid
and unbelievable. Old Filipino cus
reflected in these legends. Its a
entertain. Here is an example of a
THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS.
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B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are m
stories about life, adventure, love,
humor where one can derive lessons
These are useful to us because th
appreciate our environment, eva
personalities and improve our pers
life. An example of this is THE M
THE SUN.
C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long
poems
in
which
a
series
achievements or events, usually of
dealt with at length. Nobody can
which epics are the oldest becaus
translations from other languages
English and Spanish. We can only
their origins from the time mentio
said epics.
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Aside from the aforementioned epics
still other epics that can be read a
like the following epics.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
Bidasari-Moro epic
Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic
Maragtas-Visayan epic
Haraya-Visayan epic
Lagda-Visayan epic
Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic
Kumintang-Tagalog epic
Parang Sabir-Moro epic
“Dagoy” at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua ep
Tatuaang-Bagobo epic
Indarapatra at Sulayman
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l. Bantugan
m.
Daramoke-A-Babay
“Darangan”
–
Moro
D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are o
oldest forms of Philippine litera
emerged in the pre-Spanish period
songs mirrored the early forms o
Many of these have 12 syllables. He
examples:
a. Kundiman
b. Kumintang o Tagumpay
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c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Ang Dalit o Imno
Ang Oyayi o Hele
Diana
Soliraning
Talindaw
OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH
E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxim
Proverbs or Sayings
1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These
customarily used and served as laws
good behavior by our ancestors.
these are like allegories or parables t
lessons for the young.
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2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan.
made up of one or more measured
rhyme and may consist of four to 12
3.
Chant (Bulong). Used in wit
enchantment.
4. Maxims. Some are rhyming cou
verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each l
the same number of syllables.
5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used
or to comment on a person’s actuatio
6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden
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Exercises
1.
The first alphabet used by our a
was similar to that of the ______.
2.
What does Maria shouted to Ilog so
would cut the snake?
3.
In certain wide region of Luzon, the
village frequented by young men. Th
was full of trees, beautiful flower
river where clear waters flowed
attracted the young men more t
scenery?
4.
The writer of BIAG-Ni Lam-Ang
5.
Also known as Lullaby
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6.
These have been customarily
served as laws or rules on good be
our ancestors
7.
Sayings with no hidden Meanings
8.
Some are rhyming couplets with
5,6, or 8 syllables, each lines h
same number of syllables.
9.
Used in witchcraft or enchantmen
10. These are med up of one or more
lines with rhyme and may consist
twelve syllables.
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Chapter 3
The Spanish Period (1565-
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Historical Background
It is an accepted belief that th
colonization of the Philippines start
during the time of Miguel Lopez d
the first Spanish governor-gener
Philippines.
Literature started t
during his time.
This spurt
unabated until the Cavite Revolt in
Spaniards colonized the Philippine
than three centuries.
During these times, many changes o
the lives of Filipinos.
They em
Catholic religion, changed their n
were baptized.
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Their lifestyles changed too.
T
houses mad of stones and bric
beautiful furniture like the piano
kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains
were used as means of travel. T
fiestas to honor the saints, the pop
governors. They had cockfights, ho
and the theater as means of recreat
This gave rise to the formation
different classes of society like the
the landlords.
Some Filipinos
courses like medicine, law, agricu
teaching.
Many Filipinos finish
schooling already had been establish
•
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A.
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON P
LITERATURE
Due to the long period of coloniza
Philippines by the Spaniards, t
exerted a strong influence on our lite
1. The first Filipino alphabet calle
was replaced by the Roman alphabet
2. The teaching of the Christian
became the basis of religious practic
3. The Spanish language which b
literary language during this time le
its words to our language.
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4. European legends and tradition
here became assimilated in ou
corridos, and moro-moros.
5.
Ancient literature was colle
translated to Tagalog and other dial
6. Many grammar books were p
Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and V
7. Our periodicals during these tim
a religious tone.
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B. THE FIRST BOOKS
1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE C
DOCTRINE). This was the first book
the Philippines in 1593 in xylograph
written by Fr. Juan de Placenci
Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Sp
contained the Pater Noster (Out Fa
Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli
Queen), the Ten Commandments o
Commandments of the Catholic C
Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confes
Cathecism. Three old original cop
book can still be found at the Vatic
Madrid Musem and at the US Con
contains only 87 pages but costs $5,0
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2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario. T
book printed in the Philippines was
Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and
the UST Printing Press with the help
Vera, a Chinese mestizo.
It co
biographies of saints, novenas, and
and answers on religion.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras
(in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the
printed in typography.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This i
story printed in the Philippines and
to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio
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It is believed to be the first Taga
published in the Philippines even if
a translation. The printed transl
only 556 pages. The Ilocano tran
poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Meji
5. The Pasion. This is the book
life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.
only during Lent. There were 4 ve
this in Tagalog and each version is
to the name of the writer.
These are the Pilapil version (by
Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the
version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
1704), the de la Merced (by Anic
Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1
the de Guia version (by Luis de
1750).
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Critics are not agreed whether it is th
the de la Merced version which is
popular.
6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by M
Castro, the so called Father of Class
Tagalog. These are letters between
Urbana at Felisa and have influenced
behavior of people in society because
dealt with good behavior.
7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms
A collection of songs praising the V
Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest,
in 1865 and it was popular especially
Maytime “Flores de Mayo” festival.
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C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagal
rules of the Tagalog language). W
Fr. Blancas de San Jose and tran
Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610.
2.
Compendio de la Lengua
(Understanding
the
Tagalog
l
Written by Fr. Gaspar de San A
1703.
3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala
vocabulary).
The first Tagalog d
written by Fr. Pedro de San Buenav
1613.
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4.
Vocabulario de la Lengua
(Pampanga vocabulary).
The firs
Pampanga written by Fr. Diego in 173
5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisay
vocabulary). The best language book
by Mateo Sanchez in 1711.
6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The
Ilocano language). The first Ilocan
book by Francisco Lopez.
7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The
Bicol language). The first book in
language and written by Fr. Marcos
1754.
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D.
FOLK SONGS.
Folk son
widespread in the Philippines. Each
its national song from the lowlan
mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Min
Folk songs truly manifest the artis
of the Filipinos.
They show the
innate appreciation for and love of b
examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pa
Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Ati
Singsing.
E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS. There
recreational plays performed by
during the Spanish times. Almost
were in poetic form. Here are examp
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1. Tibag – the word tibag means to
This ritual was brought here by the
to remind the people about the sea
Helena for the Cross on which Jesus
2. Lagaylay – this is a special occ
the Pilareños of Sorsogon during M
get together.
As early as April, the participating
chosen and sometimes, mothers
their girls in order to fulfill a v
during an illness or for a favor recei
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In some parts of Bicol, a different p
is made but the objective is the sam
respect and offering of love to the Bl
by St. Helen on the mound she had d
3.
The Cenaculo – this is a
performance to commemorate the p
death of Jesus Christ. There are two
Cantada and Hablada. In the Habla
are spoken in a more delibera
showing the rhythmic measure of
and the rhyming in each stanza a
dignified in theme; the Cantada is c
the Pasion.
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The Cenaculo is written in octosylla
with 8 verses to the stanza. The f
versions take about 3 nights of
Performers come in costumes with
performers are carefully chosen
virtuous life. One performs the role
Christ and another the role of t
Mary. Many famous Cenaculo play
from the Tagalog regions although
also those from Ilocos, Pampanga,
both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon.
4. Panunuluyan – this is present
12:00 on Christmas Eve.
Th
presentation of the search of the Vi
and St. Joseph for an inn wherein
the baby Jesus.
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5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - Th
is an Easter play that dramatizes th
of the Risen Christ and his Mother.
presented in many Philippine towns.
6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is
dramatic entertainment perform
moonless night during a town fiesta
nights after a harvest. This shad
made by projecting cardboard figur
lamp against a white sheet. The
moved like marionettes whose dia
produced by some experts.
The dialogues are drawn from a Corr
or some religious play interspersed w
These are called by various names i
places:
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Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Bata
Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte, Pa
Bataa, Capiz and Negros; TITIRI in
GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pampa
Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union.
7. The Zarzuela – considered the
the drama; it is a musical co
melodrama three acts which de
man’s passions and emotions like l
revenge, cruelty, avarice or some
political proble.
•
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8. The Sainete – this was a sho
comedy popular during the 18th cen
were exaggerated comedies show
acts of long plays and were mostly
by characters from the lower classe
were taken from everyday life scenar
F. THE MORO-MORO. Like the Cen
Moro-moro is presented also on a sp
This is performed during town
entertain the people and to remin
their Christian religion. The plot is
same that of a Christian princ
nobleman’s daughter who is captu
Mohammedans. The father organize
party where fighting between the
the Christians ensue.
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The Mohammedans are defeated
miracle or Divine Intercession
Mohammedans are converted to Chr
In some instances, the whole ki
baptized and converted. One examp
is Prinsipe Rodante.
G. KARAGATAN. This is a poetic ve
socio-religious nature celebrated d
death of a person. In this contest
less formal, a ritual is performed b
legend about a princess who droppe
into the middle of the sea and wh
here hand in marriage to anyone
retrieve it.
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A leader starts off with an extem
poem announcing the purpose. He
a “lumbo” o “tabo” marked with a
Whoever comes in the direction of
line when the spinning stops gets
“go into the sea to look for the
means a girl will ask him a riddle a
able to answer, he will offer the r
girl.
H. DUPLO. The Duplo replace the
This is a poetic joust in spe
reasoning. The roles are taken from
and from proverbs and saying. It
played during wakes for the dead.
I. THE BALAGTASAN. This is a poe
a contest of skills in debate on a
topic or issue. This is replaced the
is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas
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J. THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant in
by a bereaved person or his rep
beside the corpse of the dead. N
meter or rhyming scheme is used.
chanting it freely recites in poet
according to his feelings, emo
thoughts. It is personalized and us
with the life, sufferings and sacrifi
dead and includes apologies for his m
K. THE AWIT and the CORRIDO.
these two interchangeably because
is not clear.
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Exercises
1. The first spanish governor-gener
Philippines.
2-3 What are the changes occured in
of
the Filipinos during the
Period?
4.
The first Filipino Alphabet.
5.
This was the first book printe
Philippines in 1593 in xylography.
6.
This is a book about the life and
of Jesus Christ.
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7.
A book by Modesto de Castro, the
Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog
8.
This is a presentation of the sear
Virgin Mary and St. Joseph fo
therein to deliver the baby Jesus
9.
This is a short musical comedy
during the 18th century.
10. It is a personalized and usually
the life, sufferings and sacrifice
deed and includes apologies
misdeeds
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Chapter 4
The Period of Enlightenm
(1872-1898)
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Historical Background
After 300 years of passivity unde
rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened
3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zam
guillotined without sufficient evi
guilt. This occurred on the 17th of
This was buttressed with the
liberalism when the Philippines o
doors to world trade and with the c
a liberal leader in the person of
Carlos Maria de la Torre.
The Spaniards were unable to sup
tide of rebellion among the Filipinos
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The once religious spirit transform
into one of nationalism and the
demanded changes in the governme
the church.
A. The Propaganda Movement (1872
This movement was spearheaded m
the intellectual middle-class like J
Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lope
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce,
Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno
objectives of this movement were
reforms and changes like the followi
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1. To get equal treatment for the Fi
the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony
3. To restore Filipino representat
Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of
the press, assembly and for
grievances.
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B. Highlights of the Propaganda Mo
There were three principal leader
Propaganda movement. They wer
Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and
Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights ab
and what they have done for our cou
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado A
Realonda was born on June 19,
Calamba, Laguna. His first teache
mother Teodora Alonozo. He studi
Ateneo de Manila, started medicin
and finished at the Universidad C
Madrid. He also studied at the Uni
Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
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He died by musketry in the han
Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on
sedition and rebellion against the
His pen-name was Laong Laan and D
His books and writings:
1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was
that gave spirit to the propaganda
and paved the way to the revoluti
Spain.
In this book, he courageously expose
in the Spanish-run government
Philippines.
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The Spaniards prohibited the readi
novel but a lot of translations we
enter stealthily in the country even
death to those caught in possession
The NOLI gave Philippine liter
immortal characters Maria Cla
Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa,
Tasio, Doña Victorina, Kapitana Ma
and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful p
delineation of these characters.
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a
the NOLI.
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While the NOLI exposed the evils in
the FILI exposed those in the go
and in the church. However, the
been dubbed the novel of society w
of FILI is that of politics.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last
This was a poem by Rizal while
incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is
can compare favorably with the be
world. It was only after his death
name was affixed to the poem.
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4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS
(On the Indolence of the Filipinos). A
the so-called Filipino indolence and an
of the reasons for such allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN
Philippines within a Century). An essa
the increasing influence of the U
Philippines and the decreasing interes
here. Rizal predicted that if there is
colonizer of the Philippines in the futu
be the US.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To
Youth). A poem Rizal dedicated to
youth studying at UST.
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7.
EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOS
Council of the Gods). An allego
manifesting admiration for Cervante
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pas
Written by Rizal when he was 14
age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You aske
Verses); 1882 and A LAS FLO
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of He
Two poems manifesting Rizal’s
depth of emotion.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS
FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO D
(Notes on Philippine Events by Dr
de Morga): 1889
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11.
P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS
ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacint
of a Student of Manila) 1882
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE
(Diary of a Voyage to North America
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly kn
pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh, Pipin
Dolores Manapat. He was born at C
Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850
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His parents were Julian H. del Pi
Filipino writer and Biasa Gatma
brother was the priest Fr. Toribio de
was banished to Marianas in 1872.
there were many children in th
Marcelo gave up his share of his i
for his other brothers and sisters.
Marcelo started schooling at the sch
Flores and then transferred to that o
before UST. His last year in law s
interrupted for 8 years after he h
with the parish priest during a bapt
Miguel, Manila in 1880.
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He established the Diariong Tagalo
where he exposed the evils of the
government in the Philippines and
to avoid the false accusations hurri
by the priests. To avoid banishmen
forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
He was assisted by Fr. Serrano L
publishing a different Cathecism an
Book wherein they made fun of th
They also made the DASALAN AT TO
and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from
IGAT, a kind of snake fish caught in
•
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Upon his arrival in Spain, he
Graciano Lopez Jaena as edito
SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which be
vehicle thru which reforms in the g
could be worked out. This did no
for he got sick and even to reach H
from where he could arouse his co
He died of tuberculosis in Spain but
died, he asked his companions to te
and children that he was sorry he w
to bid them goodbye; to tell others
fate of our countrymen and to
helping the country.
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Plaridel has truly earned a nich
history of our nation. Even today,
streets have been named after h
former Kingwa has been named Pla
Malolos High School is now Marce
Pilar High School and above
patriotism and bravery will remain
our memories.
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar
1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA
Country).
Translated from the
AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published o
20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
•
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2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A
and sarcastic dig in answer to
Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal,
in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolore
as pen-name here.
3.
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Pr
Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but sa
done agains the parish priests, pu
Barcelona in 1888. Because of this
was called “filibuster.” Done in adm
of supplication and excellent use of T
4.
ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIO
Goodness). Published in Barcelona,
like a cathecism sarcastically aimed a
parish priests but also contains a phi
the power and intelligence of Go
appreciation for and love for nature.
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5.
SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA H
PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on th
the Filipinos). A poem pleading fo
from Spain but that Spain is alread
weak to grant any aid to the Ph
This poem is in answer to
Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik sa Pil
Plea from the Philippines).
6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUG
poetical contest in narrative
psalms, riddles). A compilation of
the oppression by the priests
Philippines.
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7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (S
in the Philippines). This shows the
of the friars to the Pilipinos.
8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG
TAONG BABASA (Passion that shou
the hearts of the readers)
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
(1856-1896)
A most notable hero and geniu
Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena w
December 18, 1856 and died on Ja
1896.
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The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he
admiration of the Spaniards and E
He is a known writer and orato
Philippines. He wrote 100 speech
were published by Remigio Garci
bookstore owner in Manila Filatica a
are still read up to no by modern Fil
Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1
the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a ri
in order to escape punishment
enemies and arrived at Valencia, t
of the Republican movement
Spaniards. He gained the acquai
the high officials like Piy Margall,
Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron.
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From Valencia, he moved to Barce
he
established
the
first
mag
SOLIDARIDAD. This later became
voice of the Association Hispano de
Filipino-Spanish Association) com
Filipinos and Spaniards who w
reforms in the Philippines. Becau
Jaena successfully showed the Spa
the people of the world how a new
can introduce changes in law a
towards a better life and progress.
Jaena, although he didn’t become
was also a teacher in a sense to his
relatives in the Philippines.
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Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tom
Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he sto
separation of church and state
education, better government and
freedom of worship and for an ind
and free university.
He sided with Rizal in the co
between Rizal and del Pilar over wh
head the Association Hispano de Fi
Madrid. He returned to the Phili
ask for donations to continue
government called El Latigo Na
Pambansang Latigo. He sold the rig
Solidaridad ot del Pilar who had
lawyer and had brought in money
sojourn in Spain.
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Graciano Lopez Jaena died in
hospital in Barcelona on January
eleven months before his best friend
shot at the Luneta on December 30,
A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jae
1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod
his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in
years after the Cavite Revolt atta
friars in the Philippines. He exp
some of the friars were greedy, amb
immoral.
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2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Ch
Friar)
and
EVERYTING
IS
(Everything is mere show).
He
explains the tragedy of marrying a S
3.
SA MGA PILIPINO...1891…
which aimed to improve the condit
Filipinos to become free and progres
4.
TALUMPATING
PAGUNIT
KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Comm
Columbus). A speech he delivered
on the 39th anniversary of the dis
America
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5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MO
LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIP
Here he praised Gen. Morayta for
treatment of the Filipinos.
6.
EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTA
RESURRECCION
HIDALGO.
A
expression of praise for the pa
Hidalgo on the condition of the Filip
the Spaniards.
7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JO
MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To th
Malolos). The theme is about how
taught Spanish in schools and whos
were the governors-general of the pla
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8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINA
in the Philippines). Jaena refuted th
of banditry in the Philippines and o
should be laws on robbery and other
9.
HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Hon
Philippines).
The triumphant ex
Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Ta
thesis that intellect or knowledge g
to the Philippines.
10.
PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA
(Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines
11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Su
the Philippines).
Jaena refers h
wrong management of educatio
Philippines 1887.
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B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS
ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna was a pharmacist
banished by the Spaniards to Spain.
the Propaganda Movement and cont
writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD.
M
works dealt with Filipino customs
were accusations about how the Spa
the government. His pen name wa
He died at the age of 33 in June 189
put to death by the soldiers of
because of his instant rise to fa
became a threat to Aguinaldo.
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Some of his works are:
1.
NOCHE BUENA (Christmas E
pictured true Filipino life.
2.
SE DEVIERTEN (How They
Themselves).
A dig at a danc
Spaniards where the people w
crowded.
3.
LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A
Conference or Feast).
Depicts a
custom which he believed was mu
than the Spanish.
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4.
POR MADRID (For Mad
denouncement of Spaniards who clai
Philippines is a colony of Spain but
of Filipinos as foreigners when it
collecting taxes for stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The
House).
Depicts a landlady who
boarders not for money but in orde
husband for her child.
MARIANO PONCE
Mariano Ponce became an edit
biographer and researcher of the P
Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalip
Naning as pennames. The common
his works were the values of educ
also wrote about how the Filip
oppressed by the foreigners an
problems of his countrymen.
A
writings were:
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1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (
Bulacan). Contains legends, and f
his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The
of Longinos). A play shown at th
Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Fili
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-T
Filipinos in Indo-China)
PEDRO PATERNO
Pedro Paterno was a scholar,
researcher and novelist of the P
Movement.
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He also joined the Confraternity o
and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipino
to further the aims of the Movem
was the first Filipino writer who
censorship of the press during the l
the Spanish colonization.
The following were a few of his wrtin
1. NINAY. The first social novel in
by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). S
importance of a mother especiall
home.
3.
SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS
(Sampaguitas and Varied Poem
collection of his poems.
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JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity
penname JORMAPA. He was also
having photographic mind. He was
of a number of movements for th
Some of his writings were:
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Nati
2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Stu
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
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C. Period of Active Revolution (1896
Historical Background
The Filipinos did not get th
demanded by the propagandist
government turned deaf ears
petitions; oppression continued and
and the government became e
oppressive to the Filipinos.
intentions of Spain were reversed by
who were lording it over in the Philip
Because of this, not a few of th
affiliated with the La Liga Filipin
organization suspected of being rev
and which triggered Rizal’s bani
Dapitan).
Like Andres Bonifac
Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose P
Pio Valenzuela decided that there wa
way except to revolt.
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The gist of literature contained
accusations against the governmen
meant to arouse the people to uni
prepare for independence.
D. Highlights of the Active Revolut
The noted leaders of this period we
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and A
Mabini. These are their contributio
country.
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ANDRES BONIFACIO
Andres Bonifacio is best known as t
Filipino Democracy, but more than
the Father of the Katipunan becau
establishing the Kataas-taasan,
galanga Katipunan ng mga Anak
(KKK).
Andres Bonifacio came from a poor
it is said that what he learned he g
school of experience.
He was a voracious reader and amo
loved to read which aroused his re
spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of
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He joined the La Liga Filipina fo
Rizal in 1892. He established the K
which triggered the spirit of
especially when Rizal was ban
Dapitan, Mindanao.
Bonifacio is better known as t
Revolutionary rather than a write
also wrote things which paved the
the revolution and which also becam
our literature. Among his works we
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1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA
(What the Tagalogs Should Know)
2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MG
BAYAN (Obligations of Our Countrym
is an outline of obligations just li
commandments of God.
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Lo
Native Land). A poem with a title
that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
4.
HULING PAALAM (Last Fare
translation of Mi Ultimo Adios o
Tagalog.
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APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini is known in liter
history as the Sublime Paralytic
Brains of the Revolution.
EMILIO JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent
of Andres Bonifacio in the establis
the Katipuna. He is called the Bra
Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan (Fr
Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio
his writing of the Kartilya in def
Jacinto’s work as secretary of the K
His Kartilya was the one followe
members of the organization. Her
of his writings:
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1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A p
on the Katipunan)
2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and D
collection of essays on different su
freedom, work, faith, governmen
country.
3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother).
ode to his mother.
4.
A LA PATRIA (To My Coun
masterpiece.
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He was born in Talaga, Tanauan, B
July 22, 1864. Because he was bor
family he had to work in order to
became known to his professors and
at Letran and the UST because of
memory and the simple clothes he u
throughout his schooling.
He became the right-hand of Emilio
when the latter founded his Republic
His contributions to literature were
government society, philosophy an
Here are some of his works:
1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO
Decalogue or Ten Commandments). T
masterpiece and his aim here was to
the spirit of nationalism.
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2.
EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA
REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall
Philippine Republic)
3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the
Nation)
4. PAHAYAG (News)
OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS
JOSE PALMA
Jose Palma became popular becau
Himno Nacional Filipino (The P
National Anthem) which was set to
Julian Felipe.
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He was born in Tondo, Manila on Jun
His brother Rafael Palma became th
of the UP.
He joined the revolution against the
together with Gregorio del Pilar, th
Filipino general who died during the
Aside from the National Anthem, h
other works:
1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A
of his poems.
2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden)
expressing one’s longings for his swe
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NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUT
In the effort of the Revolutionists to
the world their longings for their cou
newspapers
were
put
up
du
Revolutionary period. They were:
1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. P
decrees of the Revolutiary Governm
and works in Tagalog that aroused na
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independenc
by Antonio Luna and whose aim
Philippine Independence.
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The
Republic).
Established by Pedro
1898.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by
Zulueta.
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Exercises
1.
How does the filipino spirit reawak
300 years of passivity under spanis
2-3
Give
2
objectives
of
Pro
Movement to seek reforms and cha
4.
This is a sequel for the NOLI ME TA
5.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar establish
_______in 1882, where he expres
evils of the spanish government
Philippines
6.
This became the official voice
Associacion Hispano de Filipinas
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7.
He is the Father of Filipino Demo
the Father of the Katipunan
8.
He is the Brains of the Katipunan
9.
The Sublime Paralytic and the Bra
Revolution
10. He became popular because of h
Nacional Filipino (The Philippine
Anthem)
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Chapter 5
The American Regi
(1898-1941)
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Historical Background
The Filipino Revolutionists won a
Spaniards who colonized us for mor
years. Our flag was hoisted on Jun
as a symbol of our independence. G
Aguinaldo was elected the first Presi
Philippine Republic but this was sho
The Fil.-American was resulted in th
Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
The peace movements started as ear
Many Filipinos started writing aga
nationalism of the people remained u
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Filipino writers went into all
literature like news, reporting,
stories, plays, essays, and novels
writings clearly depicted their
country and their longings for indep
The active arousal in the field of
started to be felt in the
newspapers.
1.
EL NUEVO DIA (The Ne
Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1
American censors twice banned
threatened Osmeña with banishmen
of his nationalistic writings.
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2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The C
Nation).
Established by Pascual
1900.
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth)
by Rafael Palma in 1901.
There were also plays written then bu
first and second presentations, the
put a stop to this because of the
theme of nationalism. Included her
following:
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS
Today and Tomorrow).
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Written by Aurelio Tolentino depi
suppression done by the Americans
plan to colonize the Philippines.
2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Aba
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Rey
A. Characteristics of Literature dur
Period
Three groups of writers contributed
Philippine Literature during this per
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During the first year of the American
languages used in writing were Sp
Tagalog and the dialects of the differe
but Spanish and Tagalog predominated
In 1910, a new group started to write
Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Verna
finally, English, were the medium
literature during these times. While
groups were one in their ideas and
differed in their methods of repor
writers in Spanish were wont to
nationalism like honoring Rizal
heroes.
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The writers in Tagalog continued
lamentations on the conditions
country and their attempts to arous
one’s native tongue. The writers i
imitated the themes and method
Americans.
A. Literature in Spanish
The inspiration of our Filipino w
Spanish was Rizal not only becau
being a national leader but also b
his novels NOLI and FILI. These tw
contained the best qualities of a n
written, in English or in Filipino. T
were inspired to write in praise of
Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma.
Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and
Recto.
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CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicate
Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes bu
dedicated to Rizal is considered the be
praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.
FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guer
with Apostol the reign in the bal
Spanish during their time.
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He also dedicated a poem to Ri
collected the best of his poems in a
CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of b
caterpillar. Here are a few stanzas o
Rizal which he wrote on June 1
commemorate Rizal’s birthday.
JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for his
of Batikuling.
He and Manue
participated in a debate on th
(Remembrance and Forgetfulness).
elected Poet Laureate in Spani
Manuel Bernabe.
MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet
fierceness of his nationalistic
unchanged in any topic he wrote abo
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In his debate with Balmori, he w
attractive to the public because
modious words he used.
He
OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).
CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme,
Recto can compare with the other
Spanish. He collected his poems
entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (U
Coconut Trees).
Other Writers in Spanish
1. Adelina Guerrea was the first wo
in the Philippines who was good in
She obtained the Zobel prize in he
Nido. (The Nest).
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2. Isidro Marpori became famous
books entitled Aromas de Ensueño
Dreams).
3.
Macario Adriatico wrote of a
Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto
of Origin).
4.
Epifanio de los Santos (know
PAnyong). He was a good leader and
during the whole period of Spanish l
5.
Pedro Aunario wrote the De
Proteccionismo.
B. Filipino Literature
FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisc
and URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto
became the inspiration of the Tagal
Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified
of Tagalog poets: They were:
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1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Pu
included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed
Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias d
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernande
Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). L
K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus,
Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos
and Amado V. Hernandez.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng
Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patrici
Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
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In the realm of short stories that s
appear in the column Pangsa
Libangan (Short-time Leisure) a
(Fast) we find here the names of
Santos, Patricio Mariano, and
Almario. In the Liwayway Publica
find Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro G
Cirio H. Panganiban.
Noted
novelists
or
biographe
Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K
Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar
Here are the autobiographies of som
writers mentioned:
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LOPE K. SANTOS
Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet a
and grammarian covered three
Tagalog literature – American, Japan
contemporary period. If Manuel L.
called the Father of the National
Lope K. Santos is called the Fat
National Language Grammar.
He
called the “Apo” of the Tagalo
BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpie
JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
Jose Corazon de Jesus is very popu
as Huseng Batute. He was also call
of Love in his time.
ANG ISAN
KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believ
masterpiece.
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AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed M
mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Lab
our literature because he picture
poem the intense love for the poor
laborer.
To him, a poem is
bittersweet memories, and a m
flowing water.
The pen is pow
according to him, even a king can b
the pen.
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He contributed a lot of writings to
like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A
Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Fre
ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), and
LUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterp
PANDAY.
VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PE
Together with Lope K. Santos he r
summit of his novel-writing. He wa
Tandang Anong and his pen name
Butil (Small Grain). He considers
NENENG his masterpiece.
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IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of
writer during the Spanish time k
Odalger. He proved that he not only
the footsteps of his father but also
the peak of his success by the “s
(whim) of his pen. He also became
story-teller, novelist and newspaper
The Tagalog Drama
During the advent of the America
Severino Reyes and Hermogene
started the movement against t
moro ( a play on the Spanish
against the Muslims) and struggled
the people the values one can get
zarzuela and the simple plays.
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The people one should not forget in
writing are the following:
1.
Severino Reyes.
Father of th
drama and author of the immorta
SUGAT.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatis
the Kapampangans take pride. Inclu
writings
were
LUHANG
TAGA
masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGA
BUKAS that resulted in his incarcerat
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded
Campaña Ilagan that presented many
Central Luzon.
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4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the no
and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the
masterpiece.
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote B
NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This
much honor and fame.
The Tagalog Short Story
Two collections of Tagalog sto
published during the American Per
was the MGA KUWENTONG GINT
Stories) published in 1936 and %) KU
GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENT
Golden Stories by 50 Noted Story
1939.
The first was written by
Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mu
contained the 25 best stories acc
them.
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The second was written by Pedri
PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lant
TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of
became popular during this period.
Tagalog Poetry
Almost all Tagalog writers du
American Period were able to
beautiful poems which made it di
select the best. Even if poetry wri
old as history, poetry still surfaces
sweetness, beauty, and melody.
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Other Forms of Literature
The following are those recognized
of Ilocano Literature:
1.
Pedro Bukaneg.
Father
Literature. From his name was d
word Bukanegan, which means Ba
poetic contest) in Ilocano.
2.
Claro Caluya.
Prince of Iloc
Known as poet and novelist.
3.
Leon Pichay.
Known as
Bukanegero (from Bukaneg).
Als
novelist, short story writer, dram
essayist.
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Literature of the Kapampanga
(Pampango Literature)
Two stalwarts in the literature
Kapampangans stand out: they are:
1.
Juan Crisostomo Soto.
(F
Kapampangan
Literature).
Th
CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in
is taken from his name.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly p
being a Kaampangan in his trans
KAHAPON,
NGAYON
AT
BUK
Kapampangan which he called
NGENI AT BUKAS.
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Visayan Literature
The following are the top men
literature:
1.
Eriberto Gumban.
(Father
Literature). He wrote a zarzuela,
and a play in Visayan.
2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She d
talent to the novel.
She wrote
TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
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C. Philippine Literature in English
In a way, we can say that we can
beginnings of Philippine literature i
with the coming of the Americans.
purpose, we can divide this period i
time frames, namely:
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 189
2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-19
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 192
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(1) The Period of Re-orientation (189
English as a literary vehicle cam
American occupation in August 13, 1
they say, a choice bestowed on us
By 1900, English came to be used a
of instruction in the public schools.
American forces were recruited
teachers of English.
By 1908, the primary and intermed
were using English. It was also abou
when UP, the forerunner in the use
in higher education, was founded.
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Writers of this period were still ad
the newfound freedom after the p
effect of repression of thought an
under the Spanish regime.
Th
adjusting the idea of democracy, to
phraseology of the English languag
the standards of the English liter
Writers had to learn direct expr
conditioned by direct thinking. Th
learn that sentence constructions
and speech in English were not the
in the vernacular.
They had to
sentimentality and floridity of lan
the more direct and precise
language.
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Not much was produced during this
what literature was produced was n
literary worth. The first attempts
were in two periodicals of this time:
(a) El Renacimiento: founded in
Rafael Palma in 1901.
(b)
Philippines Free Press: esta
Manila in 1905 by R. McCullough D
Theo Rogers.
POETRY
In 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSU
which appeared in the Renacimien
first work to be published in English
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In 1909, Jan F. Salazar’s MY MOT
his AIR CASTLES were also publish
paper.
It was also in 1909 when Proceso
followed with his poem TO MY
LAOAG, also in this same paper.
(2) The Period of Imitation (1910-19
By 1919, the UP College Folio publ
literary compositions of the first
writers in English. They were the
in short story writing.
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They were then groping their
imitating American and British mo
resulted in a stilted, artificial and
style, lacking vitality and spontane
models included Longfellow and H
Emerson and Thoreau, Wordsw
Tennyson,
Thackeray
and
Longfellow, Allan Poe, Irving a
American writers of the Romantic Sc
Writers of this folio included
Maramag (the best editorial writ
period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose M.
Vicente del Fierro,
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and Francisco M. Africa and V
Yamzon. They pioneered in English
ESSAYS
The noted essayists of this time we
P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro
and Vicente Hilario.
Their
essays
were
truly
characterized by sobriety, substa
structure.
They excelled in th
essay, especially the editorial type.
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The next group of writers introd
informal essay, criticism and the j
column. They spiced their work wi
wit and satire. These group includ
Manlapaz,
Godefredo
Rivera,
Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, S
Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. D
SHORT STORIES
In the field of short stories, DEAD
Paz Marquez Benitez written in the ea
stand out as a model of perfection in
delineation, local color, plot and
Other short stories published during
were but poor imitations of the
models.
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The UP College Folio was later re
the Philippine Collegian. Newspa
periodicals also saw print during
like the Bulletin, the Philippine
(1920),
the
Philippine
Revie
Independent,
Rising
Philippin
Citizens, and the Philippine E
Magazine 1924.
D.
Period of Self-Discovery and
(1925-1941)
By this time, Filipino writers had
the mastery of English writing. T
confidently and competently wrote
of subjects although the old-time fa
love and youth persisted. They wen
forms of writing like the novel
drama.
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1. POETRY
Noteworthy names in this field inclu
de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Vi
Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido
Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta
They turned our not only love p
patriotic, religious, descriptive and
poems as well. They wrote in free
odes and sonnets and in other type
was original, spontaneous, competen
and later, incorporated social conscio
2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)
Probably because of the incentives p
publications like the Philippine Free
Graphic, The Philippine Magazine a
publications like the UP Literary A
poetry and the short story flourish
these times.
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Other writers during this tim
Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo R
Latorena’s Sunset, and Jose Garcia
in-isa. From 1930 to 1940, the Gol
Filipino writing in English saw the s
writers “who have arrived,” l
Lansang’s The Broken Parasol,
Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto
Wanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s Hi
Yesterday, Amador T. Daugio’s Th
Who Looked Out of the Window.
Characteristics of the short stori
these times:
There were still remnants of Spanish
in the use of expressions that w
sentimental, exaggerated and bomba
influence of the Western culture
already evident.
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3.
ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE
(1925-1941)
Essays during this period improved
years in quality and quantity, in
subject and style. Essayists like
Romulo became even more eminent
writers.
The notable writers of essays du
period were:
a. Political, social reflective essays
their newspaper columns the
became very popular: Federico M
Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrence
Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and
Lansang.
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b. Critical essays were espoused by
P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manla
Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Le
Yabes.
An example of this is M
Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT BROTHE
c. Personal or Familiar essays we
by F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko), A
Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Am
Dayrit and Consuelo Gar (Catuca).
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Some of the notable works during
were:
1940:Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERAT
SOCIETY which is a collection
reflections and serious essays and
first prize in the Commonwealt
Contest of 1940.
1940:Camilo Osias published THE
WAY OF LIFE, a series of essays on t
way of life as drawn from history
philosophy and psychology of the Phi
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1941:
F.B. Icasiano (Mang K
reprints of the best of Icasiano’s
the Sunday Times Magazine u
column From My Nipa Hut. It is an
the common “tao” and is written wi
and sympathy.
August 16, 1941:
Carlos P. Romu
editorial printed in the Philippine
Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, it was rep
his book MY BORTHER AMERICANS
in New York by Doubleday & Co.
OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:
Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano P
Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Leo
Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santill
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The Philippine Writer’s League p
collection of essays called Literature
Commonwealth.
Amando G. Dayrit with his colu
Morning Judge led others like
Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vicen
Pacis, Jose A. Lansang and Federico M
4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941
In 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo
Concepcion wrote about QUEZON.
In 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won
the national contest sponsored
Commonwealth of the Philippines.
written by Carlos Quirino, the mo
biographer of the period.
He a
Quezon, the Man of Destiny.
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In 1940, I.V. Mallari’s The Birth of
revealed the sensitive touch of a wr
simple language was able to reveal hi
thoughts and feelings.
5. HISTORY
Not much about history has been
Filipino writers.
In 1937,
with
literary history, we can cite T
Castillo’s The Brief History of the
Islands.
6. PUBLICATIONS
The Philippine Free Press provided
incentives to Filipino writers in
offering prizes to worthwhile con
Other publications followed suit.
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7. THE DRAMA (1925-1941)
Drama during this period did not
heights attained by the novel or
story. The UP provided the incenti
they introduced playwriting as a co
established the UP Little Theater.
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Exercises
1
The Philippine flag was hoisted on
as a symbol of our independence.
2.
The peace movement started as e
_______.
3.
Written by Aurelio Tolentino depict
suppression done by the America
their plan to colonize in the Philippi
4.
Why Rizal became the inspiration
Filipino writers.
5.
A book of Fernando Ma. Guerrero
means kind of black, wooly caterpilla
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6.
The first woman poet in the P
who was good in Spanish
7.
The Father
Grammar.
8.
According to ________ even a kin
sent by the pen.
9.
A son of a popular writer du
Spanish time known as Odalager
of
the
National
10. The Father of Kapampangan Litera
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11. His name derived from the word B
12. In what year did English become a
of instructions in the public schoo
13. The first to break away f
conventional
forms
and
the
Philippine poetry placed the Phili
the Literary map with the publi
his books in the U.S.
14-15
Their essays were truly
characterized by sobriety, subst
structure
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Chapter 6
The Japanese Period (19
1945)
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Historical Background
Between 1941-1945, Philippine Lite
interrupted in its development
Philippines was again conquered b
foreign country, Japan. Philippine li
English came to a halt.
Excep
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIE
all newspapers in English were stop
Japanese.
This had an advantageous effect o
Literature,
which
experienced
attention because writers in English
writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who u
in English turned to Filipino beca
strict prohibitions of the Japanese
any writing in English.
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The weekly LIWAYWAY was plac
strict surveillance until it was ma
Japanese named Ishiwara.
In other words, Filipino literature
a break during this period. Many wr
poems, short stories, etc. Topics an
were often about life in the province
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS
The common theme of most poem
the Japanese occupation was nat
country, love, and life in the barr
religion and the arts.
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Three types of poems emerged d
period. They were:
1. Haiku – a poem of free vers
Japanese like. It was made up of 1
divided into three lines. The first
syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and
five. The Haiku is allegorical in m
short and covers a wide scope in mea
2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short
measure and rhyme. Each line had 1
and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) –
mentioned earlier in the beginning
this book.
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B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE
PERIOD
The drama experienced a lull
Japanese period because movie hous
American films were closed. The
houses were just made to show st
Many of the plays were reprod
English plays to Tagalog. The trans
Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto C
Narciso Pimentel.
They also fo
organization
of
Filipino
playe
Dramatic Philippines.
A few of
were:
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PAND
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote s
PUTI
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3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BU
expression in the game Hide and Se
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote
KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIG
PATAY.
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY
THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The field of the short story widen
the Japanese Occupation. Many wr
stories.
Among them were:
Batungbakal,
Macario
Pineda,
Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narcis
NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim
Perez, and Gloria Guzman.
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The best writings in 1945 were sele
group of judges composed of
Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz,
Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and
Santos. As a result of this selec
following got the first three prizes:
First Prize:
Narciso
LUPANG TINUBUAN
Reyes
w
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UH
TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize:
NVM
Gonzales’
NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN
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D.
PHILIPPINE
(1941-1945)
LITERATURE
IN
Because of the strict prohibitions
the Japanese in the writing and pu
works in English, Philippine lit
English experienced a dark period.
who dared to write did so for their
butter or for propaganda.
Writings that came out during this p
journalistic in nature. Writers felt
but slowly, the spirit of nationalism
seep into their consciousness.
W
continued to write, the majority w
better climate to publish their works.
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Noteworthy writer of the period wa
Romulo who won the Pulitzer Pri
bestsellers I SAW THE FALL
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINE
his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY
AMERICANS.
Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez
Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos
Nick Joaquin produced THE WO
LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS.
Fred R
wrote a few poems.
F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The
Review.
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Carlos Bulosan’s works includ
LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (19
VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX
POETS, 1942, among others.
Litiatco published With Harp and
in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Fo
Make a Nation Great.
The Commonwealth Literary Awa
prizes to meritorious writers. Th
won were:
1.
LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafae
da Costa (Poetry)
2.
HOW MY BROTHER LEON B
HOME A WIFE – by Manuel E. Argui
Story)
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3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by
Lopez (Essay)
4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya
President Manuel L. Quezon’s aut
THE GOOD FIGHT was published pos
Radio broadcasts echoed the mingl
doubts in the hearts of the people.
Other writers of this period were J
(19440, Tomas Confesor (1945), Rom
Cruz and Elisa Tabuñar.
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Exercises
1-2. Almost all newspapers in Eng
topped by the Japanese except for
3.
It is made up of 17 syllables div
3 lines. The first line had 5 sylla
second, 7 syllables and the third ,
4. Like Haiku, is short but it had me
rhyme
5. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his b
I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILI
SEE THE PHILIPPINE RISE
MOTHER AMERICA and MY B
AMERICANS.
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6.
The title of President Manuel L. Q
autobiography
7-10. Common themes of most poems
the Spanish Occupation.
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Chapter 7
The Rebirth of Freedom (
1970)
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Historical Background
The Americans returned in 1945.
rejoiced and guerillas who fled to th
joined the liberating American Army
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
freedom and the Filipino flag wav
alone. The chains were broken.
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DU
PERIOD
The early post-liberation period was
a kind of “struggle of mind and spiri
the sudden emancipation from the
the wild desire to see print.
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Filipinos had, by this time, le
express themselves more confide
post-war problems beyond langu
print-like economic stability, the
new ideas and mortality – had to be
with side by side.
There was a proliferation of newsp
the FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN,
Osmeña Sr., DAILY MIRROR of
Roces, EVENING NEWS of Ramon
and the BULLETIN of Menzi.
T
proved that there were more re
English than in any ocher vernac
Tagalog, Ilocano or Hiligaynon.
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Journalists had their day. They
more militant attitude in their repo
bordered on the libelous.
Gr
normality was restored, the tones an
the writings turned to the les
problems of economic survival.
Some Filipino writers who had gone
had written during the interims ca
publish their works.
Not all the books published during
reflected the war year; some were c
or second editions of what have b
before.
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Some of the writers and their wo
periods are:
THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN – a com
the best works of some Ex-USAFF
Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz
Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez.
TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION
OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero
FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY – by
BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES – b
Abaya
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SEVEN HILLS AWAY – by NVM Gonz
POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THIS
For the first twenty years, many bo
published…both in Filipino and in
Among the writers during this ti
Fred Ruiz Castro, Dominador I. Ilio
Rigor.
Some notable works of the period in
following:
1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1
collection of poems by Manuel Viray
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2. PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION
collection of prose and poetry b
Ramos and Florentino Valeros
3.
PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –
Joaquin
4.
PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953)
Agcaoili
5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST – by Amador
6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) – a c
works by the professors of UE,
English (short stories, essays, resea
poem and drama) by Artemio Pa
Silverio Baltazar
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The themes of most poems dealt
usual love of nature, and of so
political problems. Toribia Maño
showed deep emotional intensity.
7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN H
– by NVM Gonzales
8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO – by C
Pedroche
9. Other poets were Toribia Maño
L. Tiempo
Jose Garcia Villa’s HAVE COME, A
won acclaim both here and abroad.
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NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN EN
Longer and longer pieces were being
writers of the period.
Stevan
WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN tells
experiences of war during the
Occupation.
In 1946, the Barangay Writer’s Pro
aim was to publish works in
Filipinos was established.
In 1958, the PEN Center of the
(Poets, essayists, novelists) was inau
the same year, Francisco Arcellana
his PEN ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STO
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In 1961, Kerima Polotan’s novel T
OF THE ENEMY won the Stonehill
the Filipino novel in English.
In 1968, Luis V. Teodoro Jr.’s sh
THE ADVERSARY won the Philipp
Press short story award; in 1969,
THE TRAIL OF PROFESSOR RIE
second prize in the Palanca Memori
for Literature and in 1970, his sh
THE DISTANT CITY won the GRAP
story award.
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THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DUR
PERIOD
Philippines literature in Tagalog w
during this period. Most themes in t
dealt with Japanese brutalities, of t
of life under the Japanese governme
brave guerilla exploits.
Newspapers and magazine publicatio
opened like the Bulaklak, Liway
Ilang and Sinag Tala. Tagalog poet
not only rhyme but substance an
Short stories had better characters
based on facts and realities and th
more meaningful. Novels became c
were still read by the people for recre
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The people’s love for listening
jousts increased more than before a
started to flock to places to he
debates.
Many books were published during
among which were:
1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by
Abadilla
2. Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagal
1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo
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3. Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952) collectio
and stories by Genoveva Edroza Matu
4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952) by
Abadilla
5.
Maikling
Katha
ng
Da
Pangunahing Autor (1962) by A.G. A
Ponciano E.P. Pineda
6.
Parnasong Tagalog (1964) co
selected poems by Huseng Sisiw an
collected by A.G. Abadilla
7. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pa
Panitikan (1965) by Rufino Alejandro
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He prepared this book for teaching i
and appreciation of poems, dram
stories and novels
8. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (19
by Rogelio G. Mangahas
9. Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (K
Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik) 1965
Abueg
10. Makata (1967) first cooperative
publish the poems of 16 poets in Pil
11. Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio S
12. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang
(1970) by Efren Abueg. In this boo
proved that it is possible to have a
integration of ethnic culture in our
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13. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Many books
came out during this period. The la
the additional study of the life of Riz
lot in activating our writers to w
about Rizal.
PALANCA AWARDS
Another inspiration for writers in F
the launching of the Palanca Memor
for literature headed by Carlos Pala
1950. (Until now, the awards are
given although the man who foun
passed away). The awards were given
of short stories, plays and poetry.
The first awardees in its first year,
the field of the short story were the f
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First Prize:
KUWENTO
Genoveva Edroza
NI
Second Prize: MABANGIS
KAMAY…MAAMONG KAMAY
Dandan
MA
by
Third Prize:
PLANETA, BUWAN
BITUIN by Elpidio P. Kapulong
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Exercises
1.
In what year did the Philippines
its freedom and the Filipino waved
alone.
2.
This tells of the grim experienc
during the Japanese Occupation
written by Stevan Javellana
3.
P.E.N. stands for?
4.
It was written by Jose Garcia Villa
5.
The author of “Kwento ni Mabuti”
6-10. Why is it called the rebirth of fre
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Chapter 8
Period of Activism (1970-
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Historical Background
According to Pociano Pineda, youth
1970-72 was due to domestic and
causes. Activism is connected with
of our Filipino youth.
Because of the ills of society, the yo
to seek reforms. Some continued
that the democratic government is
that it is only the people ru
government who are at fault. Som
that socialism or communism shou
democracy. Some armed groups were
bring down the democratic form of go
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Many young people became activis
for changes in the government.
expression of this desire for chan
were the writings of some youth
fired with nationalism in order to e
the importance of their petitions.
Many young activists were impri
military camps together with rebe
As early as this period of history w
that many of those writers w
imprisoned were true nationalists a
of their time.
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Many books aptly record and emb
times but many of these are not
many and many of these writers still
interviewed. We just leave to sc
researchers the giving of credit whe
due.
A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
The seeds of activism resulted
declaration of Martial Law in 1972
however, say that he seeds were ea
from the times of Lapu-lapu, Laka
Rizal.
The revolution against th
forces in the Philippines can be said
monopoly of the youth in whose vei
fire in their blood. What Rizal s
youth being the hope of the Fath
still valid even today.
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B. PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACA
Pineda also said that this was the t
the youth once more proved that
the constant evasion that shapes
and nationalism.
There is a limit to one’s patience
explode like a volcano if overstraine
Life? What avails like if one is a co
does not take a stand for himself an
succeeding generations?
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C. THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
The youth became completely rebell
this period. This was proven not
bloody demonstrations and in th
expressions but also in literature
newspapers showed rebellious emo
once aristocratic writers developed
for society.
They held pens and
placards in red paint the equivalent
MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
They attacked the ills of society a
Any establishment became the sym
ills that had to be changed. The fru
youth could be felt in churches a
Even the priests, teachers and
authorities who should be respect
targets of the radical youth and wer
as hindrances to the changes they s
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The literature of the activists r
point where they stated boldly wh
be done to effect these changes.
Some of those who rallied
revolutionary form of literatu
Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangaha
Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bau
WRITING
ACTIVISM
DURING
THE
PER
The irreverence for the poor reache
during this period of the mass revo
was also during this period that Bo
that discredit our ways as Filipino
to come out.
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PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITER
ENGLISH
(Established in 1950, the Palanca
Awards for Literature had been g
prizes for short story, poetry and o
writing as an incentive to Filipino w
prizes come from La Tondena, Inc
founded by the late Carlos Palanca
list of winners from 1950-51 to 1
recommended Alberto S. Florentino
Years of Palanca Awards.”)
ENGLISH SHORT STORY
1970-71
First Prize – “THE RITUAL” – Cirilo F
Second Prize – “BEAST IN THE FIEL
Mojares
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Third Prize – “CHILDREN OF THE
Amadis Ma. Guerrero
1970-71
First Prize – “THE ARCHIPELAGO”
Bautista
Second Prize – “FIVE POEMS” –
Pascua Sanchez
Third
Prize
–
“FROM
MACT
MENDIOLA” – Frederico Licsi Espino
ENGLISH ONE-ACT PLAY
1970-71
First Prize – “THE GROTESQUE AM
– Maiden Flores
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ENGLISH POETRY
1971-72
First Prize – “THE TOMATO GAME
Gonzales
Second Prize – “THE APOLLO CEN
Gregorio C. Brillantes
Third Prize – “AFTER THIS, OUR EX
Martinez Coscolluela
1971-72
First Prize – “BATIK MAKER A
POEMS” – Virginia R. Moreno
Second Prize – “THE EDGE OF TH
Artemio Tadena
Third Prize – “TINIKLING (A SHEAF O
– Frederico Licsi Espino Jr.
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1971-72
First Prize – “GRAVE FOR BLUE F
Jesus T. Peralta
Second
Prize
–
“THE
UNDI
COUNTRY” – Manuel M. Martell
Third Prize – The judges recommend
much as the three third prize winner
deserve, the prize of P 1,000.00
among these three:
“THE BOXES” – Rolando S. Tinio
“NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOO
COME TO THE AID OF THEIR CO
Julian E. Dacanay
“THE RENEGADE” – Elsa Martinez Co
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WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
Jose F. Lacaba, in his book DAYS OF
NIGHTS OF RAGE; THE FIRST
STORM AND RELATED EVENTS, wr
tragic and tumultuous moment
country’s history.
Describing this period, he writes:
quarter of the year 1970…It was a glo
a time of terror and of wrath, but als
hope. The signs of change were on t
A powerful storm was sweeping t
storm whose inexorable advance
force could stop, and the name of the
history.”
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He
mentions
that
those
demonstrating at that time knew
aware that what they were doing
crucial to our country’s history.
leaders thought up grandiose names
organizations and hence, the prolif
acronyms likes SUCCOR, YDS
SAGUPA, SMP, KKK, KM, MDP, and
Politicians endorsed bills for th
interfered with student demo
Mayor Antonio Villegas himself, on
1970, led demonstrators away fro
policemen.
Other politicians
Estrada Kalaw, and Salvador Laurel
Aquino Jr. wrote about condemn
police brutalities.
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Lacaba’s book is truly representativ
who were eyewitnesses to this time
and wrath.”
Other writers strove to pour out th
and frustrations in words describing
as “gasping for the air, thirsting for t
freedom.” Thus, the Philippine Cen
International PEN (Poets, Essa
Novelists) held a conference center
“writer’s lack of freedom in a climate
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For a day they denounced restric
artistic freedom and passionately l
for freedom. Among the writers in t
were: Nick Joaquin, S.P. Lopez,
Brillantes, F. Sionil Jose, Petroni
Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc, Mauro Av
Jose W. Diokno.
People in the other media partic
this quest for freedom.
Journal
Burgos Jr., Antonio Ma. Nieva
director Lino Brocka, art critic Ann
de Leon were battling head – on
censorship.
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They came up with resolutions that
causes other than their own – like t
amnesty for political prisoners,
secret decrees restricting free expres
They requested editors and pub
publish the real names of writer
columns. It called on media to d
information on national interes
partisan leanings and resolved to
with all causes decrying oppre
repression.
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Exercises
1-2. According to Ponciano Pined
Activism in 1970-72 was due to ____
3-4. Because of the ills of society. T
moved to seek reforms, what a
reforms?
5. The result of seeds of Activism
6. The youth became completely r
during the literary revolution. T
proven not only in the _______ an
sidewalk expressions but also in
(7.) ___________.
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8.
The author of Days of Disquiet,
Rage, The first quarters storm an
events.
9.
The Philippine Center for the Inte
PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelis
conference centering on the ______
10. They held pens and wrote on pl
red paint the equivalent of t
__________
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Chapter 9
Period of the New So
(1972-1980)
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Historical Background
The period of the New Society s
September 21, 1972. The Carlos
Awards continued to give annual aw
Almost all themes in most writi
with the development or progres
country – like the Green Revolutio
planning, proper nutrition, env
drug addiction and pollution.
Society tried to stop pornography
writings giving bad influences on th
of the people. All school newspap
temporarily stopped and so wit
organizations.
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The military government establish
office called the Ministry of Publ
that supervised the newspapers, b
other publications.
The government took part in rev
plays like the Cenaculo, the Zarzuel
Embayoka of the Muslims.
The
Center of the Philippines, the F
Theater and even the old Met
Theater were rebuilt in order to hav
for these plays.
Singing both Filipino and Engli
received fresh incentives. Those se
promoted many Filipino songs.
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The weekly publications like KI
LIWAYWAY helped a lot in the deve
literature.
These became outlet
writers to publish many of their work
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE P
THE NEW SOCIETY
Themes of most poems d
patience, regard for native culture
and the beauties of nature and sur
Those who wrote poetry during t
were: Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto Silv
Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramo
Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco, a
Sulit Cruz.
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Many more composers added their
this period. Among them were Fredd
Jose Marie Chan and the group Tit
Joey.
ANAK of Freddie Aguilar
instant success because of the
emotions revealed in the song. T
even translations in Japanese and
languages.
B.
THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOC
The government led in reviving old
dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela
and the Embayoka of the Muslims w
presented in the rebuilt Metropolita
the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultu
of the Philippines.
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Many schools and organizations also
varied plays.
The Mindanao State University p
play Sining Embayoka at the Cultu
of the Philippines.
In 1977, the Tales of Manuvu, a n
rock of the ballet opera was also
these presentations. This was per
Celeste Legaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji
Boy Camara, Anthony Castello, Rey
choreographed by Alic Reyes.
Even the President’s daughter at
participated as a performing art
principal role of Santa Juana of Ko
The Diary of Anne Frank.
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The following organizations contrib
to the development of plays du
period:
1. PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino
2.
Repertory Philippines: of
Godines and Zenaida Amador
3. UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes
4. Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio
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C. RADIO AND TELEVISION
Radio continued to be patronized
period. The play series like SI MATA
ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONEL
forms of recreation of those without
Even the new songs were first hear
airwaves.
However, many performing artist
moved over to television because of
Among these were Augusto Victa, Ge
Mely Tagasa, Lina Pusing, and Ester C
Popular television plays were GU
PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and ANNA LI
SUPERMAN AND TARZAN were also p
the youth.
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D. FILIPINO FILMS
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng
(Yearly Filipino Film Festival)
during this time. During the festi
lasted usually for a month, only
films were shown in all theaters
Manila. Prizes and trophies were a
the end of the festival in recog
excellence in film making and
performances.
New kinds of films without sex or
started to be made but whi
nevertheless well-received by th
Among these were:
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1. MAYNILA… SA MGA KUKO NG
written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed
direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Ro
lead role.
2. MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO; N
was the principal performer here.
3. GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO KAYO
led by Christopher de Leon and Glori
4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr.,
and Christopher de Leon
Sex films could not be shelved. Fore
as local films dealing the bold theme
vehicles of producers to earn more m
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E.
COMICS,
PUBLICATIONS
MAGAZINES
AN
During this period of the New Society,
donned new forms. News on econom
discipline, culture, tourism and the
favored more than the sensationalize
of killings, rape and robberies.
The leading papers during this period
1.
2.
3.
4.
BULLETIN TODAY
TIMES JOURNAL
PEOPLES JOURNAL
BALITA
5. PILIPINO EXPR
6. PHILIPPINE DAI
7. EVENING POST
8. EVENING EXPR
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LIWAYWAY had been an old-time
the Filipinos since 1920. Other
were:
1. KISLAP
2. BULAKLAK
3. EXTRA HOT
4. JINGLE SEN
Like mushrooms, comics also p
everywhere and were enjoyed by t
Among these were:
1. PILIPINO
2. EXTRA
3. LOVE LIFE
4. HIWAGA
5. KLASIK
6. ESPESYAL
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F. PALANCA AWARDEES
SHORT STORY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize – “SPOTS ON THEIR W
OTHER STORIES” – Antonio Enriqu
Second Prize – “ON FRIENDS YOU
HOPES” – Ines Taccad Camayo
Third Prize – “THE LIBERATION
FIDELA MAGSILANG” – Jaime A. Li
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1973-74
First Prize – “THE CRIES OF CHIL
AN APRIL AFTERNOON IN THE YEA
Gregorio C. Brillantes
Second Prize – “THE WHITE D
Estrella D. Alfon
Third Prize – “TELL ME WHO CL
DEVIL’S FOOT” – Luning Bonifacio I
Honorable Mention – “SCORING”
Dayrit
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1974-75
First Prize – co-winners
1. “THE DAY OF THE LOCUSTS” –
Deriada
2. “ROMANCE AND FAITH ON
BANAHAW” – Alfred A. Yuson
Second Prize – co-winners
1. “THE MAN WHO MADE A COVEN
THE WIND” – Cirilo F. Bautista
2. “ONCE UPON A CRUISE: GENERA
OTHER LANDSCAPES” – Luning
Ira
3. “AGCALAN POINT” – Jose Y. Dalis
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Third Prize – co-winners
1. “THE DOG EATERS” – Leoncio P.
2. “THE PEOPLE’S PRISON” – M
Avena
3. “DISCOVERY” – Dr. Porfirio F. Vil
4. “A SUMMER GOODBYE” – Linda
and Benjamin Bautista
PLAY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize – “THE HEART OF EMPT
BLACK” – Ricardo Demetillo
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Second Prize – “GO, RIDER!” – Azu
Uranza
Third Prize – “THE RICEBIRD HA
WINGS” – Federico Licsi Espino, Jr.
1973-74
First Prize (No Award)
Second Prize – “AFTERCAFE – Juan
Third Prize – “DULCE EXTRAN
Wilfredo D. Nollede
1974-75
First Prize – “A LIFE IN THE
Rolando S. Tinio
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Second Prize – “PASSWORD – Pau
Lim
Third Prize – “THE MINERVA FOUN
– Maidan Flores
POETRY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize – “CHARTS” – Cirilo F. B
Second Prize – “A TRICK OF MIR
Rolando S. Tinio
Third Prize – “ALAPAAP’S MOUN
Erwin E. Castillo
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1973-74
First Prize – co-winners
1. “MONTAGE” – Ophelia A. Dimalan
2. “IDENTITIES” – Artemio Tadena
Second Prize – co-winners
1. “BOXES” – Ricardo de Ungria
2. “GLASS OF LIQUID TRUTHS” –
Luis Centina III
Third Prize – co-winners
1. “A LIEGE OF DATUS AND OTHER
Jose N. Carreon
2. “RITUALS AND METAPHORS” – C
Vega
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1974-75
First Prize – “TELEX MOON” –
Bautista
Second Prize – “ADARNA: SIX POEM
LARGER CORPUS” – Wilfredo Pascu
Third Prize – “THE CITY AND TH
OF LIGHT” – Ricardo Demetillo
REPUBLIC CULTURAL HERITAGE A
(1960-1971)
NATIONAL ARTISTS
1973
Amado
V.
Hernandez
(Literature)
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(P
Jose Garcia Villa (Literature)
Francisco Reyes Aquino (Dance)
Carlos V. Francisco (Posthumous) (P
Antonio J. Molina (Music)
Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture)
1976
Nick Joaquin (Literature)
Napoleon V. Abueva (Sculpture)
Pablo Antonio (Posthumous) (Archite
Lamberto V. Avellana (Movies)
Victorio G. Edades (Painting)
Jovita Fuentes (Music)
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G. AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATU
THE NEW SOCIETY
Bilingual education which was initia
Board of National Education as earl
and continued up to the period of M
in September 21, 1972, resulte
deterioration of English in the diffe
of education.
The focus of educ
culture was on problems of nationa
on re-orientation, renewed vigor a
resolves to carry out plans and progra
The forms of literature that led d
period wee the essays, debates and po
short stories, like the novels and pla
different in style from those written
onset of activism.
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Some of the books that came out d
period were:
I Married a Newspaperman (essay)
Luna Lopez (wife of newsapaperman S
Lopez), 1976
The Modern Filipino Short Story b
Melendrez Cruz, 1980
Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Lite
Rustica D. Carpio, 1976
Brief Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcac
Medium Rare and Tell the Peop
articles and TV Program) by Julie Yap
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Exercises
1.
The new Society tried to stop ____
2.
The office established by the
government that supervised the n
book and other publication.
3-5. The government took part in re
plays like ______,______, ______
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6-9. Identify the themes of the ff. slog
6.
Sa ikauunlad ng bayan,
Disiplina ang kailangan
7.
Ang pagsunod sa magulang
Tanda ng anak na magalang
8.
Tayo’y magtanim
Upang mabuhay
9.
Tayo’y magbigayan
At wag magsiksikan
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10. Which song of Freddie Aguilar be
instant success because of the s
emotions revealed in it.
11. Festival which lasted usually for
only Filipinos films were show
theaters in Metro Manila
12. Example of Leading Papers duri
period of new society
13. Example of magazine during that p
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14. _______ was initiated by the Boa
National Education as early as 195
continued up to the period of martial
September 21, 1972 resulted in the
(15.) _________
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Chapter 10
Period of the Thir
Republic (1981-19
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Historical Background
After ten years of military rule a
changes in the life of the Filipi
started under the New Society, Ma
was at last lifted on January 2, 1981
To those in government, the
military rule heralded a change.
perceptions, the Philippines becam
nation and this; former Presiden
called “The New Republic of the Phi
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A historian called this the Third Rep
First Republic he claimed was
Philippine Republic of Emilio Aguin
we first got our independence
Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
The Second was when the Americans
our independence on July 4, 1946. T
January 2, 1981, was the Third Rep
we were freed from Military Rule.
During this period, it cannot be d
many people seethed with rebellion
because of the continued oppre
suppression.
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This was further aggravated whe
Senator Benigno S. Aquno Jr., the i
Filipino masses, whom they hoped
next president, was president, wa
murdered on August 21, 1983.
This stage of the nation had its effe
literature. After the Aquino assa
the people’s voices could no
contained.
Both the public and
sectors in government were chan
shouting; women, men and th
became bolder and their voices we
in dissent.
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We can say that Philippine literature,
the many restrictions, still surr
retained its luster.
THE PALANCA AWARDS
The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial
literature which was launched in
Chapter 7, The Renaissance Period),
its recognition of the best in the lite
– poetry, short story, essays, and th
three-act plays.
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In 1981, the winners were the follow
First Prize:
Heaven”
Jessie B. Garcia’s
Second Prize: Luning Bonifacio – I
Party Hopper”
Third Prize:
Jesus Q. Cruz – “
Hallowed Halls”
In 1982, those who won were:
First Prize:
“Heart Island” by Jos
Jr.
Second Prize: “Pas de Deux” by
Grajo Uranza
Third Prize:
“The Sky Is Always
Joe Marie A. Abueg
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In 1983, the mood was restive, cha
of the times. The nation was angr
murder of opposition leader Benig
but the awards ceremonies contin
delay. The winners are:
First Prize: “Oldtimer” by Jose Dalis
Second Prize:
“Games” by Jesus
Third Prize:
“Perfect Sunday”
Ayala
First Prize in poetry (Pilipino): Jose
Second
Prize
(English
essay):
Brillantes
Third Prize (English essay): Adrian C
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In 1984, the winners were:
First Prize: “The Reprieve” by Susan
Second Prize:
“The Tangerine G
by Sylvia Mendez Ventura
Third Prize co-winner: “The Little
Filemon Sayre” by Lemuel Torrevilla
Third Prize:
“Stranger in an Asi
Gregorio Brillantes
In 1985, those who won were:
First Prize: “The Hand of God” by C
Quiros
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First Prize:
“A Novel Prize for J
Eli Ang Barroso
No awards for second prize
Third Prize:
“Mecca of the E
Charles Loong
In 1984, the Palanca Awards
choosing the best in novel writin
contest, held every three years, g
for local writers to write more beau
quality works. The next contest on
novel was held in 1987.
La
continues to be its sponsor.
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B. FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Thi
were romantic and revolutionary. W
openly
of
their
criticism
ag
government. The supplications of
were coached in fiery, colorful, viole
and insulting language.
C. FILIPINO SONGS
Many Filipino songs dealt with th
were really true-to-life like thos
poverty, aspirations for freedom, lov
country and of fellowmen.
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Many composers, grieved over Nino
treacherous assassination compos
Among them were Coritha, Eric a
Aguilar.
Coritha and Eric compo
titles LABAN NG BAYAN KO and th
sung
by
Coritha
during
the
Unification Conference of the Opp
March, 1985. This was also sung
Presidential Campaign Movement
Aquino to inspire the movemen
Marcos in February 1986.
Freddie Aguilar revived the song
which was written by Jose Corazo
and C. de Guzman during the Ameri
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D. PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE
The yearly Festival of Filipin
continued to be held during this pe
people’s love for sex films also was
Many producers took advantage of t
expense of public morality.
E. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING TH
REPUBLIC
Most especially, during the wak
tragic Benigno Aquino Jr.’s inciden
reacted with shock, appalled
suddenness and the unexpecte
events.
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Alfredo Navarro Salanga, a consisten
Philippines Panorama Magazine in h
“Post-Prandal Reflections” aptly
“darkness in the mind and soul is
forgotten poet puts it. Its suddenn
profound that we couldn’t but react t
other way.”
Elemental to us (poets or writers) w
grasp to some meaning – in a symbo
or word – in the language of heart a
the poet’s only candles. So we trie
out in the next and perhaps the on
could: by putting pen to paper and
out – as partisans in a human drama.
Poets, surprisingly, by common cons
themselves writing on a common
Reproduction of some of them is
here. We aptly call them Protest Po
‘80’s.
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The themes of most during this time
courage, shock and grief over the
inflicted upon Aquino.”
F. MEDIA OF 1983
Sheila S. Coronel, a PANORAMA sta
reporting on the state of the me
these times said: it was a year of fe
change, of old problems made more
by the new throbbing beat of the tim
For journalists, it was a year loaded
charges, lawsuits and seditious tr
they gallantly bore as harassment su
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JAJA (Justice for Aquino, Justice
Movement called for a boycott of go
– controlled newspapers in protest
suppression.
People picketed ne
offices with coffins to symbolize the
press freedom.
In campuses, newspapers were se
protest lack of free expression. J
suffered physically and otherwise.
Journalists of 3 major dailies dem
dialogue with their publishers to
credibility and respectability” to ne
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Opposition tabloids flourished. The
papers with the red news to the star
hence, smut magazines like th
PLAYBOY SCENE, and SAKDAL also
sidewalks.
Radio led by RADIO VERITAS starte
coverage of demonstrations.
I
Minister Gregorio Cendaña called th
the “mosquito press” and called
“political pornography.”
However, there was a perceptible lib
of editorial policies in the major new
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G. CHILDREN’S BOOKS
Among the well-loved forms of writ
abounded during this period were
children’s
stories.
The
C
Communication Center (CCC) dir
poet and writer Virgilio S. Almari
has built up an impressive collectio
kinds of books. The following are
the books of the period.
1982:
PLAYS FOR CHILDREN by
Reuter S.J. (New Day Pub.)
1983:
STORY
TELLING
FOR
CHILDREN
1983:
JOSE AND CARDO by Pe
Manuel
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1983:
Joaquinesquerie: MYTH A
(Cacho Hermanos)
1983:
LAHI: 5 FILIPINO FOLK T
English books and 1 cassette tape)
1984:
RIZALIANA
FOR
ILLUSTRATIONS and FOLKTALES b
Rizal, Intoduced and annotated
Navarro Salanga
1984:
GATAN AND TALAW by J
Montero
H. (PROSE) FABLES
The people’s cry of protest found
only in poetry but also in veiled p
which transparently satirized the o
Malacañang.
Among those that
were:
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1. The Crown Jewels of Heezen
Sylvia Mendez Ventura
2. The Emperor’s New
Meynardo A. Macaraig
Under
3. The King’s Cold by Babeth Lolarg
4. The Case of the Missing
(unfinished) by Sylvia L. Mayuga.
In all the fables, the king, differentl
to as Totus Markus or the king
Matinik was meant to poke fun at
at Malacañang; similarly, Reyna Ma
the Queen, was a veiled thrust at h
They were both drunk with power
punished in the end for their misdee
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1. THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITER
ENGLISH AT THIS TIME
Isagani
Cruz,
writing
about
literature in the “Age of Ninoy,”
following observations:
“Philippines literature is definitely
and he summarizes these as follows:
1. Change in the direction o
consciousness in content and form.
2. Change in the number of reade
number of writers and the kind o
writers. Writers who joined the rank
only from the established or p
groups but from all ranks – clerks, s
drivers, housewives, students; in
masses.
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3. The resurgence of Balagtasismo
continued dominance of Modernism
Balagtasismo turned its back
American challenge to Philippine
its conservative conventions, Mo
adapted Americanization for its own
4. The birth of a new poetic movem
dims in outline.
5. The apparent merging of the
separate streams of oral and
literature.
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J. SOME WRITERES DURING THIS P
1981-85
1981:
PHILIPPINE FOLK LITER
Damiana Eugenio
1981:
ADVENTURES OF MARIAN
Orosa Uy
1982:
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN YO
AND YOUR
FROWN AN
POEMS by Bienvenido M. Noeiga Jr.
1983:
PARES-PARES
by
Bienv
Noriega Jr.
1983:
AGON: POEMS, 1983 by
Maranan
1984:
THE FARMER by Alfred
Salanga
1984:
THE ROAD TO MOWAB A
STORIES by
Leoncio P.
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Exercises
1.
After _________ of military rule a
changes on the life of the Filipi
started under the new society, ma
was at last lifted on January 2, 19
2.
The Philippines became a new n
former President Marcos called it
3.
The historian called this the ______
4.
What happened on June 12, 1898?
5.
The Americans granted us on _____
6.
Controlled newspaper in protest
suppression
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7.
Who is the idol of the Filipino mas
8.
What is the song composed by Co
Eric and sung by Coritha du
National Unification Conference
opposition in March 1985
9.
Freedie Aguilar revived the song
which was written by Jose Co
Jesus and C. de Guzman du
American Period.
10. CCC stands for?
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Chapter 11
Periods (1986-199
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Historical Background
History took another twist. Once
Filipino people regained their inde
which they lost twenty years ago.
In the span of four days form Feb
25, 1986, the so-called People Pow
ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, th
barricaded the streets petition
government for changes and
Freedom became a reality – won t
peaceful,
bloodless
and
Go
revolution.
Philippine society was in turmoil
weeks but the rejoicing after t
Marcos was toppled down from p
sheer euphoria.
Singing, danc
shouting’s were the order of the day
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The events created overnight heroe
historical event, the role played b
figures in history cannot be dou
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
Forces Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos
to the cause of freedom do the Fil
their
gratitude
for
the
ble
Independence?
To the Filipino people, this is
Philippine Republic, the true Repu
Philippines.
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A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DU
PERIOD:
In the short span of the existence
Republic of the Philippines, sever
already became evident. This in not
new Filipino songs, in the newspap
speeches, and even in the television
1. On Newspapers and other pu
Newspapers which were once bran
newspapers became instant opposit
overnight. This was true of BULLET
which became the opposition paper
crony newspapers that enjoyed an
increase in circulation were THE
MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNA
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Newspapers felt that the shack
muzzled their voices during the r
years had been broken and, lik
“trying its wings after a long
bondage,” the desire to write ab
“miracle of change” was electric.
Columnists became vocal and unres
there are and a bumper crop
journalists emerged. The old stalwa
former dispensation like Maximo
Louie
Beltran,
Hilarion
Henar
Francisco Soc Rodrigo came bac
vengeance.
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By June 12, 1986, a total of 19 lo
both in English and Filipino were in c
Nowhere since the 1950’s had there b
big number of newspapers in
(excluding tabloids).
These newspapers include: BULLETI
BALITA, MALAY, MIDDAY, MASA
TIMES, NEWS HERALD, TRIBUNE,
INQUIRER, EXPRESS TONIGHT, EVEN
PEOPLE’S, DAILY MIRROR, BUSINES
MANILA CHRONICLE.
2. On Books: Philippine literature is
making…we are just beginning a new
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The Phillippine revolution of 1986
fire of its spirit that will carry the
through another epoch in Philippin
is still being documented just as t
been in the countless millio
participated in body and spiri
realization.
Two books were conceived during th
PEOPLE POWER was produced unde
by the PCI Bank Human R
Development Foundation, edited b
Allarey Mercado and published by t
B. Reuter, S.J. Foundation.
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Another one BAYAN KO was pu
Project 28 Days LTD. in June, 1986 i
Hong Kong and co-published in the
by Veritas Publications and Comm
Foundation.
In March 19, 1987 the Seventh Nat
Awards cited several best books pu
1987 according to the choices ma
Manila Critics Circle. Among thos
were: Dreamweavers Selected Poe
1986) by Marjorie Pernia and Awit
Philippine Metrical Romances by D
Eugenio.
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Bookfair Manila ’88 organized
Philippine Exhibit Company was
February 20-28, 1988. It was held
belief that “requisition of knowledge
enhances individual skills and ca
but more importantly, makes
contributions to the nation’s dev
program.”
B.
FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS
Here are a few Filipino songs that w
heard. They were often aired in
television and often accompan
historical events that transpired
Philippines and gained for the
world-wide acclaim.
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An album named HANDOG NG PI
MUNDO carried a compilation of som
The song that continued to be sung
the trying period of the Revolution,
a second national anthem and whic
to the Filipino spirit was BAYAN KO
were written by Jose Corazon de
back in 1928.
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Exercises
1.
In the span of four days from Febr
25 1986, the so-called people pow
ng Bayan) prevailed together, the p
barricaded the streets petitioning
government for _______ and (2.) ___
Freedom became a reality- won th
(3.)________, (4.)________, (5.)_______
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Columnists became (6.)_______ and (
in their art and a bumper crop
journalists emerged.
8-9. What are the two books that c
during the period?
10. What newspaper became the o
paper?
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Part II – Representativ
Compositions
through the Years
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1. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)
A. Period of Re-Orientation 1898-191
Air Castles (Poetry) by Juan
(1909-1910)
B. Period of Imitation 1911-1925
Period)
The Sea by Natividad Marquez (Po
C. Period of Self Discovery (1925-194
Poetry
1896 by Aurelio Alvero
To a Lost One by Angela Manalang G
Prayer of a Student by Trinidad
Subido
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Short Story
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez
The Making of A Writer by Salvador P
Shadow and Solitude (A translatio
Entre Las Sombras) by Claro
translated by Nick Joaquin
2. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-19
To My Native Land by Tarrosa Subido
My Father’s Tragedy by Carlos Bulos
Shall We Walk? by Pura Santillan Cas
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3. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (19
Poetry
When I see a Barong-Barong by
Ramos (1946)
Short Story
Plighted Word by Narciso G. Reyes
Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santo
Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino
They Called It “BROTHERHOOD” b
V. Soliven
4. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-197
Valedictorian sa Hillcrest ni Rolando
Beggar Children by Emmanuel Torre
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5. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1
Poetry
Philosopher’s Love Song by Tita
Ayala
The Tomato Game by N.V.M. Gonzal
I Married a Newspaperman by M
Lopez
6. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUB
85)
Poetry
Death Like Stone for Benigno S.
from
PHILIPPIN PANORAMA
Fables
The Emperor’s New Underwear by
Macaraig
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The Crown Jewels of Heezenhurst
Mendez Ventura
The King’s Cold by Babeth Lolarga
Short Story
Hunger by Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Play
Sepang Loca by Amelia Lapeña-Bonifa
Speech
Aquino’s Speech in Singapore
President Aquino’s Speech before
Congress
Cory Bats for the Rights of th
Oppressed
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Part III – Literary Compos
from 1986-1999
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Introduction
Life goes on and the world contin
process of undergoing a real
transition with altering social, polit
and aesthetic values inevitably l
imprint in literature.
And, as Salvador Lopez aptly sa
Literature and Society: “Absolute di
from the world by writers is impo
literature is, in some way, rooted in
of human experience.”
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The writer must, therefore, be a
historic propensities reacting to t
political currents of his time and
earnestly to change the world, kno
society has a claim on his attention
The years 1986-1999 – a span of
cover the careers of three p
Corazon C. Aquino, Fidel V. Ra
Joseph Ejercito Estrada.
Spates of
unabated,
handicaps,
problems of
literary enthusiasm
unhampered
by
c
hard times and the
the period.
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Thus, as we present some of the cre
of our writers during these periods
been judged as “contest winner”
therefore, in the words of Edith
acknowledged as “pretested literature
the learners to their own particular d
literary trends and qualities based on
attitudes and the moral commitm
nation as revealed through the w
writers.
These pieces, though randomly se
part of what we may term, the
expression of the Filipino propensitie
the Filipino psyche.
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It is also notable that The Cultural
the
Philippines,
with
the
P
Centennial Commission, has cho
outstanding awardees that have
build the nation through their achi
in arts and culture from 1898 to 19
list excludes those in film, broad
and theater.
Briefly, we mention those chosen fo
recognition in literature:
Teodoro Agoncillo
Virgilio Almario
Manuel Aguilla
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Carlos Bulosan
Jose Corazon de Jesus
Isabelo de los Reyes
Damiana Eugenio
Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Lucila Hosillos
Emmanuel Lacaba
Jose Lacaba
Salvador Lopez
Bienvenido Lumbera
Rosil Mojares
Claro M. Recto
Epifanio San Juan, Jr.
Lope K. Santos
Juan Crisostomo Sotto
Vicente Sotto
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As an incentive, the Centennial Lit
would be doubled for that millenn
categories (novel, poetry, essay,
screenplay) according to President
that the first prize would be P
second, P 1.5 million and third, P 1
There are only three living Nationa
Literature today: Nick Joaquin,
Arcellana, (RIP), Levi Celerio a
Quirino;
Amado
V.
Hernande
posthumous award.
A. POETRY
From the highly passionate and lyri
poetry in the early 50’s, contempo
manifests a skillful manipulation o
representations and is more insi
abstract.
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Various literary organizations con
reading sessions in public places
poetry accessible to the masses.
The UMPIL (Unyong ng mga Man
Pilipinas) and the LIRA (Linangan sa
Retorika at Anyo) hold such sessio
Café, Kamias, Quezon City (PDI
1998). The Creative Writing Found
the Philippine Literary Arts Cou
conduct such sessions, even invit
poets and writers.
Poetry reading sessions are also bein
public libraries in Metro Manila, C
and Tacloban.
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The head of the NCCA (National C
for Culture and the Arts) Com
Literature is Prof. Ric de Ungria.
B. ESSAYS
Filipino essays address societal i
more free and daring, manifestin
liberated atmosphere, however po
moral
degradation,
indicating
suggesting alternatives, and directin
Essays were given incentives by
daily in columns “Young Blood/H
where entries were compiled in book
prizes awarded to writers of o
pieces.
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Popular topics were on personal (
tragic) experiences – abortion, se
alternative routes in life and n
happiness.
The Carlos Palanca Memoriral Aw
Literature have started from 199
category – the Kabataang Essay
school students both in Filipino
English.
In this connection, Conrado de Quir
column “Deterioration” at the P
Daily Inquirer, deplores the apparen
in writing ability among the yo
standing judge over many high sch
contests attributing this to the tre
decline in reading.
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“It’s not that few people are using
Filipino; it is that few people are read
few people reading, few people are
writing well.
In this country, he added, everyon
written a letter calls himself a write
in what low esteem the art or craft is
He attributes the culprits to TV
computer.
“The enemy of education isn’t E
Filipino or bilingualism,” he contin
the TV. Along with TV, computers ar
a visual culture antithetical to re
writing.”
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C. SHORT STORIES
Obviously, the short story is still
popular venue of writers up to this p
The new breed of writers seem to e
skillful handling of techniques and
out with original forms.
Short romantic fiction in the vern
caught the fancy of many readers w
find these less time-consuming, as w
expensive, giving more time for rem
work and earning a living.
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In 1997, the Carlos Palanca Memori
opened three new divisions in t
story: Ilocano, Cebuano and Hiligayn
Short story first prize winners in t
Palanca Memorial Awards in English
and 1997 were Carlos Ojeda Aureus
for his “The Latecomer” and “The
by David C. Martinez (Michaela
respectively.
In the Maikling Kuwento category
“Pag-uugat, Pagpapakpak” by Levy
la Cruz (Lea Victoria) and Nan
Mamatay ang Nana Soling by Alvin
(Jose Agustin) in 1996 and 1997.
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D. PLAYS
Scriptwriting, a popular and
literature form is probably
due to the growing interest in TV
visual arts.
The following can be attributed to th
1. TV and stage patronage
2. Theater groups like Dramatis
PETA
(Philippine
Educational
Association), Dulaang UP, CCPDram
Division Teatro Telesine, Gantimpa
Foundation, Mobile or Touring
theater groups
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3. Substantial awards in film-makin
4. Expansion to cater to children
(TV’s Channel 5’s Batibot, and Ta
Pambata)
5. The popularity of Taglish whic
today’s yuppy lingo and which rea
the masses
6. The notion of seeking popula
ratings through exposure
7. Creative writing workshops
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From its original Short Stories cat
Carlos
Palanca
Memorial
Awa
expanded its prizes to One-act Play
length plays both in English and in F
D. NOVELS
Many of our writers have turned to
remunerative and shorter literary
the longer novels which are indicati
practical considerations.
Out better novel writers have settl
twilight years, some to foreign lan
have perhaps lost the feel of th
psyche.
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End of the Presentatio
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Presenters:
Dindo de Quiroz
Jonalyn Mariquina
BOA IV-1
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