this document downloaded from
vulcanhammer.info
the website about
Vulcan Iron Works
Inc. and the pile
driving equipment it
manufactured
Terms and Conditions of Use:
All of the information, data and computer software (“information”)
presented on this web site is for general information only. While every
effort will be made to insure its accuracy, this information should not
be used or relied on for any specific application without independent,
competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed professional. Anyone making use
of this information does so at his or her own risk and assumes any and all
liability resulting from such use. The entire risk as to quality or usability of
the information contained within is with the reader. In no event will this web
page or webmaster be held liable, nor does this web page or its webmaster
provide insurance against liability, for any damages including lost profits, lost
savings or any other incidental or consequential damages arising from the use
or inability to use the information contained within.
This site is not an official site of Prentice-Hall, Pile Buck, or Vulcan Foundation
Equipment. All references to sources of software, equipment, parts, service or
repairs do not constitute an endorsement.
Visit our companion site
http://www.vulcanhammer.org
z
2
.-<
=I
,
y
'I:
<
0
r: c<
.
4Ljn1
.L
:
55:2
4
,.-3.;
C;
?
"
PI
;.=
'
-.o
2.d
I
/.2
3
.A
7';
3 -3
x 7
4'.
2:
s;l
-
2-? .;r
"C
--.A
-
';C=
=I:- z,
.
"
= v0.
2.
* 5
C
2 .
2 2
3
L
2 72 3 ;
A
. - 3 2
"2,4.;2
2
L y ) Z ?
<
<;5:
'0
'-
<=-' ;Z.; .- 3= :,
- ~ - .x
r
;
;(.?=''C'
-
D
r - '.- c-
-. .
-c r=
,-
.=
-- .--".
tLU
"C
.r =
.-T:
.-.
?<d-7::
=; ;,$G
3
9
-
. - - -.- --
z 0 2
7
;GL*-.z:-.3?
:
X.2:
c : m 2
-d
.. I
. 7
g:
:?A
k -g0=a?O; L?:?3' . .
<
= a _ - .L
.
<
^I.
7 3
- -.
2
.--;
.= t:
-> ;'..
- .?
. P : ) ~ ~. ., ~i =- ~ a 2:
- 2_
.z
~ c . - .j < i; d
3 In-T.
2
-- .- ! Z - Z > -3: :,=
c . x.-.$ , m : $ ' ; > : - - 17frr$B<jf
~
pe
0
- .=
Engineering News
Q, =
~II~
.. W
'%>inin :.lie cncrEy tlclivcyccl t o tlrc p i l e . Ilmvcvc:., i p n l u c s of c j w e r c
!f1ii:linntinl: I - ; fro111 tlic f o r i n ~ i l a sh a s t l o i ~ l ? t l r s sintrocluccd a c c r t a i n a y ~ o u n t
01 s c n t t e r into tlic c:llculatctl c n l ~ a c i t i c s ,!iut unk11o;vn t v p c s nrlt! conr!ition or
t?;~ c u s h i o ~ rI ~ l o c k sp r c c l u d c f u r t t r c r I-cfinerncnt. 111 t h c s j > r c i a l cnsC-@ .JnribuYs
I
[ m : i : i ,
; ~ n t ilT i m 1 . c I ) O ~ I sI e t rql12l t o 0.7 :\~?!i~n1 1 1 ~for!11111x w n s o r i g l n n l l y
-,
dei',iol>ct15 a n d u l c r r w n r n t c d into t h e dl-ivilrr: c o c f f i c i e n & .
!.illy y l p ~ ~ .fqo r &
w a s c!c\.clo;>ed ha \ S f c l l i n ~ t o n ,who
~ cled<ced
i t s g c n c r n l f o r m by settin: t h e al>plicd ct1crk:v equal t o t h e e n e r g y o l ~ t n i n c dby
ji:.njjfiic.illy i~,tcj:rating t h e a r c n utitier what hc consitlrrecl to be t y p i c x l ~ o ~ d :I.I:
~ i ; i ; u c ~ . p i l cdsr i v e n with d r o p h n m m c r s . I!e skibsequently
I ! -s
i- n r
..
..
I ste;lin ~ i a n ! m c r s . 1Tc. stater1 that h i s f o r m u l a
" u n s f i r s t deducecl n s t h e c o r r c c t f o r i n l o r a t l i c o r c t i c n l l : ~prrrfect c r l u d i o n of
the bcnrlng p o \ r c r of l:ilcs, barrin:? sol.rlc triflinc: .?ti(! i i c s l i ~ i l > l cr l e m c n t s to be
notcc!; nrxi I cInlrn In l.c;:al-d t o t h a t g c n c r a l f o r n i thnt it inclucles inpl'0l)er r e ,
l n t i m Ko encll orrlcr. e v e r y conslnnt u m c h ouglit t o r n t c r into such':i t l i e o r c t i c n l b ;.~cr-lectprnctic;il ior.!nul:i, ant1 tlint it cannot be iiiociiIicd by rnakiiii- it
!?>ore c o i n p l c s . . . ." 'It appc:lrs tint t h c E n ~ i n c c r i n gNews f o r m ~ 1 1 na c h l c v e d
wic~nccc\>tnnc<'lju1
t 13s bceli l e s s useti in r e c e n t y e a r s n s new lot-iiiulas w e r e
introcluccd :ind tlic i n n l ~ i l i t y 0 1 t h e En~inccriil:: Nruvs f o r n i u l n to p r e d i c t pile
c:l~ncitics xvith l-cnsona!>lc :iccul.ac.y b e c a m e bctrci. t I o c : r ~ ~ i c n t c t l'!'l~c
.~ forniuln
urns r-cstrictrc? t o u s ( , upit11 p i l e s f o r arlrich t h e :ive:ni:c
~ ~ c : i c t r : ~ t i po cr ir blou. f o r
tl?e l n s t few t>lo:vs ..v:\s not less.t!inn 0.25 in. nnti p r c f c r n b l y not l e s s tllnr~0 . 5 in.
i n tlre C n ~ vfol.~iitll:~,
tllc t l c l i a ~ n i n a t o ro f tlic !<ngil;ccring News fo1'1i11ilaw:ls
acijusted, b n s c d on intr~iiioii 2nd c s j ~ c r i c r l c c ,t o account f o r tlic c s t r : ~clic~.;.yn ) ? s o ~ - b i n cg l ~ : ~ r a c t c r i s t i cof
s p r c c n s t concri.tc l i : l ~ s . '
I:I nn at1en1l.t : o eli:nin:ltc s o m e of t h c c r r a r s nssocintccl afitli the ( h r n r c t i c n l
cvn!uxtiuil of cncr!:y nbsol-!;tion by n pile-soil systr:ir c!urirl:: tlrivinc, !lilcy9
dcvelopsd n for.nii!l:\ i n \v!lirli tllc ~ . c c o ~ c r : i ! tlcfo~.i~:ntio~i.s
~lr
of Ihc. i:ilc cnp :)!rtl
?:-iring iicnd, ];ilc, 3116 s o i l , u 9 c r e ::it?asl~rcd tiuri:l:: dl-ivinl: :in({ i n s r r l e c ! into
the ior!::sln n s t h r c c c r ~ n s t n n t s ,C , , C ? ? ; L ~ L ! C 3 i.~:i/:~cti'..i\ly.
Tile llilcy f o r ; l l ( tI~l l I.:u~-ol,r.
mula h a s i)ccn usrcl r s t c : ~ s l v i ~ lI!: ~ ;tlir I>riiisli C o : i ~ r ~ ! o ~ i u ~ cn~irf
T h e P n c i f i c Co:tst Cnifor~:: lit:il~!in;:Coc!c fu:.~i!i~i:i,!"l ; c r c : ~ f t ~: .~r lrc ~ . r c t lt o
:~,
of :i 111111il;i.:.
111 i . n t l ~ r r( . ~ ! : i : l ~ ~ ~ r : fi o :~. ~~il:rl ~ l : ~
ins
n s t!!c P C f o r ~ ~ ~ ~Ii Si lL;;l,ii,nl
whicll ntlc!::j:is u.c>~.c.1i1:ttlr. t o i:iclutl(~ :i I.:!I.II.(\.( I ! S I I ~ I I ' I ' ~11:' : ; rn1.l-1:;; 111:;s.
C~1111nlings'n l ) j c ~ c t ~ ctol 1;1ost of ( l i r s t ~fnr11111!:1.~
I!~*C:I~I:;I.
of t l ~ rInr!~~:;li~ri
of
110th thc c o c l i i c i r n t of ~ . c ~ s t i t i ~ t i nr~c!
o t i :I S ( . ~ I . I : . ; Z ! ( ' It*rr:r 101. 1 1 1 1 . c - ~ ~ r r pl oys s
cnusctl by c l n s t i c c:~rr::~;rcssionnf t l r ~ , i ! r , . ;r.liii.li i , . r - ~ ~ ~ l t ~ r i i l : ~ ~ ~ l .
.Tnnbu:l f:lctc!l.cti! o:li o f t h e c ~ ~ ~ i . ~ ~ ~ i ~ i . ; ~ t i ~c .~~ l~l ~! :-~~t l ~o:I n~s -c .cr l~l ~~ siofr ~ ~
I n tlic i n \ , c s t i ~ x t i o n r c p o r i e d h e r e i n , s e v e n cliIfcrcnt d y n a m i c i'ilc-tiriving
f o ~ . n i ~ l l n( T
s a b l e I ) \\+ere usc(1 t o prrclict t h r c 3 p ; l c i t i r s o l 93 t i m b e r , p r e c a s t
c o n c r e t e , o r s t c c l f r i c t i o n p i l e s d r i v c t ~irrto s:l:~dy s o i l s , 3r.d tllc pretlictctl
cn;,nritics u s e r r c o m p a r e d statisticnJ1:; with t h e m c a s u r c d v n l u c s . A l i n r n r
:
/
i
s + e
a
Pncif~cCons: U n i !or111 Buildiz~l:Cotle
-
A,.
=
E"r.,!.:
Cd
=
0.75
L4
.SZ,
0.15
(I!'~,'I~J,,)
--___.___.
D:EIis);
Q~
-
ChK.,
fiGT
I. 2A.E
-~ales')
As
Q c = 5 . 6 v T f l iol: ! i O / \ )
.
'
-
prrsented in this (able, nont. of (kc. ib:.:::ulas cg~ztainsn ! ~ ~ t o[
o rsale(!.. A s u i t ab:c factor o! safets should be a;:plrcd t o oi;t:li:i r:ie desii:n loads.
lii all but the Gntcs forl.'.:!:l, 211). c(I:~sIs~c::!s e t of uni!s :112:; be used \l:c Iiavlc!losen f u use irlctlc's nllr! Ivrra L / I ~ ~ ~ ) I : [ :i!r iI o: J ~: c I ~(;.t!<.s f~ri?iula.:!:c CUIIS!~T.:S cc!11>in
.
n:;y c l ~ n n u~feu n i t s
I)arnmetcrs needed t o r.:&.e llie f ~ r n i u l sd ~ n i r r ~ ~ ~ c ~i ~: ~l :rlrl el yi t-rIlu5,
iron; tlic ton-i:ic!i sys:eni necessitntcs chnn!:rs !!I thc co~lst:~ii!s.
In tllc riictrrc s:;steni
of Ions (1000 kc) 2nd r,~ritimctcrs,llic Inrmuln btxrnincs:
- -.
--
'' Johallnscl;,
PILE-DRIVING FOliErlULAS IISED I N T l n S IKVESTIGATION
T l ~ cs c v c n p i l e - d r i v i n g 1 0 1 - ~ n u l n su s e d in t h i s invcs:ig:~tion a r c p r e s e n t e t l
in 'T:tblc I. Iri t h e s e f o r m u l a s , c , , I.'.. i:; tlrc cnc;.Fy cic!livcrcd t o the c u s h i o n
blocks. 'These e n e r g i e s s h o u l d b e n ~ u ! t i ~ ; l i c rby
l p i , tlic efflcicncy of i ~ n p a c t ,t o
p
-
.-
l:a..,l.11;). ?,ti.'.-?l~~.
-.l'!:s. I r . < v ~ i1%I t & I ! :\I l:,~rl \ I C , I I ~ < I C . V u . . " liy . J . 13.
utlnckle., ' ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ s . I ~ I I I , I ; ;\>(.I..,
!:,
\'81l.
'-?;', I'.III,~I'
S , , . .*,,I.!. . \ t ~ x . , l'i'.l?, l q ~ .12'3-1 :J:.
7,.\gc.rsclluu,
I!, :I., -.\~i:~l!:il..c - A Lhv /..1~;:11i'.~.rl1~~:
: \ ( . ~ '
I 'il l ~ . / ' I , ~ I ! I I I ~
.Jot1rn:11
: ~ . - of
: , I __
I ( I I . ~ + - I I I ~ I : ~ ~ I IOI!.:\,<
I ~ ~ 1,111. ;\>J..l..
VCII.hM. X,I. 5 ! . ! 5 . l'ruc. 1';111cr
[tic sail >lec)::lllj,.%;
3 2 9 3 . Oct.. 191;" 11,L 1-11,
e
~ 1). y., ~- I ( ~ I I ~I I o r (~:~o~.I ~I cI ~ I .l '~~
l l r~: :I.#~rl:lctlnr..~
,' T r ~ , n n n c ~ t l ~ , ~ r s . lc,! ~ l I.:!i~rs..
al.
s ~ , . ~ ~ ~l l\ u~ sy~, r : ~ l\'"I.
i ; , . i 2 . 1931. 1111.: ~ l ~ ! ~ - ~ ~ 2 : J .
9 l,iley,
,\., -.l.jll. ~ , t r l t ~ l , ~C~Ji I!I~:
c~ ) . l l : t ~ i i l ~ ~t ivl ar~ \ v , nn<J I l n l.:{fec.tn wlttr 11~:fcrcil~e
10
p i ~ i ~ : ~ n, -c ! l l i . c rI.,,IIGI~I:I.
~ l ~ ~ , J ~ I I I2I ,: 1922. { I . I;;:!.
I ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ 1..1.1,...
; ~ ~ I'ttcillc
~ ~ ~
(:\b:~n!
~ ,I l ,~~ l l~
< l l Ino(fI~.L:~ln
~ ~ I ~ Cmml.,
I ~ ],ON
~ :hnl:clea,
' ~ ~ ~ ~ r l ~ = , ~ i
I.:
i
.
0;:
yk~l)l:iil,
-( ) ~ l oXor\v:i!.,
,
r c l n t i o n s h i p w a s 3 s s u 1 n c d between t h e ~ x e n s u r e c lxnd c o m p u t e d p i l e c a p a c i t i e s ,
a n d t h e reciucec! m a f o r ' - x c i s typc o i l i n c n r r e g r r s s i o n a n a l y s i s JV:IS usect t o d c : e r m i n e ttic s l o p e 7.nd i n t e r c e p t of t h e r e g r e s s i o n l i n e . C o r r c l n t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s
u r c r e u s e d as ralcasures of t h e s c a t t e l - about t h e r e j i r e s s i o n l i n e s . T h e s t a t i s t i c a l clatn w e r e then u s e d to a d j u s t tlic l o r r n u l n s to i m p r o v e t h e i r a c c u r a c y .
C o n c l u s i o n s a r c d r a w n rcg2rditq; t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e v a r i o u s f o r m u l a s .
- ..
s., . . I \ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~:1vi lfrll:::::t(.:lrl'.
il;;
/".1'.!..t '~1-!,~1~11:1~11
III1:ille 1~~!nl;!ll!;l):,.
:I. A ] . ,
Xt,. 2 1 , . J;III*:2 . .
, I I . ~ ~ I ~ ~ ; . s ~U!
,~II
~ ~ ; : '
v a r i a b l e s that could not usually be cvaluntetl and a s s o c i a t e d t h e m t o e r l h c r a s
h i s " t I r i \ i n g cocfficicnt," C,j. T h e tiriving coefficient includcd t e r m s r c p r e sentirlg the e l f i c i c n c v o f t h e p i l c h a m m e r , the d i f f e r e n c e b c t w r c n t h e dynanllc
a:ld s t a t i c pi:c c n p a c i t i c s . and thc r a t e of t r n n s f c r r a l of p i l e load illto t h e s o i l
-.vitl1 I-cspcct t o tlcpth. I i a l s o includcd' t h e length a n d c r o s s - s c c t i o n d a r e a of
tllc pilc, Young's m o d ~ r l u sf o r t h e pile, and both t h e pile c a p a c i t y &"ad t h e s e t .
Janbu c o r r c l n t c d h i s d r i v i n g coefficient with the r a t i o of t h e u.eight of t h c p i l c
to t h e weight of t h c f a l l i n g p a r t s of tlie h a m m e r , U7 /Iil,, ( T a b l e 1).
P
T h e Danish fol-mula" w a s developed using d i m c n s i o n n l m a l y s i s .and by
s i m p l i f y i n g s o m e o f t h e m o r e complicated f o r m u l n s . A t o t a l of 76 l o a d t e s t s
;vns crsctl in correlntin:: t h e p r e d i c t e d c a p a c i t i e s wit!\ c a p a c i t i e s m e a s u r e d
the fielti.
T h e C;ates f o r n i u l n " w n s devclo:~cdby g r c n t l y s i m p l i f y i n g the f o r m of e s i s t i n s forrnu1:ts , u ~ dt h e n applying a s t n t i s t i c n l acljustnlent whicl] w a s b a s e d or1
apl?ro>:inlately 100 p i l e load t e s t s . T h c d a t a on which the stutly w a s bnsetl w e r e
not 1,reseritcti and t h e r e w a s noindicationof the nmount of s c a t t e r . A p i ~ a r e l ~ t l y
all t y p c s of s o i l w e r e includctl in the stucly.
T h e s e f o r n > u l n s w e r e s e l e c t e d to Ile r r p r c s c n t : i t i v c o f v a r i o u s t y p e s of f o r !:l~llas ant1 to inclutlc most of the f o r m u l n s i n c o n ~ m o nu s e nt t ! ] ~ ;jresen! t i m e .
T h e f i e l d t e s t r e s u l t s i~seclin t h i s st~:(!y hatre 1)ccn r e p o r t e d by Flnntc."': He
co!lectec! t h e r c s i r l t s of 116 load t e s t s on t i m b e r , p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e , a n d s t e c l
p i l e s dri\.en into s x i d y s o i l s . In t h i s a n a l y s i s , on!.
the t i m b e r ~ ~ i l with
c s nieasu r c d c a p a c i t i e s l e s s thnn 100 t o n s , and s t c c l nnc! coilcrete p i l e s with ~ ~ l e ; i s i i l ~ c t i
cnprtc:ities l e s s tlinn 250 t o n s \!:ere usetl. It sce111s ~rnliliclythat p i l e s worilcl be
tii.signed f o r iiighcr l o a d s without r e q u i r i n g l o a a t e s t s . I;'lnate"l r c p o r t c t l tt:c
following datn: (1) T h e t y p c o f p i l e , ( 2 ) :!ie a p p r o s i m : ~ t c s u b s o i l conc!itiorls, ( 3 )
the length, c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l are:{, 2nd wci::llt of t!ic l ~ i l c i.;)
, t!le t!.pe of hnnin i e r , (5) e i t h e r t h e weiyht :mtl hcisht of fall of tllc l1:t::lrnel- 01- i t s reported
e ~ i c r g y (. G ) :he a:.el-age ~ ~ e n c t r a t i o rofi t!ic pilc u n d e r the :inal ~ V I - :i?io\vs, !71
the rcl,orted c:lpacity, :tncl ( 8 ) the s o u r c e of the info:.mntion.
Attc!npts to apply tlynnmic pile-d!.iving forrnt:lns to t h r p i l c s u s c d i ~ :t l i c s c
t e s t s involve 2 ntrri:bcr of uncert:lintics, incltttling t l ~ cf~lllowi:l:::
1. 'I'he e f f i c i c n c i c s of t h e v a r i o u s pile 11an1nici-s :vcrc not I-cl:oi-tetl. Tlic
vxlucs tabul:.led by Cliellis" w e r e uscd in t h i s stird;;. Tlic :tc:ual riel(! v a l u e s
O! C J , del)e:id g r e a t l y o w t h e conc!ition of t h e hnrnincr at t!ic t i n ~ cof tlriving m d
may tliffer s i g n i f i c a n t l y , f r o m the v a l u e s u s e d in t h i s :~1:11ysis.
2. T h e crtshion blocks i ~ s e don top of tile pi l e s w c r -.
c not us:inllg
s p e c i f i c t i-.
-- .-. --I?
Sorc~iscn.T.. and iiansen. 9.. 'l'iic Driving Fol-:ri~11:1-:\n Invcst~gnlio~i
I?:rscc! on
Dinicnsio:ial Consideratiuns and n Sta:isticsl Analysis." I'rocecciir;gs.
4 t h Ir:terrintl.
Con:. on Soil Alech:inics and Founclalions. held in 1,otidon In 11156. \'oi. 2 . 1957. p;).
GI-65.
13Gnles, hl.. ' E ~ l p i r i c i l Forniuli~ lor I're~licting I'ile 13c:tril:g Cnj~ncily."C x
I.:!].ineuring. Vol. 2 7 . No. 3 , hlar., 1957, pp. 65-6G.
K. S.. 'An Invcs1ip;tlion
of the i'alidity of l'lirce I'ilc D r i v i n ~Pornlul:tc in
Cohesionless .2latcrinl.' I'ul)lic;~tiorr No.
- S G . Kur\r.eginn (;cotccluiical !:ist.. C)slo. Stir-
-hz.
1 9 6 4 . pi). 11-22.
u.:I)'.
Cliellis. It. I)., l'ilc You!itl:~[io~is.2nd
h'. Y . . 1961. 1~11. 2 8 - 3 3 .
I*
cci., > l c ( ~ ; - n \ ~ ~ -fl j~~r~l luCJ.,
k
I I ~ c .:<'
, c,v Y L I I . ~ ,
They d o u l ~ l l c s sv a r i e d widely ill type and condition. T h e s e b l o c k s e x e r t g r e a t
infltrencc on t h e s h a p e o f t h e load p u l s e applied to the pileI6 xnd t h u s influence
tlic c n c r k y actunlly tlclivercd to the pilc.
3 . Tlic c o r f f i c i c n t s o f r e s t i t u t i o n w r r c not known. T h e P C Code urns f o l lowed by u s i n g I I * = 0.25 f o r s t e e l p i l e s ant1 0.10 f o r c o n c r e t e and t i m b e r p i l e s .
4 . T h e d y n a m i c c o t n p r c s s i o n 2nd r r c o v c r y of t h e p i l e s d u r i n g d r i v i n g w e r e
not g e n e r a l l y r e p o r t e d . T h u s , v a l u e s f o r the c o n s t a n t s C,, C:, and C, in Hiley's
forniuln w c r e t.2kcn f r o m t h e txbulatians in Chcllis."
-5. T h e e l a s t i c nloduius of the m a t e r i a l in e a c h pile w a s not r e p o r t e d . A v e r age v a l r ~ c s f o r t h e s t a t i c elastic modulus" w c r e u s e d in t h i s s t u d y . T h e dyn a m i c e l a s t i c nlodulus m a y e x c e e d t h e s t a t i c modulus, e s p e c i a l l y f o r t i m b e r
piles. I n atidition, t h e moduli of the t i m b e r p i l e s v a r y with t h e type of wood,
s t o r a g e contiitions, ant! clriving conclitions.
6. Only about ten of tlic p i l c s w e r e d r i v e n c n t i r e l y through c o h c s i o n l c s s
s o i l s . At mnny of tile s i t e s the p i l e s w c r c drivel1 t l i r o u g l ~soft c o h e s i v e s o i l s
into u n d e r l y i ~ : s~a n d s . In o t l ~ c rc a s e s tlie santl w:ts i n t e r s t r a t i f i c d with c l a y ,
s i l t , arid s o m e t i n 1 c s o r g a n i c s o i l , o r w a s tlcscri1)cd ns s i l t y sxntl o r clayey
~2nd.
7 . T h e c a p a c i t i e s of inost of tlic p i l e s w c r c r e p o r t e d witlioirt p r e s e n t i n g
lllc : ~ c i u x i lond-s.ctt!enlent cliag~.:lms. It i s bclievc.ti thnt n s c a t t c r of perlinps
15'; h a s r c s u l t e d II-0111t h c u s e of d i f f e r e n t f n i l u r c c r i t e r i a .
8. B a s c d o n r e c c n ! iicld s t u c i i e s l ~ it s belicvetl lhnt many of thc n1cnsurctl
pile c a p n c i t i e s :Lrc in c r r o r by 10:; o r m o r e bec:ri~sr of f r i c t i o n in hydraulic
loncling jncks, m t l i m l l r o p c r c a l i b r a t i o n of equil)n;ent.
A t t e m p t s t o nccount f o r t!ie v a r i o u s s o u r c e s of c r r o r i ~ yatijustini: t h c i i r l d
tlntn :vere not considcrccl d e s i r a b l e bccalrsc: ( 1 ) 'The niljcistnieiit prot:cdi~i.r-s
\vould be too con111lcs i o r n o r n l n i ficld i l s r ; (2) cl:ttn w c r c not :tv:~i!:~l)lc-inr
i ! 1ri:il:i11~:
ni.xking 1?1os! of t h e corrections; nnd ( 3 ) a r b i t r a r ; ~r h o i c e s i n i ~ o l v t ~in
s u c h ;tdjustmc:lts :voi~ld i n t r o d u c e 1)ins.
A s c x p c c t c d , the m c n s u r e t l and c o n ~ l ) i ~ t c11ilr.
r i c ~ : i l i : i r i t l cr~l i t l not c:or~-cl;~Lr
~ ) e r f e c t l y . I! w a s convcnicnt, t h c r c f o r c , to :tlq,lv cc'~'lxir;s i ~ : : l ~ lfrit-111s
c
of st:]: l s 111 Llir ~ t ; t l l : ; l i c a l
t i s t i c s to t h e intcrl)retatiori or the ri:?ta. 7'11~c ~ l u : ~ l i ~ ?uscttf
study a r e p r c s c n t c t l hcr-c f o r convenicncc of 1.cfrr1.11r.c.
(S;)
T h e n1c:un C
T)a:ltl cstimntct! stnntlnrtl tlrvin:ir~~r(!;,y) of c~l)s.'~r\':rLlon~
of t h e v a r i a b l e S a r c given by
2
U
$
G
5
L.
5
a,
E
.5
;K'-G
c2
L
'-5c
u
6
:z:
3 0 0 4 . 1
? .Liz
'-5
a a m '-5
:;cL?-'
)
3
'-
V
:0 - G
Tj
c d
-:a,
u+
u
5 7z-z
0 2 2 :2
K E
-:
g
.- , u s 1.z
o " = O o
K 4
z.2
5 z2.2 2 2
u - O :
=2
2 x 5 :
2 e ; 2.":
c 0 L Z 5 2
g5F0Cr:
m;5;$
.I? c c . u
ln'i:", 0 3 %
2 e Fi a,P E;
0
0.-
g
ro
?
u
'-5 !?.V
2 E.5
2 :cz
LtV)Sg
c b L
.
:
:c?>
.?2
- .""$
"
$;,g;z
b-c
I-q 5.5
. , W E : %
: 'O
Lu . 5
.
V)
t.
d
M "
:" ".
..-.
.
c ; ;:,;:
:2 3
S > ' V )
1.5
l
o
2 *7,
";F;?
2-':o. ze- :0:c
-
0 .3
y
4 . -
L.
;'
2.-
?.L
,
I-
'A
L.
2 2 - 0 .=
2 m-E.2
-.g
'-
5
0
'?
0
-
0
-
0 c.
0
z z > v.-, z
us-.2
E
2
- u; ' zz, E3 g5 5g
- :. Z e ..- 2;
5
2 zYxC).5.-t
.- . e m
r v u
-2 m
6 1s."-d
s z o - 5,:;;
."
g.,o.>
- G
z L z.s
.-C
9- ' -c L
0 :
: 3
.-c=t:z
-
-c.;;'~.r
E5--.-L5a
"pz.
r i r
, a ; < ,
."
." - G .. , U L Y
-U L d.--;
+ 23
23%u
&
u
c F - ' - ' W
w .-z s s : L U G
.-5 -z z- ; : ? u ,.
- z y:L z2,
>5
, , c
" ';;. .g
---..z-- gtl,
- &z
0"
$ O U . - C L
-,-.:
I
0
c
2.2
g"
u 2
E 50 . V
0::
C
'
Z.5P
w
3
A t : %
c
5.2
mo",~[,;o
, w c
0
0 0 t : . > . ~0
c L . L > u u n
ZL.
.-.
e
.u
c U.5Z
E-...?
,9
zr uoc=- - -. ",
0
Is, C "
2 0 $ - L. g
2,. u., $ 2 , u
7
11
ir
=7
2
7
u
--2 -
C,
- 0
e,
- " ,-
O
- N
P I N
o n
no
r;niL
FI L-
O-
-.-. ,.
o n
r-
n :r
0
e:,
0
c.0
N rt
7
.
L?O
'r.
-ffi
L 7 0
r? .r
C. * I
-7
,,u o
-rr
e
.
-? ...
8
--
"el
L,
c
I - U,
i.
2
tl 1.7
I .
.
.
. --.-I^_i-
P:
7 , -I2 , Cb
I2
:,-- >,
. ..........-........
U. G C
? L.
- .- .. - - - . - -
: a:>
I? > -.L
1
0,
:,.-. .O
-"
r( ^, O
c,
O ,:
t:
- ,?
r, ,
%>,
c:2 :
,
--...-.--
7.
%-:
- C I r , - r L ?
ueU100
..^,Ti
- ---
1I-, 7
C: y
.? ?7
7
I
r
I'JI,P~-I~lII~'I>~G
FORivI~;l.AS
cept, .urd a Iiigl~ c o r r c l a t l o n coclficicnt. 'Tile data a r c sliou,n grnphicallj' i n
Fig. 2(rI). Tlic Danisli anti Gates formulas hnveequafll; l i i ~ values
l~
o f the c o r relation cocfficic:it but less satisfactory values o f 11 and IT. T h c P C and lIilcy
formulas a r c s o n l ~ w h ~l et s s accurate, and tllc Engintcririg News and Cou.
f o r t i ~ ~ r l a1.r
a s considerably l e s s accurate.
Considerntion of the data f o r p r r c n s t c o n c r e t e p i l c s i s inade difficult by
the f a c t that a total of only fifteen t e s t s urns available. F o r the available data,
Iriley's forn-rula yields the value of rl closest to one but the low c o r r e l a t i o n
~ i l c.
1
~ormu~n
1
I:n&41iccringScws
Cow
I!ilq
Pacific Co:ist
Jnnlx~( C d .= 1 )
I3nnisli
Gntcs
!.:r:&<::ccri:!;
Yct\'s
ililcy
l'ncific Const
(Cd = I )
,J:~nl>i~
. D:inis!~
~:ttcs
Steel
1
35
37
11
1
.
8. in tons
1
x
?9
F o r steel piles, the PC formrlla yiclds e?:ccllcnt valtrcs of A anti I? but the
c o r r c l n t ~ o ~c io c f f l c ~ e n t sa r e slightly higher f o r the Danish, J a n b t ~and Gates
f o r m i ~ l a s .Tllr Iiiley lorniula is sliglitly l c s s a c c u r a t c than thcsc and, again,
the E n r s n c e r ~ n r News
:
and Gnu. f o r m u l a s n r c c o n s i d r r a l ~ l yl c s s a c c u r a t e .
/_.
I
To ol~tniriR rllcasllrc of tile o v e r - a l l a v c r a g e accuracy of thc fol.rnulns, the
urlghted a v e r a g e values of A , 13, 2nd r w e r e c a l c r l l n t ~ d( T a b l r 3). The c o r r e -
r
0.45
0.37
37
37
0.35
-.- I
1.30
.,I
--
GO \v
A?
4
a
i
15 ,
I
15
/
13
15
1
1
/
15
15
/
0.32
1.01'
i
(I.(;(;
1
i
1.57
it.,;i,
1.62
i:ngi:~ccri::g Sctvs
<:ow
Ililcy
Pacific Coast
- I)
J:t;:!~tr( C d
1);tnisii
C;:1!cs
coefficient indicates consitierable s c a t t c r [Fig. 3(6)] This s c a t t e r i s a l s o evident I n the cuniulative frequency curve ( F i g . 6). The A -values a r e f a r t h e r Iron1
one f o r the PC, Danish, Janbu, xnd Gates formulas, but the correlation cocffic i e n t s a r e higher. T h c c ~ ~ m u l a t i vfrequency
e
c u r v e s in Fig. 6 suggest that tllc
/(3, closcst to one i s Jnnbu's formula. The lour
f o r r i ~ u l ayielding values of Q,,,
corrclntion coeificients obtaincd whrn the Engineering News and Cow forlnulas
w e r e used indlcntc tI1:lt tlicre 1s csscntl:llly no c o r r r l a t ~ o nbctwccn thc rnc3.iSu r e d and computed pilc cnpacitles [Fzg. 3 ( ( r ) ] .
i
1
I
1,
i
lalion c o e f f i c i e n t s ;,re Ilighest, :lnd cqual, f o r the Gates, Danisli, and J a ~ i b u
formulas, and a r e s l i ~ l i t i yl e s s f o r thc PC and Hiicy fornlolns. Tliey a r c s o
low for thc Enfiinccring News and Cow l o r n ~ u l a stllnt thcse f o r r n t l l : ~c:in
~ IJC
clin~inntCtifroni fur.t!,cr consitlcration. \5'1icn thc v:~lucsof cl nrid If : ~ r ct;tkrrl
r l l 1 0 account, the Gates for.mula
be elimirintcd. 'l'hc I'C forr1lnl:t )'lcl[t~ tlrc
/
v
-
?
-
u ;5
d
:.2=
"c""
zc vsc '
5:
.";;
?V: "5 +C -=E
4
-
- C c
C c '
"
C, i.
z >., ,
2::
r-
C.
.r.
;
&
2:
2
$
ZJ
c
2
.-
6.5
L
--2.- G xE
Ut.z
L".
V:;
n
U
gzyc
.= g .2:
=
5 = E=
c=z
e,
c:
-i
2 %'C ~ -
Q -
t:
5.
o r ?
qz;
L
-
.-G- ' c -0
'" kS 2
2 2 ?-?
0
C.
----
F z
Ec
0
c , c <
z.0-
0
"
'S.c
0
C1-0~;
;z;2 r n - v:
4
Y.
y
;.!
3
-
-1
L'
7
^
-. .
>
=
L;
,c, F!
zrnz
x<;
c n z. ?vr::j
4 v rn" C
-.z
5
c . u =
"' .C
"
"
K
Z E " 3
"
-,Urn.?
~
' W F 0
z,LIU
r;"C,2-
c n O . C 1 ~
-
"
c-
d
2
;.
5
,U
2
-c
C
.4
..j
_O
..
... g
.-.
-:.
-- ,.sO. -O d" . kU ;
c
1.
C:
"
.
0
i n ,
- Ct D v l 2
:$:;:?$
>;..-
4
L
u . ~ x " o ' : ,
0
u': c v . 3
k . 2 : 3 c n;
"
:,:rnEL
:,
- 2- ;5cz2- . .0
3
r
*
05zLoz-i
- : . s-.- .g cgc g
..
;,:
5
- .?zG.k&k:7
3
,$
,$
. "-r..- D?bz4r:
Ez
z.;:
P
:
i
5
5
/.
2--
.-"
- $2
= ~ 2 - . : ~
- " " u Z
P
.<
- m o -
g c, .c,
-2
-.z
;
sJ
2- ,-32,s.;
-.
-.c
?.=,O$'-*
2;
e-G.2.g
L. 5 U
7 2 $ a u
E , = nonlinnl e n e r g y o f t h e p i l e h a m m e r , in itlch-tons per blow;
c h = efficiency of t h e I r z m n ~ e r( d i n i e n s i o n l c s s r a t i o ) ;
c i = cfficicncy of i m p a c t bclwccn the h a n i m e r ~ lt h c~c u fs l ~ i o nblock ( d i m e n siorilcss ratio); .
If = hcight of f a l l of t h e r a m , in i n c h e s ;
L = length of t h e p i l e , in i n c h e s ;
N = n u m b e r of o b s e r v a t i o n s ;
Q, = p i l e c a p a c i t y c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a d y n a m i c p i l e - d r i v i ~ l g f o r m u l a , in t o n s ;
Q: = c x l c u l a t e d p i l e c a p a c i t y ,after the a p p l i c a t i o n o f a s t a t i s t i c a l a d j u s - t m e n t ,
in t o n s ;
Q,, = n i e a s u r c d p i l e c a p a c i t y , in tons;
7. = c o r r e l ~ t i o n coefficient (dimensionless n u m b e r r a n g i n g f r o m 1 to -1);
Sx, = c s t i n i n t e d s t a n d a r d deviation o f S ;
S y = e s t i m a t e d st.v.dard dex-intion of 1';
s = nvcrn(:e p e n c t r a t i o n of the pile p e r !la111mcr blow f o r t h e final ten blows,
a l s o Iino~vna s t h e s e t , in inc!lcs p e r blow;
It',, = vrcifiht of the f a l l i n g p a r t of t h e h n n l m e r , in t o n s ;
= vieiglit of tlic p i l c , in t o n s ;
-1
- = 2 vnrinblc;
S = me;ln value of A';
X i = x p a ~ . t i c u l a rvalue of .Ir;
r = n variable;
lr = nleaii v.2lue of Y ; m d
1'; = n p a r t i c u l a r v d u e of Y.
Procecclings of tile
t \ l l \ e r i c i i ~ Society
~
ol Civil
E~lgiilcers
V O L U h l E CH.4NGES IS TRIAXIAL A N D P L A N E S T R A I N T E S T S
By W. D. L i a m Fiiin,' Neil 11. \\fade.'
nnd Kenneth L. Lee,'
A s s o c i n t e k i c n r b e r s , ASCE
.
t
/
Studies of the S t r ~ i l g t hof s a n d s u:lticr trigh c o ~ i f ~ n ~ np:r:e s s u r e s t n v e s h o u n
that the volume chnnge n s p e c i m e n eshil~i::. d u r i ~ l gs!lcar i s depcndcilt OII the
niagriituclc of the co:?solidntion p r e s s u r e . 11 t h e d c r ~ s i t yof a sn!ld i s nbovc a
c e r t a i n minimum d e n s i i y , the s a n d u.ill espnnd tiilring s h c a r u n d c r low confining p r e s s u r e s . \iftien high confining p r e s s u r e s arc! u s e d , t h e s a n d g r a i n s a r c
c r u s h e d and, d u r i r q s h e a r , i ~ o l u n i ec o i i t r s c t i o : ~trikes p1ncc.At a c e r t a i n value
of :he confi:ling p r e s s u r e , depending on t t ~ crnagnitu<lcof tlie i.nitinl void ratio,
no volume c!innges t a k e place. T h e confinins p r e s s u r e ust~iclin s s l r r e s 110 volume
change during s h e a r h a s becn t e r m e d tlic " c r i t i c a l confining p r e s s u r e . "
'The .magnitude of the p o r e - w n t e r p r e s s u r e thxt o c c u r s in snncl tlurii~l:sllenr
depc::ds ir? p a r t on the kind ailtl nmount of volunic. c1:nrlge; n tenrlcncy to volut:lc
expansion ir~ciucesneg:itivc 1io1.e p r e s s u ' r c Ic..:~i'.in:: toi!lcrcar;ci! strciiftll i11 \I:,drai:led s!lear, w l ~ i l t a tcndcricy t o vo:irivc co;itrnc:io;l lcnd:; t a . i ~ o s i t l v c11ot.c~
p r e s s u r e s ant1 reclucecl s t r e n g t h . 'The s h c n r s!rcr:gtl~ of sntur:ttetl s : l ~ l t l i r i U I I clrnined s h c a r untlcr high confining p r e s s u r c s will, tllcrcforc, dci,c:ld 011 tlic
r e h t i o n b e t w e c ~tlic
~ n c t ~ r n lconfining pressu1.c nnct the c r i t i c a l confinilil: p r c s s u r e . At confirling ] , r c s s i ~ r c sl e s s than cr'it'ical, cxpnilsion t e n d s to O C C I I I . wit!^
a resulting d c c r r n s c in p o r e - w n t e r p r e s s u r e s , but nt ~ i r c s s u r c s~ r e a t c rt l n n
c r i t i c a l , n te~ic!c:lcy to co:ltraction and p o s i t i v e p o r e p r e s s u r u s u.ill tlcvelo]>.
TO d a t e m o s t h i g h - p r e s s u r e t e s t s o ! ~ s o i l s Ilave becn under cotlvcr~tlonal
t r i a c i a l t e s t conditions. Yet in p r a c t i c e t h e s o i l may ticforrn undcr.-])lnl~e
.- - Sotc.-l~iscussion oprtl until ,\pril 1 . 1965. ?'o cxt-ctid-tlie closll~l:'rl:lle uric 111011111. n
\vri:tcn request riiust tx: filed \vitb t h e i<xeciilivcSccrcln~~y,
ASCL. 'l'tils ]>al't!r 15 I>:lrI of
Lhc copyrighted Joi~rnalof the Soil hlcch;~nicsnntl 1~'oundntluns~l)ivlsion.I ' r w c c d l n ~ l
of the American Society of Civil 1:ngincers. Vul. 9 3 . So. S;,lC. h'ovcnilsr. 1967. :.lanuscript w:ls subn~ittcdfor rcvie\v for j~ossll~lc
11ul~llc2Llon
oti I)ccelrllM2r 13. 19GG.
li'rof. nnd Iicad, Vcllt. of Cfw. Engrg.. Utilrpcrslty of 1\1-111~11Col\~~libln,
Vn~~cotlvcr.
IJ. C.. Canadn.
2 ~ s s o c .Prof.. 1)ept. of Clv. EnxrC.. G c o r ~ l nInntllt~teof 'i'ce1111olo):y./\tlnnta. t i n .
I)cl,t. of I.:nxrg.. LJnlvcrsity uf Cnllfur~lla.L.os A n ~ c l c s .Call!.
J,\sst.
4sctll!.
11. lj~ltoll,; l , 1
~ .~c ~ .Kcnncll~I..
' l)r.:~lncclS: r c l i ~ t lCh:~rr~ctcrlatlcn
~
of SnnlI?.'
Jul:rn21
of t h e soil .\lcC.h:trl!cs :~ri*l
I . ' ~ r ~ ~ ~ r l l>l\.Ix1~111.
: ~ l l ~ ~ r r ,\>(:I<.
\',,I. 'JJ. Su. S.\lG. I'rw:.
------I'el~cr 5561. ~ o w 1.51;:.
.