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Population Pyramid ‐ Japan
Population Density
• Population Density – is the number of people living per geographic unit (i.e., per square mile or per square kilometer)
Examples:
“Urbanized Areas” of the USA
http://en.wikipedia.org
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“Urban Areas”
For the 2010 census, the Census Bureau redefined the classification of urban areas to "a densely settled core of census tracts and/or census blocks that meet minimum population density requirements, along with adjacent territory containing non‐residential urban land uses as well as territory with low population density included to link outlying densely settled territory with the densely settled core. To qualify as an urban area, the territory identified according to criteria must encompass at least 2,500 people, at least 1,500 of which reside outside institutional group quarters."
Urban Areas of the United States of America[1]
Rank Name[Note 1]
1
New York‐‐Newark, NY—NJ—CT
Population
(2010 Census)
Land Area
(km²)
Land Area
(sq mi)
18,351,295
8,936.0
3,450.2
Density
Density
(Population / km²) (Population / sq mi)
2,053.6
5,318.9
12,150,996
4,496.3
1,736.0
2,702.5
6,999.3
8,608,208
5,502,379
6,326.7
3,208.0
2,442.8
1,238.6
1,360.6
1,715.2
3,524.0
4,442.4
3
4
Los Angeles‐‐Long Beach‐‐
Anaheim, CA
Chicago, IL—IN
Miami, FL
5
Philadelphia, PA—NJ—DE—MD
5,441,567
5,131.7
1,981.4
1,060.4
2,746.4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Dallas‐‐Fort Worth‐‐Arlington, TX
Houston, TX
Washington, DC—VA—MD
Atlanta, GA
Boston, MA—NH—RI
Detroit, MI
Phoenix‐‐Mesa, AZ
San Francisco‐‐Oakland, CA
Seattle, WA
San Diego, CA
5,121,892
4,944,332
4,586,770
4,515,419
4,181,019
3,734,090
3,629,114
3,281,212
3,059,393
2,956,746
4,607.9
4,299.4
3,423.3
6,851.4
4,852.2
3,463.2
2,969.6
1,356.2
2,616.7
1,896.9
1,779.1
1,660.0
1,321.7
2,645.4
1,873.5
1,337.2
1,146.6
523.6
1,010.3
732.4
1,111.5
1,150.0
1,339.9
659.0
861.7
1,078.2
1,222.1
2,419.5
1,169.2
1,558.7
2,878.9
2,978.5
3,470.3
1,706.9
2,231.7
2,792.5
3,165.2
6,266.4
3,028.2
4,037.0
16
Minneapolis‐‐St. Paul, MN—WI
2,650,890
2,646.5
1,021.8
1,001.7
2,594.3
17
Tampa‐‐St. Petersburg, FL
2,441,770
2,478.6
957.0
985.1
2,551.5
18
19
20
27
Denver‐‐Aurora, CO
Baltimore, MD
St. Louis, MO—IL
Pittsburgh, PA
2,374,203
2,203,663
2,150,706
1,733,853
1,730.0
1,857.1
2,392.2
2,344.4
668.0
717.0
923.6
905.2
1,372.4
1,186.6
899.0
739.6
3,554.4
3,073.3
2,328.5
1,915.5
2
http://www.newgeography.com
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•
The least dense urban areas with more than 2.5 million population are all in the United States. •
The least dense is Atlanta, with 1800 people per square mile or 700 per square kilometer. •
The second least dense is, perhaps surprisingly, Boston, despite its reputation for high density. •
Boston's population density is 2200 per square mile or 800 per square kilometer. •
Also, perhaps surprisingly, Philadelphia is the least dense urban area in the world with more than 5 million population, while Chicago is the least dense urban area of more than 7.5 million. Global Population Densities
http://www.populationlabs.com
http://www.newgeography.com
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Thomas Malthus (Malthusian Theory)
• Famously predicted that the population of the Earth would steeply rise after the industrial revolution
• Authored , An Essay on the Principle of Population • Several editions from 1798 – 1826
• Theory states that Population grows geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8…) while food supply grows arithmetically (1 ,2 ,3, 4 ,5…)
• Suggested that as population grew faster than food supply, ‘checks’ on population must occur
• War, disease, famine
• Said the fertility of the poor put pressure on industrial capitalism
• Anti‐Capitalist critics argued it was not the poor who were pressuring production, it was the increased rate of production that was pressuring the poor!
World Population Distribution Stats:
• Uneven population distribution uneven population density
• World is increasingly urbanizing • 50% of the world’s population lives in cities
• Europe and South America are two of the most urbanized regions with close to 80% urbanized
• 90% of all people live north of the Equator
• 60% live between 20° and 60° North (Temperate Climate)
• 50% of the world’s population live on just 5% of its land area
• Almost 90% of the population live on less than 20% of its land area
• People favor lowland areas over high altitude areas
• 80% live below 500 meters above sea level
• Coastal areas have the densest settlement
• 60% of the world’s population lives within 100 km of the ocean
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Population Distribution of Latin America
Rural‐to‐Urban Migration in Latin America
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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
• A general rule‐of‐thumb that identifies periods of development with population characteristics
• The DTM is based on variations in • Crude birthrates – the annual number of live births per 1000 population • Crude death rates – the annual number of deaths per 1000 population
• Five Phases identified:
•
•
•
•
•
Phase 1 – High births, high deaths
Phase 2 – High births, declining deaths
Phase 3 – Declining births, Low deaths
Phase 4 – Low births and low deaths
Phase 5 – Deaths higher than births
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Characteristics of DTM Phases:
• Phase 1 –
High births, high deaths
• Pre‐industrial economy
No Latin American country is in this phase today – all have passed through this phase
• Phase 2 –
High Births – Declining Deaths
• Developing Country
• Improving food and water supply • Improving Sanitation
• Improvements in farming technology
• Improvements in education
• Results in a large population increase
Many Latin American countries
currently in this phase, including;
• Bolivia
• Peru
• Paraguay
• Guatemala
Characteristics of DTM Phases:
• Phase 3 –
Declining Births – Low Deaths
Contraception
Wage increases
Urbanization
Reduction of subsistence agriculture
Increase in status and education of women
• Reduced child labor
• Increase in parental investment in children
• Population growth begins to level off
•
•
•
•
•
Brazil and Mexico in this phase
• Phase 4 –
Low births and low deaths
• Stabilization of population
• Idealized end point
Uruguay, Cuba in this phase, Chile and Argentina approaching
• Phase 5 –
Deaths higher than births
• Shrinking population
• Threat to Industrial Societies
• Norm in post‐
Industrial/deindustrialized societies
• Mitigated through immigration
No Latin American country in this phase
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Phase 3 Line Graph
Phase 4 Line Graph
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Phase 1 – High births, high deaths
Phase 2 – High births, declining deaths
Phase 3 – Declining births, Low deaths
Phase 4 – Low births and low deaths
Phase 5 – Deaths higher than births
Mexico is emerging out of Phase 2 and into Phase 3 with Mexico City rapidly
moving into a Phase 4
Population Pyramids ‐ Mexico
Notice top age is 80+ years
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Population Pyramids
All of Latin America
Notice top age is 75+ years
Mexico
Notice top age is 100+ years
Primate City (a result of rapid urbanization)
• A primate city is the major city of a country, serving as the financial, political, and population center and is not rivaled in by any other city in that country
• In general, a primate city must be at least twice as populous as the second largest city in the country
• The presence of a primate city in a country usually indicates an imbalance in development • An expanding core
• A stagnant periphery
Some Primate Cities of Latin America include:
Central America:
•Mexico City, Mexico
•Guatemala City, Guatemala
•Havana, Cuba
•Managua, Nicaragua
•Panama City, Panama
•Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti
•San José, Costa Rica
•San Salvador, El Salvador
•Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
South America:
•Buenos Aires, Argentina
•Caracas, Venezuela
•Lima, Peru
•Montevideo, Uruguay
•Santiago, Chile
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Deriving information from Population Statistics
• Population pyramids and the DTM informs us about the basic structure of a place’s population, and about the basic trends of a place’s stage of development transition
• But we want to know more about the quality of life of the populations of places • Things such as:
•
•
•
•
•
What are the levels of poverty? What is the wealth distribution of a population?
What is the urban / rural distribution of a population?
What are the living conditions like for urban populations? (or rural populations)
What is the quality of the built‐environment ?
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