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HUMAN
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE
3OHDVHSODFH\RXUVWXGHQWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQODEHOLQWKLVER[
Stage 2
Student Number:
,Q¿JXUHV
,QZRUGV
Time allowed for this paper
Reading time before commencing work:
Working time for paper:
ten minutes
three hours
Materials required/recommended for this paper
To be provided by the supervisor
This Question/Answer Booklet
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
Number of additional
answer booklets used
(if applicable):
To be provided by the candidate
Standard items: pens (blue/black preferred), pencils (including coloured), sharpener,
FRUUHFWLRQÀXLGWDSHHUDVHUUXOHUKLJKOLJKWHUV
Special items:
non-programmable calculators approved for use in the WACE examinations
Important note to candidates
No other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility to ensure that
you do not have any unauthorised notes or other items of a non-personal nature in the
examination room. If you have any unauthorised material with you, hand it to the supervisor
before reading any further.
2014/7051
Web version of 2013/42749
Copyright © School Curriculum and Standards Authority 2013
Ref: 13-060
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
2
STAGE 2
Structure of this paper
Number of
questions
available
Number of
questions to
be answered
Suggested
working time
(minutes)
Marks
available
Percentage
of exam
Section One:
Multiple-choice
30
30
40
30
30
Section Two:
Short answer
9
9
90
100
50
Section Three:
Extended answer
4
2
50
40
20
Total
100
Section
Instructions to candidates
1.
The rules for the conduct of Western Australian external examinations are detailed in the
Year 12 Information Handbook 2013. Sitting this examination implies that you agree to
abide by these rules.
2.
Answer the questions according to the following instructions.
Section One: Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
provided. For each question, shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square,
WKHQVKDGH\RXUQHZDQVZHU'RQRWHUDVHRUXVHFRUUHFWLRQÀXLGWDSH0DUNVZLOOQRW
be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is
completed for any question.
Sections Two and Three: Write your answers in this Question/Answer Booklet.
<RXPXVWEHFDUHIXOWRFRQ¿QH\RXUUHVSRQVHVWRWKHVSHFL¿FTXHVWLRQVDVNHGDQGWR
IROORZDQ\LQVWUXFWLRQVWKDWDUHVSHFL¿FWRDSDUWLFXODUTXHVWLRQ
4.
Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
Ɣ
Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of
the page.
Ɣ
Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in
the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number.
Fill in the number of the question that you are continuing to answer at the top of the
page.
See next page
STAGE 2
3
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Section One: Multiple-choice
30% (30 Marks)
This section has 30 questions. Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer
Sheet provided. For each question, shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square, then
VKDGH\RXUQHZDQVZHU'RQRWHUDVHRUXVHFRUUHFWLRQÀXLGWDSH0DUNVZLOOQRWEHGHGXFWHGIRU
incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.
Suggested working time: 40 minutes.
1.
The name for chemical reactions that require energy to form larger molecules from
smaller molecules is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
anabolism.
catabolism.
respiration.
digestion.
Questions 2 and 3 refer to the diagram below, which shows part of a DNA molecule.
P
P
A
P
P
P
P
B
2.
The part of the DNA molecule in the shaded box labelled ‘A’ is a
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.
S
C
S
A
P
P
deoxyribose sugar.
nucleotide.
ribose sugar.
peptide.
If one of the molecules found in the shaded box labelled ‘B’ is adenine, its partner
molecule must be
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
guanine.
cytosine.
thymine.
uracil.
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
4.
breast milk is cheaper than purchasing milk formula
breast milk is always sterile and at the correct temperature
infants receive antibodies from their mothers’ milk
mothers know exactly how much their infants have consumed
Proximodistal pattern of motor development in babies means that movements of
D
E
F
G
6.
STAGE 2
Which of the following is not an advantage of breast feeding an infant?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5.
4
SDUWVRIWKHOLPEVFORVHVWWRWKHERG\DUHFRQWUROOHG¿UVWDQG¿QHPRWRUFRQWURORI
¿QJHUVRFFXUVODVW
ODUJHUPXVFOHJURXSVDUHFRQWUROOHG¿UVWDQGFRQWURORIWKHVPDOOHUPXVFOHJURXSV
occurs last.
SDUWVRIOLPEVIXUWKHUDZD\IURPWKHERG\DUHFRQWUROOHG¿UVWDQGJURVVPRWRU
FRQWURORI¿QJHUVRFFXUVODVW
VPDOOHUPXVFOHJURXSVDUHFRQWUROOHG¿UVWDQGFRQWURORIWKHODUJHUPXVFOHJURXSV
last.
Edwards syndrome is a condition caused by the chromosomal mutation described as
trisomy-18.
Which of the diagrams below correctly shows the karyotype of a male with Edwards
syndrome?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
See next page
STAGE 2
7.
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
5
In humans, colour blindness is an X-linked recessive condition. If a normal man has
a child with a woman who is a carrier for the condition of colour blindness, what is the
chance that one of their children will be born colour blind?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
Questions 8 and 9 refer to the diagram below.
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRUUHFWO\LGHQWL¿HVWKHVWUXFWXUHVODEHOOHGµ$¶µ%¶DQGµ&¶"
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
9.
A: nucleus
A: ribosomes
A: Golgi body
A: mitochondria
B: ribosomes
B: mitochondria
B: nucleus
B: Golgi body
C: mitochondria
C: nucleus
C: ribosomes
C: ribosomes
Which of the following best describes the function for the organelle labelled ‘D’?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
moves substances across the cell membrane
transports materials around the cell
controls all cell activities
packages materials for export from the cell
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
10.
6
STAGE 2
Which of the following uses the largest amount of the energy produced by the body?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
production of heat
cell growth and division
movement of the cell and cell organelles
active transport
Questions 11 and 12 refer to the diagram below.
11.
Part F is the
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
vas deferens.
bladder.
prostate gland.
urethra.
7KHVWUXFWXUHVVKRZQLQWKHGLDJUDPWKDWDGGÀXLGWRWKHVSHUPWRIRUPVHPHQDUH
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A and C.
A and B.
B and C.
A and F.
See next page
STAGE 2
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
,QZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJWLVVXHVZRXOG\RXH[SHFWWR¿QGWKHmost mitochondria present?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
14.
7
skin
cartilage
muscle tissue
bone tissue
In which type of cell would a mutation not be passed on to future generations?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
somatic cells
germ line cells
ovum cells
sperm cells
Questions 15 and 16 refer to the diagram below.
Blood cells
A
15.
D
E
A.
B.
C.
D.
The type of blood cell shown in the diagram as ‘E’ plays an important role in the
LQÀDPPDWRU\UHVSRQVH7KLVUROHLVWR
D
(b)
(c)
(d)
17.
C
The type of blood cells that carry oxygen around the body is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16.
B
LQFUHDVHEORRGÀRZ
prevent blood clotting.
stimulate pain receptors.
engulf micro-organisms.
The formation of ATP during aerobic respiration is best represented by
D
E
F
G
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JOXFRVHR[\JHQĺFDUERQGLR[LGHZDWHU$73
JOXFRVHĺFDUERQGLR[LGHZDWHU$73ODFWLFDFLG
JOXFRVHR[\JHQĺFDUERQGLR[LGHZDWHU$73
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
18.
STAGE 2
The basic building blocks of lipids include
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.
8
amino acids only.
fatty acids and amino acids.
fatty acids and glycerol.
saccharides and glycerol.
The foramen ovale is the hole in the foetal heart that allows blood to move through it
more quickly. Which of the following shows the correct location of the foramen ovale?
(a)
(b)
For copyright reasons this image cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
(c)
20.
Which of the following will be true for a man suffering Huntington’s disease?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
both of his parents must have suffered from Huntington’s disease
he will pass Huntington’s disease to each of his children
it is possible that neither of his parents suffered from Huntington’s disease
at least one of his parents suffered from Huntington’s disease
%HVLGHVVKRFNDEVRUSWLRQRQHRIWKHUROHVRIWKHDPQLRWLFÀXLGGXULQJSUHJQDQF\LVWR
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
22.
(d)
provide nutrients and oxygen to the foetus.
contribute to the development of the umbilical cord.
form part of the placenta.
help to maintain a constant temperature.
Antivirals are medications that
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
inhibit the development of viruses.
destroy all pathogens.
inhibit fungal and bacterial growth.
kill viruses.
See next page
STAGE 2
9
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Questions 23, 24 and 25 refer to the diagram below showing embryonic and foetal development.
For copyright reasons this image cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
23.
Which of the following is the correct timing of Stage IV as shown in the diagram?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24.
Which of the following major developments occurs around the time of Stage III?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
25.
accumulation of fat beneath the skin and growth slowed
respiratory and digestive systems start to function
limbs are well developed and bone marrow has been formed
all organs are present and leg buds appear
Shortly after which stage of development would a mother normally start to feel small
movements from the foetus?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
26.
16 weeks
18 weeks
24 weeks
28 weeks
I
II
III
IV
The major achievement of the Human Genome Project has been the
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
collection of DNA samples from every major group of people.
elimination of genetic diseases.
development of drugs that are matched to an individual’s DNA.
establishment of the complete sequence of bases in human DNA.
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
10
STAGE 2
Questions 27, 28 and 29 refer to the diagram below.
E
For copyright reasons this image cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
27.
Which process best represents diffusion?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
28.
Structure E is a
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
29.
channel protein.
carrier protein.
phospholipid molecule.
cholesterol molecule.
Which of the process/es represent the movement of a substance from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
30.
A
B
C
D
A
A, B and C
B and D
D
In humans, the urinary tract is designed to resist infection. It is able to achieve this
because
(a)
(b)
F
(d)
the thick lining is an effective physical barrier to infection.
the acid environment destroys many pathogens.
LWLVOLQHGZLWKVSHFLDOJODQGVWKDWVHFUHWHDQDQWLVHSWLFÀXLG
the thick mucus lining traps invading organisms.
End of Section One
See next page
STAGE 2
11
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
This page has been left blank intentionally
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
12
Section Two: Short answer
STAGE 2
50% (100 Marks)
This section has nine (9) questions. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces
provided.
Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
Ɣ Planning: If you use the spare page for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.
Ɣ Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the
original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the
number of the question that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.
Suggested working time: 90 minutes.
Question 31
(8 marks)
The following question refers to the diagram of the female reproductive system below.
For copyright reasons this image cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
(a)
Identify the structure labelled ‘A’.
(1 mark)
(b)
State the function of the structure labelled ‘B’.
(1 mark)
See next page
STAGE 2
(c)
G
13
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
At which location on the diagram do the following events normally occur
(i)
fertilisation of the ovum?
(1 mark)
(ii)
implantation of the zygote?
(1 mark)
7KHELUWKLQJSURFHVVLQYROYHVWKUHHVWDJHVRIODERXU7KH¿UVWVWDJHRIODERXULVFDOOHGWKH
stage of dilation.
L
,GHQWLI\WKHVWUXFWXUHVKRZQRQWKHGLDJUDPWKDWGLODWHVGXULQJWKH¿UVWVWDJHRI
labour.
(1 mark)
LL
([SODLQKRZWKHGLODWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHLGHQWL¿HGLQSDUWGLLVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKH
birthing process.
(1 mark)
(iii)
Complete the table below, describing the main event that occurs during the
second and third stages of labour.
(2 marks)
Stage
Main event that occurs during the stage
2
3
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
14
STAGE 2
Question 32
(10 marks)
Parts (a) and (b) of the following question refer to the diagram below.
For copyright reasons this image cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.
The diagram is a representation of the model called the ‘lock and key’, which is used to help
explain the way enzymes work.
(a)
Using the lock and key model, name the following molecules.
(3 marks)
B:
A and C:
A B C:
(b)
On the diagram above, draw a circle around the active site.
(1 mark)
Parts (c) and (d) of the question refer to the information and diagram below.
A student used an enzyme to combine two types of sugars. Shown below is a graph of the rate
of reaction as temperature increases.
S
C
S
A
40
See next page
STAGE 2
15
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Complete the following questions, referring to the line on the graph.
(c)
Describe the rate of reaction as temperature increases.
(3 marks)
Before 40 ºC:
At 40 ºC:
After 40 ºC:
(d)
Complete the following sentences relating to the reaction shown in the graph.
(3 marks)
The activation energy of a reaction is the energy required to
a chemical reaction. The rate of the reaction up until 40 ºC has been altered by the
presence of an enzyme. The enzyme has worked to
the activation energy of the reaction. After 40 ºC the reaction rate has changed
because the heat has caused the
to change shape.
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
16
Question 33
STAGE 2
(9 marks)
Parts (a), (b) and (c) of the question refer to the diagram of the nephron shown below.
(a)
Identify the structures labelled ‘B’ and ‘C.’
(2 marks)
B:
C:
(b)
State the function of the structures labelled ‘A’ and ‘D’.
A:
D:
See next page
(2 marks)
STAGE 2
(c)
17
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
What function do the structures labelled ‘E’ and ‘F’ perform that affects the composition of
urine?
(4 marks)
E:
F:
(d)
Name the organ of the body that produces urea.
See next page
(1 mark)
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
18
Question 34
STAGE 2
(13 marks)
Parts (a), (b), (c) and (d) of the question refers to the pedigree diagram displaying the
inheritance of freckles in a particular family shown below.
(a)
Freckles are a trait inherited on one pair of autosomal chromosomes.
(i)
State whether freckles is a dominant or recessive trait.
(1 mark)
(ii)
Use the information in the pedigree to provide a reason for your answer in part a (i)
(2 marks)
(b)
The pedigree diagram does not have labels on it indicating the generations. Using the
correct convention, label the three generations on the diagram.
(1 mark)
(c)
State the genotype of Individual 8.
See next page
(1 mark)
STAGE 2
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
19
(d)
Individual 9 on the pedigree is planning to marry a female who has no freckles. What
is the probability that any future children will have freckles? Show all workings in your
answer, including the genotypes and phenotypes of all individuals involved and a punnet
square diagram.
(5 marks)
(e)
Complete the table below by describing the type of relationship each pedigree symbol
indicates.
(3 marks)
Pedigree symbol
Relationship indicated
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
20
STAGE 2
Question 35
(12 marks)
D
'H¿QHWKHWHUPµ67,¶
(b)
Complete the table below by providing an example of an STI for each of the major types
of organisms listed. Give one method used by medical professionals to treat the
infection.
(5 marks)
Organism type
PDUN
Example
Treatment
Bacteria
Virus
Human
LPPXQRGH¿FLHQF\YLUXV
(HIV)
Fungus
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is an STI that has been linked to cervical cancer in females. Many
girls in Western Australia are now immunised against this virus so that the chances of them later
getting cervical cancer are greatly reduced.
(c)
It has been suggested that boys should also be given the HPV vaccine. Explain why this
recommendation is made.
(2 marks)
(d)
If left untreated, a number of STIs can lead to infertility in females. Outline how having an
STI can lead to female infertility.
(2 marks)
See next page
STAGE 2
(e)
21
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Assisted reproductive techniques are strategies that medical professionals can use to
help infertile women have children. Name two assisted reproductive techniques.
(2 marks)
One:
Two:
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
22
STAGE 2
Question 36
(16 marks)
A researcher was conducting a study into the link between blood cholesterol levels and diet. As
part of the study the researcher had two groups of subjects, aged between 25 and 45 years.
Group A had 20 subjects who maintained their normal diet throughout the study. Group B had
22 subjects who adopted a healthy diet throughout the study. All subjects participated in the
study for 4 months. Their blood cholesterol levels were checked every 2 weeks. Data collected
from the study are provided below.
Normal diet
Healthy diet
Time
(weeks)
Group A
Average blood cholesterol (mmol/L)
Group B
Average blood cholesterol (mmol/L)
0
5.7
5.6
2
5.7
5.6
4
5.6
5.3
6
5.7
5.2
8
5.6
5.3
10
5.5
5.1
12
5.6
4.9
14
5.6
5.0
16
5.5
4.9
(a)
Write a suitable hypothesis for the study.
(b)
In this study, identify the
(c)
(1 mark)
(i)
independent variable.
(1 mark)
(ii)
dependent variable.
(1 mark)
State the name given to Group A and state the purpose of using this group.
See next page
(2 marks)
STAGE 2
(d)
23
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
On the grid below, plot the data as a graph in the most appropriate style.
(5 marks)
If you wish to make a second attempt at the graph, the grid is repeated at the end of this
Question/Answer Booklet. Indicate clearly on this page if you have used the second grid
and cancel the working on the grid on this page.
(e)
The researcher stated that Group B adopted a healthy diet. This could mean several
changes to what an individual does or does not consume during a day.
(i)
List three healthy diet choices.
One:
Two:
Three:
See next page
(3 marks)
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
24
STAGE 2
Question 36 (continued)
(ii)
Explain why it was important for the researcher to test only one of the possible dietary
changes and not many at the same time during the study.
(1 mark)
(iii)
Suggest two other lifestyle choices, besides diet, that the researcher might also
recommend for healthy living.
(2 marks)
One:
Two:
See next page
STAGE 2
25
Question 37
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
(8 marks)
(a)
Name one of the three embryonic germ layers.
(1 mark)
E
'H¿QHWKHWHUPµSOXULSRWHQWFHOO¶
PDUN
(c)
There are two categories of stem cells: adult and embryonic. Name the locations from
which these two types of cells are obtained.
(2 marks)
Embryonic stem cells:
Adult stem cells:
(d)
Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration and loss of cells from a central region
in the brain.
Describe the process by which cell replacement therapy could be used to treat this
disease.
(4 marks)
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
26
STAGE 2
Question 38
(16 marks)
S
C
S
A
Parts (a) and (b) of the question refer to the diagram of the digestive system below.
(a)
Identify the structures labelled ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(2 marks)
A:
B:
(b)
Various functions of the digestive system are listed below. Match these functions with the
labelled structures in the diagram above.
Some of the functions described may match more than one labelled structure. Make sure
you list all the structures that perform that function.
(4 marks)
Chemical digestion:
Chemical digestion of protein:
Absorption of nutrients and/or water:
Bile production:
See next page
STAGE 2
27
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Parts (c), (d) and (e) of the question refer to the diagram of the heart below.
(c)
Identify the structures labelled ‘W’ and ‘Z’.
(2 marks)
W:
Z:
(d)
Describe the role of the structure labelled ‘V’ on the diagram.
(e)
Compare the vessels labelled ‘X’ and ‘Y’ by completing the table below.
Vessel X
Structure
Function
See next page
(1 mark)
Vessel Y
(4 marks)
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
28
STAGE 2
Question 38 (continued)
(f)
Describe three events in the process of blood clotting.
One:
Two:
Three:
See next page
(3 marks)
STAGE 2
29
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Question 39
(8 marks)
D
'H¿QHWKHWHUPµWHUDWRJHQ¶
PDUN
(b)
Identify how most teratogens get from the mother to the embryo/foetus.
(1 mark)
(c)
Timing of exposure to a teratogen is important.
(i)
At which time during gestation would you expect a teratogen to have the greatest
effect on the development of the embryo/foetus?
(1 mark)
(ii)
Apart from the timing, what critical factor determines the effect teratogens have on
the development of an embryo/foetus?
(1 mark)
(d)
Nicotine from cigarette smoke does not produce congenital malformations but it does
affect the foetus. Name one effect it can have on a developing foetus.
(1 mark)
(e)
A woman wishes to get pregnant. What recommendation would you give to her about the
use of alcohol? Justify your answer by giving two reasons.
(3 marks)
End of Section Two
See next page
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
30
Section Three: Extended answer
STAGE 2
20% (40 Marks)
This section contains four (4) questions. You must answer two (2) questions. Write your
answers on the lined pages provided.
Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your answers
and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
Ɣ Planning: If you use the spare page for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.
Ɣ Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the
original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the
number of the question that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.
Responses may include clearly-labelled diagrams with explanatory notes; lists of points
ZLWKOLQNLQJVHQWHQFHVFOHDUO\ODEHOOHGWDEOHVDQGJUDSKVRUDQQRWDWHGÀRZGLDJUDPVZLWK
introductory notes.
Suggested working time: 50 minutes.
Question 40
(20 marks)
(a)
Outline the pathway taken by air from outside the body through the human respiratory
system to the point where gas exchange occurs.
(7 marks)
(b)
The respiratory surface in the lungs is designed to maximise gas exchange.
Identify and explain three features of the lung’s respiratory surface that allow for
maximum gas exchange.
(6 marks)
(c)
Breathing is an essential component of life. Explain the importance of breathing and
describe the process of expiration.
(7 marks)
Question 41
(20 marks)
(a)
Describe the function of mitosis. List and describe the stages of mitosis.
(13 marks)
(b)
Describe the function of meiosis. List and describe the events in meiosis that make it
different from mitosis.
(7 marks)
See next page
STAGE 2
31
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Question 42
(a)
(20 marks)
Outline the changes to hormone levels and the events that occur during a normal
menstrual and ovarian cycle of a non-pregnant female.
Use the following headings to write your answer:
Ɣ
Ɣ
Ɣ
(b)
Menstruation Days 1-4
Preovulation Days 5-12
Ovulation Days 13-15.
(8 marks)
There are many different types of contraceptive devices, which can be divided into three
categories:
Ɣ
Ɣ
Ɣ
natural
barrier
chemical.
For each category, select one example and provide its name, describe how it works and
outline one advantage and one disadvantage associated with its use.
(12 marks)
Question 43
(20 marks)
D
'H¿QHWKHWHUPPXWDJHQDQGOLVWfour possible mutagens.
(b)
Some genetic disorders can be more prevalent in certain populations. For the autosomal
disorders listed below, identify a population that has a high incidence of the disorder, the
type of inheritance it displays and the characteristics of the disorder.
(15 marks)
Ɣ
Ɣ
Ɣ
Sickle-cell anaemia
Tay-Sachs disease
Thalassemia
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(5 marks)
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Question 36
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