Early Delivery and Seller’s Right to Cure Lack of
Conformity: Article 37 CISG and UNIDROIT
Principles Comparative
Bertram Keller
CISG Database, Pace Institute of International Commercial Law
Albert H. Kritzer CISG Database
Institute of International Commercial Law
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Contents
Contents
SiSU Metadata, document information
Albert H. Kritzer CISG Database
Institute of International Commercial Law
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Early Delivery and Seller’s Right to Cure Lack of Conformity: Article
37 CISG and UNIDROIT Principles Comparative
Bertram Keller,*
June 2004
1
a. In the words of Art. 37 CISG, the seller may cure a “lack of conformity” “before the date
for delivery.” Once the date of delivery has passed, the limitations of Art. 48 CISG apply.
For documents, Art. 34 CISG applies as lex specialis. Unlike the CISG, the UNIDROIT
Principles (UP) stipulate one general right to cure in Art. 7.1.4 regardless of object or time.1
Any interpretation of Art. 37 CISG in light of Art. 7.1.4 UP must take into consideration
that the norm is only one part of the curing constructions provided by the CISG.
b. The legal history of Art. 37 CISG stretches from the nearly equivalent Art. 37 ULIS to
the first codified right to cure in sec. 2-508 UCC.2 Especially the Civil Law tradition is less
familiar with the seller’s right to “tender a second time” as the seller gave the goods autonomously outside his disposal power.3 However, the stated aim of CISG and UNIDROIT
Principles is to find concepts which transcend legal traditions. As part of an “International
Restatement of Contract Law”4 Art. 7.1.4 UP encourages the worldwide acceptance of a
general right to cure.5
c. Comparing the legal context of Art. 37, the provisions in Art. 52(1) and Art. 72
CISG are relevant for the system of early performance. Whereas under Art. 52(1) CISG
the buyer may deliberately refuse to take any early delivery, Art. 6.1.5 UP restricts this
right, if he “has no legitimate interest in so doing.” However, the difference diminishes if
one considers that the option to refuse early delivery under the CISG is limited by “the
observance of good faith” under Art. 7(1) and the obligation “to preserve” the goods under
1
UNIDROIT, Principles of International Commercial Contracts (1994), Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 1,
available online at ‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/principles/uni37.html#official›
2
Ulrich Magnus in Heinrich Honsell (ed.) Kommentar zum UN-Kaufrecht (1997), Art. 37, no. 1; Jacob S.
Ziegel, Report to the Uniform Law Conference of Canada on CISG, available online at
‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/ziegel37.html›
3
Herbert Stumpf in Hans Dölle (ed.), Kommentar zum Einheitlichen Kaufrecht. (1976); C.M. Bianca in
C.M. Bianca/ M.J. Bonell (eds.), Commentary on the International Sales Law (1987), Art. 37, no. 1.3; Karl
H. Neumayer/ Catharine Ming, Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de
marchandise (1993) Art. 37, p. 292. Cf. also Ingeborg H. Schwenzer in Peter Schlechtriem (ed.),
Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods. English Translation (1998), Art.
37, no.2. (the right to cure was unknown in Roman Law).
4
M.J., An International Restatement of Contract Law. The UNIDROIT Principles of International
Commercial Contracts (1997); E.A. Farnsworth, An International Restatement: the UNIDROIT Principles of
International Commercial Contracts (1997) 26 University of Baltimore Law Review 1-7.
5
E.g., the recent German reform of contract law newly introduced a right to cure after delivery for sale
contracts in ?? 437, 439 BGB.
*
The Author studied law and philosophy in Heidelberg, Cambridge (U.K.), Paris and Vienna and is now
writing a Ph.D. thesis on the theoretical foundations of contract law at Munich University.
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Art. 86.6 The provision of anticipatory non-performance in Art. 72 CISG is very similar to
the corresponding Art. 7.3.3 and 7.3.4 UP.7
d. Even more common ground is offered by the ratio legis of the cure provisions. The
CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles support the principle of maintaining contracts (favor
contractus).8 The possibility of cure in Art. 37 CISG and Art. 7.1.4 UP stabilizes the
relations between the parties even after a defect has occurred with the effect of preserving
their deal.9 A second common principle underlying the cure provisions is the mitigation of
damages, which is reflected in Art. 77 CISG and Art. 7.4.8 UP.10 Curing a defect minimizes
economic waste. Notwithstanding the slight systematic differences, these two principles
offer a solid normative basis for cross-interpretation and gap-filling.11
e.
The phrase “before the date for delivery ” in Art. 37 CISG raises the question
whether the seller may cure up to the beginning or to the end of an agreed period of
time (Art. 33(b),(c) CISG). Considering the leading idea to maintain the contract and the
justified expectations of the other party, most scholars are in favor of the latter alternative.12
6
Fritz Enderlein/ Dietrich Maskow, International Sales Law (1992), Art. 52, no.2, available online at
‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/enderlein.html› Secretariat Commentary on Art. 48, no. 3 and 4; available
online at ‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/secomm/secomm-48.html›; M. Will in Bianca/Bonell, Art. 52, no. 2.1.3;
Ulrich Huber in Schlechtriem, Art. 52, no. 3; Neumayer/Ming, Art. 52, no. 1. But criticized by Vincent
Heuzé, La vente internationale de merchandises (2000), no. 244; John O. Honnold, Uniform Law for
International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention (1999), Art. 52, no. 319 (“the buyer could
gain little by an unreasonable refusal to take an early delivery”).
7
Cf. Sieg Eiselen, Editorial remarks on the manner in which the UNIDROIT Principles of International
Commercial Contracts may be used to interpret or supplement Articles 71 and 72 of the CISG; available
online at ‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/principles/uni71,72.html#er›
8
CISG: M.J. Bonell in Bianca/Bonell, Art. 7, 2.3.2.2; Ulrich Magnus, Die allgemeinen Grundsätze im
UN-Kaufrechts, 59 Rabels Zeitung (1995) 469 (477), in English: General Principles of UN-Sales Law;
available online at ‹http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/magnus.html›; Bernard, La vente internationale de
marchandise (1990) 51; Schlechtriem/Huber, Art. 45; reflected also in German Bundesgerichtshof
(3.4.1996), Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 1996, 1044.
UNIDROIT Principles: UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 1.3 and Art. 6.2.1.; M.J. Bonell, The UNIDROIT
Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Nature, Purposes and First Experiences in Practice,
available online at ‹http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/pr-exper.htm›; cf. also Klaus-Peter Berger, The
Creeping Codification of the Lex Mercatoria (1999).
9
Art. 37 CISG: A.E. Farnsworth in Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, The 1980 Vienna Convention on
the International Sale of Goods, Lausanne Colloquium (1985) 84 et seq.; Hans van Houtte/ Patrick
Wautelet, The Duties of Parties and the Sanctions for Non-Performance under the CISG, 3-4 International
Business Law Journal (2001) 293 (302); Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37; Ulrich Magnus in M. Martinek
(ed.), J. von Staudingers Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch: Wiener UN-Kaufrecht (1999 Berlin),
Art. 37, no. 3. Art. 7.1.4 UP: UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 1.
10
UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 1; Honnold, no. 244 and 245.1; Rex J. Ahdar, Seller cure in the
sale of goods, Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly 1990, 370.
11
Alejandro M. Garro, The Gap-Filling Role of the UNIDROIT Principles in Internationational Sales Law:
Some Comments on the Interplay between the Principles and the CISG, 69 Tulane Law Review (1995)
1149 (1185).
12
For a right to cure under Art. 37 CISG up to the end of the period of time, cf. Fritz Enderlein, Rights and
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Unfortunately, Art. 7.1.4 UP is of no help in the interpretation as it enables cure before and
after the time of performance.
f. The wording “lack of conformity” in Art. 37 CISG seems to exclude the legal defects set forth by Art. 41, 42 CISG. Notwithstanding the different structure of the right to
cure in the CISG, the wording “any non-performance” in Art. 7.1.4(1) UP backs a wider
interpretation.13 The literal evaluation from Art. 37 ULIS “any defect in the goods” to Art.
37 CISG “any lack of conformity” supports this view. Considering such a more general
right to cure, the next question that arises is whether the seller should then also be allowed to cure a higher quality, i.e., change the delivered goods.14 Even if the wording of
Art. 7.1.4 UP (“any non-performance”) allows such an extensive interpretation, this issue
is systematically closer to the excess in quantity under Art. 52(2) CISG.15
g. Whereas under Arts. 37 and 48 CISG only the “seller ” is allowed to cure, Art. 7.1.4
UP neutrally refers to the “non-performing party”. The restrictive wording of Arts. 37, 48
CISG is a function of their systematic place under Chapter II “Obligations of the Seller”.
In corresponding constellations where the buyer breaches the contract before the date of
performance (e.g., opening a wrong letter of credit), the occurring gap might be filled by
analogy to Art. 37 CISG in light of Art. 7.1.4 UP.16
h.
Under Art. 37 CISG, the right to cure is limited by “unreasonable inconvenience
or unreasonable expense” of the buyer. The identical formula is only used in Arts. 34
and 86(2). The objective standard “reasonable ”, however, is the general and therefore
Obligations of the Seller under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, in
Petar Sarcevic / Paul Volken (eds.), International Sale of Goods, Dubrovnik Lectures (1996) 163; also
available online at ‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/enderlein1.html› Honnold, no. 245;
Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no. 5; Heuzé (2000) 263. Different Rolf Herber/ Beate Czerwenka,
Internationales Kaufrecht (1991) Art. 37, no. 3; cf. also Uta Gutknecht, Das Nacherfüllungsrecht des
Verkäufers bei Kauf- und Werklieferungsverträgen. Rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zum CISG, zum
US-amerikanischen Uniform Commercial Code, zum deutschen Recht und zu dem Vorschlag der
Kommission zur Überarbeitung des deutschen Schuldrechts (1997) 44 et seq.
13
For a wide interpretation, cf. Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 13; H. Ercüment Erdem, La livraison des
merchandises selon la convention de Vienne (1990) 161; for a corresponding “global concept of
conformity”, cf. Houtte/Wautelet (2001) 306. Cf. also Honnold, no. 245.1; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art.
37, no. 6; Enderlein (1996) 164.
14
Heiko Lehmkuhl, Das Nacherfüllungsrecht des Verkäufers im UN-Kaufrecht (2001) 115 et seq. favors a
solution under the right to cure (Arts. 37, 48 CISG).
15
For an analogy to Art. 52(2) CISG in case of “higher quality”, cf. Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 48, no. 9 and
Art. 52, no. 27 et seq; Herber/Czerwenka, Art. 39, no. 15; Amin Dawwas, Die Gültigkeit des Vertrages und
das UN-Kaufrecht (1998) 83 et seq. Different Schlechtriem/Huber (1998) Art. 52, no. 11 (CISG not
applicable).
16
Cf. Lehmkuhl (2001) 81 for Art. 48 CISG in light of Art. 7.1.4 UP. For general reflections on the right to
cure for the buyer based on English Law, cf. Antonia Apps, The Right to cure defective performance,
Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly (1994) 525 (527); cf. also Enrico Frust and Co v. W.E.
Fischer Ltd. (1960) 2 Lloyd’s List Law Reports 340; Kronman and Co v. Steinberger(1922) 10 Lloyd’s List
Law Reports 39.
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most indefinite weighing tool of the CISG.17 In contrary, the UNIDROIT Principles provide
a set of differentiated limits in Art. 7.1.4(1)(a)-(d). The key formula “legitimate interest”
in subparagraph (c) sets a subjective standard, which is presumed18 and limited by the
objective elements of a notice (a), appropriateness (b) and prompt effect (d). The objective
“reasonableness” aims to protect the buyer if the right to cure unduly tilts the balance
in favor of the seller. Nonetheless, reasonableness always includes an inter-subjective
element when it is applied to a special case. This personal “appropriateness” can only
be determined by examining the concrete circumstances of the individual case.19 The
subjective element “legitimate interest” in Art. 7.1.4(1)(c) UP might therefore offer a helpful
additional formula.
i. Even if not specifically required by Art. 37 CISG, an attempt to cure without notice
is likely to cause unreasonable inconvenience.20 In Art. 7.1.4(1)(a) UP, the notice is an
essential prerequisite for cure regardless of the time of performance. As cure is inherently
uncertain,21 the buyer needs a clue to rely on. Also if delivery is too early, he has to adjust
his dispositions to the situation. To enable reasonable business transactions, the seller
has to “seasonably” (sec. 2-508 UCC) notify the buyer of his intent to cure.22 It is therefore
considered unreasonable under Art. 37 CISG, if seller “surprises” the buyer by curing the
defect without notice.23 Bearing in mind the adjusted dispositions of the buyer, the cure
must additionally be effected promptly as provided in Art. 7.1.4(1)(d) UP even before the
agreed date of delivery.
j. Considering the forms of cure available under Art. 37 CISG, the seller is free to
choose any method of cure regardless of the buyer’s consent.24 However, replacement or
17
For a general definition of the standard, cf. Albert H. Kritzer, Resonableness, available online at
‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/reason.html#over›
18
UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 4.
19
For the determination in the individual case, cf. Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no. 13;
Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 16. Cf. also Bianca/Bonell, Art. 37, 2.5 (“Unreasonable is an
inconvenience exceeding in an intolerable way the normal prejudice brought about to the buyer by the
replacement or repair of the goods.”).
20
Henry Gabriel, Practitioner’s Guide to the CISG and UCC (1994) 113; Olga Gonzalez, Remedies Under
the UN Convention for the International Sale of Goods, 2 International Tax and Business Lawyer (1984) 89;
Enderlein/Maskow, Art. 37, no. 6. Different Neumayer/Ming, Convention de Vienne, Art. 37, 292.
21
Michael Bridge, The International Sale of Goods. Law and Practice (1999) no. 3.32 and 3.34.
22
Eric C. Schneider, The Seller’s Right to Cure, in 7 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law
(1989) 76 (under reference to sec. 2-508(1) UCC); William A. Hancock (ed.), Guide to the International
Sale of Goods Convention, UCC/CISG Case Comparisons on the Right to Cure: A Comparison of CISG
Articles 37 and 48 with UCC ? 2-508 (1999) 103.503, analysing E.L.E.S.C.O. v. Northern States Power
Co.(Minnesota Court of Appeal, 1985) in light of Art. 37 CISG; cf. also James M. Klotz/ John A. Barrett,
International Sales Agreements. An Annotated Drafting and Negotiating Guide (1998) 169 et seq.
23
Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no. 13; Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 16.
24
Dölle/Stumpf, Art. 37 ULIS, no. 5; Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 12; Schlechtriem/Huber, Art. 48, no.
9 and Schlechtriem/Schwenzer , Art. 37, no. 11; Ahdar (1990) 375; Neumayer/Ming Convention de
Vienne, Art. 37, p. 291. Cf. Hancock (1999) 103.502, analysing Allied Semi-Conductors International
Limited v. Pulsar Components International, Inc (E.D.N.Y., 1993) in light of Art. 37 CISG.
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repair might be inadequate as far as goods which are already in the buyer’s possession are
concerned.25 The corresponding Art. 7.1.4(1)(b) UP requires the cure to be “appropriate in
the circumstances”. Appropriateness depends on the nature of the contract and takes into
account whether or not the proposed cure promises to be successful.26 These elements
also provide for a more distinct formula to determine the possible number of attempts
to cure.Even though each new attempt increases the inconvenience,27 the reasonable
number may vary with the prospect of success.
k. Closely connected is the question of a slightly imperfect cure . The seller has to
restore the goods to a fully sound condition.28 Under Art. 7.1.4(1)(b) UP, repairing is only
“appropriate” if there is no evidence left.29 Nevertheless, the language and idea of Art.
37 CISG indicate that perfection is not required, unless “unreasonable inconvenience” is
caused.30 In this context, the subjective standard of the buyer’s “legitimate interest” as
provided in Art. 7.1.4(1)(c) UP might help. The buyer has a legitimate interest in refusing,
“if it is likely that, when attempting cure, the non-performing party will cause damage to
person or property.”31 In light of the “legitimate interest”, immaterial impacts might also
cast doubt on the reasonableness of cure.32 However, every such indication is limited by
the basic principles of Art. 37 CISG. Where the seller is seriously seeking to maintain the
contract and minimize the damage, the buyer may have to accept a cure that is even more
than slightly imperfect.33
l. A separate issue is whether partial delivery causes “unreasonable inconvenience”
under Art. 37 CISG. As fractioned delivery always constitutes an inconvenience for the
buyer, his approval might generally be considered necessary.34 However, the buyer has
no remedies for fractioned early performance since both Art. 51 CISG (reference to Arts.
46 to 50) and Art. 6.1.3 UP presuppose that the time for performance is due. As a result at
this systematic structure, the seller may complete partial delivery before the consigned date
25
Bianca/Bonell, Art. 37, 2.6 and 2.1; Enderlein/Maskow, Art. 37, no. 5.
UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 3.
27
Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no. 11. Cf. also Hancock (1999) 103.501, analysing Traynor v.
Walters (M.D.Pa., 1972) in light of Art. 37 CISG.
28
Binaca/Bonell, Art. 37, 2.6. For corresponding comments on the “perfect tender rule” (sec. 2-601 UCC)
cf. James J. White/ Robert S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code (2000) ?8-3b; William H. Lawrence,
Cure under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code: Practices and Prescriptions, 21 U.C.C. Law Journal
(1988) 138 (167).
29
UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 6.
30
Honnold, no. 247.
31
UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 4.
32
Schlechtriem/Huber, Art. 48, no. 8. Cf. also the “shaken-faith” doctrine under the UCC: White/Summers
(2000) 323; Ahdar (1990) 375 with reference to the leading case Zabriskie Chevrolet Inc. v. Alfred J.
Smith(Superior Court of New Jersey, 1968). Lehmkuhl (2001) 44 et seq. applies the “shaken-faith” doctrine
directly to the CISG.
33
Cf. Bridge (1999) no. 3.37.
34
Enderlein/Maskow, Art. 37, no. 3.
26
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of delivery without the permission of the buyer.35 Once again the subjective standard of
the buyer’s “legitimate interest” provided not only in Art. 7.1.4(1)(c) but also in Art. 6.1.3(1)
UP may serve as an adequate limit.
m. The seller has to cure the non-performance at his own expense. His corresponding
obligation under Art. 48 CISG is a fortiori effective under Art. 37 CISG and stipulated
in Art. 7.1.4 (1) UP. The limit of “unreasonable expense ” addresses further financial
disadvantages for the buyer arising out of the cure (e.g., storage costs). Although the
buyer may claim these expenses as damages under Art. 37 CISG, he has to pre-finance
the costs and bears the risk of insolvency. The cure might be unreasonable if the seller
offers no safety or pre-payment of the costs.36 A possible solution is a “right of retention”37
which fits the concept of “legitimate interest” in Art. 7.1.4(1)(c) UP.
n. In general, early delivery very seldom amounts to a fundamental breach as the buyer
may refuse it.38 Nevertheless, as a consequence of the pending cure, remedies under
Art. 45 et seq. are excluded.39 In line with Art. 7.1.4(3) UP, the rights under Art. 72 CISG
are also suspended upon an effective notice of cure. There might be some rare cases
where a right of the buyer to withhold his own performance as provided in Art. 7.1.4(4) UP
is helpful even before the consigned time of performance is due. Corresponding to Art.
7.1.4(5) UP, Art. 37 CISG covers not only unreasonable but also reasonable expenses
caused by the cure40 in line with the principle of full compensation underlying Art. 74 CISG
and stipulated in Art. 7.4.2 UP.
o. If the buyer refuses cure under Art. 37 or Art. 48 CISG, only the right to price reduction
is expressly excluded in Art. 50. The duty of cooperation in Art. 5.3 UP requires the
buyer to cooperate and permit cure under Art. 7.1.4 UP.41 Consequently, the buyer loses
his remedies for non-performance if he refuses groundlessly to accept cure under Art. 37
CISG.42 Moreover, the buyer is obliged to examine the goods under Art. 38 CISG and to
35
Enderlein (1996) 164; similar Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 16.
Audit (1990) no. 132; Erdem (1990) 164.
37
Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no. 10; Bianca/Bonell, Art. 37, 3.1 (“right to refuse the handing back”);
Herber/Czerwenka, Art. 37, no. 7 (idea of Art. 86(1) CISG). Different Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 17;
Ahdar (1990) 378.
38
Cf. Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce
and Industry (25 April 1995) CLOUT abstract no. 141, available online at
‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/950425r1.html›
39
Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no. 15; Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 37, no. 19; Enderlein (1996) 163;
Herbert Bernstein/ Joseph Lookofsky, Understanding the CISG in Europe (1997) ? 6-9; Heuzé (2000) 263.
Different but without any reasons, Gonzalez (1984) 89.
40
Ahmad H. Al-Rushoud, The Right to Cure Defects in Goods and Documents, Lloyd’s Maritime and
Commercial Law Quarterly 1999, 458; Enderlein (1996) 165. Cf. also UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4,
no. 9.
41
UNIDROIT Comment to Art. 7.1.4, no. 10; cf. also M. Darin Hammond, When a Buyer Refuses the
Seller’s Right to Cure, 27 Idaho Law Review (1990/91) 562.
42
Bianca/Bonell, Art. 37, 3.2; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Art. 37, no, 17 (general principle underlying Art.
36
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give notice under Art. 39 specifying the nature of the lack of conformity to enable cure.43
However, it is not clear whether the duty of examination under Art. 38 CISG arises only
with the date of delivery. Without knowledge of the non-conformity, the seller would be
deprived of his right to repair. In line with the general principle of cooperation in Art. 5.3
UP, the obligation of the buyer in Arts. 38, 39 CISG is therefore not dependent on the date
of delivery.44
80 CISG); Heuzé (2000) 264 (also recurring on Art. 80 CISG); Neumayer/Ming, Art. 37, 294. Cf. also
Hancock (1999) 103.503, analysing Uchitel v. F. R. Trippler and Co(New York Supreme Court, 1980) in light
of Art. 37 CISG.
43
Secretariat Commentary, Art. 35 (draft counterpart of CISG Article 37), footnote 2, available online at
‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/secomm/secomm-37.html›; Neumayer/ Ming, Art. 37, 292; Bridge (1999) no.
3.38. Cf. also Arbitration Court of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Budapest, Hungary (5
December 1995), CLOUT no. 164, available online at ‹http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/951205h1.html›
44
Houtte/Wautelet (2001) 293 (302); Enderlein (1996) 163. Different Staudinger/Magnus, Art. 38, no. 21,
37; Herber/Czerwenka, Art. 38, no. 8; Gutknecht (1997) 46.
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Early Delivery and Seller’s Right to Cure Lack of Conformity: Article 37 CISG and UNIDROIT
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