ANATOMY II
LAB PRACTICAL I
REVIEW
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 1 of 45)
Endocrine System




What is the Endocrine System?
 A method of communication between cells in the
body wherein glands produce hormones, which
affect distant target organs.
What is an endocrine gland?
 A gland that produces hormones
 A gland that releases hormones into the blood
What is a hormone?
 A chemical message in the blood
What is a target organ?
 An organ or gland that receives hormonal
stimulation
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 2 of 45)
Endocrine System

What are the different types of hormones?




Steroid
Monoamine
Peptide/Glycoprotein
If hormones travel in the blood and come into
contact with all tissues, why don’t they affect all
tissues?

They require a receptor either on the cell surface
(polypeptide) or inside the cell (steroid)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 3 of 45)
Endocrine System

What are the endocrine
organs?
1 - Pineal Gland
2 - Hypothalamus
3 - Anterior Pituitary
(Adenohypophysis)
4 - Posterior Pituitary
(Neurohypophysis)
5 - Thyroid
6 - Parathyroid
7 - Thymus
8 - Adrenal Glands
9 - Kidneys (EPO)
10 - Pancreas
11 - Ovaries
12 - Testes
1
6
2
3&4
5
7
9
8
10
11
12
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 4 of 45)
Endocrine System

What is the
hypophyseal portal
system?


Portal System that
connects the
hypothalamus to
the anterior pituitary
What is a portal
system?

Any veins that lead
to another capillary
bed instead of
going directly to the
heart
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 5 of 45)
Hormones of the Pineal Gland
 What
hormones does the
pineal gland make?
Melatonin
 Serotonin

 What
does the pineal
gland regulate?

Circadian Rhythms and
Biological processes such
as puberty
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 6 of 45)
Hormones of the Hypothalamus
 What
are the hypothalamic hormones?
GHRH – Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
 Somatostatin(GHIH) – Growth Hormone
Inhibiting Hormone
 PRH – Prolactin Releasing Hormone
 PIH (Dopamine) – Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
 GnRH – Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
 CRH – Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
 TRH – Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 7 of 45)
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
 What
are the hormones
made by the anterior
pituitary?
GH – Growth Hormone
 PRL – Prolactin
 Gonadotropins

 FSH
– Follicle Stimulating
Hormone
 LH – Luteinizing Hormone
ACTH – Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
 TSH – Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone

The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 8 of 45)
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

What are the hormones
of the Posterior Pituitary?



OT – Oxytocin
ADH – Antidiuretic
Hormone
Where are the hormones
of the posterior pituitary
made?

Hypothalamic Nuclei
 Supraoptic and
Paraventricular
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 9 of 45)
Hormones of the Thyroid and
Parathyroid Glands
 What
hormones are
produced by the
thyroid gland?
T3 and T4
 Calcitonin

 What
hormones are
produced by the
parathyroid glands?

PTH – Parathyroid
Hormone, calcitriol
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 10 of 45)
Hormones of the Thymus
 What
hormones are
produced by the
thymus?

Thymosin and
Thymopoietin
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 11 of 45)
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands



What are the two layers
of the adrenal glands?
 Adrenal Cortex
 Adrenal Medulla
What hormones are
made by the Adrenal
Cortex?
 Mineralocorticoids
 Glucocorticoids
 Gonadocorticoids
What hormones are
made by the adrenal
medulla?
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 12 of 45)
Hormones of the
Kidneys and Pancreas

What hormone is made
by the kidneys?


What hormones are
made by the Pancreas
and what cells are they
made by?



EPO – Erythropoietin
Insulin – Beta Cells
Glucagon – Alpha Cells
What two types of tissue
are in the pancreas?


Pancreatic Islets (Islets
of Langerhans)
Acini Cells
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 13 of 45)
Hormones of the Ovaries
 What
hormones are made by the ovaries?
Progesterone
 Estrogen

The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 14 of 45)
Hormones of the Testes
 What
hormones are
made by the testes?

Testosterone
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 15 of 45)
Endocrine System
 Be
able to identify the following:
Thyroid
 Thymus
 Pancreas
 Adrenal Glands
 Ovaries
 Testes

The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 16 of 45)
Cat Dissection – Endocrine System
3
4
1
2
o
o
o
o
1 – Thyroid
2 – Thymus
3 – Pancreas
4 – Adrenal Gland
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 17 of 45)
Cat
Dissection
1
2
5
6
3
4
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 18 of 45)
Blood

What are the two parts of
blood?



What is plasma made of?




Plasma
Formed Elements
Water (92%)
Plasma Proteins (7%)
Other Nutrients (<1%)
What are the Formed
Elements?



Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Plasma 55%
Buffy Coat
<1%
Erythrocytes
44%
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 19 of 45)
Blood

What do mature red
blood cells lack that
allows them to have a
biconcave shape?


What do erythrocytes
do?


A nucleus
Carry oxygen and
carbon dioxide
What is the molecule in
erythrocytes that binds
to oxygen?

Hemoglobin
 Heme
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 20 of 45)
Blood

What are the two major groups of leukocytes?



What are the granulocytes and their defining
characteristics?




Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Neutrophils – Multi-lobed nucleus and light pink
granules
Eosinophils – Bi-lobed nucleus and dark red granules
Basophils – Dark purple granules
What are the agranulocytes and their defining
characteristics?


Lymphocytes – Small, with very little cytoplasm
Monocytes – Very large, with blue cytoplasm
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 21 of 45)
Blood Tests
 What

Packed cell volume, represents the volume of
red blood cells, though WBC and plasma
volume can also be found
 What

is a hematocrit?
is a Differential White Blood Cell Count?
Count 50 Leukocytes and categorize them,
then multiply by two.
 Order
of counting
 Count from left of slide to right
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 22 of 45)
Blood Cell Identification
5
Basophil
Platelet
6
1
Monocyte
Eosinophil
2
3
Erythrocyte
7
Neutrophil
4
Lymphocyte
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 23 of 45)
Quiz Time
 Take
a blood cell cookie and identify it,
then describe its function.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 24 of 45)
Blood Vessel Anatomy



What are the layers
of an artery or vein?
 Tunica Interna
 Tunica Media
 Tunica Externa
 Serosa (arteries
only)
What do veins have
that arteries don’t?
 Valves
Are veins or arteries
thicker and why?
 Arteries, because
they have to
withstand more
pressure
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 25 of 45)
Blood Vessels
Arteries of the Head,
Neck, and Arms
3
Axillary
Subclavian
2
Brachiocephalic
1
4
Brachial
5 Carotid
External
Internal 9Carotid
Carotid
10 Sinus
Common
6 Carotid
Subclavian
2
Radial
7
1
Brachiocephalic
8Ulnar
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 26 of 45)
Blood Vessels
3
Gastric
Arteries of the Torso
and Abdomen
Right Common
Carotid
17
Celiac
Trunk
1
Brachiocephalic
Artery
Left Common
Carotid
Right
Subclavian
Artery
14
4
2
Common
Hepatic
Splenic
15
Left Subclavian
Artery
16
18
Superior
Mesenteric
6
5
Right Renal
Left
Gonadal
7
Abdominal
Aorta
8
Inferior
Mesenteric
10
Right
Gonadal
9
Right External
Iliac
13
Descending
Aorta
19
Internal Iliac
Ateries
12
Left
Common
Iliac
11
Intercostal
Arteries
20
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 27 of 45)
Blood Vessels
Arteries of the
Lower Extremities
1
Common
Iliac
Internal
Iliac
2
External
Iliac
3
4
Femoral
Popliteal
5
Dorsalis
Pedis
6
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 28 of 45)
Blood Vessels
Veins of the Lower
Extremities
1
Common
Iliac
Internal
Iliac
2
3
External
Iliacl
4
Femoral
5
Popliteal
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 29 of 45)
Blood Vessels
Veins of the Torso
and Abdomen
1
Brachiocephalic
Hepatic
Veins
5
Inferior
Vena
Cava
6
2
Jugular
3
Subclavian
Superior
Vena
Cava
4
7
Left Renal
Right
Renal
8
Right
Gonadal
10
Common
11
Iliac
9
Left
Gonadal
External
Iliac
12
13
Internal
Iliac
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 30 of 45)
Blood Vessels
Hepatic Portal System
Hepatic Portal Vein 1
5
Gastric Vein
Superior Mesenteric 2
Vein
6
Splenic Vein
7 Inferior Mesenteric
Inferior Vena Cava
3
External Iliac Vein
4
Vein
8
Common Iliac
9
Internal Iliac Vein
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 31 of 45)
Blood Vessels
4
Subclavian
Veins of the Head, Neck,
and Upper Extremities
External
Jugular
2
1
Internal
Jugular
5
Axillary
6
Brachial
7
Radial
Internal
Jugular
1
External
Jugular
2
8
Ulnar
3
Brachiocephalic
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 32 of 45)
Heart Anatomy

What are the layers of
the heart?




Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Fibrous
Pericardium
What is the serous
membrane of the
heart and what are its
layers?

Pericardium
 Visceral Pericardium
 Pericardial Cavity
 Parietal Pericardium
 Fibrous Pericardium
Parietal
Pericardium
Pericardial
Cavity
Epicardium/
Visceral
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 33 of 45)
Heart Anatomy





What are the four chambers
of the heart?
 Right and Left Atria
 Right and Left Ventricles
What separates the left and
right atria?
 Interatrial Septum
What separates the left and
right ventricles?
 Interventricular Septum
What are the arteries that
feed the heart?
 Coronary Arteries
What are the veins that drain
the heart?
 Cardiac Veins and Coronary
Sinus
Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Interventricular
Septum
Left
Ventricle
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 34 of 45)
Heart Anatomy

What are the four heart
valves?






SVC
Aorta
Pulmonary
Trunk
Pulmonary
Semilunar
Aortic
Semilunar
Papillary muscles
What are arteries leading
away from the heart?


Chordae Tendinae
L Pulmonary
Veins
What anchors the chordae
tendinae?


R Pulmonary
Veins
Bicuspid Atrioventricular Valve
Tricuspid Atrioventricular Valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
What anchors the
Atrioventricular valves?

Pulmonary
Arteries
Pulmonary Arteries and Aorta
What are the veins leading to
the heart

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava
and Pulmonary veins
IVC
Tricuspid
Chordae
Tendinae
Bicuspid
Papillary
Mucle
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 35 of 45)
Pathway of Blood
 What
is the pathway of blood through the
heart coming from the body?
Body
Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
Aorta
Right Atrium
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Tricuspid Atrioventricular Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Bicuspid Atrioventricular Valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries
Pulmonary Veins
Lungs
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 36 of 45)
Pathway of Blood
7 – Blood returns
from the lungs in the
pulmonary arteries
1 – Blood comes
in via the Inferior
and Superior
Vena Cavas
2 – Blood Drains
into the Right
Atrium
1
8 – Blood fills the
Left Atrium
6
12
3 – Blood flows
through the
Tricuspid Valve
4 – Blood is
forced into the
Right Ventricle
6
7
7
5
2
5 – Blood is pushed
out through the
Pulmonary
Semilunar Valve
6 – Blood
travels through
the pulmonary
trunk and
arteries to the
lungs
9 – Blood is pushed
through the Bicuspid
Valve
6
8
11 9
10
3
10 – Blood fills the
Left Ventricle
11 – Blood is pushed
out through the
Aortic Semilunar
Valve
12 – Blood flows
through the Aorta
to the body
4
1
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 37 of 45)
Heart Dissection
11
7
8
9
1
10
2
3
4
6
5
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 38 of 45)
Cardiovascular Physiology

What is Systole?


What is Diastole?


Ventricular Contraction
Ventricular Relaxation
What is the Cardiac cycle?

One complete heartbeat


Atrial contraction/relaxation and ventricular
contraction/relaxation
What is the normal length of the cardiac cycle?


0.8 seconds
Atrial contraction


Ventricular contraction


0.1 second
0.3 seconds
Quiescent period

0.4 seconds
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 39 of 45)
Cardiac Cycle Events
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 40 of 45)
Cardiac Cycle
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 41 of 45)
Ausculating Heart Sounds

What valve can be
heard at 1?




Pulmonary Semilunar
What valve can be
heard at 2?
 Bicuspid
Atrioventricular Valve
What Valve can be
heard at 3?
 Tricuspid
Atrioventricular Valve
What valve can be
heard at 4?
 Aortic Semilunar
Valve
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 42 of 45)
Pulse Points
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 43 of 45)
Electrocardiogram

What does the P-wave
Represent?


What does the QRS
complex represent?


Ventricular depolarization
What does the T-wave
represent?


Atrial Depolarization
Ventricular Repolarization
Why can’t you see Atrial
Repolarization on an
ECG?

Atrial Repolarization
happens at the same time
as ventricle depolarization
and is obscured by the
much larger electrical
signal

When holding your breath, does
heart rate increase of decrease?


Decrease
After a burst of strenuous activity,
does heart rate increase or
decrease?

Increase
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 44 of 45)
Questions
Prepared by
K. Martin (Peer Tutor) & D. Leonard (Learning Specialist)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College
http://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 40, Page 45 of 45)