Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________
ID: A
Study Test Chapter 6
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as
a. mediation
b. maturation
c. learning
d. conditioning
2. A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally
evoked by another stimulus is known as
a. instrumental conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. observational conditioning
3. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which
a. responses come to be controlled by their consequences
b. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior
c. an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
d. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited
by another stimulus
4. Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs
a. salivating right before food was placed in their mouths
b. failing to salivate when food was placed in their mouths
c. salivating only when food was placed in their mouths
d. salivating right after they had swallowed food
5. When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by
another stimulus, the process is
a. operant conditioning
b. instrumental conditioning
c. Skinnerian conditioning
d. classical conditioning
6. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to
a. sing a song
b. tie shoe laces
c. print letters
d. fear the dark
7. Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was
younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The
learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is
a. operant conditioning
b. observational learning
c. delayed reinforcement
d. classical conditioning
1
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ID: A
8. When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is
a. a conditioned response
b. an unconditioned response
c. a conditioned stimulus
d. an unconditioned stimulus
9. Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of
his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is
a. a conditioned response
b. an unconditioned stimulus
c. an unconditioned response
d. a conditioned stimulus
10. The initial stage of learning a response is called
a. extinction
b. contiguity
c. acquisition
d. conditioning
11. According to Pavlov, the key to classical conditioning is the
a. strength of the UCS
b. strength of the CS
c. resistance to extinction brought about by sign-releasing stimuli
d. stimulus contiguity
12. Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli
a. occur together in time
b. occur together in space
c. occur together in time and space
d. have been conditioned prior to the current trial
13. On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of
coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first
time. Later she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to
one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will most likely be to
a. guava, because it was a novel stimulus
b. milk, because the milk may have been sour
c. grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast
d. coffee, because coffee is a stimulant
14. Stimulus generalization occurs when
a. there is a temporal association between two stimuli
b. an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used
in conditioning
c. an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response
d. an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned
stimulus
15. When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of
a. stimulus discrimination
b. superstitious behavior
c. stimulus generalization
d. extinction
2
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16. When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying
near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana's fear
illustrates the classical conditioning process of
a. instinctive drift
b. stimulus generalization
c. stimulus discrimination
d. negative avoidance
17. When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother always used
to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis
likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the
classical conditioning process of
a. stimulus generalization
b. stimulus discrimination
c. instinctive drift
d. spontaneous recovery
18. A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of
trials. Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog responds. This procedure is known as
a. chaining
b. higher-order conditioning
c. compound conditioning
d. sensory preconditioning
19. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which
a. responses come to be controlled by their consequences
b. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior
c. involuntary responses are slowly replaced by voluntary responses
d. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited
by another stimulus
20. In the 1930's learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant
conditioning" by
a. Ivan Pavlov
b. John Watson
c. B. F. Skinner
d. Edward Thorndike
21. Operant conditioning is another name for
a. classical conditioning
b. respondent conditioning
c. instrumental learning
d. observational learning
22. According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to
repeat those responses that
a. reduce a biological need
b. are followed by favorable consequences
c. decrease the probability of the consequence that produced it
d. increase a biological need
3
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ID: A
23. According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it
a. reduces a biological need
b. induces a biological need
c. increases the probability of the response that produced it
d. decreases the probability of the response that produced it
24. Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar.
If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as
a. a discriminative stimulus
b. a reinforcer
c. a conditioned response
d. a conditioned stimulus
25. The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some
desired response is called
a. stimulus discrimination
b. selection
c. shaping
d. step-wise conditioning
26. Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of
a. classical conditioning
b. shaping
c. spontaneous recovery
d. innate stimulus release
27. A discriminative stimulus is
a. the same thing as a reinforcer
b. the same thing as a conditioned stimulus
c. a cue that indicates the probable consequences of an operant response
d. a cue that indicates whether the unconditioned stimulus will be pleasant or aversive
28. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement, but not at a disk lighted red.
This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is a
a. reinforcer or nonreinforcer
b. punisher or nonpunisher
c. generalization stimulus
d. discriminative stimulus
29. An event following a response which increases an organism's tendency to make that response again is
referred to as
a. a reinforcer
b. a conditioned stimulus
c. an unconditioned stimulus
d. a discriminative stimulus
30. Continuous reinforcement occurs when
a. reinforcement is delivered continually, regardless of whether or not a response is
made
b. it is not known in advance what responses will be reinforced
c. every behavior engaged in by the subject is reinforced
d. every occurrence of the designated response is reinforced
4
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31. When a researcher does not reinforce every correct response that an organism makes, it is referred to
as
a. continuous reinforcement
b. extinction
c. intermittent reinforcement
d. punishment
32. Assuming the reinforcer is the sound of the rattle, a baby's response of shaking a rattle is reinforced
according to which type of schedule?
a. continuous reinforcement
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
33. Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office. Sometimes the machine will
take a dollar bill on the first try, other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is
finally accepted. In this example, inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on
a. a continuous reinforcement schedule
b. a noncontingent reinforcement schedule
c. an intermittent reinforcement schedule
d. a short-delay reinforcement schedule
34. Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of
a. a continuous reinforcement schedule
b. a noncontingent reinforcement schedule
c. an intermittent reinforcement schedule
d. a short-delay reinforcement schedule
35. Relative to extinction following continuous reinforcement, extinction following intermittent
reinforcement
a. proceeds more slowly
b. proceeds more rapidly
c. occurs at the same rate
d. is longer lasting
36. Behaviors that are acquired through intermittent, or partial, reinforcement instead of continuous
reinforcement are
a. slower to be established, but more resistant to extinction
b. faster to be established and more resistant to extinction
c. slower to be established, but less resistant to extinction
d. faster to be established, but less resistant to extinction
37. The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be one that was
a. reinforced every time it occurred
b. shaped
c. reinforced intermittently
d. reinforced by your parents
38. Positive reinforcement involves
a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus
d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
5
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ID: A
39. Tessa really likes to mow the lawn during the summer months, but her parents will only let her mow
the lawn if all the dishes are washed. Consequently, every Saturday Tessa has the table cleared and all
of the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast. In this case,
a. mowing the lawn is a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes
b. doing the dishes is a positive reinforcer for mowing the lawn
c. mowing the lawn is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes
d. doing the dishes is a negative reinforcer for mowing the lawn
40. If you perform behavior designed to prevent an unpleasant event from happening, your behavior is
classified as
a. a primary response
b. a classically conditioned response (CR)
c. an avoidance response
d. an escape response
41. Escape learning is a type of learning in which
a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior
b. an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
c. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited
by another stimulus
d. an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring
42. A rat is placed on one side of a two-compartment shuttle box. For each trial, a light is turned on and is
followed 10 seconds later by a painful electric shock for one minute. The rat can terminate the trial by
jumping a barrier into the other compartment. If the rat jumps during the light, it has learned to ____
the shock; if the rat jumps during the shock, it has learned to ____ the shock.
a. escape; avoid
b. avoid; escape
c. escape; escape
d. avoid; avoid
43. Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening
in the future is known as a
a. negative reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer
c. punisher
d. vicarious conditioner
44. Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she
no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. punishment
d. modeling
45. Although there are many controversies surrounding punishment it is used frequently for disciplinary
purposes. Which of the following are desirable aspects surrounding the use of punishment?
a. It suggests alternative behaviors.
b. It can be modeled as a positive problem solving method.
c. It reduces the probability of undesirable behavior.
d. It will often trigger strong emotional responses.
6
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ID: A
46. Which of the following statements about punishment is least accurate?
a. Punishment may take the form of removal of a rewarding stimulus.
b. Punishment occurs whenever a response terminates an aversive condition.
c. Punishment may take the form of giving aversive stimulation after a response.
d. Punishment, by definition, weakens preceding behavior.
47. Instinctive drift occurs when
a. an extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the CS
b. an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
c. an organism that has learned a response to one stimulus does not respond in the
same way to new stimuli that are similar
d. an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been
terminated
48. When an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with the conditioning process, it is referred to
as
a. learned helplessness
b. instinctive drift
c. counterconditioning
d. misbehavior
49. Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrated
a. how principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily
generalize to raccoons
b. differences in appropriate rewards for different species
c. that there are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles
d. that raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and
pigeons
50. Breland's trained raccoons would deposit single tokens into a slot but would not deposit two tokens,
which they rubbed together. This is due to
a. instinctive drift toward food-washing behavior
b. poor conditioning of token placing
c. insufficient reinforcement of token placing
d. lack of interest in the single tokens
51. You observe an animal show in which a raccoon has been trained to put a coin into a slot. You notice
that before the raccoon deposits the coins into the slot they rubbed the coins together. What do
psychologists attribute the coin washing behavior to?
a. instinctive drift toward food-washing behavior
b. poor conditioning of token placing
c. insufficient reinforcement of token placing
d. lack of interest in the single tokens
52. Michael Domjan suggests that the rapid conditioning seen in conditioned taste aversions is
a. unique in that all neutral stimuli condition in the same way.
b. an example of what happens when ecologically relevant conditioned stimuli are
studied.
c. an example of what happens when arbitrary, neutral conditioned stimuli are studied.
d. not all that unique and it reflects the differences between studying learning in a
laboratory setting and a natural setting.
7
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53. Edward Tolman's research suggests that in order to learn routes through mazes rats
a. must be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze.
b. will run through the maze only when they are highly motivated.
c. need to be allowed to explore the maze first.
d. must be punished for wrong choices in the maze on the first trials.
54. Newly learned behavior that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as
a. insight learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. latent learning
55. Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger
daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as
a. a noncontingent reinforcer
b. a negative reinforcer
c. a positive reinforcer
d. a model
56. According to Bandura, your motivation to perform an observed response depends on
a. the amount of attention you paid to the model's behavior originally
b. your expectation of being reinforced for the response
c. the degree to which you can remember the model's behavior
d. your ability to perform the observed response
57. In the featured study on modeling and behavior by Bandura, Ross and Ross the results suggest that
a. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior leads to positive
consequences
b. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior leads to negative
consequences
c. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior is preceded by
positive consequences
d. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior is completed in
front of the child live; not on tv
58. Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that
a. media violence contributes to increased aggression among children but not adults
b. media violence contributes to increased aggression among adults but not children
c. media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults
d. no conclusion as to the cause and effect relationship between media violence and
aggression because the majority of the studies have been correlational
59. Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of ____, but findings regarding
the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that ____ is also very important.
a. nature; nurture
b. nurture; nature
c. heredity; biology
d. instincts; training
8
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ID: A
60. A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
is known as
a. behavior modification
b. cognitive engineering
c. modeling
d. insight training
61. In setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program, you should
a. choose a reinforcer that is readily available and relatively potent
b. use delayed reinforcement
c. arrange to reinforce yourself only after there has been a drastic change in the
frequency of the target response
d. use continuous rather than intermittent reinforcement
62. A system for administering symbolic reinforcers that can later be exchanged for "genuine"
reinforcers is referred to as
a. vicarious conditioning
b. a token economy
c. a behavioral contract
d. antecedent control
63. Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has
the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a
result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent
a. an unconditioned response
b. a conditioned response
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
9
ID: A
Study Test Chapter 6
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
KEY:
2. ANS:
KEY:
3. ANS:
TOP:
4. ANS:
REF:
5. ANS:
REF:
6. ANS:
REF:
7. ANS:
KEY:
8. ANS:
REF:
9. ANS:
REF:
10. ANS:
REF:
11. ANS:
REF:
MSC:
12. ANS:
KEY:
13. ANS:
KEY:
14. ANS:
KEY:
15. ANS:
TOP:
16. ANS:
KEY:
17. ANS:
KEY:
18. ANS:
REF:
19. ANS:
KEY:
C
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
B
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
D
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
A
PTS:
p. 216
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 216
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 218
OBJ:
D
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
p. 216 | p. 218
B
PTS:
p. 218
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 220
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 220
OBJ:
** (new or revised)
C
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
A
PTS:
Critical Thinking
D
PTS:
Factual
C
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
B
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
p. 223
OBJ:
A
PTS:
Factual
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
Factual
1
DIF:
6-1
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-1
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-2
KEY:
1
REF:
p. 215
OBJ: 6-1
p. 216
OBJ: 6-1
p. 216
OBJ: 6-1
1
Correct = 72%
6-2
KEY: Concept/Applied
Correct = 23%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 86%
Factual
Correct = 77%
Concept/Applied
DIF:
OBJ:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
1
6-2
1
6-3
1
6-3
Correct = 95%
Factual
Correct = 66%
Factual
Correct = 89%
Concept/Applied
p. 218
OBJ: 6-2
1
REF: p. 220
** (new or revised)
1
REF: p. 220
OBJ: 6-3
1
REF: p. 222
OBJ: 6-4
1
Factual
1
REF: p. 222
OBJ: 6-4
REF: p. 222
OBJ: 6-4
1
REF: p. 222
OBJ: 6-4
1
6-5
1
DIF: Correct = 77%
KEY: Factual
REF: p. 224
OBJ: 6-6
1
OBJ: 6-3
ID: A
20. ANS:
KEY:
21. ANS:
REF:
22. ANS:
KEY:
23. ANS:
REF:
24. ANS:
REF:
25. ANS:
REF:
26. ANS:
REF:
27. ANS:
REF:
28. ANS:
REF:
29. ANS:
TOP:
30. ANS:
REF:
31. ANS:
KEY:
32. ANS:
REF:
33. ANS:
KEY:
34. ANS:
KEY:
35. ANS:
REF:
36. ANS:
KEY:
37. ANS:
REF:
38. ANS:
REF:
39. ANS:
KEY:
40. ANS:
TOP:
41. ANS:
KEY:
42. ANS:
REF:
C
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
p. 224
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
p. 225
OBJ:
B
PTS:
p. 225
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 227
OBJ:
B
PTS:
p. 227
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 229
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 229
OBJ:
A
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
D
PTS:
p. 231
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
p. 231
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
p. 231-232
OBJ:
A
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
p. 232
OBJ:
A
PTS:
p. 233
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
B
PTS:
Factual
B
PTS:
p. 234
OBJ:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
DIF:
6-7
KEY:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
DIF:
6-8
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-8
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-9
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-9
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-10
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-10
KEY:
1
REF:
Factual
1
DIF:
6-12
KEY:
1
REF:
MSC:
1
DIF:
6-12
KEY:
1
REF:
p. 224
1
p. 231
OBJ: 6-12
** (new or revised)
Correct = 65%
Factual
p. 232
OBJ: 6-12
REF:
MSC:
1
DIF:
6-12
KEY:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
DIF:
6-12
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-13
KEY:
1
REF:
Correct = 68%
Factual
p. 225
OBJ: 6-8
Correct = 92%
Factual
Correct = 53%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 71%
Factual
Correct = 77%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 53%
Factual
Correct = 80%
Concept/Applied
p. 230
OBJ: 6-11
Correct = 68%
Factual
p. 231
OBJ: 6-12
** (new or revised)
Correct = 51%
Concept/Applied
p. 231
OBJ: 6-12
Correct = 49%
Factual
Correct = 93%
Factual
p. 233
OBJ: 6-13
1
REF: p. 234
Concept/Applied
1
REF: p. 234
1
6-14
OBJ: 6-6
OBJ: 6-14
OBJ: 6-14
DIF: Correct = 92%
KEY: Concept/Applied
2
ID: A
43. ANS:
REF:
44. ANS:
REF:
45. ANS:
KEY:
46. ANS:
TOP:
47. ANS:
TOP:
48. ANS:
REF:
49. ANS:
REF:
50. ANS:
REF:
51. ANS:
KEY:
52. ANS:
KEY:
53. ANS:
KEY:
54. ANS:
KEY:
55. ANS:
REF:
56. ANS:
TOP:
57. ANS:
KEY:
58. ANS:
KEY:
59. ANS:
REF:
60. ANS:
KEY:
61. ANS:
REF:
62. ANS:
KEY:
63. ANS:
KEY:
C
PTS:
p. 235
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 235-236
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
B
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
B
PTS:
p. 238
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 238
OBJ:
A
PTS:
p. 238
OBJ:
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
D
PTS:
Concept/Applied
D
PTS:
p. 243
OBJ:
B
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
A
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
p. 250
OBJ:
A
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
A
PTS:
p. 252
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Factual
B
PTS:
Critical Thinking
1
6-15
1
6-15
1
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
MSC:
1
REF:
Concept/Applied
1
REF:
Factual
1
DIF:
6-17
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-17
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-17
KEY:
1
REF:
MSC:
1
REF:
MSC:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
MSC:
1
DIF:
6-20
KEY:
1
REF:
Factual
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
MSC:
1
DIF:
6-23
KEY:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
DIF:
6-25
KEY:
1
REF:
1
Correct = 81%
Factual
Correct = 38%
Concept/Applied
p. 235
OBJ: 6-16
** (new or revised)
p. 235
OBJ: 6-16
p. 238
Correct = 80%
Factual
Correct = 80%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 74%
Concept/Applied
p. 238
OBJ: 6-17
** (new or revised)
p. 239
OBJ: 6-18
** (new or revised)
p. 240
OBJ: 6-19
p. 241
OBJ: 6-19
** (new or revised)
Correct = 89%
Concept/Applied
p. 243
OBJ: 6-21
p. 245
OBJ: 6-22
p. 246
OBJ: 6-22
** (new or revised)
Correct = 62%
Concept/Applied
p. 250
OBJ: 6-24
Correct = 42%
Concept/Applied
p. 254
OBJ: 6-25
REF: p. 254-255
3
OBJ: 6-17
OBJ: 6-26