MEDMARX® Data Report
A Report on the Relationship
of Drug Names and
Medication Errors in
Response to the Institute of
Medicine’s Call for Action
Findings 2003-2006
and
Trends 2002-2006
Featuring:
•
Look-alike and/or Sound-alike drug names from two national medication error reporting programs
•
The drug naming process in the U.S.
•
Drug name pronunciation guide from USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names
•
Summary of Error Information for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
ISO 9001:2000 Certified
Definition of Medication Error
“A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the
medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer. Such events may be related to professional
practice, healthcare practice, healthcare products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication;
product labeling, packaging, and nomenclature; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring and use.”
Definition of Harm
“Impairment of the physical, emotional, or psychological function or structure of the body and/or pain resulting therefrom.”
Source: National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (1995)
Suggested Citation:
Hicks RW, Becker SC, Cousins DD, eds. (2008).
MEDMARX data report. A report on the relationship of drug names and medication
errors in response to the Institute of Medicine’s call for action.
Rockville, MD: Center for the Advancement of Patient Safety, US Pharmacopeia.
© 2008 The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce this report, in full or in part, for
educational purposes provided the copyright notice is retained. Prior written permission must be obtained from USP if the material is to be used for
commercial or other purposes.
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MEDMARX® Data Report
A Report on the Relationship
of Drug Names and
Medication Errors in
Response to the Institute of
Medicine’s Call for Action
Findings 2003-2006
and
Trends 2002-2006
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Acknowledgments
...................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Section 1
Introduction
The Drug Nomenclature Process
Recent Developments in the Prevention and Detection of Drug Name Confusion
Progress Report on Safe Drug-Naming Practices
............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Section 2
Background of Medication Error Reporting at U.S. Pharmacopeia
........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Section 3
Findings of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Product Errors
........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Section 4 Summary of Error Information for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 177
Appendix 1
Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................201
Appendix 2
Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 249
Technical Appendices (MEDMARX Historical Findings)
......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 377
Glossary
......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 397
2
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary
The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) is pleased
to publish its eighth report to the nation
on medication errors with a specific focus
drawn from analyses of medication errors
involving drug nomenclature as voluntarily
reported to either MEDMARX® or the
USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting
Program. The Institute of Medicine’s
2006 report, Preventing Medication
Errors, as well as reports of other leading
organizations, indicate that drug names
that look alike and/or sound alike increase
the risk of a medication error.
In 1993, USP published Quality Review 24, entitled What’s in a
Name, as a means of encouraging dialogue about drug and drug
product naming issues. USP then published Quality Reviews 31, 59,
69, and 73, which highlighted catastrophic errors originating with
similar names. In 1995, USP began publishing
its Similar Names List, which first appeared as
Quality Review 49 and later as Quality Review
66 (1999), Quality Review 76 (2001), and then
Together,
Quality Review 79 (2004).
Voluntary medication error reporting has led to
changes in both brand and generic names. One of
the earliest instances of a name change involved
Losec, for heartburn, which was confused with
Lasix, a diuretic. The resulting brand name
was Prilosec. This new name has since been
confused with other drug names, such as the
antidepressant Prozac. A more recent name
change was Reminyl (for Alzheimer’s disease) to
Razadine, following multiple reports of mix ups
involving Amaryl (lowers blood sugar). Another
example of a name change occurred in 2000 when amrinone was
changed to inamrinone by USP and eventually by the United States
Adopted Names Council to avoid confusion with a very different
cardiac drug, amiodarone. Name changing is not a simple process,
and prudence is required when changing names of products because
new opportunities for errors can be introduced, as was seen in the
change of Losec to Prilosec.
This report brings a new dimension to USP’s list of look-alike and/or
sound-alike drug names by providing additional evidence about how
communicating drug orders can directly lead to medication errors.
The nation will now be able to access the most comprehensive
list of similar names that is based on actual reports of errors and,
for the first time, a list that further delineates the effects of the
errors on patient outcomes. Two important sections augment the
utility of this report. First, this report provides a comprehensive
guide to therapeutic classifications of products involved in the
errors. Second, the report includes a drug pronunciation guide
to assist readers in proper articulation of many
nonproprietary names.
these drug
names constituted
more than 3,170
pairs—nearly
double the 1,750
product pairs
appearing on the
2004 list.
USP reviewed more than 26,000 records and
identified 1,470 unique drugs implicated in
these medication errors due to brand and/or
generic names that looked and/or sounded alike.
Together, these drug names contributed to more
than 3,170 pairs—nearly double the 1,750 product
pairs appearing on USP’s 2004 list. According to
this report’s findings, 1.4% of the errors resulted
in patient harm, including seven errors that may
have caused or contributed to patient deaths.
An important finding of this year’s report is the
role of pharmacy staff in look-alike and/or soundalike errors. Although pharmacy personnel,
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The report
also identifies
an emerging
trend: look-alike
drug names in
computerized direct
order entry systems
are an increasing
source of confusion
for prescribers.
generally technicians, made the
majority of errors, pharmacists
as a group identified, prevented,
and reported more than any other
staff. This may be more the result
of sustained medication safety
activities by pharmacy personnel
who have documented and
reported errors diligently over the
years.
The report also identifies an
emerging trend: look-alike drug
names in computerized direct
order entry systems are a source
of confusion for prescribers. This
trend will likely continue as these
systems become a standard of
practice. The problem of look-alike
and/or sound-alike errors is further
compounded by the indiscriminant
use of suffixes, look-alike packaging, and labeling.
For readers tracking trends in medication errors, the technical appendices
to this report provide aggregated data from MEDMARX spanning the 5-year
period from 2002 through 2006. During 2006, 519 facilities submitted
176,409 errors, with 1.25% of the errors resulting in harm, including 14
reports where medication errors may have caused or contributed to patient
deaths. The percentage of harmful errors has remained above 1% for more
than seven years.
Improving the healthcare system requires the attention of many
stakeholders, and USP believes that this report provides the first and most
important step of identifying confusing name pairs to answer the call for
action issued in 2006 by the Institute of Medicine. After reviewing many
thousands of records, USP believes the following efforts will stimulate
improvements in patient safety and reduce both the incidence and burden
of medication errors:
4
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
1. In concert with national health priorities, healthcare facilities should
increase the rate of adoption of proven technological solutions that
offer error protection, including, but not limited to, computerized
prescriber order entry systems, robotic fills, bar code technology, and
electronic health records. Low-tech solutions, such as shelf markers or
segregated look-alike and/or sound-alike drugs, can be implemented
quickly, easily, and inexpensively.
2. A national forum should be convened to resolve discrepancies in the
use of drug suffixes, such that adoption of a standardized nomenclature
occurs universally.
3. All prescriptions, regardless of the setting in which they are written,
whether manual or computer generated, should include the indication
for using the drug.
4. Ambulatory patients should exercise their right to counseling by a
pharmacist at the point of medication dispensing or refilling. This
counseling provides a final safety net to catch look-alike and/or soundalike errors.
5. The application of human factors principles and similarity detection
software should be encouraged early in the drug approval process to
identify potential weaknesses in drug names, drug labels, and drug
packaging.
6. Healthcare practitioners should commit to the on-going reporting of
medication errors resulting from similar names to allow the public
dissemination of these name pairs for awareness by all stakeholders.
USP hopes that this 2006 MEDMARX Data Report will become a useful
resource for clinicians, regulators, industry, and policymakers in addressing
the drug-naming issue; and that the media will help the public understand
the extent of the problem and its role in error avoidance.
Diane D. Cousins, B.S., Pharm.
Vice President
Center for the Advancement of Patient Safety
Healthcare Quality and Information
Documentary Standards Division
U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments
The Drug Nomenclature Process
USP is a practitionerfocused, standardssetting organization
that draws heavily
on the expertise of
its volunteers. USP
recognizes the work
of these dedicated
individuals for their
contributions.
Thomas P. Reinders, Pharm.D.
Chair, USP Nomenclature Expert Committee
Associate Dean, School of Pharmacy
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, VA 23298
William M. Heller, Ph.D.
Executive Director, USP (Retired)
Stuart, FL 34994
Ruth K. Miller, J.D.
Senior Counsel
U.S. Pharmacopeia
Rockville, MD 20852
Recent Developments in the Prevention and
Detection of Drug Name Confusion
Bruce L. Lambert, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Pharmacy
Administration
Clinical Professor, Department of Pharmacy
Practice
Adjunct Professor, Department of
Communication
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL 60612
Dr. Lambert gratefully acknowledges the
contributions of:
Paul Luce, Ph.D.; Swu-Jane Lin, Ph.D.;
Conor McLennan, Ph.D.; Laura Dickey,
Ph.D.; William Fisher, Ph.D.; John Senders,
Ph.D.; and Clement Yu, Ph.D.
The Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality supported part of this project
(Grant numbers 5R01HS011609-04 and
1U18HS016973-01).
Dr. Lambert’s paper grew out of a
presentation given at the Institute for
Safe Medication Practices’ National
Summit to Prevent Drug Name Confusion,
Philadelphia, PA, October 9, 2007.
Progress Report on Safe Drug Naming
Practices
Michael R. Cohen, R.Ph., M.S., Sc.D.
President
Institute for Safe Medication Practices
Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006
USP acknowledges the staff members who
contributed their time and expertise to the
production of this report.
Rita Calnan, B.S., R.Ph.
Pranee Dhadasih, B.A.
Dorothy Demczar, Pharm.D.
David Gordon, Summer Intern
Roland Israel, B.A.
Jymeann King, B.S., R.Ph.
Claudia Okeke, Ph.D., R.Ph.
Larry Paul, Ph.D., R.Ph.
Denise Penn, B.S., R.Ph.
Deborah Perfetto, Pharm.D.
John P. Santell, M.S., R.Ph, FASHP
Rick Schnatz, Pharm.D.
Jeffrey Silverstone, M.B.A., R.Ph.
Marilyn Storch, B.S.
M. Susan Zmuda, R.N.
5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
6
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Introduction
The Drug Nomenclature Process
Drug naming has been a confounding issue dating back to the founding
of the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) in 1820. Today, thousands of proprietary
(trade) and nonproprietary (generic) names exist in the United States,
although most of them are not currently active. The increasing number of
new drug substances and increasingly complex dosage forms developed
during the latter part of the 20th century required significant new efforts to
establish systematic procedures and principles for assigning drug names.
Understanding these procedures is key in dealing with the complex process
of minimizing errors associated with drug nomenclature.
Types of Drug Names
The most common names associated with drugs include the chemical name,
the nonproprietary name, and the proprietary name.
Chemical Name—A chemical name provides precise information about
the chemical structure of a drug substance. Most often, this name is the
systematic chemical name assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service
in concert with the recommendations of the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. A pharmaceutical manufacturer or sponsor applies for
a patent with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office when a new chemical
compound with clinical potential is synthesized or isolated from natural
sources. Although the chemical name is useful to scientific and technical
personnel, it is not practical for use by health professionals.
Nonproprietary (Generic) Name—Nonproprietary or generic names for
drug substances are made official by the USP or National Formulary (NF)
monographs of strength, quality, and purity after drugs are marketed.
However, since 1964 the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council has
produced simple and useful nonproprietary names for drug substances
in the early stages of drug development. The Council was established
by the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Pharmacists
Association (APhA), and USP. The Council now comprises one member from
each of the sponsoring organizations, one member-at-large agreed upon by
SECTION 1: The Drug Nomenclature Process
Section 1
the three sponsoring organizations, and one member from the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). The 5-member Council must be unanimous
in its decisions.
The selection of a nonproprietary name usually begins with the onset of
clinical investigation when an investigational new drug (IND) application
is filed with the FDA by a drug manufacturer. Submissions for a USAN must
conform to established Guiding Principles that are published in the USP
Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names.
Currently, there are eight General Rules, with 15 sections, such as (1) the
primary criterion for judging usefulness is suitability, including safety for
use in the routine processes of prescribing, ordering, dispensing, and
administering drugs throughout the United States; (2) the name for the
active moiety of a drug should be a single word, preferably with no more
than four syllables; and (3) a common, simple word element (a "stem")
should be incorporated into the names of all members of a group of related
drugs when pertinent, common characteristics can be identified (e.g.,
similarity of pharmacological action). When pharmacological similarity is
found in drugs of distinctly different chemical nature, stems should differ
(e.g., the antipsychotics, promazine and haloperidol; the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, ibuprofen, etodolac, and isoxicam).
There are 15 Specific Rules, with 22 sections, such as (1) the letter "f"
should be used instead of "ph"; (2) the letter "i" should be used instead
of "y"; and (3) the letter "w" should be avoided to ensure appropriate
translation into other languages. Isolated letters, numbers, or hyphenations
are restricted to those groups of substances for which such usage fulfills a
clearly demonstrable purpose (e.g., interferon alfa-2b, technetium Tc 99m
siboroxime). Group relationships in a name preferably should be indicated
by the use of syllables or stems (emphasis added); conversely, use of the
stem for other than the appropriate group should be avoided. When multiple
stems are available, the stem conveying the most information should be
used. So, it is a Rule that related drugs should be characterized by a stem.
For example, the stem “ast” is defined as antiasthmatics/antiallergics (not
acting primarily as antihistamines; leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors) and
has the subgroups
•
•
•
•
•
lukast, leukotriene receptor antagonists
milast, type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors
trodast, thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists
zolast, benzoxazole derivatives
tegr-, integrin antagonists (note: can occur as an infix stem, as well
as a suffix stem.)
SECTION 1: The Drug Nomenclature Process
7
Clearly, if one understands the rules of coining nonproprietary names, they
become more informative than simply rote memory words. The 2007 USP
Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names contains more than 500
stems. More are added each year as drugs with new actions are discovered.
Gene therapies, cellular therapies, biotechnology drugs, and other biological
substances are even more complicated, such that the Council has adopted
a special nomenclature system just for them.
Once a nonproprietary name is coined, it is rarely replaced. However, it can
happen. For example, the Council and USP changed amrinone to inamrinone
to distinguish it further from amiodarone after a number of serious errors
were reported. More than 10,000 nonproprietary names are listed in the
2007 USP Dictionary. About 1,000 USP and NF names listed were coined
before the USAN program started or are outside the scope of the USAN
program. Among the latter are names of excipients, prophylactic vaccines,
and mixtures that do not have an FDA IND number.
Suggested USANs are published in the Pharmacopeial Forum, a periodic
publication of the USP intended to permit public review and comment. In
the event of controversy concerning the selection of a drug name, the issue
can be referred for a final opinion to the independent 6-member USAN
Review Board created by the sponsoring organizations.
Proprietary Name or Trademark—When an investigational drug begins to
show clinical promise, the manufacturer or sponsor will prepare a new drug
application for submission to the FDA and will seek to obtain a trademark
from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for a proposed proprietary or
brand name. If the drug will be considered for international use, the name
will be submitted to the foreign agencies equivalent to the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office. Although manufacturers develop a preferred proprietary
name, the final approval of a brand name in the United States resides
with the FDA. For example, the FDA does not permit names that might be
associated with the drug’s indication or efficacy.
A company may use different trade names in different countries. Conversely,
the same trade name may be applied to different drugs by different
companies in different countries.
International Nomenclature Harmonization
Although the USAN Council functions primarily as a drug-naming program
in the United States, many drug manufacturers market their products
throughout the international community. The international harmonization
8
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
of drug names and related terminology reduces the confusion that would
be associated with multiple nonproprietary names for a single drug. Since
1953, the World Health Organization has assumed the responsibility of
coordinating drug nomenclature at the international level by recommending
International Nonproprietary Names (INN). About half of the names
considered at each INN meeting come from the United States via the USAN
Council. Many of the international nonproprietary names are identical to
USAN, USP monograph titles, and NF names.
The USP Nomenclature Expert Committee
The USP Nomenclature Expert Committee establishes nonproprietary
names for drug substances and drug products, excipients, biologics, dietary
supplements, and medical devices for humans and animals; and it promotes
uniformity and consistency among the official titles in USP and NF. The
Committee is concerned with nomenclature for dosage form monographs
and other aspects of the language used in the prescription, dispensing,
sale, or manufacture of drugs. The Committee works in a collaborative
fashion with the USAN Council, and USP has committed to using the USAN
as the title of a drug monograph for that substance.
The Committee’s authority to develop official nonproprietary names is
identified in section 502(e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA). The section indicates that a drug is misbranded if its label does not
include the “established name” of the drug and each ingredient. Section
502(e) specifies that the established name of a drug or ingredient is the
official title used for the drug or ingredient in an official compendium such
as USP or NF, as long as the FDA has not designated an official name in
accordance with section 508 of the FFDCA. In early 2006, a federal appeals
court decision confirmed that the nonproprietary names assigned by the
USP Nomenclature Expert Committee take precedence over the names
informally approved by the FDA during regulatory review. Several years
may elapse before USP issues an official, public monograph containing
standards for strength, quality, and purity for an article.
USP has established policies for naming drug products. For example, USP
general chapter ‹1151› defines and describes Capsules (hard shell and
soft shell, delayed-release and extended-release); Ophthalmic Solutions
(isotonicity value, buffering, sterilization, preservation, and thickening
agent); Suppositories (cocoa butter, cocoa butter substitutes, glycerinated
gelatin, polyethylene–glycol base, surfactant bases, and tableted or
inserts); and much more.
When the USAN Council coins a new name, it suggests a pronunciation
as well. Unfortunately, in the 40 years since the program began, two
inconsistencies have developed: (1) the Council was inconsistent in its
pronunciation for drugs containing the same stem, or infix, or prefix; for
example, some statins were designated sta' tin and some stat' in, and (2)
the method of indicating the phonetic pronunciation was inconsistent; for
example, a long “o” was indicated sometimes by oh, sometimes by oe, and
sometimes by o. The latter problem was solved by the Council's adoption
in 2002 of the “Drug Pronunciation Guide for Drug Names” (see Appendix
2).
Since 2002, the USP Nomenclature Expert Committee has been reviewing
the pronunciation of all the USAN, USP, and NF names in the USP Dictionary
of USAN and International Drug Names to ensure consistency first in the
pronunciation of the stems and then in the syllabication and pronunciation
of the first syllables of all the names. The names are then reviewed for
variations from common usage. For example, the Council suggested that
ibuprofen be pronounced eye bue' proe fen, but it was commonly pronounced
eye" bue proe' fen, so the entry in the Dictionary was changed accordingly.
In the standardization of pronunciations by the USP Nomenclature Expert
Committee, the following principles have evolved: (1) pronounce words/
names the same when they are spelled the same; (2) retain and build on
established precedents; (3) keep the USAN stem intact, if phonetically
reasonable; (4) be consistent with first syllables; (5) refer to common
dictionaries for common first-syllable usage, and consider the influence of
the pronunciations of popular trade names; (6) put the primary accent on
the USAN stem; (7) insert a secondary accent to differentiate among the
names with the same USAN stem; and (8) follow the Pronunciation Guide.
Yes, indeed, nonproprietary names of drugs are designed to look alike and
sound alike—up to a point. When the USAN Council believes a new name
might be too similar to an existing name, it draws the line. Also, the Council
protests when drug companies coin brand names out of elements of the
previously chosen nonproprietary name, but can do little about it.
Numeric Identification of Names
Those who believe that the nomenclature system based on words is too
fallible might consider the Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII) system being
developed by the FDA and USP. The UNII is a random, 10-­character, alphanumeric code that is planned to cover every ingredient in FDA-regulated
products and eventually to be adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection
SECTION 1: The Drug Nomenclature Process
Name Pronunciation
Agency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs, and other government agencies, as well as USP. Drugs to which UNII
have been assigned will carry those codes in the 2008 edition of the USP
Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names.
Conclusion
USP, the world’s oldest continuously operating pharmacopeia, has been involved with drug nomenclature since
its beginning in 1820. It has adapted to the times and has
joined with others in a world-wide system of drug nomenclature through the World Health Organization. Understanding the construction of nonproprietary names can
help practitioners associate one drug with another and,
conversely, disassociate one drug from another. Reliance
on the use of nonproprietary names is a starting point toward reducing medication errors that are associated with
patient injury and death.
Thomas P. Reinders, Pharm.D.
Chair, USP Nomenclature Expert Committee
Associate Dean, School of Pharmacy
Virginia Commonwealth University
William M. Heller, Ph.D.
Member, USP Nomenclature Expert Committee
Former USP Executive Director (1968-1990)
Ruth K. Miller, J.D.
Senior Counsel
U.S. Pharmacopeia
9
SECTION 1: The Drug Nomenclature Process
Recent Developments in the Prevention
and Detection of Drug Name Confusion
Many pairs of drug names look and/or sound alike (e.g., Materna® and
Matulane®, hydroxyzine and hydralazine, Paxil® and Taxol®, fomepizole
and omeprazole). Despite advances in technology, policy, and practice and
at least 10 years of focused effort, preventing confusion among clinicians
and patients over drugs with similar-looking and similar-sounding names
remains an elusive goal. This summary reviews recent developments in the
prevention and detection of drug name confusion. The first section positions
drug name confusion in the larger context of concerns about the quality
of medical care. The second section reviews the fundamental causes of
name confusion errors. The third section discusses the need to have better
systems to measure and monitor trends in the rate of drug name confusion.
The fourth section reviews recent research on techniques for preventing
these errors. The final section suggests a research agenda for moving the
field forward and discusses potential obstacles.
What Is the Big Picture?
Concern about drug name confusion does not exist in a vacuum, isolated
from other concerns about business, policy, and practice. Rather, the
desire to reduce the incidence of drug name confusion errors is part of an
international effort to improve the quality of medical care more generally.
In the United States, the National Academies’ Institute of Medicine (IOM)
has led this effort. Most of the issues are well summarized in four books
published by the IOM during the last 10 years: To Err is Human1 (1999),
Crossing the Quality Chasm2 (2001), Preventing Medication Errors3 (2006),
and The Future of Drug Safety4 (2007). These books make a series of claims
about medical care in the United States. At the highest level, the IOM asserts
that medical care in America suffers from severe and widespread quality
problems. As a result of these problems, “Health care today routinely harms
and too often fails to deliver its potential benefits.”2 The chasm referred
to in the title Crossing the Quality Chasm is the discrepancy between the
quality of care most Americans receive and that which is achievable under
the best possible circumstances. These problems have their roots in the
education of clinicians and patients and in the way care is regulated,
financed, organized, and delivered.
Medical errors are among the most disturbing symptoms of low-quality
healthcare. Examples of medical errors include making the wrong diagnosis,
10
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
operating on the wrong side of the body, and giving the wrong medication.1
Because drug therapy is the most common type of medical treatment,
medication errors are the most common type of medical errors. There are
many types of medication errors: wrong drug, wrong dose, wrong route of
administration, wrong patient.5 In addition, clinicians often fail to recognize
or account for drug–drug interactions, drug–disease interactions, drug–
food interactions, drug–lab issues, and drug allergies. Modern drug therapy
is complex—a lot can go wrong and it often does.
In outpatient pharmacies, where roughly 3.7 billion prescriptions were
dispensed in 2006,6 the overall dispensing error rate is estimated to be
1.7% (or 62.9 million errors per year).7 The breakdown of errors by type is
shown in Figure 1-1. As Figure 1-1 illustrates, wrong-drug errors account for
only 8% of all errors in outpatient pharmacy and occur in perhaps 0.13%
of all dispensed prescriptions. This means that, by best estimate, patients
at outpatient pharmacies get the right medication almost 99.9% of the
time. That sounds impressive until one realizes that the massive volume of
prescriptions dispensed in the United States means that even events that
occur rarely on a percentage basis still occur very frequently on an absolute
basis. A wrong-drug error rate of 0.13% of 3.7 billion prescriptions still
means 4.8 million wrong-drug errors per year. If only 6.5% were clinically
significant, that would still mean potential harm to almost 312,000 people
per year. Most patients, providers, and policymakers agree that this is an
8%
Wrong
drug
3%
Omission
1%
Wrong
dosage form
10%
Wrong
strength
12%
Wrong
quantity
14%
Wrong label
information
52%
Wrong label
instructions
Figure 1-1. Types of
medication errors in
outpatient pharmacy
Data from Flynn et al.7
What Causes Name Confusion?
Multiple factors cause drug names to be confused. There are four basic types
of errors: (1) visual perception errors,9 (2) auditory perception errors,10,11 (3)
short-term memory errors,12 and (4) motor control errors.13 Visual perception
errors occur when, for example, a handwritten prescription for Isordil® is
read as Plendil®.14 Typewritten names can also be misperceived visually.
Auditory perception errors occur when a name such as omeprazole is
heard incorrectly as fomepizole.15 Short-term memory errors occur when a
pharmacist reads a prescription for hydroxyzine, goes to the shelf to get the
bottle, has a memory lapse, and mistakenly grabs a bottle of hydralazine.
Motor control errors occur, for example, when selecting the wrong drug
from a computerized drop-down list.13, 16, 17
Although it is possible to draw conceptual distinctions between these types
of errors, it is often not possible in the real world, after the fact, to determine
which process contributed to the error. When the wrong bottle is retrieved
from shelf stock, one can never be certain whether it was a memory error
or a visual perception error. Fortunately, knowing exactly which process is
involved in every error may not be essential for reducing the rate of name
errors: the same basic contributing factors of similarity and frequency are
at work in all of these errors.18
Visual and auditory perception and short-term memory are all vulnerable
to similarity-based errors. In addition, these errors are strongly influenced
by prescribing frequency (or familiarity). Similarity tends to influence which
pairs of names will be confused with one another (e.g., Taxol® and Paxil®,
not Taxol® and hydralazine). Frequency tends to influence the direction of
the error, with misperceptions trending in the direction of the more familiar
name (e.g., dirithromycin will often be misheard as erythromycin, but not
vice versa).
Two other factors seem to be important in explaining when name confusion
will occur: stimulus degradation and cognitive load. By stimulus degradation,
we mean anything that undermines the legibility, clarity, or intelligibility
of the name. In the visual domain this may mean poor handwriting, a fax
machine running low on ink, poor lighting, small print, poor contrast, etc.
SECTION 1: Recent Developments in the Prevention and Detection of Drug Name Confusion
intolerably high number. It is not surprising that wrong-drug errors are the
most common source of malpractice claims against pharmacists.8 Keep in
mind, however, that not all wrong-drug errors are the result of drug name
confusion. Labeling and packaging similarity, adjacent storage, and other
random and unknown factors can result in dispensing the wrong drug.
In the auditory domain, it may mean static on phone lines or voice mail,
background noise, regional or foreign language accent, narrow auditory
bandwidth, etc. Cognitive load refers to the extent of the demand placed
on memory and attention during a given task. Both memory and attention
are finite resources. Multitasking and distractions increase cognitive load
and often lead to errors in performance. All other things being equal, the
probability of error will increase as stimulus degradation increases and
cognitive load increases (beyond some threshold).
The implications for error reduction efforts are clear: reduce stimulus
degradation and cognitive load. What does this mean in practical terms?
Practices or devices likely to increase degradation (e.g., handwriting,
fax machines, small print, telephones) should be avoided or their use
minimized whenever possible. Factors likely to increase cognitive load
(e.g., distractions, noise, multitasking) should also be minimized when
possible. Much of this is common sense. Areas where drugs are ordered,
dispensed, and administered should be, to the maximum extent possible,
quiet, well-lit, and free from distractions, including background music and
ringing telephones.
Much of the focus in the professional literature has been on similarity, not on
stimulus degradation and cognitive load. This makes some sense because
many of the factors that increase degradation and load are difficult to
change. Chain pharmacies, emergency rooms, hospital wards, and operating
rooms, for example, tend not to be quiet places free from distraction, and
it is not clear that they could ever be made so. So it is assumed that the
environmental factors are such that errors will occur, and the focus shifts to
which names will be confused. Hence, in The Joint Commission’s National
Patient Safety Goals19 and in communications from USP and the Institute
for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), there is an emphasis on identifying
certain pairs of similar names and taking action on them. Certainly, these
efforts should continue, but additional effort should be made to examine
ways to minimize the chances of stimulus degradation and also reduce
cognitive load. Furthermore, if errors are viewed as inevitable, given the
complexity of the drug use process, then more effort should be focused on
mitigation of harm via rapid detection of errors after the fact.
Lack of Progress due to Inability to Measure Error Rate
Despite all the focus on prevention, there is little evidence of large-scale
improvement in the wrong-drug error rate. We are not suggesting that no
one has been successful at minimizing these errors, it is just that few have
been able to demonstrate convincing evidence of success, especially on
11
SECTION 1: Recent Developments in the Prevention and Detection of Drug Name Confusion
a national scale. Recent work with bar codes appears promising,20 but
generally speaking, no one knows how well any of the existing prevention
techniques work. As a result, prevention efforts have come to resemble
a patchwork of various methods, all of uncertain value. This represents a
serious gap in current knowledge about medication safety. The lack of a
valid, reliable, and efficient method for detecting name confusion errors
is the main reason for this gap in our knowledge. It is a fundamental
principle of quality control that if a process cannot be measured, it cannot
be improved. To bring about significant, sustained reductions in the wrongdrug error rate, it is essential that there be a valid, reliable, and efficient
method for measuring the wrong-drug error rate.
Existing Approaches to Detecting Medication Errors and
Measuring Error Rates
Voluntary Reporting Systems—Two main approaches to detecting
medication errors are currently in use. The first relies on voluntary or
“spontaneous” reports from practitioners and patients. The FDA MedWatch
system, the USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting (MER) Program, and
USP’s MEDMARX are the best-known examples of voluntary reporting
systems. The strength of these systems is their ability to detect emerging
causes of medication errors from a wide range of settings. These systems
also have some (limited) capacity to follow up with error reporters to get
additional detail about the clinical context of each error. New and serious
threats to medication safety often emerge through these channels, as
conscientious practitioners take the time to report errors that they have
seen and made.
The main weakness of these systems is the inability to derive error rates
from voluntary reports. Voluntary reports are not a valid basis for estimates
of error incidence or prevalence because reporters are not a representative,
random sample of the population and because voluntary reports are subject
to both over-reporting and under-reporting biases. It is thought that fewer
than 1 in 100 errors are actually reported, and the rate may be even lower.21
Consequently, voluntary or spontaneous error reporting systems cannot be
used to assess the effectiveness of efforts to reduce drug name confusion
(or any other type of error) because one cannot know whether observed
changes in reported errors are the result of over-reporting, under-reporting,
or real changes in the error rate.
Direct Observation of the Medication Use Process—The current gold
standard for the detection of medication errors is to have trained observers
stationed in clinical areas where drugs are prescribed, dispensed, and
12
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
administered.7, 22-24 These individuals observe every step of the medication
use process and document any observed errors. This method is timetested, valid, and reliable. Most of what is known with confidence about
medication error rates comes from studies that use direct observation.
However, criteria for a useful method are validity, reliability, and efficiency.
Unfortunately, the method of direct observation has not been efficient
enough to have gained wide acceptance. Furthermore, the method is time
consuming and expensive. The observers need to be trained, and they are
typically licensed health professionals whose time is expensive. The direct
observation itself takes time. Because errors are relatively rare events (i.e.,
1 in 1,000 prescriptions may result in a wrong-drug error), large numbers of
prescriptions must be observed to have a valid assessment of error rates.
Taken together, these factors have prevented direct observation from being
widely adopted as a method for measuring error rates. Instead, research
projects often use this method where the expense is covered by external
sources of funds. Most community hospitals, and even academic medical
centers, have had difficulty justifying the cost of ongoing measurement
using direct observation. What is needed is a better business case for error
measurement or a method that has the reliability and validity of direct
observation but is not as resource-intensive to use. One such alternative
may be to use integrated, electronic medical record systems to detect
wrong-drug errors soon after they are made.
Retrospective Detection of Potential Drug Name Confusion
Errors
Phatak et al.25 sought to develop an algorithm to detect potential drug
name confusion errors in a database of Idaho Medicaid prescription claims.
The researchers considered two drug products, Drug A and Drug B, to have
similar names. Any other drug was represented as Drug X. Two types of
errors were defined: initial and refill. Each type corresponded to a different
sequential pattern in a patient’s prescription record. An initial error pattern
was defined as XXXXX[BA]AAA, where the brackets indicate that Drug B
and Drug A were temporally adjacent records in the database. This pattern
was meant to capture a situation where Drug A was prescribed, but Drug B
was initially dispensed by the pharmacy, presumably as a result of name
confusion. Then the error was detected and corrected, with subsequent
prescriptions correctly filled for Drug A. The refill error pattern was defined
as BBB[BA]BBB. This pattern was meant to capture a situation where a
patient is on chronic maintenance therapy with Drug B but, on one occasion,
is given Drug A by mistake. Again, the error is somehow detected and the
subsequent refills are for the intended Drug B.
Phatak et al.25 demonstrated that the basic approach was plausible and
could be applied to large prescription data sets. Unfortunately, their work
suffers from several significant weaknesses. First, validation of errors did
not occur. The researchers only claim to have found “potential” errors,
and they never did any validation to determine which of their potential
errors were real errors. This serious flaw prevented them from reporting
the classification performance (e.g., accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) of
their system, although they do cite an unpublished study that showed a
16.74% false-positive rate. In addition, they did not report the total number
of prescriptions examined.
the distinctiveness of names, or insisting on double-checking for products
thought to be vulnerable to confusion.5
Below are brief reviews of some of the main currents in research on
predicting and preventing drug name confusion. This research is reviewed
in more detail elsewhere.26 In our own lab, we have shown that it is possible
to develop objective, numerical measures of look-alike and sound-alike
similarity between drug names.33, 34 In simulated tasks, these measures
predict the probability of confusion in visual perception, auditory perception,
and short-term memory.9, 10, 12, 30 These measures can also be used to build a
drug name search engine where new names are submitted as queries and
existing names are retrieved and ranked in descending order of similarity
to the query.27, 35-38 Such a system is currently in use at the FDA.39 The
effectiveness of such search engines in reducing error rates has not been
demonstrated.
Recent Research on Preventing Drug Name Confusion
Preventing drug name confusion involves both pre-approval and postapproval strategies.26 Pre-approval strategies ensure that confusing
new drug names do not enter the marketplace. A variety of pre-approval
methods are used to examine a name for vulnerability to confusion, such as
conducting computerized searches for existing similar names or products,27
soliciting expert judgments about confusability,28 conducting traditional
psycholinguistic tests on memory and perception,12, 29, 30 and observing error
rates during simulated ordering, dispensing, and administration tasks.31, 32
Recent research has focused on label attributes that may increase the
distinctiveness of drug names. So-called “tall man” letters (i.e., capital
letters) have received the most attention. In one study, Filik et al.40 found that
using capital letters to distinguish similar names from one another increased
accuracy in a task that incorporated elements of visual recognition and
recognition memory. This study may lack external generalizability because
it used artificial labels and, more importantly, college students rather than
health professionals, as research participants. In a related study by the
same research team, neither upper-case letters nor color was effective in
reducing recognition memory errors.41 In a task where participants needed
to say whether two names were the same or different, the use of tall-man
lettering was marginally effective in reducing the time needed to make the
same/different judgment but only when the subjects knew the purpose
of the intervention in advance. Error rates were not assessed. Additional
typographical methods for increasing the distinctiveness of drug names on
package labels have been investigated by Gabriele,42 but the study was too
small and preliminary to yield generalizable results.
Preventing confusion between similar names that are already in use needs
a different set of strategies. Preventing such confusion typically involves
collecting voluntary reports of drug names involved in confusion errors,
posting warnings and alerts both electronically and in areas where drugs
are used, writing the purpose for use on the prescription, storing confusing
drugs in different locations, improving lighting, providing magnifiers,
removing one of the confusing drugs from the system, using both brand and
generic names in prescribing and dispensing, modifying labels to increase
In general, the results of studies examining the effect of tall-man lettering
have been inconsistent. When there has been a positive effect, it has been
of a relatively small magnitude, and because the experiments were not
based on the performance of health professionals, they have questionable
external validity. One additional issue with tall-man letters concerns their
placement within each name. There has been no systematic approach to
identifying which letters in each name should be capitalized, or whether
capitalization should be applied to one or both names in a confusing pair.
If the retrospective detection technique could be further validated, it
might provide an additional method for assessing, and thereby tracking
improvements in, the wrong-drug error rate.
SECTION 1: Recent Developments in the Prevention and Detection of Drug Name Confusion
The researchers selected 300 random drug pairs, 10 each at 30 different
levels of similarity. They then scanned seven years of Idaho Medicaid
prescription claims, looking for sequences that matched the initial or
refill error pattern. They detected 1,138 total errors, at least one error for
106 of the 300 test pairs of names. Most (82.5%) matched the refill error
pattern. The remainder matched the initial error pattern. The number of
errors increased as the similarity between names increased, although the
reported correlations were low (0.13 to 0.22).
13
SECTION 1: Recent Developments in the Prevention and Detection of Drug Name Confusion
Given that the use of tall-man letters is now a reality in many U.S.-based
practice contexts, these issues deserve more careful investigation.
One area of recent research that provides a basis for optimism is the
effectiveness of bar codes in reducing dispensing errors, especially
wrong-drug errors. Poon and colleagues20 examined the effect of using
bar codes on the dispensing error rate in a single, 735-bed, tertiary-care
hospital. Although bar coding was adopted throughout this hospital, its
implementation was slightly different for different medications. Regardless
of the implementation, the use of bar codes resulted in impressive reductions
(60% to 96%) in dispensing error rates and adverse drug events. In two
of the three implementations, adverse drug events were reduced by 86%
to 97%. Notably, in one implementation, the rate of adverse drug events
actually increased. Wrong-drug errors declined by 56% overall in the postbar code setting, with even greater reductions (92%) in the implementation
that used bar codes most consistently to scan every dose. These findings
lend support to the FDA’s decision to mandate bar codes on almost all drug
products,43 and they should reassure hospitals, pharmacies, and health
systems that investments in bar code technology should yield substantial
reductions in dispensing errors, especially when the implementation
emphasizes scanning when shelves are stocked, when stock is retrieved
from the shelf, and when each and every dose is administered.20
Research Agenda and Obstacles
Stimulus degradation, cognitive load, similarity, and frequency are the
factors that appear to drive drug name confusion. These areas should be
the focus of future research. On the issue of degradation, several questions
need answering: How can we reduce or eliminate handwritten and faxed
prescriptions? How can we minimize the use of telephones, cell phones,
and voice mail to communicate verbal orders for medications? How can we
reduce the amount of noise in areas where drugs are ordered, dispensed,
and administered? What can be done to improve lighting and magnification
in pharmacy dispensing areas? On the issue of cognitive load, there
are more questions: How can we reduce the risk of multitasking in busy
clinical settings that almost demand multitasking? How can we minimize
distractions?
Several questions pertain to similarity and its effect on errors: What labeling
and packaging characteristics increase the distinctiveness of similar names?
What other distinguishing information (e.g., the drug’s indication) could be
put on the prescription to minimize confusion? Do any of these labeling
characteristics (e.g., tall-man letters) have a demonstrable effect on error
14
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
rates? What alternatives exist to alphabetical storage of drug products?
When two names are known to be confusingly similar, what steps should
be taken to minimize the risk of confusion? What type of user interface
innovations can minimize the risk of menu selection errors involving similar
(often alphabetically adjacent) names?
Several questions arise in connection with automated screening and
computerized searching for similar drug names: What measure of similarity
should be used? Should similarity measures incorporate similarity in
strength, dosage form, and route of administration, and how should these
different factors be weighted? What database of existing drug products
should be searched? What similarity threshold, if any, should be used as a
cue to remedial action? Should the similarity threshold be lower for highalert drugs? Should the FDA’s drug name search engine be made available
to drug manufacturers for pre-approval screening?
Many of these questions seem basic, and one might wonder why there
are not more answers. The main reason is that the problem of drug name
confusion is a complex, real-world problem. If it were simple, it would already
have been solved. The problem exists in a very dynamic context. The names
themselves constantly change (and this is surely part of the problem). The
technology for ordering, dispensing, and administering constantly changes.
New dosage forms, delivery systems, whole classes of therapeutics (i.e.,
biologics) continue to emerge, often making new demands on nomenclature
(e.g., the need for suffixes to identify the type of delivery system).
In addition, as noted at the beginning of this section, the problem of
drug name confusion does not exist in a vacuum. At the same time that
practitioners and administrators are trying to minimize name confusions,
they must also reconcile all medications at every transition of care, reduce
the risk of chemotherapy overdoses, dynamically manage the doses of
nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic drugs, reduce the incidence of hospitalacquired infections, reduce the incidence of falls, reduce the incidence of bed
sores, standardize abbreviations, and on and on. And increasingly this must
be done in an environment of reduced reimbursement, nursing shortages,
etc. In retail pharmacy and outpatient clinic settings, the challenges are
different, but in all cases there are multiple, competing priorities that limit
the amount of money and time that can be spent on preventing drug name
confusion.
Still, there is more that could be done. Valid measures of drug name
confusion error rates must be taken on an ongoing basis to assess the
legal protection around trademarks. It is critically important for companies
to create distinctive differences among trademarks to avoid infringement
litigation. These distinctive differences brought with them the perception
that if legal infringement issues were satisfied, medication safety would be
a byproduct. This is not the case.
Bruce L. Lambert, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Pharmacy Administration
Clinical Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice
Adjunct Professor, Department of Communication
University of Illinois at Chicago
The Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America has drafted a
Good Naming Practices document that puts safety issues on an equal
footing with legal infringement issues.
Progress Report on Safe Drug-Naming
Practices
Background
Medication safety is at the top of the national healthcare agenda. Medication
safety is transforming priorities in many, if not most, of the organizations
that have a role in healthcare in the United States. The title of the 2006
report from the IOM, “Preventing Medication Errors”, serves as a banner
and clarion call for action. The New England Journal of Medicine placed
medication safety in stark perspective when it opened its book reviews
of the 2006 IOM report and the American Pharmacists’ Association’s
Medication Error with the words: “Health care is inherently risky, and filling
a handwritten prescription could be the most dangerous of all medical
procedures.”
The Roles of the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries
In the not too distant past, name safety issues were not on the radar screen
for most pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies as they developed
trademarks for their products. Most companies relied on extensive and
intensive legal searching protocols that are designed to create a zone of
SECTION 1: Progress Report on Safe Drug-Naming Practices
effectiveness of any attempted interventions. More sharing of information
about errors and successful mitigation strategies, especially from retail
pharmacies and large health-systems, should take place with appropriate
safeguards for confidentiality or anonymity. Institutions of all types could
do more to integrate human factors expertise into pharmacy design,
planning, and operations. State and federal regulators, working with
professional associations and consumer groups, should consider whether
information about the reason for using the drug (i.e., its purpose) should be
a legally required element of all prescriptions. The problem is so complex
and dynamic that no single intervention will be effective, but if concerted
action is taken in several areas at once, the wrong-drug error rate, and the
rate of drug name confusion in particular, might be reduced, and harm to
patients might be prevented.
The complexity of the healthcare system at all levels tends to blur the
distinctive differences among pharmaceutical trademarks, and this reality
is factored into the modern trademark development process. What began
as a cottage industry of informal and ad hoc efforts to gain information and
insights from front-line practitioners on how trademarks might be confused
in the clinical setting has become an integral part of the name development
process at many companies.
The Role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
The FDA conducts pre-market trademark evaluations and pursues postmarket tracking for medication errors.
Pre-Market Evaluations—The FDA relies on its Division of Medication Errors
and Technical Support (DMETS) unit for pre-market trademark evaluations.
A sponsor can request a review of one or two trademarks as early as the
end of Phase II clinical trials. Under the current process, the request for
trademark review is made to the Review Division that is handling the
New Drug Application (NDA) for the product. The Review Division then
forwards the request to FDA’s Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising, and
Communication (DDMAC), where it undergoes an evaluation for nonsafety
issues, such as exaggerated safety or efficacy, unapproved indications,
or unacceptable linkage to the generic name. After DDMAC approval, the
trademark moves to DMETS for a safety evaluation.
At DMETS, a group of safety evaluators uses a multifactorial approach
to determine the safety acceptability of the trademark. A number of drug
references are used to identify existing or recently approved drug names
that could create potential error concerns.
A computer program known as Phonetic and Orthographic Computer
Analysis (POCA) employs a number of algorithms to provide a list of names
from the program’s database that share some similarity with the trademark
15
SECTION 1: Progress Report on Safe Drug-Naming Practices
under evaluation. POCA has not yet been validated and is not available to
sponsors or the public; however, discussions are under way for the outside
developers to make it available in the near future.
various stakeholders deal with safety issues surrounding trademarks. The
three major components to the trademark-related PDUFA IV provisions are
outlined below.
DMETS engages about 100 FDA volunteers with pharmacy, medical, or
nursing degrees to participate in simulated dispensing scenarios using
written and verbal orders. Led by the project manager, a DMETS team
considers all available information and comes to a decision regarding the
acceptability of the trademark from a safety perspective. A detailed written
consult is prepared and forwarded to the Review Division. DMETS acts as
a consultant to the Review Division. The Review Division Director makes
the final decision on trademark approval or rejection and then informs the
sponsor accordingly. Typically, the sponsor has an opportunity to rebut a
negative DMETS consult by providing information to the Review Division that
clarifies or addresses concerns, which can result in trademark approval.
Performance Goals for Trademark Review—For trademarks submitted with
the NDA filing, a decision on acceptability or rejection will be made within
90 days of the submission. For trademarks submitted during the IND phase,
a decision on acceptability or rejection will be made within 180 days of the
submission.
The current rejection rate of about 40% is a concern among sponsors, and
efforts are under way to make adjustments and improvements so that
timing and predictability are improved without compromising safety.
Post-Market Tracking—There are times when the DMETS’ theoretical
concerns about the error potential of a trademark are at odds with a safety
assessment by the sponsor that could include a positive opinion from an
independent expert source. In these cases, the Review Division has the
option to approve the trademark on a contingency basis. The contingency
could be a Post-Market Medication Error Monitoring Program, often
combined with a Risk Management Program. The details of both programs
are negotiated and often include provisions for a name change in the event
that serious medication errors persist in the face of intervention strategies
aimed at the point of prescribing or dispensing or administration in the
treatment setting.
These post-market tracking programs call for periodic reports from the
sponsor to the Review Division, where decisions are made for adjustments
or additions to the intervention activities. The current experience is that
these programs are in place for one to two years after launch.
The Promise of Prescription Drug User Fee Act IV
On September 27, 2007, President Bush signed into law the FDA Amendment
Act of 2007, which includes the reauthorization and expansion of the
Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA). For the first time, PDUFA legislation
contains provisions for significant changes in how the FDA, industry, and
16
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pilot Program—A pilot program designed to explore the feasibility of a paradigm
shift in trademark evaluation will begin with a public meeting before October
2008. Information generated during the public meeting will be assembled into
a concept paper to be published no later than October 2008. The paper will
include the logistics of the pilot program, contents for a trademark submission,
and criteria for trademark review. The pilot program will run between October
2009 and October 2011. During this time, the agency will follow a parallel
program using the current trademark review process. At the conclusion of the
pilot program, data findings will be incorporated into a guidance document for
the industry.
Guidance and Development of a Manual of Policies and Procedures—In
addition to the development of a Manual of Policies and Procedures for internal
use by the FDA, there will be three guidances for industry. One will describe
the details for a complete submission of a trademark review request (to be
issued on or before October 2008). One will deal with best practices for naming,
labeling, and packaging of drugs and biologics to reduce medication errors (a
draft is to be issued on or before October 2010). One will deal with proprietary
name best practices (a draft is to be issued on or before October 2012).
The Role of Private Sector Safety Testing Services
A growing number of evaluation models for trademark safety are available to
industry. Some are designed to mirror the trademark evaluation procedures
used by the FDA’s DMETS. Some take a quantitative approach using relatively
large sample sizes of 100 or more practitioner respondents and statistical
analysis, whereas others take a qualitative approach using relatively small
sample sizes of 50 or less and an analysis based on expert opinion and
medication error experience. The ultimate goal is to simulate the medication
use process to expose potential problem areas such as look-alike or soundalike names and confusion with medical terms so that actions can be taken
to minimize or eliminate possible medication errors. This simulation takes
into account the environments in which the product will likely be procured,
Although, as noted, none of the models have been validated, all share the
common goal of placing the proposed trademark into a simulated clinical
setting so as to reveal potential problems in the prescribing, dispensing, and
administration of the medication. Computer programs similar to POCA that
generate data on phonetic and visual similarity among trademarks are part of
some evaluation services and will become more widely used, more sophisticated,
and more useful as complex algorithms are built into the programs.
The Role of The Joint Commission
writing responsibility to office staff who may not have requisite training
and supervision to pen prescriptions. If the physician does not review the
prescription before giving it to a patient, it could open a new pathway to
medication errors.
If legibility legislation forces pharmacists to reject cursive prescriptions,
the law could lead to treatment delays for sick patients and disrupt the
professional relationship between prescribers and pharmacists and the
personal relationships between healthcare professionals and patients.
The National Summit to Manage Drug Name Confusion
The Joint Commission has established National Patient Safety Goals, one
of which is for accredited organizations to identify a list of look-alike and
sound-alike drugs and to take action to prevent mix-ups among these
drugs. Although the latest Joint Commission statistics for this goal cite a
92% compliance rate, data from error-reporting programs indicate that
drug name mix-ups are still common, even in accredited facilities. This may
indicate that practitioners and organizations are not implementing the most
effective risk-reduction strategies. Many organizations seem to rely simply
on warning stickers to reduce the risk of mix-ups, when measures that are
more effective are available and needed.
ISMP hosted a National Summit to Manage Drug Name Confusion on
October 9–10, 2007. During this historic event, in which USP participated,
a full range of pharmacy professionals from a variety of settings, including
community, hospital, chain, and mail order, interacted with representatives
from stakeholder groups in medicine, government, and industry. The
objectives of the summit were to
The Joint Commission will continue to refine its patient safety goals, which
may specify how organizations should choose targeted name pairs, update
the list, and monitor the medication-use process to determine whether their
risk-reduction efforts are successful.
•
Activity by State Legislatures
A number of state legislatures are taking aim at the prescription pad in an
effort to reduce medication errors. Florida appears to be the first state to
take such an action, doing so in 2003. Under Florida Law SB 2084, drug
prescriptions must be legibly printed or typed to ensure that pharmacists
can understand them. Since 2003, 10 other states have passed legislation
dealing with some aspect of prescription writing, and another 15 have similar
legislation under development, discussion, or debate. The most aggressive
legislation was the 2005 enactment of Montana Law HB 254, establishing a
civil penalty of $500 for each illegible prescription.
It is clear that the intention of the legibility legislation is to encourage clear
communication and set the stage for computerized prescribing, either
of which would reduce the risk of dispensing errors. As often happens,
there are unintended consequences of well-meaning legislation. For
example, some physicians may delegate more of the actual prescription-
SECTION 1: Progress Report on Safe Drug-Naming Practices
prescribed, transcribed, dispensed, and administered.
•
•
•
•
Look at existing error prevention strategies for drug name-related
errors to identify opportunities to correct such errors;
Improve the scope and effectiveness of current drug name-related
error prevention strategies;
Brainstorm new recommendations for drug name-related error
reduction strategies;
Discuss options for identifying and documenting drug name-related
medication errors; and
Communicate relevant recommendations to the various stakeholders
for their consideration.
ISMP expects that a full report will be available early in 2008.
Conclusion
Although progress is evident, all stakeholders in the
healthcare industry can do more to reduce significantly the
risk to patients from preventable product mix-ups due to
look-alike and sound-alike names.
Michael R. Cohen, R.Ph., M.S., Sc.D.
Institute for Safe Medication Practices
17
SECTION 1: Progress Report on Safe Drug-Naming Practices
References
1.
Kohn LT, Corrigan J, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building
a safer health system. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine;
1999.
2.Committee on Quality Health Care in America. Crossing the quality
chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC:
The National Academies Press; 2001.
3.Aspden P, Wolcott J, Bootman JL, Cronenwett LR. Preventing
medication errors. Washington, DC: The National Academies
Press; 2006.
4.
Institute of Medicine. The future of drug safety. Washington, DC:
The National Academies Press; 2007.
5.Cohen M, ed. Medication errors. Washington, DC: American
Pharmaceutical Association; 1999.
6.
Top 200 Prescription Drugs of 2006. Pharmacy Times; 2007.
(Accessed October 22, 2007, at http://www.pharmacytimes.com/
Article.cfm?Menu=1&ID=4629.)
7.
Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National observational
study of prescription dispensing accuracy and safety in 50
pharmacies. Journal of the American Pharmacists Associaton;
2003;43:191-200.
12.Lambert BL, Chang KY, Lin SJ. Effect of orthographic and
phonological similarity on false recognition of drug names. Social
Science & Medicine; 2001;52:1843-57.
13.
Kushniruk A, Triola M, Borycki E, Stein B, Kannry J. Technology
induced error and usability: the relationship between usability
problems and prescription errors when using a handheld
application. International Journal of Medical Informatics;
2005;74:519-26.
14.
TIme to phase out handwritten prescriptions. 2000. (Accessed
October 26, 2007, at http://archives.cnn.com/2000/
HEALTH/10/04/doctors.handwriting.02/index.html.)
15.
Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Safety briefs: Say again?
ISMP Medication Safety Alert!; 2007;12:1.
16.
Walsh KE, Adams WG, Bauchner H, et al. Medication errors
related to computerized order entry for children. Pediatrics;
2006;118:1872-9.
17.
Brewster SA, Crease MG. Correcting menu usability problems with
sound. Behavior and Information Technology; 1999;18:165-77.
18.Reason J. Human error. New York: Cambridge University Press;
1990.
8.University of Florida College of Pharmacy and PMC Quality
Commitment I. CQI compliance guide for Florida pharmacists.
Gainesville, FL: University of Florida; 2003.
19.
New look-alike/sound-alike drug list. JCAHO, 2004.
(Accessed September 17, 2004, at http://www.jcaho.org/
accredited+organizations/patient+safety/05+npsg/lasa.pdf.)
9.Lambert BL, Chang KY, Gupta P. Effects of frequency and similarity
neighborhoods on pharmacists' visual perception of drug names.
Social Science & Medicine; 2003;57:1939-55.
20.
Poon EG, Cina JL, Churchill W, et al. Medication dispensing errors
and potential adverse drug events before and after implementing
bar code technology in the pharmacy. Annals of Internal Medicine;
2006;145:426-34.
10.Lambert BL, Lin SJ, Toh S, et al. Auditory perception of drug
names. In: Annual Congress of the National Patient Safety
Foundation. Washington, DC; 2007.
11.Lambert BL, Lin S-J, Toh S, et al. Frequency and neighborhood
effects on auditory perception of drug names in noise. Acoustical
Society of America Journal; 2005;118:1955.
18
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21.Cullen DJ, Bates DW, Small SD, Cooper JB, Nemeskal AR, Leape
LL. The incident reporting system does not detect adverse drug
events: a problem for quality improvement. Journal on Quality
Improvement; 1995;21:541-8.
22.
Barker KN, Flynn EA, Pepper GA, Bates DW, Mikeal RL. Medication
errors observed in 36 health care facilities. Archives of Internal
Medicine; 2002;162:1897-903.
Barker KN, McConnell WE. How to detect medication errors.
Modern Hospital; 1962;99:95-106.
24.
Flynn EA, Barker KN. Medication errors research. In: Cohen M,
ed. Medication errors. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical
Association; 1999:6.1-6.30.
25.
Phatak HM, Cady PS, Heyneman CA, Culbertson VL. Retrospective
detection of potential medication errors involving drugs with
similar names. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association;
2005;45:616-21.
34.Lambert BL, Lin SJ, Gandhi SK, Chang KY. Similarity as a
risk factor in drug name confusion errors: The look-alike
(orthographic) and sound-alike (phonological) model. Medical
Care; 1999;37:1214-25.
35.ALINE. Greg Kondrak, 2004. (Accessed March 24, 2004, at http://
www.cs.ualberta.ca/~kondrak/aline1.1.zip.)
36.
26.Lambert BL, Lin SJ, Tan HK. Designing safe drug names. Drug
Safety; 2005:495-512.
Kondrak G, Dorr B. A similarity-based approach and evaluation
methodology for reduction of drug name confusion. College Park,
MD: University of Maryland; 2003. Report No.: LAMP-TR-110, CSTR-4549, UMIACS-TR-2003-117.
37.
27.Lambert BL, Yu C, Thirumalai M. A system for multi-attribute drug
product comparison. Journal of Medical Systems; 2004;28:29-54.
Kondrak G, Dorr BJ. Automatic identification of confusable drug
names. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine; 2006;36:29-42.
38.
Kondrak G, Dorr BJ. Identification of confusable drug names:
a new approach and evaluation methodology. In: Twentieth
International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING);
2004 August 23-27; Geneva, Switzerland; 2004.
28.Medical Error Recognition and Revision Strategies. Medical Error
Recognition and Revision Strategies; 2004. (Accessed January 14,
2004, at http://www.med-errs.com.)
29.Lambert BL, Chang KY, Gupta P. Effects of frequency and similarity
neighborhoods on pharmacists' visual perception of drug names.
Social Science & Medicine in press.
30.Lambert BL, Chang KY, Lin SJ. Immediate free recall of drug
names: effects of similarity and availability. American Journal of
Health-System Pharmacy; 2003;60:156-68.
31.Evaluating Drug Names for Similarities: Methods and
Approaches (Public Meeting). U. S. Food and Drug Administration,
2003. (Accessed January 14, 2004, at http://www.fda.gov/cder/
meeting/drugNaming.htm.)
32.
Drug safety and risk management advisory committee meeting.
U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 2003. (Accessed January
14, 2003, at http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/
slides/4007s1.htm.)
33.Lambert BL, Donderi D, Senders J. Similarity of drug names:
objective and subjective measures. Psychology and Marketing;
2002;19:641-61.
SECTION 1: REFERENCES
23.
39.How FDA employs POCA. 2004. (Accessed October 29, 2007, at
http://www.fda.gov/CDER/present/DIA2004/toyer.ppt.)
40.
Filik R, Purdy K, Gale A, Gerrett D. Drug name confusion:
evaluating the effectiveness of capital ("Tall Man") letters
using eye movement data. Social Science & Medicine;
2004;59:2597-601.
41.
Filik R, Purdy K, Gale A, Gerrett D. Labeling of medicines and
patient safety: evaluating methods of reducing drug name
confusion. Human factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society; 2006;48:39-47.
42.Gabriele S. The role of typography in differentiating look-alike/
sound-alike drug names. Healthcare Quarterly Toronto, Ont
2006;9 Spec No:88-95.
43.
FDA issues bar code regulation. U. S. Food and Drug
Administration, 2004. (Accessed October 29, 2007, at http://
www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/barcode-sadr/fs-barcode.html.)
19
SECTION 1: REFERENCES
20
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Background of Medication Error
Reporting at U.S. Pharmacopeia
USP operates two nationally recognized medication error reporting programs: The USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting (MER) Program and
MEDMARX®. The MER Program began in 1991 and enables healthcare professionals who encounter actual or potential medication errors to report
confidentially to USP. Since its inception, the program has amassed more
than 12,000 reports, many coming from community pharmacies, home
health agencies, hospitals, and patients. USP reviews and codes each report
before entering the information into a database. USP shares copies of the
reports with manufacturers, the FDA, and ISMP.
On the basis of its experience with the MER Program, USP created the MEDMARX Program. MEDMARX facilitates the collection and analysis of medication errors occurring in hospitals and related health systems. It is an anonymous, subscription-based, voluntary reporting program that incorporates
a nationally recognized taxonomy of the National Coordinating Council for
Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP). Because of the significant size of the database—now more than 1.3 million medication error
records—participating facilities can collect, analyze, compare, and disseminate their data, including the practical solutions taken in response to the
error, to other subscribing facilities. Facilities can use the collective learning
of all participating facilities as part of ongoing quality improvement efforts
aimed at advancing safe medication use.
MEDMARX collects medication error data in a standardized format through a
series of required and optional fields (Figure 2-1). A glossary of terms for the
list of possible selections associated with each data field is provided. Part
of the standardized format includes NCC MERP’s definition of a medication
error, as well as its Index for Categorizing Medication Errors. USP refers to
this index as the Error Category Index, and these data reflect the outcome of
the error relative to the patient.
This year’s report summarizes key medication error data, with a focus on
those drug products involved in look-alike and/or sound-alike medication
SECTION 2: Background of Medication Error Reporting at U.S. Pharmacopeia
Section 2
errors. Section 3 of this report lists the drugs involved in errors, and Section
4 summarizes other medication error data about those errors. For purposes
of this report, USP provides the following definitions:
•
Products: The products screen in Medmarx provides the generic (nonproprietary) and/or brand (proprietary) name, manufacturer, and therapeutic classification of the drug(s) involved in the medication error.
Drugs associated with records are selected and entered by the users
from the MEDMARX drug product table and may reflect the drug intended for use, the drug not intended for use, or both. When applicable,
drugs with the same generic name have been combined, regardless of
dosage form or drug formulation (e.g., all oral and parenteral forms of
morphine sulfate).
•
Error Category Index: This single-select field captures whether a medication error occurred, and if it occurred, its effect on the patient. In NCC
MERP’s Index for Categorizing Medication Errors, Category A represents
circumstances or events that have the capacity to cause error. Category
B indicates that a medication error occurred but it did not reach the patient (i.e., intercepted). Categories C and D designate medication errors
that reached the patient but did not result in patient harm. The varying levels of patient harm are reflected in Categories E, F, G, and H. A
medication error that resulted in, or may have contributed to, a patient’s
death is classified as Category I.
•
Node: This single-select field identifies where the initial medication error occurred in the medication use process (i.e., Procurement, Prescribing, Transcribing/Documenting, Dispensing, Administering, or Monitoring). Node is applicable to Categories B through I.
•
Types of Error: This field denotes the type of error that occurred. Fourteen types of medication error are included in the multi-select pick list
(e.g., Wrong patient, Wrong time, Omission error).
•
Causes of Error: This multi-select pick list denotes the 71 causes associated with a medication error, six of which (Brand names look alike,
Brand names sound alike, Brand/generic names look alike, Brand/
generic names sound alike, Generic names look alike, Generic names
sound alike) are the primary focus of this report.
•
Contributing Factors: This multi-select field comprises a 24-item pick
list that provides information about factors that influence a medication
error (e.g., Poor lighting, Workload increase, Emergency situation).
•
Staff: This field identifies the level of staff that made the original error.
21
SECTION 2: Background of Medication Error Reporting at U.S. Pharmacopeia
Figure 2-1. MEDMARX fields and information collected
Categories C - I Records
Required (13)
Category B Records
Required (10)
Category A Records
Required (7)
Error category
Source of record
Date potential error
was discovered
Description of potential error
Types of potential error
Causes of potential error
Location of potential error
Error category
Source of record
Date of error
Description
Types of error
Causes of error
Contributing factors
Node
L ocation of initial error
Level of staff that made initial
error
Product by generic name
Brand name
Manufacturer
Therapeutic class
Dosage form
Intended route of
administration
Labeler
Compounded ingredients
Investigational drug name
Strength/concentration
Type of container
Size of container
Number of occurrences
Time of error
Source of error
Location of detail
Level of staff that
discovered the
potential error
22
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Action taken to avoid
similar error
Action taken and
recommendations to
avoid future similar error
Internal control
Device involved
Miscellaneous 1
Miscellaneous 2
Product by generic name
Brand name
Manufacturer
Therapeutic classification
Dosage form
Intended route of
administration
Labeler
Compounded ingredients
Investigational drug name
trength/concentration
SType
of container
Size of container
of occurrences
Number
Time of error
Source of error
Location detail
Root cause analysis
summary
Level of staff that
perpetuated the error
Contributing factors
Level of staff that made
initial error
Product by generic name
Optional (29)
Optional (25)
Optional (23)
Error category
Source of record
Date of error
Error description
Node
of error
Types
Causes of error
Location of initial error
Patient age
Error result on level of
patient care
Level of staff that
discovered the error
Action taken to avoid
similar error
Action taken and
recommendations to
avoid future similar error
Internal control
Device involved
Miscellaneous 1
Miscellaneous 2
rand name
B
Manufacturer
Therapeutic classification
Dosage form
Intended route of
administration
Labeler
Compounded ingredients
Investigational drug name
Strength/concentration
Type of container
Size of container
Number of occurrences
Source of order
Location detail
cause analysis
Root
summary
Time of error
Level of staff that
perpetuated the error
Level of staff that
discovered the error
Action taken to avoid similar
error
Action taken and
recommendations to
avoid future similar error
Internal control
Gender
Details of error result on
level of care
Tests/labaratory data,
with dates, if relevant
to the error
Other patient history,
including pre-existing
medical conditions, if
relevant to the error
Concomitant drug therapy,
with dates, if relevant to
the error
Device involved
Miscellaneous 1
Miscellaneous 2
Both MEDMARX and MER contain “Cause of Error” key values that are assigned to records involving look-alike and/or sound-alike drug name confusion. In MEDMARX, the reporter submitting the record assigns the look-alike
and/or sound-alike value. In the MER Program, USP staff members assign
the value when processing the record. Medication error records may contain
any one or all of the values, depending on the nature of the error. Both programs have fields that identify the generic name and/or the brand name of
the product involved in the error.
The last publication of USP’s Similar Names List was based on data submitted to both reporting programs from inception through 2002. The list identified approximately 750 drug pairs (brand/brand, generic/generic, or brand/
generic) as having been involved in look-alike and/or sound-alike errors.
The purposes of this year’s efforts were to
1. Identify look-alike and/or sound-alike drug pairs reported to both reporting programs between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2006;
and
2. Further differentiate the look-alike and/or sound-alike drug pairs by
displaying the Error Category Index associated with each pair.
From the two reporting programs, USP staff extracted all records submitted between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2006 that contained any
of the look-alike and/or sound-alike codes. Each extracted record included
the generic name and, to the extent possible, the brand name of the drugs
involved in the look-alike and/or sound-alike error.
USP staff first reviewed all MEDMARX records containing at least two drugs
within the product fields and compared these names against those in the
Similar Names List for purposes of identifying new drug pairs for addition
to the list. Queries were built using the exact names of the product pairs
contained in the list to generate the data for this report.
A number of medication error records from the MEDMARX program contained
only one drug in the product field. In these instances, USP staff reviewed
the error description (along with associated look-alike and/or sound-alike
codes) and back-filled any missing drug name (generic or brand name).
SECTION 2: Background of Medication Error Reporting at U.S. Pharmacopeia
Methods
USP reviewed all of the MER Program records indicating any look-alike and/
or sound-alike value and extracted all product pairs for comparison with
the Similar Names List. All newly identified drug pairs were added to the
list. Queries were then built using the exact names of the product pairs contained in the list to generate the data for this report.
In a review of records, USP noted that certain products had been removed
from the market, had undergone voluntary name changes, or were not marketed within the United States. The name pairs were included in the list because they were valid at the time USP received the record, and practitioners
may be unaware of the removal or the name change.
Some records were excluded from the final analysis of the Similar Names
List. The criteria for exclusion were:
•
Any record listing only one drug, and no additional drug could be recovered from the textual description of the error;
•
All records with intravenous fluids identified as the drug involved in the
error; and
•
Combination drugs sharing one of the generic ingredients (e.g., acetaminophen and acetaminophen with codeine).
Queries were built using all identified drug pairs (regardless of brand or generic name) from the updated Similar Names List. Both medication error reporting programs were searched within the specified time frame. The lookalike and/or sound-alike queries searched the drug pairs in one of three
ways: (1) generic name to generic name, (2) generic name to brand name,
or (3) brand name to brand name. Query results for each product pair also
identified the distribution of medication error severity in terms of the Index
for Categorizing Medication Errors.
This report displays each drug involved in a look-alike and/or sound-alike
error, alphabetically, as a heading. The corresponding drug pairs are listed
below each heading. The report also contains the therapeutic classification
(based on the VA Coding System) of the parent drug involved in any lookalike and/or sound-alike error. The USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names is the source of the pronunciation guide.
23
SECTION 2: Background of Medication Error Reporting at U.S. Pharmacopeia
Limitations
The analyses presented in this report were derived from self-reported records submitted by healthcare practitioners, patients, and healthcare facilities and may not be representative of all medication error occurrences in the
U.S. The possibility of under-reporting, both internally and externally, exists
despite the ability to remain anonymous when reporting. No judgments can
be made pertaining to the validity of the product pairs reported because
USP recognizes that handwriting, regional accents, and other circumstances
contribute to errors.
These data findings are primarily descriptive in nature, and no attempt has
been made to apply statistical methods. Although inter-rater agreement on
the use of the NCC MERP Index for Categorizing Medication Errors showed
substantial agreement, other components of the reporting programs have
not been similarly tested. *
* A study of 101 MEDMARX users conducted by researchers at Ohio State University showed
substantial inter-rater agreement for medication error events ranked according to the NCC
MERP Index. Findings were statistically significant (K = 0.62).
24
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Section 3
Findings of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Product Errors
USP identified 1,470 drugs involved in look-alike and/or sound-alike (LASA) errors. Each of these
drugs is listed in the Drug Name Index. USP also lists the other drug(s) involved in the mix up. An
“X” designates where at least one report was received for a specified category(s). These categories
are based on the Index for Categorizing Medication Errors as developed by the National Coordinating
Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (See Table 4-1)
Example
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Alprazolam
X
X
X
X
Ativan
Alprazolam
X
X
X
X
Clonazepam
X
X
Alprazolam
Alprazolam
Alprazolam
X
In this example, the drug alprazolam was reported to have the potential
to be involved in a look-alike and/or sound-alike error with Ativan,
clonazepam, and lorazepam as designated by the “x” under Category A.
This drug has also been associated with errors that a health professional
intercepted as designated in Category B. Errors that did not result in harm
were seen with all 5 look-alike and/or sound-alike drug pairs including
X
Diazepam
X
Lorazepam
diazepam as designated by the “x” under Category C-D. This same drug
has been associated in at least one harmful outcome when confused
with Ativan, clonazepam, or lorazepam as noted under Category E-H.
alprazolam was not associated with a death due to a look-alike and/or
sound-alike drug name mix-up as indicated by the absence of “x” under
Category I. Brand names are italicized.
25
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ABBOKINASE
Abbokinase
Streptase
x
ABELCET
Abelcet
x
Abilify
x
Accolate
x
x
x
AmBisome
ABILIFY
Ambien
ACCOLATE
Accolate
x
Accupril
x
Adalat
x
Accolate
ACCUPRIL
Accupril
x
Accupril
x
Accutane
Accupril
x
Accuzyme
Accupril
x
x
Aciphex
x
x
Altace
x
Amaryl
x
Aricept
Accupril
Accupril
x
Accupril
x
Accupril
x
Avapro
x
Accupril
x
Accupril
x
Zestril
Accutane
x
Accupril
Accuzyme
x
Accupril
Aceon
x
Trilafon
Acetaminophen
x
x
Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide
x
x
Acetaminophen
Acetazolamide
x
x
Acetazolamide
x
x
Ramipril
ACCUTANE
ACCUZYME
ACEON
ACETAMINOPHEN
ACETAZOLAMIDE
Acetazolamide
26
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Acetohexamide
Acetylcysteine
x
Methazolamide
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
Trichloroacetic
Acid
x
x
Acetazolamide
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
ACETIC ACID
Acetic Acid
ACETOHEXAMIDE
Acetohexamide
x
Acetylcysteine
x
Aciphex
x
ACETYLCYSTEINE
Acetazolamide
ACIPHEX
Aciphex
Aciphex
x
Accupril
x
Adipex-P
Altace
x
Aciphex
x
Aciphex
x
x
x
Aricept
x
Vioxx
ACTIGALL
Actigall
x
Actiq
Actiq
x
Actigall
Activase
x
x
Retavase
Activase
x
x
TNKase
Actanol
x
Actonel
Actonel
x
Actanol
ACTIQ
ACTIVASE
ACTANOL
ACTONEL
Actonel
x
Actonel
x
x
x
x
Actos
Atenolol
Actonel
Hectorol
x
ACTOS
Actos
x
x
x
Actos
x
x
Actos
x
x
Actonel
Altace
Atacand
ACULAR
Acular
x
Ocuflox
27
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
Error, Death
Category I
ACYCLOVIR
Acyclovir
Acyclovir
Acyclovir
x
Ganciclovir
x
Retrovir
x
Valacyclovir
x
Daptacel
x
Accolate
ADACEL
Adacel
x
ADALAT
Adalat
ADDERALL
Adderall
x
x
x
Adderall XR
Adderall
x
x
x
Dexedrine
Adderall XR
x
x
x
Adderall
ADDERALL XR
ADIPEX-P
Adipex-P
Aciphex
x
ADRENALIN
Adrenalin
x
x
x
Ephedrine
x
x
Advicor
ADVAIR
Advair
Advair
x
x
Advair Diskus
x
x
Advair Diskus
x
x
Altocor
ADVAIR DISKUS
x
Advicor
Advil
Advair Diskus
x
x
Atrovent
Advicor
x
x
Advair
x
Advair Diskus
ADVICOR
Advicor
x
x
Advicor
x
x
Altocor
Advil
x
x
Advair Diskus
ADVIL
AGENERASE
Agenerase
28
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Aggrenox
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Aggrastat
x
x
Aggrenox
Aggrastat
x
x
Argatroban
x
Agenerase
x
Aggrastat
x
Diamox
x
x
Atenolol
x
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
AGGRASTAT
AGGRENOX
Aggrenox
Aggrenox
x
Aggrenox
ALBUTEROL
Albuterol
x
Atrovent
Albuterol
x
Labetalol
Albuterol
x
Pirbuterol
Aldactone
x
Aldomet
x
Apresoline
Albuterol
x
ALDACTONE
Aldactone
x
Aldactone
x
x
Trazodone
ALDOMET
Aldomet
x
Aldactone
x
Risedronate
x
Yasmin
ALENDRONATE
Alendronate
x
ALESSE
Alesse
ALFENTANIL
Alfentanil
x
Sufentanil
ALFUZOSIN
Alfuzosin
x
Alkeran
x
Azulfidine
ALKERAN
x
Leukeran
ALLEGRA
Allegra
x
x
x
Allegra-D
Allegra-D
x
x
x
Allegra
x
Alrex
ALLEGRA-D
ALLERX
AlleRx
29
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Allopurinol
x
x
Allopurinol
x
Alphagan
x
Alphagan P
x
Auralgan Otic
Alphagan P
x
Travatan
ALLOPURINOL
Atenolol
Enalapril
ALPHAGAN
Lumigan
x
ALPHAGAN P
ALPRAZOLAM
Alprazolam
x
x
x
x
Ativan
Alprazolam
x
x
x
x
Clonazepam
Alprazolam
Alprazolam
x
x
x
x
Diazepam
x
Lorazepam
ALREX
Alrex
x
AlleRx
x
Accupril
ALTACE
Altace
x
Altace
x
Altace
x
Aciphex
x
Actos
Altace
x
Artane
Altace
x
Atacand
x
Norvasc
Altace
x
Altace
x
Ultrase
ALTEPLASE, RECOMBINANT
Alteplase,
recombinant
TNKase
x
ALTOCOR
Altocor
x
x
Advair
Altocor
x
x
Advicor
ALUPENT
Alupent
30
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Atrovent
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
x
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
AMANTADINE
Amantadine
Amiodarone
Amantadine
x
Cimetidine
Amantadine
x
Flumadine
Amantadine
x
x
Levothyroxine
Amantadine
x
x
Rimantadine
x
Accupril
AMARYL
Amaryl
x
Amaryl
x
x
x
x
Amaryl
x
x
x
x
Avandia
x
Reminyl
AMATINE
Amatine
Namenda
x
AMBIEN
Ambien
x
Abilify
Ambien
x
x
AmBisome
x
x
Ativan
AMBISOME
AmBisome
x
Abelcet
x
Fungizone
x
x
Amikacin
x
x
x
x
AMICAR
Amicar
Amicar
x
x
Omacor
AMIKACIN
Amikacin
Amicar
AMIKIN
Amikin
x
Amiloride
x
Amukin
AMILORIDE
x
x
Aminophylline
x
x
Aminophylline
x
x
Amlodipine
AMINOPHYLLINE
Amitriptyline
Ampicillin
AMIODARONE
Amiodarone
x
x
x
Amiodarone
x
x
x
Amlodipine
x
Inamrinone
Amiodarone
x
Amantadine
31
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
Aminophylline
x
x
Amlodipine
x
x
x
Nortriptyline
x
Amiloride
AMITRIPTYLINE
Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline
x
Amitriptyline
AMLODIPINE
Amlodipine
x
x
x
Amlodipine
x
x
x
Amiodarone
Amlodipine
x
x
x
Amitriptyline
Amlodipine
x
x
x
Felodipine
Amlodipine
x
x
Memantine
Amoxapine
x
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin
x
Amoxapine
AMOXAPINE
AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin
x
x
x
Amoxicillin
x
x
x
Amoxil
x
x
x
Ampicillin
x
Augmentin
AMOXIL
Amoxil
Augmentin
Diamox
x
AMPHOTERICIN B
Amphotericin B
x
x
x
x
Amphotericin B
Liposome
AMPHOTERICIN B DESOXYCHOLATE
Amphotericin B
Desoxycholate
x
Amphotericin B
Lipid Complex
x
Amphotericin B
Desoxycholate
AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX
Amphotericin B
Lipid Complex
AMPHOTERICIN B LIPOSOME
Amphotericin B
Liposome
32
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
x
x
Amphotericin B
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
AMPICILLIN
Ampicillin
Ampicillin
x
x
Aminophylline
x
x
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
x
x
Augmentin
Ampicillin
x
x
Cefazolin
Ampicillin
x
x
Nafcillin
Ampicillin
x
Oxacillin
Ampicillin
x
Penicillin G Sodium
Ampicillin
x
Piperacillin
Ampicillin
x
x
x
x
Unasyn
AMPICILLIN AND SULBACTAM
Ampicillin and
Sulbactam
x
Nafcillin
AMUKIN
Amukin
Amikin
ANAFRANIL
Anafranil
x
Anafranil
Enalapril
x
Tofranil
ANAGRELIDE
Anagrelide
x
Anastrozole
Anaprox
x
Naproxen
ANAPROX
ANAPROX DS
Anaprox DS
x
Bactrim DS
ANASTROZOLE
Anastrozole
x
Anagrelide
Anastrozole
x
Letrozole
Anexsia
x
Arixtra
ANEXSIA
ANTIVERT
Antivert
x
Anzemet
Antivert
x
x
Atarax
Antivert
x
x
Ativan
33
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ANZEMET
Anzemet
Antivert
x
APRESOLINE
Apresoline
x
Apresoline
x
x
x
Aldactone
Atropine
AQUASOL A
Aquasol A
x
Aquasol E
Aquasol E
x
Aquasol A
Aralast
x
Aranesp
Aranesp
x
Aralast
Aranesp
x
Aricept
Argatroban
x
x
Aggrastat
AQUASOL E
ARALAST
ARANESP
ARGATROBAN
ARICEPT
Aricept
x
x
x
Accupril
Aricept
x
x
x
Aciphex
Aricept
Aricept
Aranesp
x
Azilect
x
ARIMIDEX
Arimidex
x
x
Aromasin
ARIPIPRAZOLE
Aripiprazole
x
Lansoprazole
Aripiprazole
x
Omeprazole
Aripiprazole
x
Rabeprazole
ARIXTRA
Arixtra
x
Anexsia
ARMOUR THYROID
Armour Thyroid
x
Aromasin
x
Thyrolar
AROMASIN
Aromasin
34
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Arimidex
x
Aygestin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
ARTANE
Artane
x
Altace
Artane
x
Ativan
Artane
x
x
Navane
Asacol
x
x
Os-Cal
x
Visicol
x
Pegaspargase
ASACOL
Asacol
ASPARAGINASE
Asparaginase
x
Atacand
x
ATACAND
Atacand
Actos
x
Altace
x
x
Antivert
x
x
Ativan
ATARAX
Atarax
Atarax
Atarax
MiraLax
x
Atarax
Xanax
x
ATENOLOL
Atenolol
Actonel
x
Atenolol
x
x
Albuterol
Atenolol
x
x
Allopurinol
Atenolol
x
Atenolol
Carvedilol
x
x
Labetalol
x
x
Ativan
x
x
Ambien
Ativan
x
x
Antivert
x
Artane
x
x
Atarax
x
x
Clonazepam
x
x
Atorvastatin
ATIVAN
Ativan
x
Ativan
Ativan
Ativan
x
x
Alprazolam
ATOMOXETINE
Atomoxetine
35
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Atorvastatin
x
x
Atomoxetine
Atorvastatin
x
x
Lovastatin
Atorvastatin
x
x
Pravastatin
Atorvastatin
x
Atorvastatin
x
ATORVASTATIN
Rosuvastatin
x
Simvastatin
ATROPINE
Atropine
Apresoline
x
ATROVENT
Atrovent
Atrovent
x
Atrovent
x
x
Advair Diskus
x
x
Albuterol
x
x
Alupent
Atrovent
x
x
x
Azmacort
Atrovent
x
x
x
Combivent
Atrovent
Flovent
x
Atrovent
Serevent
x
AUGMENTIN
Augmentin
x
x
x
Augmentin
x
x
Amoxicillin
x
x
Amoxil
Augmentin
x
x
Ampicillin
Auralgan Otic
x
Avalide
x
x
Avapro
Avandamet
x
x
Avandia
AURALGAN OTIC
Alphagan P
AVALIDE
AVANDAMET
AVANDIA
Avandia
x
x
Avandia
x
x
Avandia
x
Avandia
Avandia
x
x
Avandia
36
Avandia
x
Avandia
x
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Amaryl
Avandamet
Avelox
x
x
x
x
Cardura
x
Coumadin
x
Diovan
Evista
x
Prandin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
AVAPRO
Avapro
x
Accupril
Avapro
x
x
Avalide
Avapro
x
x
Avelox
Avelox
x
Avelox
x
Avelox
x
Zyvox
Aventyl
x
Elavil
AVELOX
Avandia
Avapro
x
AVENTYL
AYGESTIN
Aygestin
x
Aromasin
x
Azithromycin
AZATHIOPRINE
Azathioprine
x
Azilect
x
Azithromycin
x
x
AZILECT
Aricept
AZITHROMYCIN
Azithromycin
Azithromycin
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Azathioprine
Aztreonam
x
Erythromycin
x
Zaroxolyn
x
x
Atrovent
x
x
Nasacort AQ
x
x
Pulmicort
Turbuhaler
x
x
Azithromycin
x
Alfuzosin
Azithromycin
AZMACORT
Azmacort
Azmacort
Azmacort
x
AZTREONAM
Aztreonam
AZULFIDINE
Azulfidine
Azulfidine
x
Azulfidine
x
x
Sulfadiazine
Baciim
x
x
Bactroban
Silvadene
BACIIM
37
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Bacitracin
x
x
x
Bactroban
Bacitracin
x
x
x
Mupirocin
Baclofen
x
x
Bethanechol
Baclofen
x
BACITRACIN
BACLOFEN
Blocadren
BACTRIM
Bactrim
x
Bactroban
BACTRIM DS
Bactrim DS
x
Anaprox DS
x
x
Baciim
x
x
Bacitracin
BACTROBAN
Bactroban
Bactroban
x
Bactroban
x
Bactrim
BECLOMETHASONE
Beclomethasone
x
Betamethasone
BENADRYL
Benadryl
x
Benadryl
Benadryl
Benazepril
Benicar
x
x
x
Bentyl
x
x
x
x
Benicar
x
Benadryl
BENAZEPRIL
Benazepril
Benazepril
Benazepril
x
Benazepril
x
x
Enalapril
x
x
Lisinopril
x
Lisinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Benazepril
x
Benztropine
BENAZEPRIL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Benazepril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Benicar HCT
Benazepril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Benefiber
x
BeneFix
BeneFix
x
Benefiber
BENEFIBER
BENEFIX
38
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
BENICAR
Benicar
x
Benicar
x
x
Benazepril
Benicar
x
x
Bextra
x
BuSpar
Benicar
Benadryl
BENICAR HCT
Benicar HCT
Benazepril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
BENTYL
Bentyl
x
x
Bentyl
x
x
x
Benadryl
Fentanyl
Bentyl
x
BenzaClin
x
x
Benzamycin
Benzamycin
x
x
BenzaClin
Benzocaine
x
Trental
BENZACLIN
BENZAMYCIN
BENZOCAINE
Benzocaine
Benzoin
x
Benzonatate
Benzocaine
x
Benzoyl Peroxide
Benzoin
x
Benzocaine
BENZOIN
BENZONATATE
Benzonatate
x
Benzocaine
x
Benztropine
Benzonatate
x
Benzoyl Peroxide
x
Benzocaine
Benztropine
x
Benazepril
Benztropine
x
BENZOYL PEROXIDE
BENZTROPINE
x
Benzonatate
x
Betoptic
BETAGAN
Betagan
BETAMETHASONE
Betamethasone
Betamethasone
x
x
x
x
Beclomethasone
Dexamethasone
39
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
BETAXOLOL
Betaxolol
x
Bethanechol
x
Bethanechol
x
Bethanechol
BETHANECHOL
x
Baclofen
Betaxolol
BETOPTIC
Betoptic
x
Betoptic
Bextra
x
Betoptic
Betagan
x
Timoptic
x
Benicar
BEXTRA
Bextra
x
Bextra
x
Betoptic
Bextra
x
Bicitra
Bextra
x
Lexapro
Bextra
x
x
x
Valdecoxib
Biaxin
x
x
x
Biaxin XL
Biaxin
x
x
Biaxin XL
x
x
x
Biaxin
Bicillin C-R
x
x
Bicillin L-A
Bicillin L-A
x
x
Bicillin C-R
x
Bextra
x
Brimonidine
BIAXIN
Claritin
BIAXIN XL
BICILLIN C-R
BICILLIN L-A
BICITRA
Bicitra
BIMATOPROST
Bimatoprost
x
Bimatoprost
x
Latanoprost
BISACODYL
Bisacodyl
x
x
x
Bisoprolol
Bisoprolol
x
x
x
Bisacodyl
x
Risperdal
BISOPROLOL
Bisoprolol
40
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Bleph-10
x
x
x
Blephamide
Blephamide
x
x
x
Bleph-10
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
BLEPH-10
BLEPHAMIDE
Blephamide
Cetamide
x
Blephamide
x
Blocadren
x
x
x
Sulfacetamide
BLOCADREN
Baclofen
BOOSTRIX
Boostrix
x
Infanrix
Boostrix
x
Pediarix
BOTULISM IMMUNE GLOBULIN
Botulism Immune
Globulin
x
Brethine
x
Hepatitis B
Immune Globulin
BRETHINE
Brethine
x
Methergine
x
Thiethylperazine
BREVIBLOC
Brevibloc
x
Brevital
Brevital
x
Brevibloc
x
Bimatoprost
BREVITAL
BRIMONIDINE
Brimonidine
x
Bromocriptine
x
ProAmatine
Budesonide
x
Bumetanide
Bumetanide
x
Budesonide
BROMOCRIPTINE
BUDESONIDE
BUMETANIDE
BUMEX
Bumex
x
Demadex
41
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
BUPIVACAINE
Bupivacaine
x
Levobupivacaine
Bupivacaine
x
Lidocaine
x
x
Ropivacaine
x
x
x
x
Buspirone
BuSpar
x
Benicar
BuSpar
x
Proscar
x
Bupropion
x
Risperidone
Butalbital, Aspirin,
and Caffeine
Bupivacaine
BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Buprenorphine
Hydrochloride
Butorphanol
BUPROPION
Bupropion
x
BUSPAR
BUSPIRONE
Buspirone
x
x
Buspirone
BUTALBITAL, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE
Butalbital,
Acetaminophen,
and Caffeine
x
x
x
x
x
x
Butalbital,
Acetaminophen,
and Caffeine
x
x
Buprenorphine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Carafate
BUTALBITAL, ASPIRIN, AND CAFFEINE
Butalbital,
Aspirin, and
Caffeine
BUTORPHANOL
Butorphanol
CAFERGOT
Cafergot
CALAN
Calan
x
x
Calan SR
Calan
x
x
Colace
Calan
x
x
Diltiazem
x
x
Calan
x
x
Cardizem CD
x
CALAN SR
Calan SR
Calan SR
42
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Calcitriol
x
x
Calcitriol
x
Captopril
Calcitriol
x
Colestipol
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CALCITRIOL
Calcitriol
Calcium Carbonate
x
Calcitriol
Paricalcitol
x
Ropinirole
CALCIUM ACETATE
Calcium Acetate
x
Calcium Acetate
x
x
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium
Polycarbophil
x
CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D
Calcium and
Vitamin D
x
x
x
x
x
Calcium Carbonate
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Calcium
Carbonate
Calcium
Carbonate
x
x
x
Calcium
Carbonate
x
x
x
Calcium
Carbonate
x
x
x
Calcium
Carbonate
x
x
Calcium
Carbonate
x
Calcitriol
Calcium Acetate
Calcium Citrate
Calcium and
Vitamin D
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium
Polycarbophil
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Calcium Chloride
x
x
x
Calcium Citrate
x
x
x
x
Calcium Gluconate
CALCIUM CITRATE
Calcium Carbonate
CALCIUM DISODIUM EDTA
Calcium Disodium
EDTA
x
Disodium EDTA
CALCIUM GLUCONATE
Calcium
Gluconate
Calcium
Gluconate
x
x
x
x
x
Calcium Carbonate
x
Calcium Chloride
43
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
CALCIUM POLYCARBOPHIL
Calcium
Polycarbophil
x
Calcium
Polycarbophil
x
Caltrate
x
Calcium Acetate
Calcium Carbonate
CALTRATE
x
Carafate
x
Catapres
CAPOTEN
Capoten
x
CAPTOPRIL
Captopril
Captopril
x
x
x
Captopril
Calcitriol
x
x
Captopril
Carvedilol
Cytomel
x
x
Enalapril
CARAC
Carac
x
Carrasyn
CARAFATE
Carafate
x
x
Cafergot
Carafate
x
x
Caltrate
Carafate
x
Kayexalate
CARBAMAZEPINE
Carbamazepine
x
Carisoprodol
Carbamazepine
x
Chlorpromazine
Carbamazepine
x
x
Oxcarbazepine
Carbatrol
x
x
Labetalol
Carbidopa
x
CARBATROL
CARBIDOPA
Carvedilol
CARBOPLATIN
Carboplatin
x
x
Cisplatin
CARDENE
Cardene
x
x
Cardizem
Cardene
x
x
Cordarone
Cardene
x
x
Nifedipine
44
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Cardizem
x
x
x
Cardene
Cardizem
x
x
x
Cardizem SR
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CARDIZEM
Cardizem
x
Cardizem CD
x
Cortisone
CARDIZEM CD
Cardizem CD
x
Cardizem LA
x
x
Cardizem SR
x
x
Cardizem SR
x
Cardizem SR
x
Cardura
x
Cardura
x
Calan SR
x
Cardizem SR
CARDIZEM LA
Cardizem SR
CARDIZEM SR
Cardizem
x
Cardizem CD
Cardizem LA
x
CARDURA
x
x
Avandia
x
x
Coumadin
Carisoprodol
x
Carbamazepine
Carrasyn
x
Carac
x
CARISOPRODOL
CARRASYN
CARTIA XT
Cartia XT
Procardia XL
x
CARVEDILOL
Carvedilol
x
Carvedilol
x
Carvedilol
Atenolol
x
x
x
x
Captopril
Carbidopa
CATAPRES
Catapres
x
Capoten
Cefaclor
x
Cefadroxil
Cefadroxil
x
Cefaclor
x
CEFACLOR
CEFADROXIL
Cefadroxil
x
Cefuroxime
Cefadroxil
x
Cephalexin
45
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
CEFAMANDOLE
Cefamandole
x
Cefotetan
x
x
Ampicillin
x
x
Cefepime
CEFAZOLIN
Cefazolin
Cefazolin
x
Cefazolin
x
x
x
Cefazolin
x
x
x
Cefazolin
x
x
x
x
x
Cefazolin
Cefazolin
x
Cefotan
Cefotaxime
x
Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefprozil
x
x
Ceftazidime
x
x
Ceftizoxime
x
x
Ceftriaxone
Cefazolin
x
x
Cefuroxime
Cefazolin
x
x
Cephalexin
x
Oxacillin
x
x
Rocephin
x
x
Zosyn
x
Cefprozil
x
Cefazolin
Cefazolin
x
Cefazolin
Cefazolin
x
Cefazolin
Cefazolin
x
Cefazolin
CEFDINIR
Cefdinir
CEFEPIME
Cefepime
x
Cefepime
x
x
Cefixime
x
x
Cefotan
x
x
Cefotaxime
Cefepime
x
x
Cefotetan
Cefepime
x
x
Cefoxitin
Cefepime
Cefepime
x
Cefepime
x
x
Ceftazidime
Cefepime
x
x
Ceftizoxime
x
x
Ceftriaxone
Cefepime
x
x
Cefuroxime
Cefixime
x
Cefepime
x
CEFIXIME
46
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Cefepime
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
x
x
x
Cefepime
x
x
Cefotaxime
x
x
Cefoxitin
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CEFOTAN
Cefotan
Cefotan
Cefotan
x
Cefotan
Cefotan
Cefazolin
x
x
Ceftin
Cefotan
x
x
x
Ceftriaxone
Cefotan
x
x
x
Claforan
CEFOTAXIME
Cefotaxime
x
x
x
Cefazolin
Cefotaxime
x
x
x
Cefepime
Cefotaxime
x
x
x
Cefotan
Cefotaxime
x
x
x
Cefotetan
x
x
Cefoxitin
x
x
Ceftazidime
x
Ceftizoxime
Cefotaxime
Cefotaxime
x
Cefotaxime
Cefotaxime
x
Cefotaxime
Cefotaxime
x
x
x
x
Ceftriaxone
x
x
Cefuroxime
x
x
Maxipime
x
Cefamandole
CEFOTETAN
Cefotetan
Cefotetan
x
Cefotetan
Cefotetan
x
Cefotetan
x
x
x
x
x
Cefazolin
Cefepime
x
x
Cefotaxime
x
x
Cefoxitin
Cefotetan
x
x
x
Ceftazidime
Cefotetan
x
x
x
Ceftriaxone
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefazolin
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefepime
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefotan
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefotaxime
CEFOXITIN
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
x
x
Ceftriaxone
Cefoxitin
x
x
Cefuroxime
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
47
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
Cefazolin
x
Cefdinir
x
x
Cefazolin
CEFPROZIL
Cefprozil
Cefprozil
CEFTAZIDIME
Ceftazidime
x
Ceftazidime
x
x
Cefepime
Ceftazidime
x
x
x
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
x
x
x
Cefotetan
x
x
Ceftizoxime
Ceftazidime
x
x
Ceftazidime
Ceftazidime
x
x
x
x
Cefuroxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
x
x
Maxipime
Ceftin
x
x
Cefotan
CEFTIN
Ceftin
x
x
Cefzil
Ceftin
x
x
Cipro
Ceftizoxime
x
x
Cefazolin
Ceftizoxime
x
x
Cefepime
x
Cefotaxime
x
Ceftazidime
x
Cefuroxime
x
CEFTIZOXIME
Ceftizoxime
Ceftizoxime
x
Ceftizoxime
CEFTRIAXONE
Ceftriaxone
x
x
x
Cefazolin
Ceftriaxone
x
x
x
Cefepime
Ceftriaxone
x
x
x
Cefotan
Ceftriaxone
x
x
x
Ceftriaxone
x
Ceftriaxone
x
x
Cefotetan
x
Cefoxitin
x
x
x
Ceftriaxone
x
x
x
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Cefotaxime
x
Ceftriaxone
48
x
x
Ceftazidime
Cefuroxime
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CEFUROXIME
Cefuroxime
x
Cefuroxime
x
x
Cefazolin
Cefuroxime
x
x
Cefepime
Cefuroxime
x
x
Cefotaxime
Cefuroxime
x
x
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
x
x
Ceftazidime
x
Ceftizoxime
x
x
Ceftriaxone
x
x
Cephalexin
x
x
Ceftin
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime
x
Cefuroxime
Cefadroxil
CEFZIL
Cefzil
x
Cefzil
Kefzol
x
CELEBREX
Celebrex
x
x
x
Celebrex
x
x
x
Celebrex
x
Celexa
Cerebyx
Clarinex
x
CELEXA
Celexa
x
Celexa
x
x
Lexapro
x
Zyprexa
Celexa
x
Celebrex
x
x
CEPACOL
Cepacol
x
Cetacaine
Cephalexin
x
Cefadroxil
Cephalexin
x
x
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
x
x
Cefuroxime
x
x
CEPHALEXIN
Cephalexin
x
Cephalexin
x
Ciprofloxacin
Cyclosporine
Cephalexin
x
Valtrex
x
Celebrex
CEREBYX
Cerebyx
x
Cerebyx
Cerebyx
x
x
x
Cetirizine
Precedex
49
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
CETACAINE
Cetacaine
Cepacol
x
CETAMIDE
Cetamide
Blephamide
x
CETIRIZINE
Cetirizine
Cerebyx
x
Cetirizine
x
x
Cetirizine
x
Cetirizine
x
x
x
Cetirizine
x
x
x
Cetirizine
x
x
x
Claritin
x
Clonidine
Cyclobenzaprine
Loratadine
x
Olanzapine
CHLORAL HYDRATE
Chloral Hydrate
x
Chlorothiazide
Chlordiazepoxide
x
x
Chlorpromazine
Chlordiazepoxide
x
x
Lithium Carbonate
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE
CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE
Chlorhexidine
Gluconate
x
Chlorhexidine
Gluconate
x
Chlorothiazide
x
x
Cyproheptadine
Hexachlorophene
CHLOROTHIAZIDE
Chlorothiazide
Chloral Hydrate
x
Chlorthalidone
CHLORPHENIRAMINE
Chlorpheniramine
x
Chlorpheniramine
x
Cholestyramine
x
Cyproheptadine
CHLORPHENIRAMINE AND PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
Chlorpheniramine
and
Pseudoephedrine
50
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Pseudoephedrine
and Guaifenesin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CHLORPROMAZINE
Chlorpromazine
x
Chlorpromazine
x
x
Chlorpromazine
x
x
Chlorpromazine
x
x
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine
x
Carbamazepine
Chlordiazepoxide
x
Chlorpropamide
Chlorthalidone
x
x
Clomipramine
x
x
Compazine
Chlorpromazine
x
Cyclobenzaprine
Chlorpromazine
x
Perphenazine
Chlorpromazine
x
x
Prochlorperazine
Chlorpromazine
x
x
x
Thioridazine
Chlorpropamide
x
x
x
x
CHLORPROPAMIDE
x
Chlorpromazine
CHLORTHALIDONE
Chlorthalidone
x
Chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone
Chlorothiazide
x
Chlorpromazine
Clomipramine
CHOLESTYRAMINE
Cholestyramine
x
Chlorpheniramine
Ciloxan
x
Cimetidine
x
Cipro
x
x
Ceftin
Cipro
x
x
Cleocin
Cipro HC
x
x
Ciprodex
Ciprodex
x
x
Cipro HC
CILOXAN
x
Gatifloxacin
CIMETIDINE
Amantadine
CIPRO
CIPRO HC
CIPRODEX
51
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
Cephalexin
x
x
Gatifloxacin
x
Levofloxacin
x
Moxifloxacin
CIPROFLOXACIN
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
x
CISPLATIN
Cisplatin
x
x
Carboplatin
Cytoxan
Cisplatin
x
Citalopram
x
x
Escitalopram
CITALOPRAM
CITRACAL
Citracal
x
x
x
Citrucel
Citrucel
x
x
x
Citracal
CITRUCEL
CLADRIBINE
Cladribine
x
Cytarabine
Cladribine
x
Fludarabine
CLAFORAN
Claforan
x
x
Claforan
x
Cefotan
x
Cleocin
CLARINEX
Clarinex
Celebrex
x
Clarinex
x
x
Clarithromycin
x
x
x
Claritin
CLARITHROMYCIN
Clarithromycin
Claritin
x
Clindamycin
CLARITIN
Claritin
x
x
Claritin
x
x
x
Cetirizine
Claritin
x
x
x
Clarinex
Claritin
x
x
Biaxin
Clarithromycin
Claritin
x
x
Claritin-D
Claritin-D
x
x
Claritin
CLARITIN-D
52
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
Cipro
Cleocin
x
Claforan
Cleocin
x
Cubicin
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CLEOCIN
Cleocin
Cleocin
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
x
CLINDAMYCIN
Clindamycin
x
Clarithromycin
x
Clinoril
x
Gentamicin
x
Vancomycin
Clindesse
x
Clindets
Clindets
x
Clindesse
x
Clindamycin
Clindamycin
x
Clindamycin
Clindamycin
x
CLINDESSE
CLINDETS
CLINORIL
Clinoril
x
Clinoril
x
Clinoril
Clozaril
x
Elavil
x
Clotrimazole
x
Halobetasol
CLOBETASOL
Clobetasol
x
Clobetasol
CLOFAZIMINE
Clofazimine
x
Clozapine
CLOMID
Clomid
x
x
Clomipramine
Clomiphene
x
x
Clomipramine
CLOMIPHENE
53
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
CLOMIPRAMINE
Clomipramine
Clomipramine
Chlorpromazine
x
Chlorthalidone
Clomipramine
x
x
Clomid
Clomipramine
x
x
Clomiphene
Clomipramine
x
x
Clozapine
x
Imipramine
Hydrochloride
Clomipramine
CLONAZEPAM
Clonazepam
x
x
x
Clonazepam
x
x
x
Clonazepam
x
x
x
x
Alprazolam
Ativan
x
Clonidine
Clonazepam
x
x
x
Clozapine
Clonazepam
x
x
x
Diazepam
Clonazepam
x
x
x
Lorazepam
x
Olanzapine
Clonazepam
CLONIDINE
Clonidine
x
Clonidine
x
x
x
x
Clonazepam
Cetirizine
Clonidine
x
x
x
x
Colchicine
Clonidine
x
x
x
x
Klonopin
x
x
Clobetasol
x
Cotrim
x
x
Miconazole
x
x
Clomipramine
x
x
Clonazepam
CLOTRIMAZOLE
Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole
CLOZAPINE
Clozapine
x
Clozapine
Clozapine
x
Clofazimine
CLOZARIL
Clozaril
Clozaril
Clozaril
54
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Clinoril
x
Colazal
x
x
x
x
Pletal
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Colace
x
x
Calan
Colace
x
x
Cozaar
Colace
x
x
Peri-Colace
Colazal
x
Clozaril
Colazal
x
Colesevelam
Colazal
x
Welchol
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
COLACE
COLAZAL
COLCHICINE
Colchicine
x
x
x
x
Clonidine
COLESEVELAM
Colesevelam
x
Colazal
Colesevelam
x
Colestipol
Colestipol
x
Calcitriol
Colestipol
x
Colesevelam
Colestipol
x
COLESTIPOL
x
Questran
x
GoLYTELY
COLYTE
Colyte
COMBIPATCH
CombiPatch
x
Combivent
Combipres
x
Combivent
COMBIPRES
COMBIVENT
Combivent
x
x
x
Atrovent
Combivent
x
CombiPatch
Combivent
x
Combipres
Combivent
x
Combivent
x
Combivir
x
x
Combivent
Combivir
x
x
Epivir
x
Combivir
Serevent
COMBIVIR
55
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
Chlorpromazine
Compazine
x
x
Phenergan
Compazine
x
x
COMPAZINE
Compazine
x
Promethazine
COMVAX
COMVAX
Recombivax
HB Pediatric/
Adolescent
x
CONCERTA
Concerta
Sonata
x
CONJUGATED ESTROGENS
Conjugated
Estrogens
x
Conjugated
Estrogens
Esterified
Estrogens
x
Estratest
x
CORDARONE
Cordarone
x
Cardene
Coreg
x
Coreg
x
Coreg
x
Coreg
x
Corgard
x
Coreg
Corgard
x
Cozaar
Cortef
x
Cortisone
x
Cardizem
Cortisone
x
Cortisporin
Cortisone
x
Cortrosyn
x
COREG
Corgard
x
Cortef
Cortone Acetate
Cozaar
x
CORGARD
CORTEF
x
Coreg
CORTISONE
Cortisone
56
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Hydrocortisone
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
CORTISPORIN
Cortisporin
x
Cortisone
Cortisporin
x
Mupirocin
Cortisporin
x
x
Neosporin
Ophthalmic
Solution
CORTONE ACETATE
Cortone Acetate
x
Coreg
Cortrosyn
x
Cortisone
Cosopt
x
CORTROSYN
COSOPT
x
Trusopt
x
Clotrimazole
COTRIM
Cotrim
COUMADIN
Coumadin
Coumadin
x
x
x
x
Avandia
x
Cardura
x
Coumadin
x
Mephyton
Coumadin
x
Phytonadione
Cozaar
x
x
Colace
Cozaar
x
x
Coreg
Cozaar
x
Cozaar
x
x
Hyzaar
Cozaar
x
x
Zocor
Creon 10
x
x
Crestor
Crestor
x
x
Creon 10
x
Cleocin
COZAAR
Corgard
CREON 10
CRESTOR
CUBICIN
Cubicin
57
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
CYCLOBENZAPRINE
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine
Cetirizine
x
x
x
Cyclobenzaprine
Chlorpromazine
x
Cyproheptadine
x
Phenazopyridine
CYCLOGYL
Cyclogyl
x
x
Cyclomydril
Cyclomydril
x
x
Cyclogyl
Cyclophosphamide
x
x
Cyclosporine
CYCLOMYDRIL
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
CYCLOSPORINE
Cyclosporine
x
Cyclosporine
Cephalexin
x
x
Cyclophosphamide
x
Chlorhexidine
Gluconate
x
x
Chlorpheniramine
x
x
Cyclobenzaprine
CYPROHEPTADINE
Cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine
x
CYTARABINE
Cytarabine
x
Cladribine
Cytarabine
x
Cytoxan
Cytomel
x
Captopril
x
Cytotec
CYTOMEL
Cytomel
x
CYTOSAR-U
Cytosar-U
x
x
Cytoxan
CYTOTEC
Cytotec
x
Cytoxan
x
Cytomel
x
CYTOXAN
Cisplatin
Cytoxan
x
Cytoxan
x
58
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Cytarabine
x
Cytosar-U
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
DACTINOMYCIN
Dactinomycin
Daptomycin
DALTEPARIN
Dalteparin
x
Dalteparin
x
Darbepoetin
x
Enoxaparin
x
Dantrium
DANAZOL
Danazol
Danazol
x
Dapsone
DANOCRINE
Danocrine
x
Dantrium
Dantrium
x
Danazol
Dantrium
x
Danocrine
DANTRIUM
DAPSONE
Dapsone
x
Danazol
DAPTACEL
Daptacel
x
Daptomycin
x
x
Adacel
x
Dactinomycin
DAPTOMYCIN
x
DARBEPOETIN
Darbepoetin
x
Dalteparin
Darvocet
x
x
Darvocet-N
x
x
Darvon
Darvocet-N
x
x
Darvon-N
x
Fioricet
x
x
Percocet
Darvon
x
x
Darvocet-N
Darvon
x
Darvon-N
x
DARVOCET
x
Percocet
DARVOCET-N
Darvocet-N
Darvocet-N
x
DARVON
Diovan
DARVON-N
x
Darvocet-N
59
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
DAUNORUBICIN
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
DEBROX
Debrox
Domeboro
x
DECADRON
Decadron
x
Depacon
Decadron
x
Dexedrine
Declomycin
x
Declomycin
x
Dicyclomine
x
Doxycycline
DELESTROGEN
Delestrogen
x
Deltasone
x
Depo-Estradiol
DELTASONE
x
x
Prednisone
x
x
Prelone
Deltasone
x
Trazodone
Demadex
x
Bumex
Deltasone
DEMADEX
Demadex
x
x
Demerol
Demadex
x
x
Diamox
x
Dicyclomine
x
Demadex
DEMECLOCYCLINE
Demeclocycline
DEMEROL
Demerol
x
Demerol
x
x
Dilaudid
Demulen
x
x
Desogen
x
Decadron
DEMULEN
DEPACON
Depacon
DEPAKENE
Depakene
x
x
x
Depakote
Depakene
x
x
x
Divalproex
Depakote
x
x
x
Depakene
DEPAKOTE
60
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
DEPO-ESTRADIOL
Depo-Estradiol
x
Delestrogen
Depo-Medrol
x
x
x
x
Depo-Provera
Depo-Medrol
x
x
x
x
Solu-Medrol
Depo-Provera
x
x
x
x
Depo-Medrol
x
x
x
Lupron Depot
DEPO-MEDROL
DEPO-PROVERA
Depo-Provera
DEPO-TESTADIOL
Depo-Testadiol
x
DepoTestosterone
DEPO-TESTOSTERONE
Depo-Testadiol
DepoTestosterone
x
Desferal
x
DexFerrum
x
Desyrel
x
Dipyridamole
x
x
Nortriptyline
x
x
Loratadine
x
Vasopressin
x
x
Demulen
x
x
Norgestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
Desogestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
x
Ethynodiol
Diacetate and
Ethinyl Estradiol
Desyrel
x
x
Desipramine
x
Elavil
DESFERAL
DESIPRAMINE
Desipramine
x
Desipramine
Desipramine
DESLORATADINE
Desloratadine
x
DESMOPRESSIN
Desmopressin
DESOGEN
Desogen
DESOGESTREL AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Desogestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
DESYREL
Desyrel
Desyrel
x
x
Seroquel
61
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
DETROL
Detrol
Detrol
Detrol LA
Ditropan
x
DETROL LA
Detrol LA
x
Detrol LA
x
x
Detrol
x
x
Ditropan XL
x
Glucotrol XL
x
Betamethasone
Detrol LA
DEXAMETHASONE
Dexamethasone
x
x
Dexamethasone
x
Dexamethasone
x
Dexamethasone
x
x
Dexamethasone
Dexmedetomidine
Doxazosin
x
x
x
Methadone
DEXEDRINE
x
Adderall
Dexedrine
Dexedrine
x
Decadron
DexFerrum
x
Desferal
x
DEXFERRUM
DEXMEDETOMIDINE
Dexmedetomidine
x
x
Dexamethasone
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE
x
x
x
x
Dextromethorphan
and Guaifenesin
x
x
Pseudoephedrine
and Guaifenesin
DiaBeta
x
x
Diazepam
Diabinese
x
Dextroamphetamine
DEXTROMETHORPHAN
Dextromethorphan
DEXTROMETHORPHAN AND GUAIFENESIN
DIABETA
DIABINESE
62
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Diamox
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
DIAMOX
Diamox
Diamox
Diamox
Aggrenox
x
x
Diamox
x
Amoxil
x
Demadex
x
Diabinese
Diamox
Diamox
x
x
Diazoxide
x
Diuril
x
Alprazolam
DIAZEPAM
Diazepam
x
x
Clonazepam
Diazepam
Diazepam
x
x
x
DiaBeta
Diazepam
x
x
Diazepam
x
x
Diazepam
x
x
Diltiazem
Ditropan
Doxepin
Diazepam
x
x
x
Lorazepam
Diazepam
x
x
x
Midazolam
x
Oxazepam
x
Temazepam
x
Diamox
Diazepam
Diazepam
x
DIAZOXIDE
Diazoxide
DICLOFENAC SODIUM
Diclofenac
Sodium
x
Diclofenac
Sodium
x
Diflucan
Docusate Sodium
DICLOXACILLIN
Dicloxacillin
x
x
x
Doxycycline
DICYCLOMINE
Dicyclomine
Declomycin
x
Dicyclomine
x
Demeclocycline
Dicyclomine
x
x
x
Dicyclomine
x
x
x
x
Diphenhydramine
Doxycycline
63
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
DIFLUCAN
Diflucan
x
Diclofenac Sodium
Diflucan
x
Diflunisal
Diflucan
x
Diflunisal
x
Diflucan
Digibind
x
Digoxin
Digoxin
x
Digoxin
x
x
Levothyroxine
Dilantin
x
x
Diflucan
x
x
Dilaudid
Dilantin
x
DIFLUNISAL
DIGIBIND
DIGOXIN
Digibind
DILANTIN
Dilantin
x
Dilantin
x
x
x
Diltiazem
Dilantin
x
x
Neurontin
Dilantin
x
x
Nystatin
x
x
Demerol
x
x
Dilantin
x
Dolophine
x
Calan
DILAUDID
Dilaudid
Dilaudid
x
Dilaudid
DILTIAZEM
Diltiazem
x
Diltiazem
Diltiazem
x
x
x
x
x
x
Dilantin
Diazepam
x
x
Diphenhydramine
x
Avandia
DIMENHYDRINATE
Dimenhydrinate
DIOVAN
Diovan
Diovan
x
Darvon
Diovan
x
x
Diovan HCT
Diovan HCT
x
x
Diovan
DIOVAN HCT
64
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
x
x
x
Dimenhydrinate
x
x
x
Dipyridamole
x
Desipramine
x
x
x
Diphenhydramine
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
DIPHENHYDRAMINE
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine
Dicyclomine
DIPYRIDAMOLE
Dipyridamole
Dipyridamole
DISODIUM EDTA
Disodium EDTA
x
Calcium Disodium
EDTA
DITROPAN
Ditropan
x
Ditropan
x
x
Diazepam
x
x
Ditropan XL
x
x
Detrol LA
x
x
Ditropan
Ditropan
x
Detrol
DITROPAN XL
Ditropan XL
Ditropan XL
x
Ditropan XL
x
Toprol-XL
DIURIL
Diuril
x
x
Diamox
DIVALPROEX
Divalproex
x
x
x
Depakene
Divalproex
x
x
x
Valproic Acid
Divalproex
x
Valtrex
DOBUTAMINE
Dobutamine
x
x
x
x
Dopamine
Dobutrex
x
x
x
x
Dopamine
Docetaxel
x
x
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
x
x
Taxol
Docusate Sodium
x
DOBUTREX
DOCETAXEL
DOCUSATE SODIUM
Diclofenac Sodium
65
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
DOLASETRON
Dolasetron
x
Ondansetron
DOLOPHINE
Dolophine
Dilaudid
x
DOMEBORO
Domeboro
x
Debrox
Donepezil
x
Doxepin
DONEPEZIL
Donepezil
x
Donepezil
x
x
Rabeprazole
x
Ramipril
DOPAMINE
Dopamine
x
x
x
x
Dobutamine
Dopamine
x
x
x
x
Dobutrex
DOXAZOSIN
Doxazosin
x
Dexamethasone
Doxazosin
x
Doxycycline
Doxazosin
x
x
Prazosin
Doxazosin
x
x
Terazosin
Doxepin
x
Diazepam
Doxepin
x
Donepezil
Doxepin
x
Doxidan
DOXEPIN
Doxepin
x
x
x
Doxycycline
DOXIDAN
Doxidan
x
Doxepin
DOXORUBICIN
Doxorubicin
66
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
x
Daunorubicin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
Declomycin
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
DOXYCYCLINE
Doxycycline
Doxycycline
x
x
x
Dicloxacillin
Doxycycline
x
x
x
Dicyclomine
Doxycycline
Doxycycline
x
x
x
Doxazosin
x
Doxepin
Doxycycline
x
Minocycline
Doxycycline
x
Tetracycline
Drisdol
x
Ursodiol
Duricef
x
Ecotrin
x
DRISDOL
DURICEF
Omnicef
x
ECOTRIN
Foltrin
EFFEXOR
Effexor
x
x
Effexor XR
x
EFAVIRENZ
Efavirenz
x
x
Lamivudine
EFFEXOR XR
Effexor XR
x
Effexor XR
x
x
Effexor
x
Eskalith
Effexor XR
x
Exelon
EFUDEX
Efudex
x
Ela Max
x
Elavil
x
x
Lidex
ELA MAX
EMLA
ELAVIL
Aventyl
Elavil
x
Clinoril
Elavil
x
Desyrel
x
Enalapril
Elavil
x
Elavil
x
Elavil
Epivir
x
Flexeril
67
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ELDEPRYL
Eldepryl
x
Enalapril
x
x
Elimite
x
x
EMLA
x
x
Elidel
Elspar
x
x
Oncaspar
EMLA
x
EMLA
x
ELIDEL
Elidel
x
Elidel
ELIMITE
Elimite
x
ELSPAR
EMLA
Ela Max
Elidel
x
EMTRIVA
Emtriva
x
Sustiva
Enalapril
x
Allopurinol
Enalapril
x
Anafranil
Enalapril
x
Enalapril
x
Enalapril
x
x
ENALAPRIL
Enalapril
Enalapril
x
Benazepril
Captopril
x
Elavil
x
Eldepryl
x
Escitalopram
Enalapril
x
x
x
Enalapril
x
x
x
Prinivil
x
Quinapril
Enalapril
Enalapril
x
Enalapril
x
Engerix-B
x
Enoxaparin
x
x
Enoxaparin
x
x
Enoxaparin
x
x
x
Lisinopril
Ramipril
x
Verapamil
ENGERIX-B
Pediarix
ENOXAPARIN
68
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Dalteparin
x
Fluvoxamine
Fragmin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Ephedrine
x
x
x
Adrenalin
Ephedrine
x
x
x
Epinephrine
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
EPHEDRINE
EPHEDRINE SULFATE
Neo-Synephrine
Ephedrine Sulfate
EPINEPHRINE
Epinephrine
x
x
x
Ephedrine
Epinephrine
x
x
Neo-Synephrine
Epinephrine
x
x
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
x
x
Phenylephrine
Epivir
x
x
Combivir
Epivir
x
EPIVIR
Epivir
Elavil
x
Retrovir
x
Neupogen
EPOGEN
Epogen
x
ERGOLOID MESYLATES
Ergoloid
Mesylates
Pergolide
Mesylate
x
ERTAPENEM
Ertapenem
Ertapenem
x
Imipenem and
Cilastatin
x
Meropenem
ERYTHROMYCIN
Erythromycin
x
x
x
x
x
x
Azithromycin
ERYTHROMYCIN AND SULFISOXAZOLE
Erythromycin and
Sulfisoxazole
Erythromycin
Ethylsuccinate
ERYTHROMYCIN BASE
Erythromycin
Base
Erythromycin
Stearate
x
ERYTHROMYCIN ETHYLSUCCINATE
Erythromycin
Ethylsuccinate
x
x
Erythromycin and
Sulfisoxazole
69
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ERYTHROMYCIN STEARATE
Erythromycin Base
Erythromycin
Stearate
x
Escitalopram
x
Escitalopram
x
Enalapril
x
Ezetimibe
ESCITALOPRAM
Escitalopram
x
Eskalith
x
x
Citalopram
ESKALITH
Effexor XR
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM
Esomeprazole
Magnesium
Lansoprazole
x
x
Esterified
Estrogens
x
x
Conjugated
Estrogens
Estrace
x
x
Estratest
Estradiol
x
x
Estratest
x
Conjugated
Estrogens
ESTERIFIED ESTROGENS
ESTRACE
ESTRADIOL
ESTRATEST
Estratest
Estratest
x
x
Estrace
Estratest
x
x
Estradiol
ESTRING
Estring
x
x
NuvaRing
ETHAMOLIN
Ethamolin
x
Ethionamide
Ethionamide
x
Ethamolin
ETHIONAMIDE
ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Ethynodiol
Diacetate and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
x
Desogestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
Trandate
ETOMIDATE
Etomidate
70
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
EVISTA
Evista
Avandia
x
EXCEDRIN MIGRAINE
Excedrin Migraine
x
Excedrin Sinus
Excedrin Sinus
x
Excedrin Migraine
EXCEDRIN SINUS
EXELON
Exelon
x
Effexor XR
EZETIMIBE
Ezetimibe
x
Fabrazyme
x
x
Escitalopram
FABRAZYME
Myozyme
FAMOTIDINE
Famotidine
Famotidine
x
x
x
Famotidine
Fluoxetine
x
Furosemide
x
Lisinopril
x
Paroxetine
Famotidine
x
Famvir
x
Femara
Felbatol
x
Labetalol
Feldene
x
x
Felodipine
Feldene
x
x
Fluoxetine
Feldene
x
x
Paroxetine
x
Phenytoin Sodium
FAMVIR
FELBATOL
FELDENE
Feldene
FELODIPINE
x
x
Amlodipine
Felodipine
Felodipine
x
x
x
Feldene
Felodipine
x
Selegiline
Femara
x
Famvir
Femara
x
Femhrt
Femara
x
Provera
FEMARA
71
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
FEMHRT
Femhrt
Femara
x
FENTANYL
Fentanyl
Bentyl
x
FENTANYL CITRATE
Fentanyl Citrate
x
Sufentanil Citrate
FEOSOL
Feosol
x
x
Ferrous Sulfate
FERRO-SEQUELS
Ferro-Sequels
x
Seroquel
FERROUS FUMARATE
Ferrous Fumarate
x
x
x
Ferrous Sulfate
x
x
x
Ferrous Sulfate
x
x
Feosol
FERROUS GLUCONATE
Ferrous Gluconate
FERROUS SULFATE
Ferrous Sulfate
Ferrous Sulfate
x
x
x
Ferrous Fumarate
Ferrous Sulfate
x
x
x
Ferrous Gluconate
Filgrastim
x
x
Sargramostim
Finasteride
x
FILGRASTIM
FINASTERIDE
Furosemide
FIORICET
Fioricet
x
Darvocet-N
x
x
Fiorinal
Fioricet
x
x
Florinef
Fioricet
x
x
Percocet
x
x
Fioricet
Flavoxate
x
x
Fluvoxamine
Flax Oil
x
Fioricet
x
FIORINAL
Fiorinal
x
FLAVOXATE
FLAX OIL
72
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Flexeril
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
FLEET ENEMA
Fleet Enema
Fleet PhosphoSoda
FLEET PHOSPHO-SODA
Fleet PhosphoSoda
Fleet Enema
FLEXERIL
Flexeril
x
Elavil
Flexeril
x
Flax Oil
Flexeril
x
Plendil
FLEXIUM
Flexium
x
Flomax
x
Nexium
FLOMAX
x
Flomax
Flomax
Flomax
x
Flonase
x
Flovent
Foltx
x
x
Flomax
x
x
Fosamax
x
x
Nolvadex
FLONASE
Flonase
x
x
x
Flomax
Flonase
x
x
x
Flovent
Florinef
x
x
Fioricet
Flovent
x
FLORINEF
FLOVENT
Flovent
Flovent
x
Atrovent
x
Flomax
x
x
Flonase
x
x
Ocuflox
FLOXIN OTIC
Floxin Otic
73
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
FLUCONAZOLE
Fluconazole
x
Flucytosine
Fluconazole
x
Fluconazole
x
Fluconazole
x
Fluoxetine
Furosemide
x
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
x
x
Metronidazole
Fluconazole
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
FLUCYTOSINE
Flucytosine
x
Fluconazole
FLUDARABINE
Fludarabine
x
Cladribine
FLUDROCORTISONE
Fludrocortisone
x
Fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone
Hydrocortisone
x
x
Fluocinolone
x
Fluticasone
FLUMADINE
Flumadine
x
Amantadine
FLUNISOLIDE
Flunisolide
Flunisolide
x
Fluocinolone
x
x
Fluocinonide
x
Fluticasone
FLUOCINOLONE
Fluocinolone
x
x
Fludrocortisone
x
Fluocinonide
x
Flunisolide
x
x
Fluocinolone
Fluocinonide
x
x
Fluocinonide
x
x
Fluticasone
x
x
Prednisolone
Acetate
x
x
FLUOCINONIDE
Fluocinonide
Fluocinonide
x
x
Fluorouracil
FLUOROMETHOLONE
Fluorometholone
FLUOROURACIL
Fluorouracil
74
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Fluocinonide
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
FLUOXETINE
Fluoxetine
x
Fluoxetine
x
x
Feldene
Fluoxetine
x
x
Fluconazole
Fluoxetine
x
x
Fluvoxamine
Fluoxetine
Famotidine
x
Fosinopril
Fluoxetine
x
x
x
Furosemide
Fluoxetine
x
x
x
Paroxetine
x
Thiothixene
Fluoxetine
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Fluoxetine
Hydrochloride
Sodium Fluoride
x
FLUPHENAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Trifluoperazine
Fluphenazine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Flurazepam
x
x
Temazepam
Fluticasone
x
x
Fluocinonide
x
Fludrocortisone
FLURAZEPAM
FLUTICASONE
Fluticasone
x
Fluticasone
x
x
Flunisolide
Fluticasone
x
x
Mometasone
Fluvoxamine
x
x
Fluvoxamine
x
x
Flavoxate
Fluvoxamine
x
x
Fluoxetine
Foltrin
x
Ecotrin
Foltx
x
Flomax
Fortovase
x
FLUVOXAMINE
x
Enoxaparin
FOLTRIN
FOLTX
FORTOVASE
x
Invirase
75
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
Flomax
Fosamax
x
x
Fosamax Plus D
Fosamax
x
x
Fosinopril
x
Zithromax
x
Fosamax
FOSAMAX
Fosamax
Fosamax
FOSAMAX PLUS D
Fosamax Plus D
x
Fosinopril
x
FOSINOPRIL
Fluoxetine
x
x
Fosamax
Fosinopril
x
x
x
Furosemide
Fosinopril
x
x
x
Lisinopril
Fosinopril
x
x
x
Prinivil
Fosinopril
FOSINOPRIL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Fosinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Lisinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Fosphenytoin
x
x
Fragmin
x
x
Enoxaparin
x
AmBisome
x
Famotidine
FOSPHENYTOIN
x
Phenytoin Sodium
FRAGMIN
FUNGIZONE
Fungizone
FUROSEMIDE
Furosemide
x
Furosemide
x
x
Furosemide
Finasteride
x
Fluconazole
Furosemide
x
x
x
Fluoxetine
Furosemide
x
x
x
Fosinopril
Furosemide
x
Loperamide
Furosemide
x
x
x
Gabapentin
x
x
Gabapentin
x
x
x
x
x
Torsemide
GABAPENTIN
Gabapentin
76
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Gatifloxacin
Gemfibrozil
x
Guaifenesin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
GABITRIL
Gabitril
Glucotrol
x
GALANTAMINE
Galantamine
x
x
Galantamine
x
x
x
Glimepiride
Glutamine
x
GANCICLOVIR
Ganciclovir
x
Ganciclovir
x
x
x
Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
GASTROGRAFIN
Gastrografin
x
Gatifloxacin
x
x
Ciloxan
Gatifloxacin
x
x
Ciprofloxacin
Griseofulvin
GATIFLOXACIN
Gatifloxacin
x
x
Gabapentin
Gatifloxacin
x
x
Guaifenesin
Gatifloxacin
x
x
Levofloxacin
x
Moxifloxacin
Gatifloxacin
GEMCITABINE
Gemcitabine
Gemtuzumab
Ozogamicin
x
GEMFIBROZIL
Gemfibrozil
x
Gemfibrozil
x
x
x
Gabapentin
Glimepiride
GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN
Gemtuzumab
Ozogamicin
Gemcitabine
x
GENTAMICIN
Gentamicin
x
Gentamicin
x
x
Gentamicin
x
x
Gentamicin
Clindamycin
Genteal
x
Tobramycin
x
Vancomycin
GENTEAL
Genteal
x
x
Gentamicin
x
Lamictal
GEOCILLIN
Geocillin
77
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
x
x
GLIMEPIRIDE
Glimepiride
Galantamine
Glimepiride
x
Gemfibrozil
Glimepiride
x
Glimepiride
x
Glipizide
x
x
Glimepiride
Glipizide
x
x
Glucophage
x
x
Glipizide and
Metformin
x
x
Gluconorm
x
Glucophage
x
Glucophage
x
x
Glipizide
Glyburide
GLIPIZIDE
Glipizide
x
x
Glyburide
GLIPIZIDE AND METFORMIN
Glyburide and
Metformin
GLUCONORM
Glucophage
GLUCOPHAGE
Glucophage
x
Glucophage
x
Glucophage XR
x
x
x
Glipizide
Gluconorm
x
x
Glucophage XR
Glucovance
x
GLUCOPHAGE XR
x
x
x
Glucophage
Glucophage XR
x
Glucotrol XL
Glucotrol
x
Gabitril
x
Glucotrol XL
GLUCOTROL
Glucotrol
x
Glucotrol
Glucotrol
x
Glucovance
x
x
x
x
x
Glyburide
GLUCOTROL XL
Glucotrol XL
x
Detrol LA
Glucotrol XL
x
Glucophage XR
x
Glucotrol
Glucotrol XL
Glucotrol XL
78
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
x
Glucovance
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
GLUCOVANCE
Glucovance
x
Glucophage
x
Glucovance
x
Glucotrol
Glucovance
x
Glucotrol XL
GLUTAMINE
Glutamine
x
Galantamine
GLYBURIDE
Glyburide
x
Glimepiride
Glyburide
x
x
x
x
Glipizide
Glyburide
x
x
x
x
Glucotrol
x
x
Glipizide and
Metformin
GoLYTELY
x
Colyte
Granisetron
x
Ondansetron
GLYBURIDE AND METFORMIN
Glyburide and
Metformin
GOLYTELY
GRANISETRON
GRISEOFULVIN
Griseofulvin
Gastrografin
x
GUAIFENESIN
Guaifenesin
x
x
Guaifenesin
x
x
x
Gabapentin
Gatifloxacin
Halcion
x
x
Haldol
x
Halcion
HALCION
HALDOL
Haldol
x
Haldol
x
Hytrin
Haldol
x
Nadolol
Haldol
x
x
Stadol
HALOBETASOL
Halobetasol
x
Clobetasol
HALOPERIDOL
Haloperidol
x
Haloperidol
Haloperidol
Hydralazine
x
x
x
Hydromorphone
Nadolol
79
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
HAVRIX
Havrix
x
Heptavax
Healon
x
Hyalgan
Hectorol
x
Actonel
HEALON
HECTOROL
HEPARIN
Heparin
x
x
Heparin
x
x
Hespan
x
Refludan
x
Hepatitis
B Vaccine,
Recombinant
HEPATITIS A VACCINE, INACTIVATED
Hepatitis
A Vaccine,
Inactivated
x
HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN
Hepatitis B
Immune Globulin
Botulism Immune
Globulin
x
Hepatitis B
Immune Globulin
x
Hepatitis B
Immune Globulin
x
Hepatitis
B Vaccine,
Recombinant
x
Immune Globulin
Intravenous
(Human)
HEPATITIS B VACCINE, RECOMBINANT
Hepatitis
B Vaccine,
Recombinant
x
x
Hepatitis
A Vaccine,
Inactivated
Hepatitis
B Vaccine,
Recombinant
x
x
Hepatitis B
Immune Globulin
x
Havrix
HEPTAVAX
Heptavax
HESPAN
Hespan
x
Hespan
x
x
x
x
Heparin
x
Hextend
x
Chlorhexidine
Gluconate
HEXACHLOROPHENE
Hexachlorophene
80
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
HEXTEND
Hextend
x
Hespan
x
HOMATROPINE
Homatropine
x
Humatrope
Homatropine
x
Somatropin
HUMALOG
Humalog
Humalog Mix
50/50
x
Humalog
x
x
x
NovoLog
Humalog Mix 5/50
x
Humalog
Humalog Mix 5/50
x
Humulin 50/50
Humalog
x
x
Humulin R
x
HUMALOG MIX 50/50
HUMALOG MIX 75/25
Humalog Mix
75/25
x
x
x
Humalog Mix
75/25
x
x
Humalog Mix
75/25
x
x
Humatrope
x
x
Humulin 70/30
Novolin 70/30
Novolog Mix
70/30
HUMATROPE
Homatropine
HUMULIN 50/50
Humulin 50/50
Humalog Mix
50/50
x
HUMULIN 70/30
Humulin 70/30
x
Humulin 70/30
Humulin 70/30
Humulin 70/30
x
x
x
x
x
Humalog Mix
75/25
Humulin R
Novolin 70/30
x
x
x
x
NovoLog Mix
70/30
HUMULIN R (CONCENTRATED), U-500
Humulin R
(Concentrated),
U-500
x
Humulin-U
81
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Humulin R
x
x
x
Humulin R
x
x
Humulin 70/30
x
Novolin 70/30
HUMULIN R
Humulin R
Humulin R
x
Humulin R
x
Humalog
Novolin R
x
NovoLog
x
Humulin R
(Concentrated),
U-500
Hyalgan
x
Healon
Hycodan
x
Vicodin
x
Hydrochlorothiazide
HUMULIN-U
Humulin-U
HYALGAN
HYCODAN
HYDRALAZINE
Hydralazine
Hydralazine
x
x
Hydralazine
x
Haloperidol
x
Hydralazine
Hydrocortisone
x
Hydroxyzine
HYDREA
Hydrea
Hytrin
x
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
x
x
Hydralazine
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
x
x
Hydrocortisone
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
x
Hydroxychloroquine
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Hydrocodone
x
Hydrocodone
x
Hydroxyurea
Maxzide
x
HYDROCODONE
82
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Hydromorphone
x
x
Hydrocortisone
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
HYDROCODONE AND ACETAMINOPHEN
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
Hydrocodone and
Guaifenesin
x
Hydrocodone and
Homatropine
x
Hydrocodone and
Ibuprofen
Hydromorphone
x
x
x
x
x
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
HYDROCODONE AND GUAIFENESIN
Hydrocodone and
Guaifenesin
x
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
Cortisone
x
Fludrocortisone
HYDROCODONE AND HOMATROPINE
Hydrocodone and
Homatropine
HYDROCODONE AND IBUPROFEN
Hydrocodone and
Ibuprofen
x
x
HYDROCORTISONE
Hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisone
x
x
Hydralazine
x
x
Hydrocortisone
x
x
Hydrocortisone
x
Hydrocortisone
x
x
Prednisone
Hydrocortisone
Sodium Succinate
x
x
Hydroxyzine
Hydrochloride
Hydrocortisone
Sodium Succinate
x
x
Hydroxyzine
Pamoate
x
x
x
Hydrocodone
HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE
Hydrocortisone
Sodium Succinate
x
83
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
HYDROMORPHONE
Hydromorphone
x
Hydromorphone
x
Hydromorphone
Hydromorphone
Haloperidol
x
Hydrocodone
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
x
Morphine Sulfate
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE
Hydroxychloroquine
x
Hydroxychloroquine
x
Hydroxychloroquine
x
Hydroxyurea
x
Hydroxyurea
x
x
Hydrocortisone
x
Hydroxyurea
HYDROXYUREA
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Hydroxychloroquine
x
Hydralazine
HYDROXYZINE
Hydroxyzine
HYDROXYZINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Meclizine
Hydroxyzine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Hydroxyzine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Hydrocortisone
Sodium Succinate
Hydroxyzine
Pamoate
x
x
Hydrocortisone
Sodium Succinate
HYDROXYZINE PAMOATE
HYTRIN
Hytrin
x
Haldol
Hytrin
x
Hydrea
Hyzaar
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Inderal
x
x
x
Inderal LA
x
x
Isordil
x
x
K-Dur
HYZAAR
Cozaar
IMDUR
IMDUR
IMDUR
x
IMDUR
IMDUR
IMDUR
84
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Imuran
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
IMIPENEM AND CILASTATIN
Imipenem and
Cilastatin
x
Ertapenem
IMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Imipramine
Hydrochloride
x
Imipramine
Hydrochloride
x
Imipramine
Hydrochloride
x
Imitrex
Indapamide
x
Clomipramine
IMITREX
Imitrex
x
Imitrex
x
Imipramine
Hydrochloride
x
Inapsine
IMMUNE GLOBULIN INTRAVENOUS (HUMAN)
Immune Globulin
Intravenous
(Human)
Hepatitis B
Immune Globulin
x
IMODIUM
Imodium
x
Pyridium
x
IMDUR
Imuran
x
Tenormin
Inamrinone
x
Amiodarone
Inapsine
x
Imitrex
IMURAN
Imuran
x
INAMRINONE
INAPSINE
INDAPAMIDE
Indapamide
Indapamide
Indapamide
Indapamide
x
Imipramine
Hydrochloride
x
Indomethacin
x
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
x
Isradipine
85
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
x
x
x
Isordil
Inderal
x
Isuprel
Inderal
x
Neoral
INDERAL
Inderal
Inderal
IMDUR
INDERAL LA
Inderal LA
x
Indomethacin
x
x
x
IMDUR
INDOMETHACIN
Indapamide
INFANRIX
Infanrix
x
Boostrix
Infanrix
x
Pediarix
INFLIXIMAB
Infliximab
x
x
Inspra
x
x
x
Rituximab
INSPRA
Spiriva
INSULIN
Insulin
Symlin
x
INTERFERON ALFA-2A, RECOMBINANT
Interferon Alfa-2a,
Recombinant
x
Interferon Alfa-2b,
Recombinant
x
Interferon Alfa-2a,
Recombinant
x
Fortovase
INTERFERON ALFA-2B, RECOMBINANT
Interferon Alfa-2b,
Recombinant
INVIRASE
Invirase
x
IODINE
Iodine
x
Lodine
x
IODOSORB
Iodosorb
x
Isosorb 2000
x
Tiotropium
IPRATROPIUM
Ipratropium
x
IRBESARTAN AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Irbesartan and
Hydrochlorothiazide
86
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Losartan and
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
IRINOTECAN
Irinotecan
x
Topotecan
Isocal
x
Os-Cal
x
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
Isosorbide
Mononitrate
ISOCAL
ISONIAZID
Isoniazid
ISOPROTERENOL
Isoproterenol
ISOPTIN
Isoptin
Isordil
x
ISOPTO HOMATROPINE
Isopto
Homatropine
IsoptoTears
x
ISOPTOTEARS
IsoptoTears
x
Isopto
Homatropine
x
x
IMDUR
x
x
Inderal
Isordil
x
Isoptin
Isordil
x
Zestril
Isosorb 2000
x
Iodosorb
ISORDIL
Isordil
x
Isordil
ISOSORB 2000
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
Indapamide
Isoniazid
x
x
x
x
x
Isosorbide
Mononitrate
Isotretinoin
87
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE
Isosorbide
Mononitrate
Isosorbide
Mononitrate
Isoproterenol
x
x
x
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
x
x
x
Isosorbide
Dinitrate
x
x
Indapamide
Isuprel
x
Inderal
Itraconazole
x
Fluconazole
ISOTRETINOIN
Isotretinoin
ISRADIPINE
Isradipine
ISUPREL
ITRACONAZOLE
JANTOVEN
Jantoven
Orvaten
x
K-DUR
K-Dur
x
Kayexalate
x
IMDUR
K-Dur
x
K Phos
x
PhosLo
K-Phos Neutral
x
Neutra-Phos-K
Kaletra
x
K PHOS
K-PHOS NEUTRAL
KALETRA
Kaletra
Keppra
x
Levitra
x
KAOPECTATE
Kaopectate
x
Kayexalate
x
x
x
Kayexalate
KAYEXALATE
Kayexalate
Kayexalate
88
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Carafate
K-Dur
x
x
x
x
Kaopectate
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Keflex
x
x
Keflex
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
KEFLEX
Keflex
Keppra
Ketek
Valtrex
x
KEFZOL
Kefzol
Cefzil
x
KENALOG
Kenalog
x
Ketorolac
Kenalog
x
Mycolog II
KEPPRA
Keppra
x
x
Kaletra
Keppra
x
x
Keflex
KERLONE
Kerlone
x
Ketorolac
KETEK
Ketek
Keflex
x
KETOCONAZOLE
Ketoconazole
x
Ketoprofen
Ketoprofen
x
Ketoconazole
Ketorolac
x
Kenalog
KETOPROFEN
KETOROLAC
Ketorolac
x
Klonopin
x
Kwell
x
Kerlone
KLONOPIN
x
x
x
Clonidine
KWELL
Qwell
89
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
LABETALOL
Labetalol
x
Albuterol
Labetalol
x
x
Atenolol
Labetalol
x
x
Carbatrol
Labetalol
x
Felbatol
Labetalol
x
x
x
x
Lamictal
Labetalol
x
x
x
x
Lamotrigine
Labetalol
Labetalol
Labetalol
Lipitor
x
x
x
x
x
Lopressor
x
x
x
x
Metoprolol
Tartrate
Labetalol
x
Tegretol
Lac-Hydrin
x
Lotrimin
Lactaid
x
x
Lactinex
Lactinex
x
x
Lactaid
Lactinex
x
Lactulose
Lactinex
x
Lamictal
Lactulose
x
Lactinex
Lamictal
x
Geocillin
LAC-HYDRIN
LACTAID
LACTINEX
LACTULOSE
LAMICTAL
Lamictal
x
Lamictal
Lamictal
x
x
x
Labetalol
Lactinex
x
x
x
x
Lamisil
Lamictal
x
x
x
Lomotil
Lamictal
x
x
Loxitane
LAMISIL
Lamisil
x
x
x
x
Lamictal
x
Efavirenz
LAMIVUDINE
Lamivudine
x
Lamivudine
x
Lamivudine
90
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Lamotrigine
x
Zidovudine
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
x
x
x
Lamivudine
x
Levetiracetam
x
Levothyroxine
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
LAMOTRIGINE
Lamotrigine
Lamotrigine
Lamotrigine
Labetalol
Lamotrigine
x
Lanacane
x
Lanolin
Lanolin
x
Lanacane
Lanoxin
x
Lasix
Lanoxin
x
x
Levaquin
Lanoxin
x
x
Levothyroxine
x
x
Levoxyl
LANACANE
LANOLIN
LANOXIN
Lanoxin
Lanoxin
x
Lanoxin
x
Levsin
x
Lomotil
Lanoxin
Lotensin
x
Lanoxin
Lovenox
x
LANSOPRAZOLE
Lansoprazole
x
Lansoprazole
Aripiprazole
x
Lansoprazole
Esomeprazole
Magnesium
x
x
Latanoprost
Lansoprazole
x
x
x
x
Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
x
x
x
Rabeprazole
Lantus
x
x
x
Latanoprost
Lantus
x
x
x
Xalatan
x
Zaroxolyn
LANTUS
LARIAM
Lariam
LASIX
Lasix
Lasix
Lanoxin
x
x
x
x
Lovenox
91
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
LATANOPROST
Latanoprost
x
Bimatoprost
Latanoprost
x
Lansoprazole
x
Lantus
Latanoprost
x
Loteprednol
Letrozole
x
Anastrozole
Latanoprost
x
x
LETROZOLE
LEUCOVORIN
Leucovorin
Leukeran
x
Leucovorin
x
Leukeran
x
Levothyroxine
LEUKERAN
Leukeran
x
x
Alkeran
Leucovorin
LEVAQUIN
Levaquin
x
x
Lanoxin
x
x
Levothyroxine
Levaquin
x
x
Levoxyl
Levaquin
x
Levaquin
x
x
Lovenox
Levaquin
x
x
Tequin
Levaquin
x
Unasyn
Levaquin
x
Warfarin
Levbid
x
Levlite
Levaquin
x
Levsin SL
LEVBID
LEVETIRACETAM
Levetiracetam
x
Levetiracetam
Lamotrigine
x
x
Levocarnitine
Levetiracetam
x
x
x
Levofloxacin
Levitra
x
Kaletra
Levitra
x
Lexiva
LEVITRA
LEVLEN
Levlen
92
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Levlite
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
LEVLITE
Levlite
x
Levlite
x
Levbid
x
Levlen
x
Bupivacaine
LEVOBUPIVACAINE
Levobupivacaine
LEVOCARNITINE
Levocarnitine
x
Levetiracetam
Levodopa
x
Levofloxacin
LEVODOPA
LEVOFLOXACIN
Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin
x
Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin
x
Ciprofloxacin
x
x
Gatifloxacin
x
x
x
x
x
Levetiracetam
Levodopa
x
x
Levothyroxine
Levofloxacin
x
x
Moxifloxacin
Levonorgestrel
x
LEVONORGESTREL
Levothyroxine
LEVONORGESTREL AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Levonorgestrel
and Ethinyl
Estradiol
x
x
Norgestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
Levophed
x
x
Lopressor
Levorphanol
x
LEVOPHED
LEVORPHANOL
Levothyroxine
93
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Levothyroxine
x
x
Amantadine
Levothyroxine
x
x
Digoxin
Levothyroxine
x
x
Lamotrigine
Levothyroxine
x
x
Lanoxin
LEVOTHYROXINE
Levothyroxine
x
Leucovorin
Levothyroxine
x
x
x
Levaquin
Levothyroxine
x
x
x
Levofloxacin
Levothyroxine
x
Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine
Levonorgestrel
x
x
Levorphanol
x
x
Liothyronine
Levoxyl
x
x
Lanoxin
Levoxyl
x
x
Levaquin
LEVOXYL
LEVSIN
Levsin
x
Lanoxin
x
Levsinex
Timecaps
Levsin SL
x
Levaquin
Levsinex
Timecaps
x
x
Levsin
LEVSIN SL
LEVSINEX TIMECAPS
Levsin
LEXAPRO
Lexapro
Lexapro
x
x
Bextra
x
Celexa
LEXIVA
Lexiva
Levitra
x
LEXXEL
Lexxel
Lomotil
x
LIBRAX
Librax
x
x
x
Librium
Librium
x
x
x
Librax
x
Limbitrol
LIBRIUM
Librium
94
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
Efudex
x
Bupivacaine
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
LIDEX
Lidex
LIDOCAINE
Lidocaine
Lidocaine
x
Linezolid
Lidoderm
x
Nicoderm CQ
LIDODERM
LIMBITROL
Limbitrol
x
Librium
LINDANE
Lindane
x
Lodine
Linezolid
x
Lidocaine
Linezolid
x
Lisinopril
Lioresal
x
x
Lotensin
x
x
Levothyroxine
LINEZOLID
LIORESAL
LIOTHYRONINE
Liothyronine
x
LIPITOR
Lipitor
x
Lipitor
x
Lipitor
x
Lopid
Lipitor
x
Lortab
Lipitor
x
x
Mevacor
Lipitor
x
x
Zocor
Labetalol
x
Lisinopril
95
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Lisinopril
x
x
x
Lisinopril
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
LISINOPRIL
Lisinopril
Lisinopril
x
x
Benazepril
x
Enalapril
x
Famotidine
x
Fosinopril
Lisinopril
x
Lisinopril
x
x
Lipitor
x
x
Losartan
x
x
Lisinopril
x
Lisinopril
Linezolid
x
Lovastatin
x
x
Monopril
Lisinopril
x
x
Quinapril
Lisinopril
x
x
Restoril
Lisinopril
x
Risperdal
Lisinopril
x
Verapamil
Lisinopril
x
LISINOPRIL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Lisinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Lisinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
x
Lithium Carbonate
x
Benazepril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Fosinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
LITHIUM CARBONATE
x
Chlordiazepoxide
LODINE
Lodine
x
x
Iodine
Lodine
x
Lindane
Lodosyn
x
Lotensin
LODOSYN
LOESTRIN
Loestrin
x
x
x
Loestrin Fe
Loestrin Fe
x
x
x
Loestrin
LOESTRIN FE
96
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Lomotil
x
x
x
Lomotil
x
Lanoxin
Lomotil
x
Lexxel
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
LOMOTIL
Lomotil
x
x
Lomotil
Lamictal
x
Loperamide
x
Lortab
x
Lotensin
LONITEN
Loniten
Loniten
x
x
x
ProAmatine
x
Furosemide
LOPERAMIDE
Loperamide
x
x
Lomotil
Loperamide
x
x
Lorazepam
Lopid
x
Loperamide
x
LOPID
Lipitor
LOPRESSOR
Lopressor
x
Lopressor
x
x
x
Labetalol
x
x
Levophed
Lopressor
x
x
x
Toprol-XL
Loratadine
x
x
x
Cetirizine
Loratadine
x
x
x
Desloratadine
Loratadine
x
x
Lorazepam
Loratadine
x
Loratadine
x
x
Lovastatin
x
x
Ranitidine
Hydrochloride
LORATADINE
Loratadine
Lortab
97
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Lorazepam
x
x
x
x
Lorazepam
x
x
x
Clonazepam
Lorazepam
x
x
x
Diazepam
x
x
Loperamide
x
x
Loratadine
x
x
Midazolam
LORAZEPAM
Lorazepam
Lorazepam
Lorazepam
x
Alprazolam
Lorazepam
x
Oxazepam
Lorazepam
x
x
Temazepam
Lorazepam
x
x
Zolpidem
Lorcet
x
Lortab
Lorcet
x
Percocet
Lorcet
x
Ultracet
LORCET
LORTAB
Lortab
Lipitor
x
Lortab
x
Lortab
x
Lortab
Lomotil
Loratadine
x
Lorcet
x
x
Lotrel
x
x
Lisinopril
Losartan
x
x
Lovastatin
Losartan
x
Valsartan
x
Irbesartan and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Lortab
LOSARTAN
Losartan
x
LOSARTAN AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Losartan and
Hydrochlorothiazide
LOTENSIN
Lotensin
Lotensin
x
Lotensin
x
Lotensin
x
Lotensin
98
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
x
Lanoxin
x
Lioresal
Lodosyn
x
Loniten
Lovastatin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
LOTEPREDNOL
Loteprednol
x
Latanoprost
x
Lortab
LOTREL
Lotrel
x
Lotrimin
x
Lotrimin
x
x
Lotrisone
Lotrisone
x
x
Lotrimin
Lovastatin
x
x
Atorvastatin
Lovastatin
x
x
Lovastatin
x
x
Loratadine
Lovastatin
x
x
Losartan
Lovastatin
x
x
Lotensin
Lovastatin
x
x
Lovenox
Lovastatin
x
LOTRIMIN
Lac-Hydrin
LOTRISONE
LOVASTATIN
Lovastatin
x
x
x
Lisinopril
Pravastatin
x
Simvastatin
LOVENOX
Lovenox
Lovenox
Lanoxin
x
x
x
Lasix
Lovenox
x
x
Levaquin
Lovenox
x
x
Lovastatin
Lovenox
x
x
Loxitane
x
Lumigan
x
x
x
Luvox
LOXITANE
Lamictal
LUMIGAN
Alphagan
x
LUNESTA
Lunesta
x
Neulasta
x
LUPRON DEPOT
Lupron Depot
x
x
x
Depo-Provera
99
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
LUVOX
Luvox
Vioxx
x
Luvox
x
x
M-M-R II
x
x
Meruvax II
x
x
Maalox Total
Stomach Relief
x
x
MiraLax
x
x
x
x
Macrodantin
x
Micro-K
x
Mucobid LA
x
Lovenox
M-M-R II
MAALOX
Maalox
Maalox
MAALOX TOTAL STOMACH RELIEF
Maalox Total
Stomach Relief
Maalox
MACROBID
Macrobid
x
Macrobid
Macrobid
Macrobid
Nitro-Bid
x
MACRODANTIN
Macrodantin
x
x
x
Macrobid
x
x
Megace
x
x
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Magnesium Oxide
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
Magnesium
Sulfate
x
Morphine Sulfate
MARCAINE
Marcaine
x
Sensorcaine
Marinol
x
Maxzide
MARINOL
MAVIK
Mavik
x
Plavix
Maxalt
x
Paxil
MAXALT
MAXAQUIN
Maxaquin
100
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Maxipime
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
Cefotaxime
x
x
Ceftazidime
x
Maxaquin
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
MAXIPIME
Maxipime
Maxipime
Maxipime
MAXITROL
Maxitrol
x
Metipranolol
MAXZIDE
Maxzide
x
Maxzide
Maxzide
x
Maxzide
x
x
x
Marinol
x
Meclizine
Minizide
x
MEBARAL
Mebaral
Mellaril
x
MEBENDAZOLE
Mebendazole
x
Metronidazole
MECLIZINE
Meclizine
x
x
Hydroxyzine
Hydrochloride
x
x
x
Maxzide
x
x
x
Methylprednisolone
x
x
Magnesium Oxide
Megestrol
x
Mesalamine
Mellaril
x
Mebaral
Meclizine
MEDROXYPROGESTERONE
Medroxyprogesterone
MEGACE
Megace
MEGESTROL
MELLARIL
MELOXICAM
Meloxicam
x
x
x
Molindone
MELPHALAN
Melphalan
x
Myleran
x
Amlodipine
MEMANTINE
Memantine
x
Memantine
x
Mesalamine
Memantine
x
Methimazole
101
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
x
x
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
MENACTRA
Menactra
Menomune
MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE
Meningococcal
Conjugate Vaccine
Menomune
x
MENINGOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
Meningococcal
Polysaccharide
Vaccine
Pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine
x
MENOMUNE
Menomune
x
Menomune
x
Menactra
x
Meningococcal
Conjugate Vaccine
MEPERIDINE
Meperidine
x
x
Methadone
Meperidine
x
x
Morphine Sulfate
Mephyton
x
Coumadin
x
Methotrexate
Meribin
x
Meridia
Meridia
x
Meribin
MEPHYTON
MERCAPTOPURINE
Mercaptopurine
x
MERIBIN
MERIDIA
MEROPENEM
Meropenem
x
Ertapenem
Meropenem
x
Metronidazole
Meropenem
x
Meruvax II
x
Midazolam
MERUVAX II
x
M-M-R II
x
Megestrol
MESALAMINE
Mesalamine
Mesalamine
x
Mesalamine
x
102
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Memantine
x
Metaxalone
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
MESTINON
Mestinon
x
Mexitil
x
Mesalamine
METAXALONE
Metaxalone
x
Metaxalone
x
Methimazole
Metformin
x
x
x
x
Methocarbamol
Metformin
x
x
x
x
Metronidazole
METFORMIN
METHADONE
Methadone
x
Dexamethasone
Methadone
x
Meperidine
Methadone
x
Methadone
Methimazole
x
Methylin
Methadone
x
x
Methylphenidate
Methadone
x
x
Metolazone
Methadone
x
x
Morphine Sulfate
Methamphetamine
x
METHAMPHETAMINE
Methylphenidate
METHAZOLAMIDE
Methazolamide
x
x
Acetazolamide
Methazolamide
x
x
Methimazole
Methenamine
Hippurate
x
Methenamine
Mandelate
Methenamine
Mandelate
x
Methenamine
Hippurate
x
METHENAMINE
HIPPURATE
METHENAMINE
MANDELATE
METHERGINE
Methergine
Methergine
x
x
Brethine
x
Metolazone
103
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
METHIMAZOLE
Methimazole
Methimazole
x
x
Methimazole
Methimazole
Memantine
Metaxalone
x
x
x
Methimazole
Methadone
x
Methazolamide
x
Methimazole
Misoprostol
x
x
x
Metolazone
x
x
x
Metformin
METHOCARBAMOL
Methocarbamol
x
Methocarbamol
Methocarbamol
x
x
Methocarbamol
Metoclopramide
x
x
Metronidazole
x
x
Nabumetone
METHOTREXATE
Methotrexate
Methotrexate
x
x
x
x
Methotrexate
Methotrexate
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
x
x
Metolazone
x
Metronidazole
Mercaptopurine
Methotrexate
x
Methotrexate
x
Minoxidil
Mitoxantrone
METHYLERGONOVINE
Methylergonovine
x
Methylergonovine
x
Methylprednisolone
Methysergide
Maleate
x
METHYLIN
Methylin
x
Methadone
x
Methadone
METHYLPHENIDATE
Methylphenidate
x
Methylphenidate
x
Methamphetamine
METHYLPREDNISOLONE
Methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone
x
Methylprednisolone
x
Methylprednisolone
104
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Dexamethasone
x
x
Medroxyprogesterone
x
Methylergonovine
x
Prednisolone
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE
Methylprednisolone
Acetate
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
METHYLPREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
Hydrocortisone
Sodium Succinate
Methotrexate
x
x
x
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
x
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
x
Methylprednisolone
Sodium Succinate
x
x
Metoclopramide
Metronidazole
Prednisolone
Sodium Phosphate
x
METHYSERGIDE MALEATE
Methysergide
Maleate
Methylergonovine
x
METIPRANOLOL
Metipranolol
Maxitrol
x
METOCLOPRAMIDE
Metoclopramide
x
Metoclopramide
x
Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide
Methocarbamol
x
x
x
Metolazone
x
x
x
Metoprolol
Tartrate
x
x
x
Metoclopramide
x
Metolazone
x
Metolazone
x
Metolazone
x
x
x
Metronidazole
METOLAZONE
x
Methadone
Methergine
x
Methimazole
Metolazone
x
x
x
Methotrexate
Metolazone
x
x
x
Metoclopramide
105
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Metoprolol
Tartrate
x
x
x
x
Metoprolol
Tartrate
x
x
x
x
x
Error, Death
Category I
METOPROLOL TARTRATE
Metoprolol
Tartrate
Labetalol
Metoclopramide
Mirtazapine
Toprol-XL
Metoprolol
Tartrate
x
x
x
MetroGel
x
x
x
MetroGel-Vaginal
MetroGel-Vaginal
x
x
x
MetroGel
Metronidazole
x
x
Fluconazole
Metronidazole
x
x
METROGEL
METROGEL-VAGINAL
METRONIDAZOLE
Metronidazole
Mebendazole
x
Meropenem
Metronidazole
x
x
x
Metronidazole
x
x
x
Methocarbamol
x
Methotrexate
Metronidazole
Metronidazole
Metronidazole
Metronidazole
Metformin
x
x
x
x
x
x
Miconazole
x
Omeprazole
x
Potassium
Chloride
Metronidazole
Metronidazole
x
x
x
Metoclopramide
METYRAPONE
Metyrapone
x
Metyrosine
Metyrosine
x
Metyrapone
Mevacor
x
METYROSINE
MEVACOR
x
Lipitor
x
Mestinon
MEXITIL
Mexitil
MIACALCIN
Miacalcin
106
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Mupirocin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Micardis
x
x
Micardis HCT
Micardis HCT
x
x
Micardis
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
MICARDIS
MICARDIS HCT
MICONAZOLE
Miconazole
x
x
Clotrimazole
Miconazole
x
x
Metronidazole
Miconazole
x
Terazol
MICRO-K
Micro-K
x
Macrobid
x
x
Midodrine
MIDAMOR
Midamor
MIDAZOLAM
Midazolam
x
x
x
Diazepam
Midazolam
x
x
x
Lorazepam
Midazolam
x
Meropenem
Midodrine
x
x
Midamor
x
x
Minoxidil
MIDODRINE
Midodrine
x
Mifeprex
x
MIFEPREX
Mirapex
MINIPRESS
Minipress
x
Minoxidil
x
Mirapex
Minipress
x
Minizide
x
Maxzide
Minocin
x
Minoxidil
Minocycline
x
Doxycycline
MINIZIDE
MINOCIN
MINOCYCLINE
107
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
Midodrine
x
Minipress
MINOXIDIL
Minoxidil
Minoxidil
x
Minoxidil
Minoxidil
x
Minoxidil
x
Methotrexate
Minocin
x
Monopril
MIRALAX
MiraLax
Atarax
x
MiraLax
Maalox
x
x
Mirapex
x
x
Minipress
Mirapex
x
x
Permax
x
x
Metoprolol
Tartrate
x
x
Temazepam
x
Methimazole
x
Mitoxantrone
MIRAPEX
Mirapex
Mifeprex
x
MIRTAZAPINE
Mirtazapine
Mirtazapine
MISOPROSTOL
Misoprostol
MITOMYCIN
Mitomycin
x
MITOXANTRONE
Mitoxantrone
x
Mitoxantrone
x
Methotrexate
Mitoxantrone
x
Moban
x
x
x
Mobic
Mobic
x
x
x
Moban
Molindone
x
x
x
Meloxicam
Mometasone
x
x
x
Mitomycin
Mutamycin
MOBAN
MOBIC
MOLINDONE
MOMETASONE
108
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Fluticasone
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
MONOPRIL
Monopril
x
Lisinopril
Monopril
x
Monopril
x
Monurol
Monopril
x
Plendil
Monopril
x
Minoxidil
x
x
Prinivil
Monopril
x
x
Zestril
Monurol
x
x
MONUROL
Monopril
MORPHINE SULFATE
Morphine Sulfate
Morphine Sulfate
x
x
x
x
Hydromorphone
x
Magnesium
Sulfate
Morphine Sulfate
x
x
Morphine Sulfate
x
x
Methadone
x
x
OxyContin
x
x
Ciprofloxacin
x
Gatifloxacin
x
x
Levofloxacin
x
x
MSIR
x
Morphine Sulfate
x
x
Meperidine
MOXIFLOXACIN
Moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin
MS CONTIN
MS Contin
x
MS Contin
x
OxyContin
MS Contin
x
Roxanol
MS Contin
x
Roxicodone
x
MS Contin
MSIR
x
Oxy IR
MSIR
x
Roxicodone
x
Mucomyst
x
Macrobid
MSIR
MSIR
x
x
MUCINEX
Mucinex
x
x
MUCOBID LA
Mucobid LA
109
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Mucomyst
x
x
x
Mucinex
Mupirocin
x
x
x
Bacitracin
MUCOMYST
MUPIROCIN
Mupirocin
x
Cortisporin
Mupirocin
x
Miacalcin
Mutamycin
x
Mitoxantrone
MUTAMYCIN
MYCOLOG II
Mycolog II
x
Kenalog
Mycolog II
x
Mycostatin
MYCOSTATIN
Mycostatin
Mycolog II
x
MYLERAN
Myleran
x
Melphalan
MYOZYME
Myozyme
Fabrazyme
x
NABUMETONE
Nabumetone
x
x
Methocarbamol
Nadolol
x
Haldol
x
Haloperidol
Nadolol
x
Nateglinide
Nadolol
x
Propranolol
Nadolol
x
Sotalol
Nafcillin
x
NADOLOL
Nadolol
x
NAFCILLIN
Nafcillin
Nafcillin
Nafcillin
x
x
Ampicillin
x
Ampicillin and
Sulbactam
x
Oxacillin
x
Piperacillin and
Tazobactam
x
Nystatin
NAFTIFINE
Naftifine
110
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
NALBUPHINE
Nalbuphine
Naloxone
NALMEFENE
Nalmefene
x
Naloxone
NALOXONE
Naloxone
x
Naloxone
x
x
x
Nalbuphine
Nalmefene
NAMENDA
Namenda
x
Amatine
NAPHAZOLINE AND ANTAZOLINE
Naphazoline and
Antazoline
Tetrahydrozoline
x
NAPRELAN
Naprelan
x
Naprosyn
Naprosyn
x
Naprelan
NAPROSYN
Naprosyn
x
Neomycin
Naprosyn
x
x
Niacin
Naprosyn
x
x
Niaspan
NAPROXEN
Anaprox
Naproxen
x
Naproxen
x
x
Neomycin
x
x
Niacin
Naproxen
x
NARCAN
Narcan
Narcan
x
x
Norcuron
x
Nubain
NASACORT AQ
Nasacort AQ
x
Nasacort AQ
x
Nasacort AQ
x
Nasacort AQ
x
Azmacort
Nasalcrom
x
Nasalide
x
Nasonex
NASALCROM
Nasalcrom
x
Nasalide
x
Nasacort AQ
NASALIDE
x
Nasacort AQ
111
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
NASONEX
Nasonex
Nasacort AQ
x
NATEGLINIDE
Nateglinide
x
Nadolol
NATRECOR
Natrecor
x
Natrecor
x
Navane
x
x
x
x
Norcuron
Primacor
NAVANE
Navane
x
Artane
x
Norvasc
NEFAZODONE
Nefazodone
x
Nelfinavir
Nefazodone
x
Nevirapine
Nefazodone
x
Nelfinavir
x
x
Trazodone
NELFINAVIR
Nelfinavir
Nelfinavir
Nefazodone
x
Ritonavir
x
Tenofovir
NEMBUTAL
Nembutal
x
Nembutal
Pentothal
x
Thiopental
x
x
Naproxen
x
Naprosyn
x
x
Niacin
x
x
Neomycin,
Polymyxin B, and
Gramicidin
x
x
Neomycin,
Polymyxin B, and
Bacitracin
NEOMYCIN
Neomycin
Neomycin
Neomycin
NEOMYCIN, POLYMYXIN B, AND BACITRACIN
Neomycin,
Polymyxin B, and
Bacitracin
NEOMYCIN, POLYMYXIN B, AND GRAMICIDIN
Neomycin,
Polymyxin B, and
Gramicidin
112
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
NEORAL
Neoral
x
Inderal
Neoral
x
Neurontin
x
Neosporin
Ophthalmic
Solution
NEOSPORIN OINTMENT
Neosporin
Ointment
x
NEOSPORIN OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION
Neosporin
Ophthalmic
Solution
x
Neosporin
Ophthalmic
Solution
x
x
Neo-Synephrine
x
x
x
Cortisporin
Neosporin
Ointment
NEO-SYNEPHRINE
Neo-Synephrine
Epinephrine
x
Epinephrine
Sulfate
Neo-Synephrine
x
Neo-Synephrine
x
x
Nitroprusside
x
x
Norepinephrine
Neo-Synephrine
x
Nitroglycerin
NEPHROCAPS
Nephrocaps
Nephrocaps
x
x
Nepro
x
Neutra-Phos
x
Nephrocaps
NEPRO
Nepro
NESIRITIDE
Nesiritide
x
Nipride
x
Lunesta
NEULASTA
Neulasta
x
Neulasta
x
x
Neumega
Neulasta
x
x
Neupogen
Neumega
x
x
Neulasta
NEUMEGA
113
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Neupogen
x
x
Epogen
Neupogen
x
x
Neulasta
x
Neurontin
x
Dilantin
Neurontin
x
Neoral
Neurontin
x
Neupogen
x
Nitrofurantoin
x
Zarontin
NEUPOGEN
Neupogen
NEURONTIN
Neurontin
x
Neurontin
x
Neurontin
NEUTRA-PHOS
Neutra-Phos
x
Neutra-Phos
x
x
x
x
x
Neutra-Phos-K
Nephrocaps
NEUTRA-PHOS-K
Neutra-Phos-K
Neutra-Phos-K
x
x
x
K-Phos Neutral
x
x
Neutra-Phos
NEVIRAPINE
Nevirapine
x
Nefazodone
Nexavar
x
Nexium
NEXAVAR
NEXIUM
Nexium
Flexium
x
Nexium
x
Nexavar
Nexium
x
Norvasc
Niacin
x
x
Naprosyn
x
x
Naproxen
NIACIN
Niacin
x
Niacin
x
x
Neomycin
Niacin
x
x
Niacin SR
Niacin
x
Niacin
x
x
x
x
Niacinamide
x
Niaspan
Niacin
x
Nicobid
Niacin
x
Nystatin
114
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Niacin SR
x
x
Niacinamide
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
NIACIN SR
Niacin
NIACINAMIDE
x
Niacin
x
Niacin
NIASPAN
Niaspan
x
x
x
x
Nicardipine
x
x
Nicardipine
x
Niaspan
x
Naprosyn
NICARDIPINE
Nicardipine
Nifedipine
x
x
Nimodipine
x
x
Nitroprusside
NICOBID
Nicobid
x
Niacin
Nicoderm CQ
x
Lidoderm
NICODERM CQ
NICOTINE
Nicotine
x
x
x
Nitroglycerin
Nifedipine
x
x
Cardene
Nifedipine
x
x
Nicardipine
Nifedipine
x
Nifedipine
x
Nifedipine
x
Nifedipine
x
x
Nortriptyline
Niferex
x
x
Norflex
NIFEDIPINE
Nisoldipine
x
Nimodipine
Nizatidine
NIFEREX
NIMODIPINE
Nimodipine
x
x
Nimodipine
x
x
x
Nicardipine
Nipride
x
Nesiritide
Nisoldipine
x
Nifedipine
Nifedipine
NIPRIDE
NISOLDIPINE
115
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
NITRO-BID
Nitro-Bid
x
Macrobid
Nitro-Bid
x
Nitro-Dur
Nitro-Dur
x
Nitro-Bid
Nitrofurantoin
x
Nitrofurantoin
x
Nitrofurantoin
x
Nitrofurazone
x
NITRO-DUR
NITROFURANTOIN
Neurontin
x
Nitrofurazone
x
Nitroglycerin
NITROFURAZONE
Nitrofurantoin
NITROGLYCERIN
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
x
x
x
Neo-Synephrine
x
Nicotine
Nitroglycerin
x
x
Nitrofurantoin
Nitroglycerin
x
x
Nitroprusside
Nitroglycerin
x
Nystatin
NITROPRUSSIDE
Nitroprusside
x
x
Neo-Synephrine
Nitroprusside
x
x
Nicardipine
Nitroprusside
x
x
Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside
x
Nizatidine
x
Nifedipine
x
Ranitidine
Hydrochloride
Nizoral
x
Toradol
Nolvadex
x
Norepinephrine
NIZATIDINE
Nizatidine
NIZORAL
NOLVADEX
Nolvadex
x
Flomax
x
Norvasc
x
Norvasc
NORCO
Norco
116
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
NORCURON
Norcuron
Narcan
x
Norcuron
x
Natrecor
NOREPINEPHRINE
Norepinephrine
x
Norepinephrine
x
Norepinephrine
x
Norepinephrine
x
Epinephrine
x
Neo-Synephrine
x
Nitroprusside
x
x
x
x
Phenylephrine
x
x
x
x
x
x
Norethindrone and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
x
Niferex
x
Noroxin
NORETHINDRONE AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Norethindrone
and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Norethindrone and
Mestranol
NORETHINDRONE AND MESTRANOL
Norethindrone
and Mestranol
NORFLEX
Norflex
NORFLOXACIN
Norfloxacin
NORGESTIMATE AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Norgestimate and
Ethinyl Estradiol
Norgestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
NORGESTREL AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Norgestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
Norgestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
Norgestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
x
Desogestrel and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
x
Levonorgestrel
and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Norgestimate and
Ethinyl Estradiol
x
NORINYL
Norinyl
x
x
Nor-QD
x
Normodyne
x
Norpramin
NOROXIN
Noroxin
x
Norfloxacin
x
Norpace CR
NORPACE
Norpace
x
x
117
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
NORPACE CR
Norpace CR
Norpace
NORPRAMIN
Norpramin
x
Norpramin
Normodyne
x
Nortriptyline
x
x
Norinyl
Nortriptyline
x
x
Nortriptyline
x
x
Desipramine
Nortriptyline
x
x
Nifedipine
x
Norpramin
x
x
Altace
x
x
NOR-QD
Nor-QD
x
NORTRIPTYLINE
Nortriptyline
x
Amitriptyline
NORVASC
Norvasc
Norvasc
x
Norvasc
x
Norvasc
Navane
Nexium
x
x
Nolvadex
x
Norco
Norvasc
x
Norvasc
x
Norvasc
x
x
Univasc
Norvasc
x
x
Vasotec
x
Zyrtec
Norvasc
Norvir
NORVIR
Norvir
x
Norvir
x
x
Norvasc
x
x
x
Retrovir
NOVOLIN 70/30
Novolin 70/30
Novolin 70/30
x
Novolin 70/30
Humulin 70/30
x
Novolin 70/30
Novolin 70/30
Humalog Mix
75/25
Humulin R
x
x
x
x
x
x
Novolin R
x
x
x
Novolog Mix
70/30
x
x
x
Novolin R
NOVOLIN GE NPH
Novolin ge NPH
118
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
NOVOLIN N
Novolin N
x
NovoLog
Novolin R
x
Humulin R
NOVOLIN R
Novolin R
x
Novolin R
x
x
x
Novolin 70/30
x
x
x
Novolin ge NPH
Novolin R
x
x
x
x
NovoLog
NovoLog
x
x
x
Humalog
NovoLog
x
x
Humulin R
NovoLog
x
NOVOLOG
NovoLog
Novolin N
x
x
x
x
Novolin R
x
x
x
x
NovoLog Mix
70/30
Novolog Mix
70/30
x
x
Novolog Mix
70/30
x
x
NovoLog
NOVOLOG MIX 70/30
Humalog Mix
75/25
Humulin 70/30
Novolog Mix
70/30
x
x
x
x
Novolog Mix
70/30
x
x
x
x
Nubain
x
x
Novolin 70/30
NovoLog
NUBAIN
Narcan
NUTROPIN
Nutropin
x
Nutropin AQ
Nutropin AQ
x
Nutropin
NuvaRing
x
NUTROPIN AQ
NUVARING
x
Estring
119
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
Dilantin
x
Naftifine
NYSTATIN
Nystatin
Nystatin
Nystatin
x
Niacin
Nystatin
x
Nitroglycerin
Nystatin
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
x
Ocuflox
OCUFEN
Ocufen
x
OCUFLOX
Ocuflox
Ocuflox
x
Acular
x
x
Floxin Otic
Ocufen
Ocuflox
x
x
x
Olanzapine
x
x
x
OLANZAPINE
Olanzapine
x
x
Olanzapine
Clonazepam
x
Olanzapine
Olsalazine
x
Olanzapine
x
Olanzapine
x
Cetirizine
Ondansetron
Quetiapine
x
Sertraline
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL
Olmesartan
Medoxomil
x
Olsalazine
x
Omeprazole
OLSALAZINE
Olanzapine
OMACOR
Omacor
x
Omeprazole
x
Omeprazole
x
x
x
x
Amicar
OMEPRAZOLE
Aripiprazole
x
Omeprazole
x
Omeprazole
Omeprazole
x
Lansoprazole
Metronidazole
Olmesartan
Medoxomil
x
x
x
x
x
Rabeprazole
x
x
Duricef
OMNICEF
Omnicef
120
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
OMNIPAQUE
Omnipaque
x
Omniscan
Omniscan
x
Omnipaque
x
Elspar
OMNISCAN
ONCASPAR
Oncaspar
x
Ondansetron
x
ONDANSETRON
Dolasetron
Ondansetron
x
Granisetron
Ondansetron
x
Olanzapine
OPTINATE
Optinate
(Prenatal vitamin
in U.S.)
x
Optinate
(Risedronate in
other Countries)
Oracea
x
Orencia
Orencia
x
Oracea
ORACEA
ORENCIA
ORTHO-CEPT
Ortho-Cept
x
Ortho-Cyclen
Ortho-Cyclen
x
Ortho-Cept
x
x
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
x
x
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
ORTHO-CYCLEN
Ortho-Cyclen
x
ORTHO EVRA
Ortho Evra
ORTHO-NOVUM
Ortho-Novum
x
x
x
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
x
x
x
Ortho-Cyclen
x
x
Ortho Evra
x
x
x
Ortho-Novum
x
x
x
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
LO
x
x
x
ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN LO
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
LO
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
121
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ORVATEN
Orvaten
x
Jantoven
Os-Cal
x
Os-Cal
x
Os-Cal
x
x
Os-Cal D
Os-Cal D
x
x
Os-Cal
Oxacillin
x
Ampicillin
Oxacillin
x
Cefazolin
x
Nafcillin
OS-CAL
x
Asacol
Isocal
OS-CAL D
OXACILLIN
Oxacillin
Oxacillin
x
Penicillin G
Potassium
x
OXANDRIN
Oxandrin
x
Oxandrin
x
Oxandrolone
x
x
Oxazepam
Oxandrolone
x
x
Oxycodone
Oxaprozin
x
Oxcarbazepine
Oxaprozin
x
Oxybutynin
x
OxyContin
Prandin
OXANDROLONE
OXAPROZIN
OXAZEPAM
Oxazepam
x
Oxazepam
x
Oxazepam
x
Diazepam
Lorazepam
x
Oxandrolone
Oxazepam
x
Oxycodone
Oxazepam
x
Temazepam
x
Carbamazepine
OXCARBAZEPINE
Oxcarbazepine
x
Oxcarbazepine
x
122
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Oxaprozin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
OXYBUTYNIN
Oxybutynin
x
Oxaprozin
Oxybutynin
x
x
Oxybutynin
x
x
OxyContin
Oxybutynin
x
x
Tolterodine
Oxycodone
x
x
Oxandrolone
x
Oxazepam
x
Oxycodone
OXYCODONE
Oxycodone
Oxycodone
x
x
x
Oxybutynin
Oxycodone
x
Oxycodone
x
x
Roxanol
Oxycodone
x
x
Roxicet
Oxytocin
OXYCODONE AND ACETAMINOPHEN
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
Cleocin
x
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
x
x
x
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
x
x
x
Oxycodone and
Aspirin
Oxycodone and
Aspirin
x
x
x
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
OxyContin
x
x
x
Morphine Sulfate
OxyContin
x
x
MS Contin
OxyContin
x
x
Oxandrin
OxyContin
x
x
Oxybutynin
OxyContin
x
Roxicodone
Oxy IR
x
MSIR
x
OXYCODONE AND ASPIRIN
OXYCONTIN
OXY IR
OXYTOCIN
Oxytocin
x
Oxytocin
x
Oxycodone
x
Vasopressin
OXYTROL
Oxytrol
x
Oxytrol
x
Roxanol
x
Uroxatral
123
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
PACERONE
Pacerone
x
Paclitaxel
x
Pancrease MT 20
PACLITAXEL
x
Docetaxel
PALLADONE
Palladone
(Hydromorphone
in U.S.)
x
x
Pallidone
(Methadone in
New Zealand)
Pallidone
(Methadone in
New Zealand)
x
x
Palladone
(Hydromorphone
in U.S.)
Pamelor
x
Panlor DC
Pamelor
x
Panlor SS
PALLIDONE
PAMELOR
PAMIDRONATE
Pamidronate
x
Papaverine
PANCREASE
Pancrease
x
Pentasa
Pancrease MT 20
x
Pacerone
Pancuronium
x
PANCREASE MT 20
PANCURONIUM
x
Pancuronium
Vecuronium
x
Protonix
PANGESTYME
Pangestyme
x
Pentasa
PANLOR DC
Panlor DC
x
Pamelor
Panlor SS
x
Pamelor
PANLOR SS
PANTOPRAZOLE
x
x
Paroxetine
Pantoprazole
Pantoprazole
x
x
Pravachol
Pantoprazole
x
x
Pravastatin
Pantoprazole
x
x
Propranolol
124
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PAPAVERINE
Papaverine
x
Pamidronate
Papaverine
x
Parafon Forte DSC
x
Pavulon
PARAFON FORTE DSC
x
Profen Forte
Paricalcitol
x
Calcitriol
Parlodel
x
Pindolol
Parlodel
x
Plendil
PARICALCITOL
PARLODEL
PAROXETINE
Paroxetine
x
x
Famotidine
Paroxetine
x
x
Feldene
Paroxetine
x
x
x
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
x
x
x
Pantoprazole
Paroxetine
x
x
Piroxicam
Paroxetine
x
Pravachol
x
Prednisolone
Acetate
Pavulon
x
Papaverine
Paxil
x
Maxalt
PATANOL
Patanol
PAVULON
PAXIL
Paxil
x
x
x
Paxil CR
Paxil
x
x
x
Plavix
Paxil
Pravachol
x
Paxil
x
Prilosec
Paxil
x
Prinivil
Paxil
x
x
x
Protonix
Paxil
x
x
x
Prozac
Paxil CR
x
x
x
Paxil
x
Pediazole
PAXIL CR
PEDIAPRED
Pediapred
125
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
PEDIARIX
Pediarix
Pediarix
Boostrix
x
Engerix-B
x
Pediarix
x
Infanrix
Pediazole
x
Pediapred
x
Asparaginase
x
Penicillin
PEDIAZOLE
PEGASPARGASE
Pegaspargase
x
PENICILLAMINE
Penicillamine
Penicillamine
Penicillamine
x
x
Penicillin G
Benzathine
x
Penicillin V
Potassium
x
Penicillamine
PENICILLIN
Penicillin
PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE
Penicillin G
Benzathine
Penicillin G
Benzathine
x
x
x
Penicillamine
Penicillin G
Procaine
PENICILLIN G POTASSIUM
Penicillin G
Potassium
Oxacillin
x
PENICILLIN G PROCAINE
Penicillin G
Procaine
x
x
Penicillin G
Benzathine
PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Penicillin G
Sodium
x
Ampicillin
PENICILLIN V POTASSIUM
Penicillin V
Potassium
x
Pentasa
x
x
Penicillamine
PENTASA
Pentasa
126
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pancrease
x
Pangestyme
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PENTOBARBITAL
Pentobarbital
Phenobarbital
PENTOTHAL
Pentothal
x
Nembutal
PEPCID
Pepcid
x
Pepcid
x
Prevacid
x
Prinivil
PERCOCET
Percocet
x
x
x
Darvocet-N
x
x
Fioricet
x
Lorcet
x
Percodan
Percocet
x
Prevacid
Percocet
x
Ultracet
x
Percocet
Percocet
x
Percocet
Percocet
Percocet
x
x
x
Darvocet
x
PERCODAN
Percodan
x
x
PERGOLIDE MESYLATE
Pergolide
Mesylate
Ergoloid
Mesylates
x
PERI-COLACE
Peri-Colace
x
Periactin
x
Perphenazine
Peridex
x
PHisoHex
x
Colace
PERIACTIN
PERIDEX
PERIOGARD
PerioGard
x
PerioMed
PerioMed
x
PerioGard
x
x
Mirapex
x
x
Pimecrolimus
PERIOMED
PERMAX
Permax
PERMETHRIN
Permethrin
x
127
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
PERPHENAZINE
Perphenazine
x
Chlorpromazine
Perphenazine
x
Periactin
Perphenazine
x
Promethazine
PHENAZOPYRIDINE
Phenazopyridine
x
Phenazopyridine
x
Phenazopyridine
Cyclobenzaprine
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
Phenazopyridine
x
x
x
Prochlorperazine
Phenazopyridine
x
x
x
Promethazine
Phenazopyridine
x
x
Pyridoxine
Phenergan
x
x
Compazine
Phenergan
x
x
Phenobarbital
Phenergan
x
Phenobarbital
x
x
Phenobarbital
x
x
x
x
Pentobarbital
x
Phenazopyridine
PHENERGAN
Phenylephrine
PHENOBARBITAL
Phenobarbital
x
Phenergan
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
PHENOXYBENZAMINE
Phenoxybenzamine
PHENTOLAMINE
PHENYLEPHRINE
Phentolamine
x
Phenylephrine
x
x
x
x
Phenylephrine
x
Phenylephrine
Epinephrine
x
Norepinephrine
Phenylephrine
x
Phenergan
Phenylephrine
x
Phentolamine
PHENYLEPHRINE AND GUAIFENESIN
Phenylephrine
and Guaifenesin
128
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Pseudoephedrine
and Guaifenesin
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PHENYTOIN SODIUM
Phenytoin Sodium
x
Feldene
Fluconazole
Phenytoin Sodium
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
Phytonadione
PHisoHex
x
Peridex
PhosLo
x
K Phos
Physostigmine
x
Phytonadione
x
Coumadin
Phytonadione
x
Phenytoin Sodium
x
Fosphenytoin
Nystatin
Phenazopyridine
x
x
Phenobarbital
PHISOHEX
PHOSLO
PHYSOSTIGMINE
x
Pyridostigmine
PHYTONADIONE
PILOCARPINE
Pilocarpine
x
Proparacaine
x
Permethrin
PIMECROLIMUS
Pimecrolimus
x
Pimecrolimus
x
x
Tacrolimus
PINDOLOL
Pindolol
Pindolol
x
Pioglitazone
x
x
Parlodel
x
Plendil
PIOGLITAZONE
Rosiglitazone
PIPERACILLIN
Piperacillin
Piperacillin
x
x
Ampicillin
Ticarcillin
PIPERACILLIN AND TAZOBACTAM
Piperacillin and
Tazobactam
x
Pirbuterol
x
Nafcillin
PIRBUTEROL
Albuterol
129
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Piroxicam
x
x
Paroxetine
Pitocin
x
x
Pitressin
Pitressin
x
x
Pitocin
Plaquenil
x
Platinol
Plaquenil
x
Pravachol
Plaquenil
x
Provigil
Platinol
x
Plaquenil
Plavix
x
Mavik
PIROXICAM
PITOCIN
PITRESSIN
PLAQUENIL
PLATINOL
PLAVIX
Plavix
x
x
Paxil
x
Plavix
x
Plendil
Plavix
x
Pletal
Plavix
x
Plendil
x
Flexeril
Plendil
x
Monopril
Protonix
x
PLENDIL
Plendil
Plendil
x
Plendil
Plendil
x
Parlodel
x
Pindolol
Plavix
x
x
x
Pletal
x
Plendil
x
Plendil
x
x
Prinivil
x
Proscar
Plendil
x
x
Pletal
x
x
Prandin
PLETAL
Pletal
x
Pletal
x
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Clozaril
Plavix
x
Pletal
130
x
x
Plendil
Prinivil
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE
Pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine
Meningococcal
Polysaccharide
Vaccine
x
Pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine
Pneumococcal
Vaccine Polyvalent
x
x
x
Pneumococcal
Vaccine
Polyvalent
x
x
x
Pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine
Pneumovax 23
x
x
x
Prevnar
x
x
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE POLYVALENT
PNEUMOVAX 23
POLYCITRA-K
Polycitra-K
Potassium Citrate
and Citric Acid
POLYSPORIN OPHTHALMIC OINTMENT
Polysporin
Ophthalmic
Ointment
x
Polytrim
POLYTRIM
Polytrim
x
Polysporin
Ophthalmic
Ointment
POLY-VI-FLOR
Poly-Vi-Flor
x
x
Poly-Vi-Sol
Poly-Vi-Sol
x
x
Poly-Vi-Flor
Poly-Vi-Sol
x
POLY-VI-SOL
Tri-Vi-Flor
POTASSIUM ACETATE
Potassium
Acetate
x
x
x
Potassium
Chloride
x
x
Potassium
Chloride
POTASSIUM BICARBONATE
Potassium
Bicarbonate
131
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Potassium
Chloride
x
x
Potassium
Chloride
x
x
x
x
x
x
Potassium
Phosphates
x
x
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Phosphates
x
x
Sodium
Phosphates
Prandin
x
x
Avandia
Prandin
x
Oxandrin
Prandin
x
Plendil
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Chloride
x
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Chloride
x
Metronidazole
Potassium Acetate
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Potassium Citrate
Potassium
Phosphates
Sodium Chloride
POTASSIUM CITRATE
Potassium Citrate
x
Potassium
Chloride
POTASSIUM CITRATE AND CITRIC ACID
Potassium Citrate
and Citric Acid
Polycitra-K
POTASSIUM PHOSPHATES
PRANDIN
Prandin
x
Prednisone
x
Pantoprazole
PRAVACHOL
Pravachol
x
Pravachol
x
Paroxetine
Pravachol
x
Paxil
Pravachol
Pravachol
Plaquenil
x
x
x
Pravachol
x
Prevacid
x
Prinivil
Pravachol
x
x
Pravachol
x
x
132
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Propranolol
Protonix
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Pravastatin
x
x
Pravastatin
x
Pravastatin
x
x
Pravastatin
x
x
Pravastatin
x
x
Simvastatin
Prazosin
x
x
Doxazosin
x
x
x
Prednisone
x
ProSom
Prazosin
x
x
x
Terazosin
Precedex
x
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PRAVASTATIN
Atorvastatin
Lovastatin
Pantoprazole
x
Propranolol
PRAZOSIN
Prazosin
Prazosin
PRECEDEX
Cerebyx
PREDNISOLONE
Prednisolone
x
PREDNISOLONE ACETATE
Prednisolone
Acetate
x
Prednisolone
Acetate
x
x
Fluorometholone
Patanol
PREDNISOLONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE
Prednisolone
Sodium
Phosphate
x
133
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
Deltasone
x
x
Hydrocortisone
x
Prandin
PREDNISONE
Prednisone
Prednisone
Prednisone
Prednisone
x
x
x
Prednisone
x
Prednisone
x
x
x
x
Prednisone
x
Prednisone
x
Prednisone
x
Prednisone
x
Prednisone
Prednisone
x
Prazosin
Prevacid
x
Prilosec
x
x
x
x
Primidone
Prochlorperazine
Promethazine
Propranolol
x
Pyridoxine
x
Trazodone
PREDNISONE INTENSOL
Prednisone
Intensol
x
Prelone
x
Prelone
PRELONE
Prelone
Deltasone
x
Prednisone
Intensol
x
Prelone
Prilosec
x
Prelone
x
Prozac
PREMARIN
Premarin
x
Premarin
x
x
Prempro
Remeron
x
PREMPHASE
Premphase
x
x
x
Prempro
Prempro
x
x
x
Premarin
Prempro
x
x
x
Premphase
Prempro
x
PREMPRO
Prempro
134
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Provera
x
ReoPro
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
Pepcid
x
Percocet
x
Pravachol
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PREVACID
Prevacid
Prevacid
Prevacid
x
Prevacid
Prevacid
x
x
x
x
Prevacid
x
Prevacid
x
Prevacid
x
x
x
Prednisone
x
Prilosec
Primaxin
Prinivil
x
Procardia XL
PREVACID NAPRAPAC
Prevacid
NapraPAC
Prevpac
x
PREVNAR
Prevnar
x
x
x
Pneumovax 23
PREVPAC
Prevpac
x
Prevacid
NapraPAC
Prevpac
x
Propac
Prevpac
x
Propecia
x
Paxil
x
Prednisone
PRILOSEC
Prilosec
Prilosec
x
Prilosec
x
Prilosec
Prelone
x
x
x
Prevacid
Prilosec
x
x
x
Prozac
Primacor
x
Natrecor
Primaquine
x
Primidone
Primaxin
x
Prevacid
Primaxin
x
x
PRIMACOR
PRIMAQUINE
PRIMAXIN
x
Protonix
135
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
x
x
PRIMIDONE
Primidone
Primidone
x
Primidone
x
Prednisone
Primaquine
x
Pyridoxine
PRINIVIL
Prinivil
x
x
x
Enalapril
Prinivil
x
x
x
Fosinopril
Prinivil
x
x
x
Monopril
x
Paxil
x
Pepcid
x
Plendil
Prinivil
Prinivil
Prinivil
Prinivil
x
Pletal
x
Prinivil
x
Pravachol
Prinivil
x
x
Prevacid
Prinivil
x
x
Prinzide
Prinzide
x
x
Prinivil
PRINZIDE
PROAMATINE
ProAmatine
x
Bromocriptine
x
Loniten
ProAmatine
x
Protamine Sulfate
Probenecid
x
x
Procainamide
Probenecid
x
x
Procanbid
Procainamide
x
x
Probenecid
Procanbid
x
x
Probenecid
x
Provera
ProAmatine
x
PROBENECID
PROCAINAMIDE
PROCANBID
PROCARDIA
Procardia
PROCARDIA XL
Procardia XL
x
Cartia XT
Procardia XL
x
Prevacid
136
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Prochlorperazine
x
x
x
Chlorpromazine
Prochlorperazine
x
x
x
Phenazopyridine
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PROCHLORPERAZINE
Prochlorperazine
x
Prochlorperazine
x
Prochlorperazine
x
x
x
Prednisone
x
Promethazine
x
Propranolol
PROFEN FORTE
Profen Forte
x
x
Parafon Forte DSC
Progesterone
x
x
Provigil
Promethazine
x
x
Promethazine
x
PROGESTERONE
PROMETHAZINE
Promethazine
x
x
Compazine
Perphenazine
x
x
Promethazine
x
x
Promethazine
x
x
Phenazopyridine
Prednisone
x
Prochlorperazine
PROPAC
Propac
x
Prevpac
Propac
x
Propecia
x
Propranolol
x
Pilocarpine
PROPANTHELINE
Propantheline
x
PROPARACAINE
Proparacaine
Proparacaine
x
Tetracaine
PROPECIA
Propecia
x
Prevpac
Propecia
x
Propac
PROPOFOL
Propofol
x
Propranolol
137
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
PROPRANOLOL
Propranolol
x
Propranolol
x
x
Propranolol
x
x
x
Pravachol
Propranolol
x
x
x
Pravastatin
Propranolol
Propranolol
x
Propranolol
Propranolol
Nadolol
Pantoprazole
x
Prednisone
x
Prochlorperazine
x
x
Propantheline
x
Propofol
PROPYLTHIOURACIL
x
Purinethol
Propylthiouracil
x
Proscar
x
BuSpar
x
Plendil
PROSCAR
Proscar
x
Proscar
x
Prostin VR
x
Proscar
x
ProSom
Proscar
x
x
Provera
Proscar
x
x
Prozac
Proscar
x
Zocor
PROSOM
ProSom
x
Prazosin
ProSom
x
Proscar
PROSTIN VR
Prostin VR
x
Proscar
Protamine Sulfate
x
ProAmatine
Protamine Sulfate
x
Protirelin
Protamine Sulfate
x
PROTAMINE SULFATE
x
Protonix
PROTEINEX
Proteinex
Protonix
x
PROTIRELIN
Protirelin
138
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Protamine Sulfate
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
PROTONIX
Protonix
Protonix
x
Pancuronium
x
x
Paxil
Protonix
x
x
Plavix
Protonix
x
x
Pravachol
Protonix
x
x
Primaxin
Protonix
x
x
Protamine Sulfate
Protonix
x
Proteinex
x
Protonix
Topamax
x
PROVENTIL
Proventil
Provigil
x
PROVERA
Provera
Provera
Femara
x
Prempro
x
Provera
Provera
x
Provera
x
Procardia
x
Proscar
x
x
Prozac
PROVIGIL
Provigil
x
Provigil
x
Provigil
Plaquenil
x
Progesterone
Proventil
x
Provigil
Seroquel
x
PROZAC
Prozac
x
x
Prozac
x
x
Prozac
x
x
Prozac
Paxil
x
Prozac
x
x
Prelone
x
Prilosec
Proscar
x
Provera
139
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE AND GUAIFENESIN
Pseudoephedrine
and Guaifenesin
Chlorpheniramine
and
Pseudoephedrine
x
Pseudoephedrine
and Guaifenesin
x
x
Dextromethorphan
and Guaifenesin
Pseudoephedrine
and Guaifenesin
x
x
Phenylephrine and
Guaifenesin
x
x
PULMICORT TURBUHALER
Pulmicort
Turbuhaler
Azmacort
PURINETHOL
Purinethol
x
Pyrazinamide
x
Pyrimethamine
x
Propylthiouracil
PYRAZINAMIDE
PYRIDIUM
Pyridium
x
Imodium
Pyridium
x
x
Pyridoxine
Pyridostigmine
x
x
Physostigmine
x
x
Pyridoxine
x
x
Phenazopyridine
x
Prednisone
x
x
Primidone
x
x
Pyridium
x
x
Pyridostigmine
x
x
Thiamine
x
Pyrazinamide
x
Colestipol
PYRIDOSTIGMINE
Pyridostigmine
x
PYRIDOXINE
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
x
Pyridoxine
PYRIMETHAMINE
Pyrimethamine
QUESTRAN
Questran
x
Quetiapine
x
QUETIAPINE
Quetiapine
140
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Olanzapine
x
x
Sertraline
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
QUINAPRIL
Quinapril
x
Enalapril
Quinapril
x
x
Lisinopril
Quinapril
x
x
Ramipril
Quinidine
x
Quinine
Quinine
x
Quinidine
QUINIDINE
QUININE
QWELL
Qwell
Kwell
x
RABEPRAZOLE
Rabeprazole
x
Aripiprazole
Rabeprazole
x
x
x
Donepezil
Rabeprazole
x
x
x
Lansoprazole
Rabeprazole
x
x
x
Omeprazole
Rabeprazole
x
Raloxifene
Raloxifene
x
Rabeprazole
RALOXIFENE
RAMELTEON
Ramelteon
x
Ramipril
x
Ramipril
x
Remeron
RAMIPRIL
Accupril
x
Donepezil
Ramipril
x
Ramipril
x
x
Enalapril
Ramipril
x
x
Ranitidine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Ranitidine
Hydrochloride
x
Ranitidine
Hydrochloride
x
Quinapril
x
Trihexyphenidyl
RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Loratadine
Nizatidine
x
Rimantadine
RAZADYNE
Razadyne
x
Rozerem
141
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
REBETRON
Rebetron
x
Rifabutin
RECOMBIVAX HB PEDIATRIC/ADOLESCENT
Recombivax
HB Pediatric/
Adolescent
x
Refludan
x
COMVAX
REFLUDAN
Heparin
REGITINE
Regitine
Reglan
x
REGLAN
Reglan
x
Reglan
x
Reglan
Regitine
x
Regonol
x
Relafen
Reglan
x
Renagel
Reglan
x
Requip
Reglan
x
Robaxin
Reglan
x
Zofran
x
Reglan
x
Reglan
x
Robaxin
REGONOL
Regonol
x
RELAFEN
Relafen
Relafen
x
Remeron
x
REMERON
Premarin
Remeron
x
Remeron
x
x
x
x
Ramelteon
Restoril
REMINYL
Reminyl
x
Reminyl
x
x
x
Amaryl
Rimadyl
RENAGEL
Renagel
x
Reglan
Renagel
x
Renal Caps
Renal Caps
x
Renagel
RENAL CAPS
142
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
REOPRO
ReoPro
x
Prempro
Repaglinide
x
Repaglinide
x
Repaglinide
x
Reprexain
x
Requip
x
Requip
x
x
REPAGLINIDE
x
Risperidone
Ropinirole
x
Rosiglitazone
REPREXAIN
Xifaxan
REQUIP
Reglan
Risperdal
RESERPINE
Reserpine
x
x
x
x
Risperidone
Reserpine
x
x
x
x
Risperdal
Reserpine
x
Ropinirole
Restoril
x
x
Lisinopril
Restoril
x
x
Remeron
Restoril
x
x
Risperdal
Restoril
x
x
Zestril
Retavase
x
x
Activase
Retrovir
x
Acyclovir
Retrovir
x
Epivir
RESTORIL
RETAVASE
RETROVIR
Retrovir
x
x
x
Norvir
Retrovir
x
x
x
Ritonavir
REVATIO
Revatio
x
ReVia
ReVia
x
Revatio
REVIA
143
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
Riboflavin
x
Rifampin
RIBAVIRIN
Ribavirin
Ribavirin
Ribavirin
Robaxin
x
RIBOFLAVIN
Riboflavin
x
x
x
Ribavirin
x
Rebetron
x
x
Rifadin
x
x
x
x
Rifabutin
Rifadin
x
Rifamate
Rifamate
x
Rifadin
Rifampin
x
Ribavirin
RIFABUTIN
Rifabutin
Rifabutin
Rifabutin
x
x
Rifampin
RIFADIN
Rifadin
RIFAMATE
RIFAMPIN
Rifampin
x
x
x
x
Rifabutin
Rifampin
x
x
Rifaximin
Rifaximin
x
x
Rifampin
RIFAXIMIN
RIMADYL
Rimadyl
Reminyl
x
RIMANTADINE
Rimantadine
x
x
Amantadine
x
x
Ranitidine
Hydrochloride
Risedronate
x
x
Alendronate
Risedronate
x
x
Risperidone
Rimantadine
RISEDRONATE
144
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
RISPERDAL
Risperdal
x
Bisoprolol
Risperdal
x
Risperdal
x
x
Requip
Risperdal
x
x
Restoril
Lisinopril
Risperdal
x
x
x
x
Reserpine
Risperdal
x
x
x
x
Risperidone
Risperdal
Rocaltrol
x
RISPERIDONE
Risperidone
x
Buspirone
x
x
Repaglinide
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ropinirole
x
x
x
Rosiglitazone
x
Nelfinavir
Risperidone
Risperidone
x
Risperidone
Risperidone
Risperidone
Risperidone
x
Reserpine
Risedronate
x
Risperdal
RITONAVIR
Ritonavir
Ritonavir
x
Ritonavir
x
x
Retrovir
x
Saquinavir
x
Rituximab
RITUXAN
Rituxan
x
RITUXIMAB
Rituximab
x
x
Rituximab
x
x
x
Infliximab
Rituxan
RIZATRIPTAN
Rizatriptan
x
Sumatriptan
Rizatriptan
x
Zolmitriptan
Robaxin
x
Reglan
Robaxin
x
Robaxin
x
Robaxin
x
Robaxin
x
ROBAXIN
x
Relafen
Ribavirin
x
Rocephin
Skelaxin
145
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Robitussin
x
x
Robitussin AC
Robitussin AC
x
x
Robitussin
Rocaltrol
x
ROBITUSSIN
ROBITUSSIN AC
ROCALTROL
Risperdal
ROCEPHIN
Rocephin
x
x
x
Cefazolin
Rocephin
x
x
Robaxin
Rocuronium
x
ROCURONIUM
Rocuronium
Romazicon
x
Vecuronium
x
Valdecoxib
ROFECOXIB
Rofecoxib
x
ROMAZICON
Romazicon
x
Rocuronium
Rondec
x
Rondec DM
Rondec DM
x
Rondec
Ropinirole
x
Calcitriol
Ropinirole
x
Repaglinide
Ropinirole
x
Ropinirole
x
x
Risperidone
Ropivacaine
x
x
Bupivacaine
x
Rozex
RONDEC
RONDEC DM
ROPINIROLE
Reserpine
ROPIVACAINE
ROSAC
Rosac
ROSIGLITAZONE
Rosiglitazone
x
Rosiglitazone
x
x
Repaglinide
x
x
Risperidone
Rosiglitazone
146
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Pioglitazone
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
ROSUVASTATIN
Rosuvastatin
x
Atorvastatin
ROXANOL
Roxanol
Roxanol
x
Roxanol
x
Roxanol
x
Roxanol
Roxanol
Roxanol
x
MS Contin
x
Oxycodone
Oxytrol
x
x
x
x
x
Roxicet
Roxicodone
x
Roxicodone
Intensol
x
Uroxatral
ROXICET
Roxicet
x
x
x
x
x
x
Roxicodone
Roxicodone
x
MS Contin
Roxicodone
x
MSIR
Roxicodone
x
OxyContin
Roxicet
x
Roxicet
Oxycodone
x
Roxanol
ROXICODONE
Roxicodone
x
x
Roxanol
Roxicodone
x
x
Roxicet
Roxicodone
Roxicodone
Intensol
x
ROXICODONE INTENSOL
Roxicodone
Intensol
Roxicodone
Intensol
Roxanol
x
Roxicodone
x
ROZEREM
Rozerem
x
Razadyne
Rozex
x
Rosac
x
Selegiline
ROZEX
SALAGEN
Salagen
x
147
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
x
x
Sandimmune
x
x
Sandostatin
Sandostatin
x
x
Sandimmune
Sandostatin
x
Sargramostim
Sandostatin
x
Simvastatin
SALMETEROL
Salmeterol
Solu-Medrol
SALSALATE
Salsalate
x
x
Sulfasalazine
SANDIMMUNE
SANDOSTATIN
SAQUINAVIR
Saquinavir
x
Ritonavir
x
Filgrastim
SARGRAMOSTIM
Sargramostim
x
Sargramostim
x
Sandostatin
Sarafem
x
Serophene
Selegiline
x
Selegiline
x
Selegiline
x
Selenium Sulfide
Selegiline
x
Sertraline
Selegiline
x
Selenium Sulfide
x
SARAFEM
SELEGILINE
Felodipine
Salagen
x
x
Stelazine
SELENIUM SULFIDE
Selegiline
SEMPREX-D
Semprex-D
x
Septra DS
SENNA
Senna
Soma
x
SENOKOT
Senokot
x
Sinemet
SENOKOT-S
Senokot-S
148
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Sorbitol
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
SENSORCAINE
Sensorcaine
x
Marcaine
Septra-DS
x
Semprex-D
SEPTRA-DS
SERENTIL
Serentil
x
Seroquel
Serentil
x
Sertraline
SEREVENT
Serevent
Atrovent
x
Serevent
x
Combivent
Serevent
x
Sertraline
Serevent
x
Serevent
x
Sinemet
x
Spiriva
Serevent
x
Zoloft
Serophene
x
Sarafem
x
Desyrel
SEROPHENE
SEROQUEL
Seroquel
x
Seroquel
x
Ferro-Sequels
Seroquel
x
Provigil
Seroquel
x
Serentil
Seroquel
x
x
x
x
Sertraline
Seroquel
x
x
x
Serzone
Seroquel
x
x
x
Sinequan
Sertraline
x
x
x
x
SERTRALINE
Sertraline
x
Olanzapine
x
Quetiapine
Sertraline
x
Selegiline
Sertraline
x
Serentil
Sertraline
x
Serevent
Sertraline
x
x
Sertraline
Sertraline
x
x
x
x
Seroquel
Serzone
Spironolactone
149
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
Error, Death
Category I
SERZONE
Serzone
Serzone
Seroquel
x
Sertraline
x
Trazodone
Serzone
x
Sildenafil
x
Sildenafil
x
Silvadene
x
Azulfidine
Silvadene
x
Silvasorb Gel
Silvasorb Gel
x
Silvadene
Silver Nitrate
x
x
x
x
x
x
SILDENAFIL
Tadalafil
x
Vardenafil
SILVADENE
SILVASORB GEL
SILVER NITRATE
Silver Sulfadiazine
SILVER SULFADIAZINE
Silver
Sulfadiazine
Silver Nitrate
SIMETHICONE
Simethicone
x
Simvastatin
Simethicone
x
Sotalol
Simethicone
x
Spironolactone
SIMVASTATIN
Simvastatin
x
x
Atorvastatin
x
x
Lovastatin
Simvastatin
x
x
Pravastatin
Simvastatin
x
Simvastatin
x
Sandostatin
Simvastatin
x
x
x
Simethicone
Simvastatin
x
x
x
Singulair
Simvastatin
x
Valsartan
SINEMET
Sinemet
Sinemet
Sinemet
150
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Senokot
x
x
Serevent
x
x
Sinemet CR
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
SINEMET CR
Sinemet CR
Sinemet
SINEQUAN
Sinequan
x
Seroquel
Sinequan
x
x
x
Singulair
Singulair
x
x
x
Simvastatin
Singulair
x
x
x
Sinequan
Sirolimus
x
x
x
Tacrolimus
SINGULAIR
SIROLIMUS
SKELAXIN
Skelaxin
Robaxin
x
SLOW-BID
Slow-BID
x
Slow-K
Slow-K
x
Slow-BID
SLOW-K
SODIUM BICARBONATE
Sodium
Bicarbonate
x
x
x
Sodium Chloride
SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE AND SODIUM PHOSPHATE
Sodium
Biphosphate
and Sodium
Phosphate
Sodium Phosphate
x
x
x
x
x
x
SODIUM CHLORIDE
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Potassium
Chloride
x
Sodium
Bicarbonate
SODIUM FLUORIDE
Sodium Fluoride
x
Fluoxetine
Hydrochloride
x
Sodium
Biphosphate and
Sodium Phosphate
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
Sodium
Phosphate
x
151
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
Potassium
Phosphates
Solu-Medrol
SODIUM PHOSPHATES
Sodium
Phosphates
SOLU-CORTEF
Solu-Cortef
x
x
x
Solu-Medrol
x
x
x
x
x
Salmeterol
x
x
Solu-Cortef
SOLU-MEDROL
Solu-Medrol
Solu-Medrol
x
x
Depo-Medrol
SOMA
Soma
x
Senna
Somatropin
x
Homatropine
Somatropin
x
Sumatriptan
SOMATROPIN
SONATA
Sonata
Concerta
x
Sonata
x
Soriatane
SORAFENIB
Sorafenib
x
Sunitinib
SORBITOL
Sorbitol
x
Senokot-S
Sorbitol
x
Sorbitrate
Sorbitrate
x
Sorbitol
SORBITRATE
SORIATANE
Soriatane
x
Sonata
SOTALOL
Sotalol
x
Nadolol
Sotalol
x
Simethicone
Spiriva
x
SPIRIVA
Spiriva
152
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Inspra
x
Serevent
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
SPIRONOLACTONE
Spironolactone
x
Sertraline
Spironolactone
x
Simethicone
SPORANOX
Sporanox
Topamax
x
STADOL
Stadol
Stadol
x
x
x
Haldol
Toradol
x
STELAZINE
Stelazine
x
x
Selegiline
STREPTASE
Streptase
x
Abbokinase
Streptokinase
x
Urokinase
Suboxone
x
Subutex
Subutex
x
Suboxone
STREPTOKINASE
SUBOXONE
SUBUTEX
SUFENTANIL
Sufentanil
x
Alfentanil
SUFENTANIL CITRATE
Sufentanil Citrate
x
Fentanyl Citrate
x
Blephamide
SULFACETAMIDE
Sulfacetamide
x
x
Sulfadiazine
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SULFADIAZINE
Sulfadiazine
Azulfidine
x
Sulfasalazine
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM
Sulfamethoxazole
and Trimethoprim
x
Sulfasalazine
SULFASALAZINE
Sulfasalazine
x
x
x
x
Salsalate
Sulfasalazine
x
x
x
x
Sulfadiazine
x
x
Sulfasalazine
Sulfamethoxazole
and Trimethoprim
153
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
SUMATRIPTAN
Sumatriptan
x
Sumatriptan
Rizatriptan
x
Somatropin
SUNITINIB
Sunitinib
x
Sustiva
x
Symlin
x
Sorafenib
SUSTIVA
Emtriva
x
SYMLIN
Insulin
SYMMETREL
Symmetrel
x
x
Synthroid
Synthroid
x
x
Symmetrel
SYNTHROID
Synthroid
x
Tacrolimus
x
Tacrolimus
x
x
Thyroid
TACROLIMUS
Tacrolimus
Tacrolimus
x
Pimecrolimus
x
x
Sirolimus
x
x
Tamsulosin
x
Tolterodine
Tadalafil
x
Sildenafil
Tadalafil
x
TADALAFIL
x
Vardenafil
TAGAMET
Tagamet
x
Tambocor
x
Tamoxifen
Tambocor
x
Temodar
Tamoxifen
x
Tambocor
x
Tamsulosin
x
Temazepam
x
Tegretol
TAMBOCOR
TAMOXIFEN
Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen
154
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Tamsulosin
x
x
Tacrolimus
Tamsulosin
x
x
Tamoxifen
Tamsulosin
x
Tegaserod
Tamsulosin
x
Tensilon
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
TAMSULOSIN
Tamsulosin
Tamsulosin
x
x
x
Terazosin
x
Tolterodine
TAPAZOLE
Tapazole
Topamax
x
Tapazole
x
Trazodone
TAXOL
Taxol
x
x
Docetaxel
Taxol
x
x
Taxotere
Taxotere
x
x
Taxol
Tegaserod
x
Tamsulosin
Tegaserod
x
Tolterodine
Tegretol
x
Labetalol
TAXOTERE
TEGASEROD
TEGRETOL
Tegretol
x
Tegretol
x
Topamax
x
x
Trental
x
x
Trileptal
x
x
Tylenol
Tegretol
Tegretol
Tegretol
x
x
Tagamet
TEGRETOL-XR
Tegretol-XR
x
x
Toprol-XL
TELMISARTAN
Telmisartan
x
Valsartan
155
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
TEMAZEPAM
Temazepam
x
x
Diazepam
Temazepam
x
x
Flurazepam
Temazepam
x
x
Lorazepam
Temazepam
x
x
Mirtazapine
Temazepam
x
Oxazepam
Temazepam
x
Tamoxifen
Temazepam
x
Triazolam
Temodar
x
Tambocor
x
Xanax
TEMODAR
TENEX
Tenex
x
Tenofovir
x
Nelfinavir
x
Trandolapril
TENOFOVIR
Tenofovir
Tenofovir
x
Trizivir
TENORMIN
Tenormin
x
Imuran
Tenormin
x
Tretinoin
Tensilon
x
Tamsulosin
Tequin
x
Terazol
x
Terazosin
x
x
Doxazosin
TENSILON
TEQUIN
x
Levaquin
TERAZOL
Miconazole
TERAZOSIN
Terazosin
x
x
Prazosin
Terazosin
x
x
x
Tamsulosin
Terazosin
x
Terbutaline
Terazosin
x
Trazodone
TERBINAFINE
Terbinafine
Terbinafine
156
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Terbutaline
x
Tetracycline
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
TERBUTALINE
Terbutaline
x
Terazosin
x
Terbinafine
x
Thiethylperazine
x
Tussionex
Pennkinetic
Suspension
x
Tetanus Toxoid
(fluid)
Tetanus Toxoid
(fluid)
x
Tetanus Immune
Globulin
Tetracaine
x
Proparacaine
Tetracaine
x
Tetracycline
Tetracycline
x
Doxycycline
Tetracycline
x
Terbinafine
Tetracycline
x
Tetracaine
x
Naphazoline and
Antazoline
x
Thiamine
Terbutaline
x
Terbutaline
TESSALON
Tessalon
TETANUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN
Tetanus Immune
Globulin
TETANUS TOXOID (FLUID)
TETRACAINE
TETRACYCLINE
TETRAHYDROZOLINE
Tetrahydrozoline
THALOMID
Thalomid
THEOLAIR
Theolair
x
Thyrolar
THERAVITE
Theravite
x
Thiamine
x
Thiamine
x
Thalomid
Thiamine
x
Theravite
Thiamine
THIAMINE
Thiamine
x
x
x
x
Pyridoxine
Thorazine
157
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
THIETHYLPERAZINE
Thiethylperazine
x
Brethine
Thiethylperazine
x
Terbutaline
THIOPENTAL
Thiopental
x
Nembutal
THIORIDAZINE
Thioridazine
x
x
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
x
x
Thiothixene
Thioridazine
x
x
Thorazine
x
Fluoxetine
x
Thioridazine
x
Trifluoperazine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Thiamine
Thorazine
x
x
Thioridazine
Thorazine
x
x
Trazodone
THIOTHIXENE
Thiothixene
Thiothixene
x
Thiothixene
THORAZINE
Thorazine
x
THYROID
Thyroid
x
x
Synthroid
x
Armour Thyroid
THYROLAR
Thyrolar
Thyrolar
x
Theolair
x
Tizanidine
x
Timentin
TIAGABINE
Tiagabine
x
x
x
x
Tygacil
x
Piperacillin
TICAR
Ticar
Ticar
TICARCILLIN
Ticarcillin
TICLID
Ticlid
158
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Tigan
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
TICLOPIDINE
Ticlopidine
Tikosyn
x
Ticlopidine
x
Tolterodine
TIGAN
Tigan
x
Ticlid
TIKOSYN
Tikosyn
x
Ticlopidine
TIMENTIN
Timentin
x
Timentin
Ticar
Tygacil
x
TIMOPTIC
Timoptic
x
Betoptic
Timoptic
x
x
x
Timoptic-XE
Timoptic-XE
x
x
x
Timoptic
x
x
Ipratropium
x
x
Tiagabine
TIMOPTIC-XE
TIOTROPIUM
Tiotropium
TIZANIDINE
Tizanidine
x
TNKASE
TNKase
Alteplase,
recombinant
x
TNKase
x
x
Activase
x
x
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
x
Vancomycin
Tofranil
x
Anafranil
Tofranil
x
Topamax
Tofranil
x
Toradol
TOBRAMYCIN
Tobramycin
x
TOFRANIL
TOLMETIN
Tolmetin
x
Tolterodine
159
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
TOLTERODINE
Tolterodine
Tolterodine
x
Tolterodine
x
Oxybutynin
x
Tacrolimus
x
Tamsulosin
Tolterodine
x
Tegaserod
Tolterodine
x
Ticlopidine
Tolterodine
x
Tolmetin
Tolterodine
x
Torsemide
Tolterodine
x
Trandolapril
Topamax
x
Protonix
TOPAMAX
Topamax
Sporanox
x
Topamax
Tapazole
x
Topamax
Tegretol
x
Topamax
Tofranil
x
Topamax
x
x
x
Topiramate
x
x
x
Toprol-XL
Topamax
x
x
Topiramate
x
x
x
Topamax
x
x
Toprol-XL
Topamax
x
Trazodone
TOPIRAMATE
Topiramate
Topiramate
x
Topotecan
x
x
Torsemide
TOPOTECAN
Irinotecan
TOPROL-XL
Toprol-XL
x
Toprol-XL
x
x
x
x
x
x
Toprol-XL
Toprol-XL
Toprol-XL
Ditropan XL
x
Toprol-XL
Toprol-XL
160
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Metoprolol
Tartrate
x
Tegretol-XR
x
x
Topamax
x
x
x
x
x
Lopressor
x
Topiramate
Tramadol
Hydrochloride
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
TORADOL
Toradol
x
Toradol
x
Nizoral
x
Toradol
x
Toradol
Stadol
Tofranil
Tridil
x
TORSEMIDE
Torsemide
x
x
x
Furosemide
Torsemide
x
x
Topiramate
Torsemide
x
Tolterodine
TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE
Tramadol
Hydrochloride
x
x
Toprol-XL
TRANDATE
Trandate
x
Trandate
x
Trandate
x
Etomidate
Trazodone
x
Trental
TRANDOLAPRIL
Trandolapril
x
Tenofovir
Trandolapril
x
Tolterodine
Tranxene
x
Trazodone
Travatan
x
Alphagan P
Travatan
x
Xalatan
TRANXENE
TRAVATAN
161
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
TRAZODONE
Trazodone
Aldactone
x
Trazodone
x
Deltasone
Trazodone
x
x
Nefazodone
Trazodone
x
x
Prednisone
Trazodone
x
x
Serzone
x
Tapazole
Trazodone
Trazodone
x
Terazosin
Trazodone
x
x
Thorazine
Trazodone
x
x
Topamax
Trazodone
x
Trandate
Trazodone
x
Tranxene
Trazodone
x
Triazolam
Trental
x
Trental
x
x
Tegretol
Trental
x
x
Trandate
x
Tylenol
TRENTAL
Trental
Bentyl
TRETINOIN
Tretinoin
Tretinoin
Tenormin
x
x
x
x
x
Triamcinolone
Acetonide
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE
Triamcinolone
Acetonide
Tretinoin
TRIAMTERENE
Triamterene
Triamterene
x
x
Trientine
x
Trimethoprim
TRIAZOLAM
Triazolam
Triazolam
x
Temazepam
x
Trazodone
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
Trichloroacetic
Acid
162
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
x
Acetic Acid
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
TRICODENE
Tricodene
x
Tricor
Tricor
x
Tricodene
Tridil
x
Toradol
TRICOR
TRIDIL
TRIENTINE
Trientine
x
Triamterene
x
x
Fluphenazine
Hydrochloride
x
x
Trihexyphenidyl
TRIFLUOPERAZINE
Trifluoperazine
Trifluoperazine
TRIFLUOPERAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Trifluoperazine
Hydrochloride
Thiothixene
x
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL
Trihexyphenidyl
x
x
Trihexyphenidyl
x
x
Trilafon
x
Trileptal
x
x
Ramipril
Trifluoperazine
TRILAFON
Aceon
TRILEPTAL
x
Tegretol
TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE
Trimethobenzamide
x
Metoclopramide
Trimethobenzamide
x
x
Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim
x
x
Triamterene
Trimethoprim
x
x
Trimethobenzamide
Tri-Vi-Flor
x
TRIMETHOPRIM
TRI-VI-FLOR
Poly-Vi-Sol
TRIZIVIR
Trizivir
x
Tenofovir
Trizivir
x
Truvada
x
Cosopt
TRUSOPT
Trusopt
x
163
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
TRUVADA
Truvada
Trizivir
x
TUSSI-12
Tussi-12
x
Tussi-12 D
Tussi-12 D
x
Tussi-12
TUSSI-12 D
TUSSI-ORGANIDIN LIQUID
Tussi-Organidin
Liquid
Tussionex
Pennkinetic
Suspension
x
TUSSI-ORGANIDIN NR
Tussi-Organidin
NR
x
Tussionex
Pennkinetic
Suspension
TUSSIONEX PENNKINETIC SUSPENSION
Tussionex
Pennkinetic
Suspension
x
Tussionex
Pennkinetic
Suspension
x
Tussionex
Pennkinetic
Suspension
Tessalon
Tussi-Organidin
Liquid
x
Tussi-Organidin
NR
TYGACIL
Tygacil
x
Tygacil
x
Ticar
x
Timentin
TYLENOL
Tylenol
x
x
Tylenol
x
Tegretol
x
Trental
TYLENOL WITH CODEINE
Tylenol with
Codeine
x
x
x
x
Tylox
TYLOX
Tylox
164
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Tylenol with
Codeine
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
ULTRACET
Ultracet
x
Lorcet
Ultracet
x
Percocet
x
Ultram
x
Ultrase
x
Ultracet
x
Voltaren
Ultracet
x
Ultracet
ULTRAM
Ultram
x
Ultram
ULTRASE
Ultrase
Altace
x
Ultrase
Ultracet
x
UNASYN
Unasyn
x
x
x
x
Ampicillin
Unasyn
x
Levaquin
Unasyn
x
x
Zosyn
Univasc
x
x
Norvasc
Urex
x
Valtrex
Urised
x
Urispas
UNIVASC
UREX
URISED
Urised
Urocit-K
x
URISPAS
Urispas
x
Urised
UROCIT-K
Urocit-K
Urised
x
Urocit-K
x
Vitamin K
Urokinase
x
Streptokinase
UROKINASE
UROXATRAL
Uroxatral
x
Uroxatral
x
x
Oxytrol
Roxanol
URSODIOL
Ursodiol
x
Drisdol
165
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
x
x
Acyclovir
x
Ganciclovir
VALACYCLOVIR
Valacyclovir
Valacyclovir
Valacyclovir
x
x
Valdecoxib
Valacyclovir
x
x
Vancomycin
VALCYTE
Valcyte
x
x
x
Valtrex
Valdecoxib
x
x
x
Bextra
Valdecoxib
x
x
Rofecoxib
Valdecoxib
x
x
Valacyclovir
Valdecoxib
x
Valium
x
x
Vicodin
x
x
Divalproex
VALDECOXIB
Valsartan
VALIUM
VALPROIC ACID
Valproic Acid
x
VALSARTAN
Valsartan
x
Valsartan
x
Valsartan
Losartan
Simvastatin
x
Valsartan
x
Valsartan
x
Telmisartan
Valdecoxib
x
Verapamil
VALTREX
Valtrex
x
Valtrex
Cephalexin
x
Divalproex
Valtrex
x
Keflex
Valtrex
x
Urex
x
Valcyte
Valtrex
Valtrex
x
x
Zovirax
x
VANCENASE
Vancenase
x
Vanceril
Vanceril
x
Vancenase
VANCERIL
166
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
Clindamycin
Vancomycin
x
Gentamicin
Vancomycin
x
Tobramycin
x
Valacyclovir
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
VANCOMYCIN
Vancomycin
Vancomycin
x
Vancomycin
x
x
Vancomycin
x
x
x
Vecuronium
Vibramycin
Vardenafil
x
x
Sildenafil
Vardenafil
x
x
Tadalafil
VARDENAFIL
VARICELLA VIRUS VACCINE LIVE
Varicella Virus
Vaccine Live
Varicella-Zoster
Immune Globulin
(Human) (VZIG)
x
VARICELLA-ZOSTER IMMUNE GLOBULIN (HUMAN) (VZIG)
Varicella-Zoster
Immune Globulin
(Human) (VZIG)
x
Vasodilan
x
Varicella Virus
Vaccine Live
VASODILAN
x
Vasotec
x
Desmopressin
VASOPRESSIN
Vasopressin
Vasopressin
x
x
Oxytocin
Vasotec
x
x
Norvasc
Vasotec
x
x
Vasodilan
Vecuronium
x
x
Pancuronium
x
Rocuronium
VASOTEC
VECURONIUM
Vecuronium
Vecuronium
x
Vecuronium
x
x
x
Vancomycin
x
Zemuron
VENOFER
Venofer
x
Venofer
x
x
Vfend
Viread
167
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Verapamil
x
x
Verapamil
x
Verapamil
x
Versed
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
VERAPAMIL
Enalapril
Lisinopril
x
Valsartan
VERSED
Vistaril
VESICARE
VESICare
x
Visicol
VFEND
Vfend
x
x
Venofer
Vibramycin
x
x
Vancomycin
x
Hycodan
VIBRAMYCIN
VICODIN
Vicodin
Vicodin
x
Vicodin
Valium
x
Vicodin
x
Visicol
Vytorin
x
VICODIN ES
Vicodin ES
x
Vicoprofen
Vicoprofen
x
Vicodin ES
VICOPROFEN
VINBLASTINE
Vinblastine
x
Vincristine
Vincristine
x
Vinblastine
Vincristine
x
Vinorelbine
Vinorelbine
x
Vincristine
Viokase
x
Vioxx
VINCRISTINE
VINORELBINE
VIOKASE
Viokase
168
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Visken
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
VIOXX
Vioxx
x
Vioxx
x
Aciphex
x
Luvox
Vioxx
x
Viokase
Vioxx
x
Xanax
Vioxx
x
Viracept
x
Viramune
x
x
Zyvox
x
x
Viramune
x
x
Viracept
VIRACEPT
VIRAMUNE
VIREAD
Viread
Venofer
x
VIRAVAN
Viravan
x
Vivarin
VISICOL
Visicol
Asacol
x
Visicol
x
VESIcare
Visicol
x
Vicodin
VISKEN
Visken
x
Viokase
VISTARIL
Vistaril
Vistaril
Versed
x
x
Zestril
Vitafol
x
Vitafol-PN
Vitafol-PN
x
Vitafol
x
x
VITAFOL
VITAFOL-PN
VITAMIN B1
Vitamin B1
x
x
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6
x
x
Vitamin B1
VITAMIN B6
169
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
VITAMIN C
Vitamin C
Vitamin C
x
Vitamin E
x
x
Vitron C
x
x
Vitamin E
x
Vitamin C
x
Vitamin D
x
Urocit-K
x
Vitamin C
VITAMIN D
Vitamin D
x
VITAMIN E
Vitamin E
Vitamin E
x
x
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K
VITRON C
Vitron C
x
VIVARIN
Vivarin
x
Viravan
VOLTAREN
Voltaren
Voltaren
x
Vytorin
x
Voltaren
Ultram
Xalatan
x
VYTORIN
Vytorin
x
Vicodin
Vytorin
x
Voltaren
WARFARIN
Warfarin
Levaquin
x
WELCHOL
Welchol
x
Colazal
WELLBUTRIN
Wellbutrin
x
x
x
Wellbutrin SR
Wellbutrin SR
x
x
x
Wellbutrin
Wellbutrin SR
x
x
x
Wellbutrin XL
Wellbutrin XL
x
x
x
Wellbutrin SR
WELLBUTRIN SR
WELLBUTRIN XL
170
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
x
x
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
XALATAN
Xalatan
Lantus
Xalatan
x
Travatan
Xalatan
x
Voltaren
XANAX
Xanax
Xanax
x
Xanax
x
Xanax
x
Atarax
x
Tenex
Vioxx
x
Xopenex
x
Zanaflex
Xanax
x
Xanax
x
Zantac
Xifaxan
x
Reprexain
XIFAXAN
XOPENEX
Xopenex
x
Xanax
Yasmin
x
Alesse
YASMIN
Yasmin
x
x
x
Yaz
Yaz
x
x
x
Yasmin
Zafirlukast
x
x
Ziprasidone
Zaleplon
x
x
Zolpidem
Zanaflex
x
x
Xanax
x
Zaroxolyn
YAZ
ZAFIRLUKAST
ZALEPLON
ZANAFLEX
Zanaflex
Zanaflex
x
Zofran
ZANTAC
Zantac
x
Zantac
x
Zantac
x
Zantac
x
x
Xanax
Zocor
x
Zofran
x
x
Zyrtec
ZARONTIN
Zarontin
x
Neurontin
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
171
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ZAROXOLYN
Zaroxolyn
x
Azithromycin
Zaroxolyn
x
Lariam
Zaroxolyn
x
Zanaflex
x
x
Zyprexa
x
x
Zetia
Zaroxolyn
ZEBETA
Zebeta
x
Zebeta
x
Ziac
Zebeta
x
Zegerid
x
Zestril
Zelapar
x
Zemplar
x
Zyprexa
x
ZEGERID
ZELAPAR
ZELNORM
Zelnorm
Zonegran
x
ZEMPLAR
Zemplar
Zelapar
x
ZEMURON
Zemuron
x
Zerit
x
x
Vecuronium
ZERIT
Zerit
x
Zestril
x
Zestril
Zyrtec
ZESTRIL
Zestril
Accupril
x
Isordil
Zestril
x
x
Monopril
Zestril
x
x
Restoril
x
x
Vistaril
Zestril
x
Zestril
Zestril
Zestril
Zestril
Zegerid
x
x
x
Zerit
x
x
Zetia
x
x
Zocor
x
x
Zestril
Zestril
172
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
x
Zyprexa
Zyrtec
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
x
x
x
Zebeta
x
x
Zestril
x
Zocor
x
Zyrtec
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
ZETIA
Zetia
Zetia
Zetia
Zetia
x
x
ZIAC
Ziac
x
x
Zebeta
Ziac
x
Zyrtec
Zidovudine
x
Lamivudine
x
Zithromax
x
Ziox
ZIDOVUDINE
ZINACEF
Zinacef
x
ZINC OXIDE
Zinc Oxide
ZINC SULFATE
Zinc Sulfate
Zithromax
x
ZIOX
Ziox
x
Zinc Oxide
x
Zafirlukast
ZIPRASIDONE
Ziprasidone
x
Ziprasidone
x
Ziprasidone
Zonisamide
x
Zyprexa
x
Fosamax
ZITHROMAX
Zithromax
Zithromax
Zithromax
Zithromax
x
Zithromax
Zithromax
Zoloft
x
x
Zyvox
x
Zinacef
x
Zovirax
x
x
x
Zinc Sulfate
173
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
Zocor
x
x
Cozaar
Zocor
x
x
Lipitor
Zocor
x
Zocor
x
x
Zantac
x
x
Zestril
x
Zetia
x
Zoloft
ZOCOR
Zocor
x
Zocor
Zocor
x
Zocor
x
Proscar
Zofran
x
ZOFRAN
Zofran
Reglan
x
Zofran
x
Zanaflex
Zofran
x
Zantac
Zofran
x
Zocor
Zofran
x
x
Zofran
x
Zofran
x
x
Zoloft
Zometa
x
Zosyn
x
Zometa
ZOLADEX
Zoladex
ZOLOFT
Zoloft
x
Serevent
Zoloft
x
Zithromax
Zoloft
x
x
x
Zocor
Zoloft
x
x
x
Zofran
Zoloft
x
x
Zomig
Zoloft
x
x
Zyrtec
Zolmitriptan
x
Zolpidem
x
x
Lorazepam
Zolpidem
x
x
Zaleplon
Zometa
x
ZOLMITRIPTAN
Rizatriptan
ZOLPIDEM
ZOMETA
Zometa
174
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Zofran
x
Zoladex
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Zomig
x
x
Zomig
x
Error, Harm
Category E-H
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Error, Death
Category I
ZOMIG
Zoloft
Zonegran
ZONEGRAN
Zonegran
Zelnorm
x
Zonegran
x
Zomig
Zonisamide
x
Ziprasidone
Zostrix
x
x
Zovirax
Zosyn
x
x
Cefazolin
Zosyn
x
x
Unasyn
Zosyn
x
x
Zofran
Zosyn
x
x
Zyvox
Zovirax
x
ZONISAMIDE
ZOSTRIX
ZOSYN
ZOVIRAX
Zovirax
x
Zovirax
Valtrex
x
x
Zithromax
x
x
Zostrix
x
Zyloprim
Zovirax
Zovirax
x
x
Zyvox
Zyflo
x
x
Zyvox
Zyloprim
x
Zovirax
Zyprexa
x
Celexa
ZYFLO
ZYLOPRIM
ZYPREXA
Zyprexa
x
x
Zaroxolyn
Zyprexa
x
x
Zebeta
Zyprexa
x
Zyprexa
Zyprexa
x
x
x
x
Zestril
Ziprasidone
x
Zyrtec
175
SECTION 3: Findings of Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Product Errors
Drug Name
Index
Potential For Error
Category A
Intercepted Error
Category B
Error, No Harm
Category C-D
Error, Harm
Category E-H
Error, Death
Category I
ZYRTEC
Zyrtec
Zyrtec
Norvasc
x
x
x
x
x
Zantac
Zyrtec
x
Zyrtec
x
x
Zestril
x
x
Zetia
x
Ziac
x
x
Zoloft
x
x
Zyrtec
x
Zyrtec
Zyrtec
Zyrtec
x
Zerit
x
Zyprexa
Zyrtec
x
Zyrtec D
Zyrtec D
x
Zyrtec
ZYRTEC D
ZYVOX
Zyvox
Zyvox
Avelox
x
x
Zyvox
x
Vioxx
x
Zithromax
Zyvox
x
x
Zosyn
Zyvox
x
x
Zovirax
Zyvox
x
x
Zyflo
176
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Section 4
Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Background ............................................................................................................ ......................................................................................... 178
Table 4-1. Distribution of Records by Error Category Index for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors ................................................................ 179
Case Vignettes: Group 4-1. Selected Cases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That May Have
Contributed to or Resulted in Permanent Patient Harm (Category G) ........................................................... .................................................180
Case Vignettes: Group 4-2. Selected Cases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That Required
Intervention Necessary to Sustain Life (Category H) .................................................................................................................................... 182
Case Vignettes: Group 4-3. Selected Cases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That May Have
Contributed to or Resulted in the Patient’s Death (Category I)....................................................................................................................... 184
Figure 4-1. Comparison of Brand and Generic Names Contained in the USP Similar Names List ........................................................................... 186
Table 4-2. Drugs by Therapeutic Class Associated with the Greatest Number of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Drug Pairs ............................ 186
Table 4-3. Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Involving Three Drugs ............................................................................................................ 187
Table 4-4. Node in the Medication Use Process Where Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Occur .................................................................... 187
Case Vignettes: Group 4-4. Sample Cases by Node for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors ....................................................................... 188
Table 4-5. Leading Types of Error Associated with LASA Errors ...................................................................................................................... 190
Case Vignettes: Group 4-5. Case Examples of Unauthorized/Wrong Drug of Errors due to Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Names ............ 191
Table 4-6. Leading Additional Causes Associated with Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors ......................................................................... 193
Case Vignettes: Group 4-6. Leading Additional Causes of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors ............................................................... 194
Table 4-7. Staff Involved in Initial Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors ........................................................................................................... 196
Table 4-8. Contributing Factors Associated with Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors ................................................................................... 197
USP Recommendations to Reduce Medication Errors due to Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Drug Names ................................................... 198
177
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Background
USP reviewed both medication error reporting programs to summarize
the major medication error variables associated with 26,604 look-alike
and/or sound-alike errors. From the MEDMARX program, there were
more than 670 healthcare facilities contributing 26,092 records. The
USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting (MER) Program contributed 512
records to the sample. This section presents an overview of the data
along with the findings from the look-alike and/or sound-alike errors
reported between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2006.
The variables summarized include:
• Error Category Index (a measure of error severity, outcome, and
effect on the patient),
• Node (or phase of the medication use process),
• Type of error,
• Causes (in addition to look-alike and/or sound-alike) associated
with the error,
• Level of staff identified as having made the initial error, and
• Contributing factors.
USP considers a record that has an error classification of either Category G, Category H, or Category I as a sentinel event, meaning the most
serious of all errors reported. Case vignettes1 support the findings and
illustrate the general nature of the look-alike and/or sound-alike errors.
This section concludes with recommendations aimed at reducing and
avoiding look-alike and/or sound-alike errors.
1
1
Case vignettes are actual error reports. Some modification to the cases may have been done for purposes
of clarity and presentation.
178
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Table 4-1. Distribution of Records by Error Category Index for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Error
Category
Result of Error
Number
of Errors
n=26,604
% of Total
Actual Errors
Categories B - I
n=25,530 (95.3%)
No Error
Category A
Circumstances or events that
have the capacity to cause error
1,254
4.7
Number
of Errors
% of B-I
12,503
47.0
12,503
49.3
Errors That Reached the Patient
Categories C - I
n=12,847 (48.3%)
Error, No Harm
Category B
An error occurred but the error
did not reach the patient
Category C
An error occurred that reached
the patient but did not cause
patient harm
Number
of Errors
% of C-I
Errors That Reached the Patient
and May Have Contributed to or
Resulted in Harm or Fatality
Categories E - I
n=384 (1.4%)
10,976
41.3
10,976
43.3
10,976
85.4
1,487
5.6
1,487
5.9
1,487
11.6
Number
of Errors
% of E-I
An error occurred that may have
contributed to or resulted in
temporary harm to the patient
and required intervention
276
1.0
276
1.1
276
2.1
276
71.9
An error occurred that may have
contributed to or resulted in
temporary harm to the patient
and required initial or prolonged
hospitalization
79
0.3
79
0.3
79
0.6
79
20.6
Category G
An error occurred that may have
contributed to or resulted in
permanent patient harm
10
0.04
10
0.04
10
0.08
10
2.6
Category H
An error occurred that required
intervention necessary to
sustain life
12
0.05
12
0.05
12
0.09
12
3.1
An error occurred that may have
contributed to or resulted in the
patient’s death
7
0.03
7
0.03
7
0.05
7
1.82
Category D
An error occurred that reached
the patient and required
monitoring to confirm that
it resulted in no harm to
the patient and/or required
intervention to preclude harm
Error, Harm
Category E
Category F
Error, Death
Category I
179
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-1. Selected C ases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That May Have
Contributed to or Resulted in Permanent Patient Harm (C ategory G)
Error Description
Location
Drug
An elderly patient was found unresponsive after diazepam was administered instead
of diltiazem. The physician was notified.
Nursing (Patient Care)
Unit
Diazepam
Diltiazem
A prescriber entered an order for an infusion of carboplatin 320 mg. The pharmacist
entered the order into the pharmacy system as cisplatin 320 mg. The cisplatin was
administered to the patient and the error resulted in the prolongation of the patient’s
hospital stay by several days.
Pharmacy, inpatient
Carboplatin
Cisplatin
Patient became pregnant when a refill prescription for NuvaRing was incorrectly filled
with Estring. Pregnancy was not desired and was terminated by the patient.
Pharmacy, outpatient
NuvaRing
Estring
Lamivudine was filled for Efavirenz by a pharmacy technician in an outpatient setting.
The patient’s CD4 count dropped. Contributing factors to this medication error included an inexperienced pharmacy technician along with insufficient staffing during
the time of the error.
Pharmacy, outpatient
Efavirenz
Lamivudine
A handwritten prescription for “Bleph 10” was filled by an outpatient pharmacy as
Blephamide Ophthalmic suspension. The patient had the prescription re-filled 6 times
without the error being noticed. During a follow-up appointment 9 months later the
physician identified the error and diagnosed the patient with steroid induced glaucoma. The patient incurred permanent harm as a result.
Pharmacy, outpatient
Bleph 10
Blephamide
180
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-1. Selected C ases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That May Have
Contributed to or Resulted in Permanent Patient Harm (C ategory G) (continued)
Error Description
Location
Drug
Approximately 5 days after a patient had a right craniotomy and subsequent aneurysm clipping for a subarachnoid hemorrhage, the patient was re-admitted to the
hospital. Nimodipine (Nimotop) 60 mg was ordered and Nicardipine (Nicardene) 60
mg was dispensed in error. The MAR was incorrect but had been documented as being checked by a nurse. The patient received 9 doses of Nicardipine before the error
was discovered 2 days later, however due to a decreased level of consciousness, the
patient was ordered to receive nothing by mouth, and, therefore missed an additional
day of Nimodipine dosing until a feeding tube could be inserted. Over the next couple
of days the patient developed a decreased level of consciousness and inability to follow commands. Nimodipine still had not been resumed. A repeat CT scan indicated
new ischemic changes and the patient continued to deteriorate. The patient was now
unresponsive to verbal stimuli and developed a flaccid upper extremity.
Pharmacy, inpatient
Nicardipine
Nimodipine
A physician wrote a prescription for an elderly patient for Norvasc 10 mg with instructions to take one a day. A pharmacist misinterpreted the prescription and dispensed
Navane 10 mg with instructions to take one a day. The prescription was picked up
by family members. The pharmacist felt that the prescription was clearly written for
Navane and therefore did not contact the physician. The patient took the Navane for
approximately 90 days until the error was discovered by another physician (a neurologist) during an evaluation for mental status changes. The patient suffered mental
status changes that persisted after the discontinuation of the Navane.
Pharmacy
Navane
Norvasc
A patient was supposed to receive Cardura 4 mg for hypertension. At the pharmacy,
the order was interpreted as Coumadin 4 mg which is a blood thinner. The patient
took the blood thinner for a month and was eventually hospitalized for treatment of
a stroke.
Pharmacy
Cardura
Coumadin
181
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-2. Selected C ases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That Required
Intervention Necessary to Sustain Life (C ategory H)
Error Description
Location
Drug
A pharmacist entered Amaryl 4 mg daily into the computer system for an elderly patient in which Reminyl 4
mg daily was ordered. Patient became extremely hypoglycemic, experienced altered mental status changes,
was intubated and given Dextrose 50%. A code was called and the patient was transferred to the ICU, and after
resuscitation, the patient stabilized with no permanent harm. The error was noticed by the pharmacist who reviewed the transfer orders and noticed that the medication did not match the patient’s diagnosis.
Nursing
(Patient
Care) Unit
Amaryl
Reminyl
Hespan was ordered for a patient but Heparin was removed from the automated dispensing machine (ADM) and
the entire 500-ml bag was administered to this patient. The close proximity of the medications in the ADM, in addition to human error, contributed to this medication error. Actions taken to prevent future occurrences include
utilizing the automated dispensing machine’s interface which asks the nurse “do you want HEParin or HESpan”.
A suggestion was also made that physicians include the intended indication for a one-time or PRN medication.
Intensive
Care Unit,
General
Heparin
Hespan
A labor and delivery nurse was caring for a patient who was experiencing hypotension during her labor. Based
on standing orders, the nurse was supposed to administer Ephedrine for the condition. The nurse went to the
anesthesia cart and withdrew Neosynephrine instead. She attempted to confirm the medication with other
nurses in the unit. All incorrectly verified that Neosynephrine was in fact Ephedrine. She then administered the
medication. The patient immediately experienced a severe headache, tetanic contractions and the fetus went
into distress. An emergency caesarean section was performed which ultimately resulted in the recovery of the
mother and baby.
Maternity
Ephedrine
Sulfate
NeoSynephrine
A nurse intended to order Hydralazine (a medication for high blood pressure) through the computer system.
The medication was to be administered three times a day. Inadvertently, the nurse ordered Hydroxyzine. As a
result, the patient received 10 doses of the wrong medication and developed a series of complications, which
included a bowel obstruction, and worsening of congestive heart failure. The patient required a transfer to a
critical care unit for stabilization.
Nursing
(Patient
Care) Unit
Hydralazine
Hydroxyzine
A pharmacy technician filled an order for Amaryl 8 mg twice daily instead of Reminyl 8 mg twice daily. The elderly
patient (more than 85 years old) received one 8 mg dose of Amaryl and experienced severe hypoglycemia, confusion, and vague abdominal discomfort. An emergency situation was identified, and the patient was treated
with glucose gel, juice and also Dextrose 50% and IV fluids were started. The patient recovered. After investigation, the error appeared to be caused by a manual pharmacy filling. The incorrect 8 mg dose was provided by
two 4 mg tablets and was missed by the checking pharmacist. In the future, Reminyl and Amaryl will be filled
automatically by the pharmacy robot, warning labels have been placed on both medications to alert staff to this
potential mix-up during manual pharmacy filling, and pre-printed order sets for Amaryl are being developed to
prevent handwriting errors.
Pharmacy,
inpatient
Amaryl
Reminyl
182
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-2. Selected C ases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That Required
Intervention Necessary to Sustain Life (C ategory H) (continued)
Error Description
Location
Drug
A nurse mistakenly administered 5 mL Pancuronium (a drug used for muscle paralysis) intravenously to a young
adult instead of Protonix (a drug used for gastroesophageal reflux). As a result of the error, the patient had to
be intubated and placed on a ventilator. The patient required admission to the hospital for observation. Contributing to the error was the finding that the storage bin of Protonix contained the wrong drug, the nurse was
not wearing glasses at the time of the error and did not read the entire label, and the nurse was working a night
shift.
Emergency
Department
Pancuronium
Protonix
A nurse called the pharmacy and provided a verbal order for Fentanyl in preparation of an endoscopic procedure.
The pharmacist heard Sufentanil for endoscopy and the Sufentanil was dispensed. The Sufentanil was administered. As a result of look-alike names, the patient received the wrong medication and required cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. The error was discovered later when the written orders were reviewed by the pharmacy which
confirmed Fentanyl was ordered instead of Sufentanil.
Pharmacy
Fentanyl
Sufentanil
A pediatric patient was experiencing seizures. The physician ordered Diazepam 2 mg intravenously. A nurse
obtained Lorazepam 2 mg. The nurse confirmed the dose, but not the drug name, with a second nurse prior
to administering the drug. As a result of the error, the child required resuscitation and eventual transport to a
children’s medical center. The patient recovered.
Emergency
Department
Diazepam
Lorazepam
An elderly, non-diabetic patient received Amaryl 4 mg for 3 days instead of Reminyl 4 mg. As a result of the error, the patient had to be admitted to the critical care unit where medication to reverse the effects of the wrong
drug was administered.
Nursing
Unit
Amaryl
Reminyl
An elderly non-diabetic patient received Amaryl instead of Reminyl 8 mg twice daily as a result of the pharmacy
dispensing the wrong medication. The nursing staff found the patient unresponsive with a critically low blood
sugar. The patient required dextrose solutions to restore the blood sugar to normal limits.
Pharmacy,
Inpatient
Amaryl
Reminyl
An elderly non-diabetic patient received Amaryl in error for 3 days instead of Reminyl. The patient became unresponsive and was transferred to the critical care unit where glucagon infusions were administered.
Pharmacy,
Inpatient
Amaryl
Reminyl
183
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-3. Selected C ases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That May Have
Contributed to or Resulted in the Patient’s Death (C ategory I)
Error Description
Location
Drug
An order for a Natrecor drip was written to increase the infusion rate to 9 mL/hr. The patient was also receiving a Norcuron drip at 30 ml/hr and Versed drip. The Norcuron drip
ran out in the evening and was replaced with another Natrecor drip. The patient became
hypotensive and a fluid bolus was ordered with a Levophed drip. It was then noticed that
two Natrecor drips were infusing simultanously at which time they were both stopped. The
patient experienced bradycardia and a physician was called. The patient expired. Policies
were reviewed and changes will be made to IV infusion policy. Drip calculators will be added to monitors. Pharmacy labeling will be reviewed as well as distribution of medications
for infusion. IV flow sheets wil be re-evaluated and proper documentation of IV drip orders
will be included in the educational process.
Intensive care unit,
Medical
Natrecor
Norcuron
An emergency department physician was preparing to intubate a patient and calculated
the dose for Rocuronium (a pre-intubation agent used to assist with the procedure). The
physician gave orders for the nurse to obtain the medication and indicated the volume to
administer to the patient. The nurse obtained Vecuronium instead of Rocuronium and administered the volume ordered to the patient. Because of dosing differences between the
two products, the patient received a large amount of the wrong agent, which in turn led to
a fatal heart arrhythmia.
Emergency Department
Rocuronium
Vecuronium
An autistic pediatric patient was given the wrong product when Disodium EDTA (a hypercalcemia treatment) was administered instead of the chelation therapy Calcium Disodium
EDTA (FDA approved for treatment of lead poisoning) prescribed in the attempt to help
treat the patient’s autism.
Physician’s office
Calcium Disodium EDTA
Disodium EDTA
184
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-3. Selected C ases Involving Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors Where an Error Occurred That May Have
Contributed to or Resulted in the Patient’s Death (C ategory I) (continued)
Error Description
Location
Drug
An adolescent with a seizure disorder was dispensed the wrong product (due to similar generic drug names). Instead of the prescribed seizure medication (Primidone), the patient
was given Prednisone. The attending physician’s handwriting was implicated as a cause
of error.
Physician’s office
Prednisone
Primidone
A terminally ill patient was prescribed Phenytoin. During transcription of the physician
orders, the person transcribing the order wrote “pheno” 100 mg, 3 tablets every morning
for seizures. Instead of Phenytoin, the pharmacist dispensed Phenobarbital.
Patient’s home
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
A non-diabetic elderly woman was discharged from the hospital to a skilled nursing facility.
At the time of discharge, the physician correctly dictated a prescription for Reminyl. However, the prescription was incorrectly transcribed as Amaryl. The patient was given Amaryl
at the skilled nursing facility until being found unresponsive. The patient was taken to
the hospital and given dextrose and other medications and revived. The patient was then
discharged back to the facility where the wrong medication continued to be given. The
patient again experienced a period of unresponsiveness, but did not recover.
Hospital
Amaryl
Reminyl
185
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Figure 4-1. Comparison
of Brand and Generic Names
Contained in the USP Similar
Names List
Generic
names
631 (43%)
Brand names
839 (57%)
The USP Similar Names List now
contains 1,470 drugs that have
been involved in look-alike/
sound-alike medication errors.
Of the reported names, 839
(57%) are brand (proprietary)
names and 631 (43%) are generic names.
Table 4-2. Drugs by Therapeutic Class Associated with the Greatest
Number of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Drug Pairs
Drug name (Therapeutic Class)
Drug Pairs (n)
Cefazolin (Antimicrobials)
15
Lisinopril (Cardiovascular Medications)
13
Enalapril (Cardiovascular Medications)
12
Prednisone (Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers)
12
Trazodone (Central Nervous System Agents)
12
Metronidazole (Antimicrobials, Dermatological
Agents, Genitourinary Medications)
11
Zestril (Cardiovascular Medications)
11
Accupril (Cardiovascular Medications)
10
Cefepime (Antimicrobials)
10
Cefotaxime (Antimicrobials)
10
Chlorpromazine (Central Nervous System Agents)
10
Diazepam (Central Nervous System Agents)
10
Labetalol (Cardiovascular Medications)
10
Levothyroxine (Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers)
10
Prinivil (Cardiovascular Medications)
10
This report identified 1,470 drugs that had been involved in look-alike/sound-alike medication errors.
This analysis identified 798 (54%) drugs that were involved in look-alike/sound-alike errors with only
one other product, thus creating 800 distinct pairs. The remaining 672 (46%) were paired with two or
more distinct drugs. Table 4-2 displays the 15 drugs associated with the highest number of distinct drug
pairs. Cefazolin (15) and Lisinopril (13) appeared most frequently with other drugs.
186
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Involving Three Drugs
Drug Names
Error Category Index
Aripiprazole, Lansoprazole,
Omeprazole
A
Oxytrol, Roxanol, Uroaxatral
A
Pamelor, Panlor DC, Panlor SS
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Table 4-3. Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Table 4-4. Node in the Medication Use Process
Where Look-alike and/or Sound-alike
Errors Occur
Node*
Procurement
n
%
119
0.5
Prescribing
2,060
8.1
B
Transcribing/
Documenting
2,544
10.0
Prevpac, Propac, Propecia
C
Dispensing
16,314
64.4
Vioxx, Ziox, Zyvox
A
Administering
4,251
16.8
Zestril, Zetia, Zyrtec
B
Monitoring
61
0.2
Zestril, Zetia, Zyrtec
C
TOTAL
25,349
*Node is not applicable to Category A records
The USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting Program contained
seven records that involved three different products. Three of
the “triple” drug records were Category A, indicating the potential to be involved in errors. An additional two were Category B
errors that were intercepted, and the remaining two were Category C errors that reached the patient and did not result in
harm. The importance of these findings demonstrates that it is
possible for one drug to be confused with more than one other
drug, which expands the opportunities for errors and patient
harm. An important note is that the findings represent multiple
classes of drugs. This could provide further support for the call
to include the indication for use on prescriptions as a means to
help distinguish look-alike and/or sound-alike products.
The largest percentage of errors (64.4%) originated in the Dispensing phase of the medication use process. This phase begins at the point that the pharmacy department receives the
order and continues with a pharmacist’s assessment of a medication order to the point of releasing the product for use by
another healthcare professional or the patient. The dispensing
phase also represents the greatest opportunity for error given
that all medications pass through the pharmacy. The Administering phase of the medication use process was associated with
the second largest number of look-alike and/or sound-alike
errors. Administering activities (e.g., MAR/patient armband
check) may begin in the patient care unit, care delivery area, or
patient bedside and continue through actual drug administration to the patient.
187
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-4. Sample C ases by Node for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Error Description
Node
Error Category
Index
Type(s) of
Error
Location
Drug
A physician misinterpreted a pre-admission
medication listed as “Hydrocortone” to be Hydrocodone. The order was written and Hydrocodone was administered for 6 days instead of
Hydrocortisone.
Prescribing
F
An error occurred
that may have contributed to or resulted in temporary
harm to the patient
and required initial
or prolonged hospitalization
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
Operating
Room
Hydrocodone
Hydrocortisone
Clofazamine 50 mg was ordered, but Clozapine 50 mg was given to an elderly patient. A
unit secretary/clerk entered the wrong medication into the electronic medication information
system, which was verified by pharmacy. Two
doses were given. After investigation it was determined that the root cause for the occurrence
of the error resulted from staff being unfamiliar
with the drug Clofazamine along with the medication being misspelled on the order sheet.
Transcribing/
documenting
E
An error occurred
that may have contributed to or resulted in temporary
harm to the patient
and required intervention
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
Nursing
(Patient
Care) Unit
Clofazamine
Clozapine
188
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-4. Sample C ases by Node for Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors (continued)
Error Description
Node
Error Category
Index
Type(s) of
Error
Location
Drug
An elderly patient received Methimazole instead of Metolazone, which resulted in a weeklong hospitalization. Patient was under the
observation of a cardiologist. A pharmacy technician confused Metolazone with Methimazole
5 mg when she typed the shortcut MET 5 into
the computer. Both drugs were listed and she
picked the first one. A pharmacist checked the
label and the drug inside the bottle but did not
catch the error.
Dispensing
F
An error occurred
that may have contributed to or resulted in temporary
harm to the patient
and required initial
or prolonged hospitalization
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Methimazole
Metolazone
Physician instructed a nurse to give Diazepam
to a patient having a grand mal seizure. The
nurse retrieved Diltiazem instead and administered 0.5 mL.
Administering
E
An error occurred
that may have contributed to or resulted in temporary
harm to the patient
and required intervention
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
Emergency
Department
Diazepam
Diltiazem
189
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Table 4-5. Leading Types of Error Associated with
LASA Errors
Type of Error
n
%
Unauthorized/wrong drug
15,274
57.6
Drug prepared incorrectly
4,660
17.6
Improper dose/quantity
3,336
12.6
Wrong dosage form
2,664
10.0
Prescribing error
1,659
6.3
Omission error
495
1.9
Mislabeling*
412
1.6
Data based on 29,230 selections associated with 26,508 records.
* Selection not available all 4 years
The most common (57.6%) type of error reported was an Unauthorized/wrong drug (a wrong product error), meaning that the similar
looking or sounding generic or brand name of the intended drug was
confused for another drug. This finding would be consistent with
practice, given that mistaking one drug for another does result in
an error involving the wrong drug. Drug prepared incorrectly was
the second leading type of error (17.6%). A review of these records
suggest that this selection code was applied when the wrong drug
190
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
was pulled from the shelf, rather than the incorrect manipulation in
preparing the drug. The third most common type of error was an Improper dose/quantity error, and these errors occur when a dose differs than ordered or intended (e.g., diazepam 5 mg versus diazepam
10 mg). Drug suffixes connected to brand names can contribute to
Improper dose/quantity errors, Wrong dosage form errors, and Prescribing error. Look-alike and/or sound-alike errors can contribute to
or be complicated by other types of errors.
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-5. C ase Examples of Unauthorized/Wrong Drug Errors due to Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Names
Error Description
Type(s) of Error
Error Category Index
Upon discharge from the Emergency Room,
a pediatric patient received a take-home
prescription for Zyrtec 5 mg. A pharmacy
technician at a retail pharmacy filled the
prescription incorrectly with Zyprexa 5 mg.
The patient returned to the ER after fainting,
at which time the medication error was discovered and the pharmacy was contacted.
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
F
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
initial or prolonged hospitalization
An elderly man received a prescription for
Coreg 25 mg (1 tab twice daily), which was
filled with Cortef 25 mg instead. The pharmacist contacted the physician once the
error was discovered. The physician stated
that the patient experienced oral thrush, a
20-lb. weight increase, water retention, and
edema (requiring an increase in Lasix dosing from 40 mg to 80 mg daily) and an elevated HbA1C from 7.4 to 8.4, while taking
the incorrect medication. The physician then
needed to start a steroid taper to appropriately take the patient off the steroid.
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
Clonidine 0.5 mg was given to a patient instead of Klonopin 0.5 mg. The patient had
to be transferred to the medical intensive
care unit for intervention and monitoring.
An elderly woman was to receive Primidone
50 mg 2 tabs four times a day. The order
was interpreted as Prednisone instead.
Node
Location
Drug
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Zyprexa
Zyrtec
E
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
intervention
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Coreg
Cortef
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
E
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
intervention
Administering
Nursing
(Patient
Care) Unit
Clonidine
Klonopin
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
E
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or
resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
intervention
Dispensing
Nursing
(Patient
Care) Unit
Prednisone
Primidone
Continued next page
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
191
Case Vignettes: Group 4-5. C ase Examples of Unauthorized/Wrong Drug Errors due to Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Names (continued)
Error Description
Type(s) of Error
Error Category Index
A prescription for Topamax was erroneously
filled by a pharmacy technician with Toprol
XL. The error was discovered upon refill of
the medication. While taking Toprol XL, the
patient was being evaluated by a cardiologist for bradycardia and was being worked
up for pacemaker placement. The physician was notified once the error was discovered and the patient was instructed to
return to the cardiology clinic for evaluation
once off the Toprol XL.
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
E
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or
resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
intervention
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Toprol-XL
Topamax
An elderly patient had an order for Colchicine 0.3 mg twice daily, which was entered
incorrectly by the pharmacy staff as Clonidine 0.3 mg. The patient’s hospitalization was extended due to the patient’s low
blood pressure.
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
F
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or
resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
initial or prolonged hospitalization
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
inpatient
Clonidine
Colchicine
A refill for Labetalol 200 mg was incorrectly
filled by a pharmacy technician with Lamictal 200 mg. Lamictal is stored on a separate
shelf identified as the “look-alike/soundalike” shelves in this particular pharmacy.
The patient took the wrong medication for
2-3 weeks and was admitted to the hospital
for several days with elevated blood pressure and nausea/vomiting.
Unauthorized/
wrong drug
F
An error occurred that may
have contributed to or
resulted in temporary harm
to the patient and required
initial or prolonged hospitalization
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
Inpatient
Labetalol
Lamictal
192
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Node
Location
Drug
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Table 4-6. Leading Additional Causes Associated with Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Additional Causes of Medication Error
n
%
Performance deficit
9,170
52.4
Procedure/protocol not followed
2,902
16.6
Computer entry
2,636
15.1
Knowledge deficit
2,316
13.2
Prefix/suffix misinterpreted
1,834
10.5
Transcription inaccurate/omitted
1,656
9.5
Storage proximity
1,632
9.3
Similar packaging/labeling
1,370
7.8
Dispensing device involved
1,328
7.6
Dosage form confusion
1,326
7.6
Documentation
1,294
7.4
Drug distribution system
1,162
6.6
Communication
1,129
6.4
Handwriting illegible/unclear
1,093
6.2
Similar products
1,026
5.9
Nearly two-thirds of the look-alike/sound-alike medication
error records contained at least one additional selection from
the cause of error pick list. Performance deficit was the leading
selection, indicating that the person involved in the error had the
requisite skills and knowledge to discharge their duties safely,
but failed to do so in this instance. This selection accounted for
more than half of the co-causes. The second leading co-cause
was Procedure/protocol not followed. In such cases, policies
and procedures are in place and workable. Deviation from the
policies and procedures can be deliberate or unintentional.
Computer entry errors involve either selecting the wrong product
from the display screen or entering incorrect data. Knowledge
deficit as a selection signals that the person involved in the error
did not have the appropriate knowledge, which led to the error.
For Prefix/suffix misinterpreted, the drug name contained either
a prefix or suffix and the person involved in the error failed to
identify it, recognize it, or correctly interpret it. The remaining
selections represent less than 10% of the cases reviewed.
Data based on 17,510 records associated with 44,385 selections
193
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-6. Leading Additional C auses of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Error Description
Co-causes
Error Category Index
Node
Location
Drug
During transplant surgery, an anesthesiologist
gave Depo-Medrol instead of Solu-Medrol in the
operating room. Once the error was discovered,
the Solu-Medrol was given later.
Performance
deficit
F
An error occurred that
may have contributed
to or resulted in temporary harm to the
patient and required
initial or prolonged
hospitalization
Administering
Operating
Room
Depo-Medrol
Solu-Medrol
A physician noted that a patient had returned
to atrial fibrillation. Upon inspection of the prescription bottles, it was identified that the patient had been taking Topamax instead of Toprol
XL. The original prescription was correct but it
was entered incorrectly by the pharmacy. The
patient may have been taking Topamax for approximately 240 days. The patient was admitted
to the hospital for treatment. Upon investigation
it was found that both medications were listed
under the short computer code of “TOP25”. Recommendations for prevention of future errors
included discouraging the use of short codes
when typing names.The short code for Topamax
was removed from the computer.
Computer
entry
F
An error occurred that
may have contributed
to or resulted in temporary harm to the
patient and required
initial or prolonged
hospitalization
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Toprol-XL
Topamax
A nurse was changing a patient’s Nicardipine
drip and discovered that a Nipride drip was infusing instead. The patient was treated with Sodium Thiosulfate injection to reverse the effects
of cyanide toxicity.
Knowledge
deficit
E
An error occurred that
may have contributed
to or resulted in temporary harm to the
patient and required
intervention
Administering
Intensive
Care Unit,
Coronary
Nicardipine
Nipride
194
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Case Vignettes: Group 4-6. Leading Additional C auses of Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors (continued)
Error Description
Co-causes
Error Category Index
Node
Location
Drug
Kayexelate was entered into the computer system, sent to the unit and administered for 2 doses instead of Kaopectate. Patient’s potassium
level decreased to 3.1.
Performance
deficit
E
An error occurred that
may have contributed
to or resulted in temporary harm to the
patient and required
intervention
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
inpatient
Kaopectate
Kayexelate
A patient attempted to pick up a refill prescription at the outpatient pharmacy for Wellbutrin
SR. A pharmacy technician prepared the refill
and it was verified by the pharmacist. The patient noticed that the tablet was marked Wellbutrin XL. The patient returned the bottle to the
pharmacy for correction.
Prefix/Suffix
misinterpreted
C
An error occurred that
reached the patient
but did not cause patient harm
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Wellbutrin SR
Wellbutrin XL
A prescription was written for Melphalan 2 mg.
The trade name of the product is Alkeran. The
prescription was dispensed as Leukeran, because it was incorrectly chosen as the trade
name for Melphalan. The patient took the wrong
medication for 7 days. A month later, the patient
returned with another written prescription for
Melphalan. A second pharmacist reviewed the
patient’s profile and saw the previous dispensed
medication Leukeran. The pharmacist contacted
the physician for clarification. When reporting
the error, it was noted that both products appear
in identical bottles and both products share the
same strength.
Similar labels/
packaging
D
An error occurred that
reached the patient
and required monitoring to confirm that it
resulted in no harm to
the patient and/or required intervention to
preclude harm
Dispensing
Pharmacy,
outpatient
Alkeran
Leukeran
195
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Table 4-7. Staff Involved in Initial Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Staff
n
%
Pharmacy Technician
9,745
Pharmacist
Materials Management Personnel
4
0.02
38.5
Optometrist
4
0.02
5,995
23.7
Nuclear Medicine Technician
3
0.01
Nurse, Registered1
4,862
19.2
Information Technology Personnel
2
0.01
Physician2
1,857
7.3
Psych Tech/Mental Health Technician
2
0.01
Pharmacy Personnel, non-specific
1,423
5.6
Nurse, Licensed Practical/Vocational
461
1.8
Data based on 25,293 records identifying the staff making the initial error
(1): Includes: Nurse, Graduate; Nurse, Registerd; and Nurse, Travel
(2): Includes: Physician; Physician, Intern, and Physician, Resident
(3): Includes: Anesthesiologist and Nurse Anesthetist
Unit Secretary/Clerk
287
1.1
Nursing Personnel, non-specific
204
0.8
Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nurse
106
0.4
Physician Assistant
99
0.4
Student
66
0.3
Unlicensed Assistive Personnel
38
0.2
Patient/Family Member/Caregiver
31
0.1
Respiratory Therapist
30
0.1
Anesthesia Provider3
15
0.1
Nursing Assistant/Aide
15
0.1
Radiology Technician
13
0.1
Phlebotomist
11
0.04
Emergency Medical Services
8
0.03
Dentist and related specialties
6
0.02
Physical Therapist
6
0.02
196
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
The Level of Staff Identified as Having Made the Initial Error is applicable
to medication errors with Categories B through I. Nearly all of the records
(99%) contained an entry associated with the initial error. Slightly more
than two-thirds (67.8%) of the records were associated with staff members from the pharmacy department (e.g., technicians or pharmacists).
The large number of errors associated with the pharmacy department
is internally consistent with the Node findings. Because all drugs pass
through a pharmacy, the pharmacy staff members also have the greatest
number of opportunities for error. An additional 22% of the errors were
associated with nursing service personnel. These errors occur late in the
medication use process where there are fewer opportunities to intercept
the error.
Although involved in fewer errors, physicians (7%) and other prescribers (e.g., nurse practitioners, physician assistants) may eventually face
many of the same look-alike/sound alike issues as they begin operating
computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) systems. The design of such
systems must include cautionary messages and human factors principles
(e.g., in terms of alternating row shading or font size) to help distinguish
products displayed as lists and to avoid future errors.
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
Table 4-8. Contributing Factors Associated with Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Contributing Factor
n
%
Distractions
5,052
None
Busy
20
0.1
35.4
Range orders
19
0.1
4,892
34.3
Patient names similar/same
13
0.1
Workload increase
2,474
17.4
Overworked (extra hours/days)
2
0.01
Staff, inexperienced
2,047
14.4
Not enough work space
1
0.01
Staffing, insufficient
1,175
8.2
No 24-hour pharmacy
513
3.6
Imprint, identification failure
363
2.5
Cross coverage
362
2.5
Staff, agency/temporary
264
1.9
Staff, floating
226
1.6
Shift change
203
1.4
Staffing, alternative hours
148
1.0
Emergency situation
144
1.0
Fatigue
144
1.0
Computer system/network down
120
0.8
No access to patient information
87
0.6
Patient transfer
82
0.6
Poor lighting
82
0.6
Code situation
46
0.3
Work environment
23
0.2
Data based on 14,258 records associated with 18,502 selections
Contributing factors are those situational, organizational, or environmental elements that ripen the opportunity for an error to occur. Contributing
factors in and of themselves do not cause errors. Rather, they influence
the progression of errors, and thus, are sometimes difficult to recognize.
Slightly more than half (55%) of the actual error records identified at least
one contributing factor. The contributing factor most often selected was
Distractions, which resulted in the person being interrupted (e.g., answering a phone, responding to a question) while performing his or her duty.
The selection, None, indicates that the person reporting the error did not
associate any particular contributing factor to the event.
197
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
USP Recommendations to Reduce Medication Errors due to Look-alike and/or
Sound-alike Drug Names
This report extends the USP Similar Names List to differentiate drug
names reported in near-miss events, events that reached the patient
and did not cause harm, and harmful events. Given that thousands
of drugs are available worldwide, the problem is a global one. Compounding the problem are product-related issues of similar packaging, similar labeling, and the indiscriminate use of product suffixes.
Some firms in the United States are using trademark review service
companies to help ensure that the proprietary name they choose will
be trouble free. The proprietary drug name is actually placed into the
dispensing and administration path and rated on the basis of certain
risk factors such as:1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Look-alike names
Sound-alike names
Same dosage as a similar looking or sounding drug
Same or similar dosage strength
Same or similar dosage form
Same or similar dosage regimen (i.e., once daily)
Same or similar clinical indications
Similarity to a popular drug. A product in the top 100 creates a
special risk situation because it is more likely to be viewed as the
correct product based on frequency of dispensing
• Similar names from the same manufacturer
• Catch-all category, Error potential, is evaluated in the context
of special considerations, such as refrigeration requirements,
controlled substance status, etc.
By conducting pre-market risk analysis through trade name reviews,
a company in the United States should be able to reduce the possibility for nomenclature errors related to the use of its product.
1
USP Quality Review 34, What’s In A Name, Nombre, Nom, Naam?
198
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
A healthcare facility may also find the application of such risk factors
useful in assessing the error potential for drug name mix-ups in the
products it stocks. To further assist facilities in their analysis of risk,
USP suggests the following:
• Evaluate your facility’s existing formulary and identify which
products appear on USP’s Similar Names List. Perhaps a good
place to start is to review your most severe errors and the drugs
involved in those errors.
• If you are considering adding a product to your formulary, use
USP’s list to determine if there could be a potential look-alike
and/or sound–alike problem with that product and others on
your formulary.
• Use the list to determine if products with similar names are
stocked next to one another in the pharmacy and any area where
medications are stored. If so, physically separate these products
or use some other method to distinguish them from one another
(i.e., use colored dividers to separate the products on the shelves;
apply brightly colored stickers alerting staff to the potential for
similarity, etc.).
• Track medication errors caused by look-alike and/or sound-alike
drug names and identify the products most frequently involved.
Create ways to alert staff to the mix-ups, such as posting the
information in a newsletter.
• Use tall-man lettering to distinguish the appearance of the
product name. This technique works especially well on the
manufacturer’s packaging but can also be implemented in
pharmacy software and labeling. Prescribers might consider this
technique when writing orders or prescriptions.
• Implement policies that prohibit verbal orders for products that
sound alike, especially those already mixed up at your facility.
• Perform a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, especially for mixups that can result in harmful or fatal outcomes.
1. In concert with national health priorities, USP encourages
healthcare facilities to increase the rate of adoption of proven
technological solutions that offer error protection, including,
but not limited to, computerized prescriber order entry systems,
robotic fills, bar code technology, and electronic health records.
Low-tech solutions such as shelf markers or segregated lookalike and/or sound-alike drugs can be implemented quickly,
easily, and inexpensively.
2. A national forum should be convened to resolve discrepancies
in the use of drug suffixes such that adoption of a standardized
nomenclature occurs universally.
3. All prescriptions, regardless of the setting in which they are
written, whether manual or computer generated, should include
the indication for using the drug.
4. Ambulatory patients should exercise their right to counseling by
a pharmacist at the point of medication dispensing or refilling.
This counseling provides a final safety net to catch look-alike
and/or sound-alike errors.
5. The application of human factors principles and similarity
detection software should be encouraged early in the drug
approval process to identify potential weaknesses in drug
names, drug labels, and drug packaging.
6. Healthcare practitioners should commit to the on-going reporting
of medication errors resulting from similar names to allow the
public dissemination of these name pairs for awareness by all
stakeholders.
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
USP offers the following recommendations to the various
stakeholders in the healthcare system to address drug name
confusion more broadly:
The 2006 report of the Institute of Medicine, Preventing Medication
Errors, provided an action agenda to address medication errors
resulting from similar drug names and called upon the FDA, USP, and
others to address the key problems that affect medication safety
and quality. USP believes that this year’s MEDMARX Data Report
provides the first and most important step of identifying confusing
name pairs to answer the call for action.
199
SECTION 4: Summary of Error Information for Look-Alike and/or Sound-Alike Errors
200
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Appendix 1
Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
—A common taxonomy for organizing drug brand or generic names is the VA coding
system. All drugs receive at least one therapeutic classification. Drugs are further
subcategorized by distinct classes, such that similar acting products appear within the
same subclassification. For example, amoxicillin is in the broad class of antimicrobials.
It has a subclassification of beta-lactam antimicrobials. The following list associates
the brand or generic name of the drugs involved in look-alike or sound-alike errors with
the respective classification and subclassification.
201
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Abbokinase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Abelcet
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Abilify
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Accolate
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Accupril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Accutane
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Accuzyme
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Aceon
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Acetaminophen
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Acetazolamide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Acetic Acid
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Acetohexamide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Acetylcysteine
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Acetylcysteine
Respiratory Tract Medications
Mucolytics
Aciphex
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Actanol
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Actigall
Gastric Medications
Gastric Medications, Other
Actiq
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Activase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Actonel
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Actos
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Acular
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Acyclovir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Acyclovir
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Adacel
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Adalat
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Adderall
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Adderall XR
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Adipex-P
Gastric Medications
Appetite Suppressants
Adrenalin
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Advair
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Advair Diskus
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Advicor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Advil
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Advil
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
202
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Agenerase
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Aggrastat
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Aggrenox
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Albuterol
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Aldactone
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Aldomet
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Alendronate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Alesse
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Alfentanil
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Alfuzosin
Genitourinary Medications
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Agents
Alkeran
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Allegra
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Allegra-D
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Allerx
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Allopurinol
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antigout Agents
Alphagan
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Alphagan P
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Alprazolam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Alrex
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Altace
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Alteplase, Recombinant
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Altocor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Alupent
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Amantadine
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Amaryl
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Amatine
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Ambien
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
AmBisome
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Amicar
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Amikacin
Antimicrobials
Aminoglycosides
Amikin
Antimicrobials
Aminoglycosides
Amiloride
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Aminophylline
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Amiodarone
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Amitriptyline
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
203
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Amlodipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amoxapine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Amoxicillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Amoxil
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Amphotericin B
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Amphotericin B
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Amphotericin B
Desoxycholate
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Amphotericin B Lipid
Complex
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Amphotericin B Liposome
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Ampicillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ampicillin and Sulbactam
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Amukin
Miscellaneous
Anafranil
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Anagrelide
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Anaprox
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Anaprox
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Anaprox DS
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Anaprox DS
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Anastrozole
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Anexsia
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Antivert
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Anzemet
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Apresoline
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Aquasol A
Vitamins
Vitamins
Aquasol E
Vitamins
Vitamins
Aralast
Respiratory Tract Medications
Respiratory Agents, Other
Aranesp
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Argatroban
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Aricept
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Arimidex
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Aripiprazole
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Arixtra
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Armour Thyroid
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Aromasin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
204
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Artane
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Asacol
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Asparaginase
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Atacand
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Atarax
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Atenolol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Ativan
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Atomoxetine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Atorvastatin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Atropine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Atropine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Atrovent
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Atrovent
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Augmentin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Auralgan Otic
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Avalide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Avandamet
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Avandia
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Avapro
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Avelox
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Aventyl
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Aygestin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Azathioprine
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Azilect
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Azithromycin
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Azmacort
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Aztreonam
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Azulfidine
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Baciim
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Bacitracin
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Bacitracin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Bacitracin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Baclofen
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Bactrim
Antimicrobials
Sulfonamide/Related Antimicrobials
205
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Bactrim DS
Antimicrobials
Sulfonamide/Related Antimicrobials
Bactroban
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Beclomethasone
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Benadryl
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Benazepril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Benazepril and Hydrochloro- Cardiovascular Medications
thiazide
Antihypertensives
Benefiber
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
BeneFix
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Benicar
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Benicar HCT
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Bentyl
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
BenzaClin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Benzamycin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Benzocaine
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Benzocaine
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Benzocaine
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Benzoin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Benzonatate
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Benzoyl Peroxide
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Benztropine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Betagan
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Betamethasone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Betaxolol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Betaxolol
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Bethanechol
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Betoptic
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Bextra
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Biaxin
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Biaxin XL
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Bicillin C-R
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Bicillin L-A
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Bicitra
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Bimatoprost
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Bisacodyl
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
206
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Bisacodyl
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Bisoprolol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Bleph-10
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Blephamide
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Blocadren
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Boostrix
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Botulism Immune Globulin
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Brethine
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Brevibloc
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Brevital
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Brimonidine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Bromocriptine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Budesonide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Budesonide
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Budesonide
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Budesonide
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Bumetanide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Bumex
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Bupivacaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Bupropion
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Bupropion
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
BuSpar
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Buspirone
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Butalbital, Acetaminophen,
and Caffeine
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Butalbital, Aspirin, and
Caffeine
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Butorphanol
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Cafergot
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Calan
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calan SR
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcitriol
Vitamins
Vitamins
207
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Calcium Acetate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Calcium and Vitamin D
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Calcium Carbonate
Gastric Medications
Antacids
Calcium Carbonate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Calcium Chloride
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Calcium Chloride
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Calcium Citrate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Calcium Disodium EDTA
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Calcium Gluconate
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Calcium Gluconate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Calcium Polycarbophil
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Caltrate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Capoten
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Captopril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Carac
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Carafate
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Carbamazepine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Carbatrol
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Carbidopa
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Carboplatin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Cardene
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardizem
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardizem CD
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardizem LA
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardizem SR
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardura
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Carisoprodol
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Carrasyn
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Cartia XT
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Carvedilol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Catapres
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Cefaclor
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefadroxil
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefamandole
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
208
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Cefazolin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefdinir
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefepime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefixime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefotan
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefotaxime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefotetan
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefoxitin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefprozil
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ceftazidime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ceftin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ceftizoxime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ceftriaxone
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefuroxime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cefzil
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Celebrex
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Celexa
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Cepacol
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Cephalexin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Cerebyx
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Cetacaine
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Cetamide
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Cetirizine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Chloral Hydrate
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Chlordiazepoxide
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Chlorothiazide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Chlorpheniramine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Chlorpheniramine and
Pseudoephedrine
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Chlorpromazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Chlorpropamide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Chlorthalidone
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Cholestyramine
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Ciloxan
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
209
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Cimetidine
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Cipro
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Cipro HC
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Ciprodex
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Ciprofloxacin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Cisplatin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Citalopram
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Citracal
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Citrucel
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Cladribine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Claforan
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Clarinex
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Clarithromycin
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Claritin
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Claritin-D
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Cleocin
Antimicrobials
Lincomycins
Clindamycin
Antimicrobials
Lincomycins
Clindamycin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Clindesse
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Clindets
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Clinoril
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Clobetasol
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Clofazimine
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Clomid
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Clomiphene
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Clomipramine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Clonazepam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Clonidine
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Clonidine
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Clotrimazole
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Clotrimazole
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Clotrimazole
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Clozapine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
210
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Clozaril
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Colace
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Colazal
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Colchicine
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antigout Agents
Colesevelam
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Colestipol
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Colyte
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Combipatch
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Combipres
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Combivent
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Combivir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Compazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Comvax
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Concerta
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Conjugated Estrogens
Genitourinary Medications
Estrogens, Vaginal
Conjugated Estrogens
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Cordarone
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Coreg
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Corgard
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Cortef
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Cortisone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Cortisporin
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Cortone Acetate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Cortrosyn
Diagnostic Agents
Diagnostic Agents
Cosopt
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Cotrim
Antimicrobials
Sulfonamide/Related Antimicrobials
Coumadin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Cozaar
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Creon 10
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Crestor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Cubicin
Antimicrobials
Lipopeptides
Cyclobenzaprine
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Cyclogyl
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Cyclomydril
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
211
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Cyclophosphamide
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Cyclosporine
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Cyproheptadine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Cytarabine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Cytomel
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Cytosar-U
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Cytotec
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Prostaglandins
Cytoxan
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Dactinomycin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Dalteparin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Danazol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Danocrine
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Dantrium
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Dapsone
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Daptacel
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Daptomycin
Antimicrobials
Lipopeptides
Darbepoetin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Darvocet
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Darvocet-N
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Darvon
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Darvon-N
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Daunorubicin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Debrox
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Decadron
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Declomycin
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Delestrogen
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Deltasone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Demadex
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Demeclocycline
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Demerol
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Demulen
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Depacon
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Depakene
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Depakote
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
212
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Depo-Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Depo-Medrol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Depo-Provera
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Depo-Testadiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Depo-Testosterone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Desferal
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Desipramine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Desloratadine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Desmopressin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Desogen
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Desogestrel and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Desyrel
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Detrol
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Detrol LA
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Dexamethasone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Dexamethasone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Dexamethasone
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Dexedrine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
DexFerrum
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Dexmedetomidine
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Dextroamphetamine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Dextromethorphan
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Dextromethorphan and
Guaifenesin
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
DiaBeta
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Diabinese
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Diamox
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Diazepam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Diazoxide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Diazoxide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Antihypoglycemics
Diclofenac Sodium
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Diclofenac Sodium
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Diclofenac Sodium
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Dicloxacillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
213
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Dicyclomine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Diflucan
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Diflunisal
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Digibind
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Digoxin
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiac Inotropic Agents
Dilantin
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Dilaudid
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Diltiazem
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Dimenhydrinate
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Dimenhydrinate
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Diovan
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Diovan HCT
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Diphenhydramine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Dipyridamole
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Disodium EDTA
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Ditropan
Genitourinary Medications
Antispasmodics, Urinary
Ditropan XL
Genitourinary Medications
Antispasmodics, Urinary
Diuril
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Divalproex
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Dobutamine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Dobutrex
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Docetaxel
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Docusate Sodium
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Docusate Sodium
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Dolasetron
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Dolophine
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Domeboro
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Donepezil
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Dopamine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Doxazosin
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Doxepin
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Doxepin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Doxidan
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Doxorubicin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
214
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Doxycycline
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Drisdol
Vitamins
Vitamins
Duricef
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ecotrin
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Efavirenz
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Effexor
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Effexor XR
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Efudex
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Ela Max
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Elavil
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Eldepryl
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Elidel
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Elimite
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Elspar
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
EMLA
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Emtriva
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Enalapril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Engerix-B
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Enoxaparin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Ephedrine
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Ephedrine Sulfate
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Epinephrine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Epinephrine
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Epivir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Epogen
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Ergoloid Mesylates
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Ertapenem
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Erythromycin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Erythromycin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Erythromycin and
Sulfisoxazole
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Erythromycin Base
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Erythromycin Stearate
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Escitalopram
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
215
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Eskalith
Central Nervous System Medications
Antimanic Agents
Esomeprazole magnesium
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Esterified Estrogens
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Estrace
Genitourinary Medications
Estrogens, Vaginal
Estrace
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Estradiol
Genitourinary Medications
Estrogens, Vaginal
Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Estratest
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Estring
Genitourinary Medications
Estrogens, Vaginal
Ethamolin
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Ethionamide
Antimicrobials
Antituberculars
Ethynodiol Diacetate and
Ethinyl Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Etomidate
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Evista
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers, Other
Excedrin Migraine
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Excedrin Sinus
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Exelon
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Ezetimibe
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Fabrazyme
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Famotidine
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Famvir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Felbatol
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Feldene
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Felodipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Femara
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Femhrt
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Fentanyl
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Fentanyl Citrate
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Feosol
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Ferro-Sequels
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Ferrous Fumarate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Ferrous Gluconate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Ferrous Sulfate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Filgrastim
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
216
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Finasteride
Dermatological Agents
Dermatologicals, Systemic, Other
Finasteride
Genitourinary Medications
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Agents
Fioricet
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Fiorinal
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Flavoxate
Genitourinary Medications
Antispasmodics, Urinary
Flax Oil
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Fleet Enema
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Fleet Phospho-Soda
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Flexeril
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Flexium
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Flomax
Genitourinary Medications
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Agents
Flonase
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Florinef
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Flovent
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Floxin Otic
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Fluconazole
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Flucytosine
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Fludarabine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Fludrocortisone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Flumadine
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Flunisolide
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Flunisolide
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Fluocinolone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Fluocinonide
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Fluorometholone
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Fluorouracil
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Fluoxetine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Fluphenazine Hydrochloride
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Flurazepam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Fluticasone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Fluticasone
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Fluticasone
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Fluvoxamine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
217
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Foltrin
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Foltx
Vitamins
Vitamins
Fortovase
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Fosamax
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Fosamax Plus D
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Fosinopril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Fosinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Fosphenytoin
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Fragmin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Fungizone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Furosemide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Gabapentin
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Gabitril
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Galantamine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Ganciclovir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Ganciclovir
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Gastrografin
Diagnostic Agents
Ionic Contrast Media
Gatifloxacin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Gemcitabine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Gemfibrozil
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Gentamicin
Antimicrobials
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Gentamicin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Gentamicin
Phamaceutical Aids/Reagents
Otic Agents
Genteal
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Geocillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Glimepiride
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glipizide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glipizide and Metformin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Gluconorm
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glucophage
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glucophage XR
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glucotrol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
218
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Glucotrol XL
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glucovance
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glutamine
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Glyburide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Glyburide and Metformin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
GoLYTELY
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Granisetron
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Griseofulvin
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Guaifenesin
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Halcion
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Haldol
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Halobetasol
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Haloperidol
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Havrix
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Healon
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Hectorol
Vitamins
Vitamins
Heparin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Hepatitis A Vaccine,
Inactivated
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Hepatitis B Vaccine,
Recombinant
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Heptavax
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Hespan
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Volume Expanders
Hexachlorophene
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Hextend
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Volume Expanders
Homatropine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Humalog
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Humalog Mix 50/50
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Humalog Mix 75/25
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Humatrope
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Humulin 50/50
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Humulin 70/30
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Humulin R
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
219
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Humulin R (Concentrated),
U-500
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Humulin-U
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Hyalgan
Musculoskeletal Medications
Musculoskeletal Agents, Other
Hycodan
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Hydralazine
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Hydrea
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Hydrochlorothiazide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Hydrocodone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Hydrocodone and
Acetaminophen
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Hydrocodone and
Guaifenesin
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Hydrocodone and
Homatropine
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Hydrocodone and Ibuprofen
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Hydrocortisone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Hydrocortisone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Hydrocortisone Sodium
Succinate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Hydromorphone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Hydroxychloroquine
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Hydroxyurea
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Hydroxyzine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Hydroxyzine Pamoate
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Hytrin
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Hyzaar
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
IMDUR
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Imipenem and Cilastatin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Imipramine Hydrochloride
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Imitrex
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Immune Globulin
Intravenous (Human)
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Imodium
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Imuran
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
220
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
Subclassification
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Inapsine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Indapamide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Inderal
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Inderal LA
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Indomethacin
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Indomethacin
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Indomethacin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Infanrix
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Infliximab
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Inspra
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Insulin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Interferon Alfa-2a,
Recombinant
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Interferon Alfa-2b,
Recombinant
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Invirase
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Iodine
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Antithyroid Agents
Iodosorb
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Ipratropium
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Ipratropium
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Irbesartan and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Irinotecan
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Isocal
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Enteral Nutrition
Isoniazid
Antimicrobials
Antituberculars
Isoproterenol
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Isoproterenol
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Isoptin
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Isopto Homatropine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Isoptotears
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Isordil
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Isosorb 2000
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Inamrinone
Miscellaneous
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
221
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Isotretinoin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Isradipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Isuprel
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Isuprel
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Itraconazole
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Jantoven
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
K Phos
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Kaletra
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Kaopectate
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Kayexalate
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
K-Dur
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Keflex
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Kefzol
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Kenalog
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Kenalog
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Keppra
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Kerlone
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Ketek
Antimicrobials
Ketolide
Ketoconazole
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Ketoconazole
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Ketoprofen
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Ketorolac
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Ketorolac
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Klonopin
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Kwell
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Labetalol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Lac-Hydrin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
LactAid
Gastric Medications
Digestants
Lactinex
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Lactulose
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Lamictal
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Lamisil
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Lamisil
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lamivudine
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
222
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Lamotrigine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Lanacane
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lanolin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lanoxin
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiac Inotropic Agents
Lansoprazole
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Lantus
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Lariam
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Lasix
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Latanoprost
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Letrozole
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Leucovorin
Vitamins
Vitamins
Leukeran
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Levaquin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Levbid
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Levetiracetam
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Levitra
Genitourinary Medications
Genitourinary Agents, Other
Levlen
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Levlite
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Levobupivacaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Levocarnitine
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Levodopa
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Levofloxacin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Levofloxacin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Levonorgestrel
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Levophed
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Levorphanol
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Levothyroxine
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Levoxyl
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Levsin
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Levsin SL
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Levsinex Timecaps
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Lexapro
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Lexiva
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
223
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Lexxel
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Librax
Gastric Medications
Antimuscarinics/Antispasmodics
Librium
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Lidex
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lidocaine
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Lidocaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Lidocaine
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lidocaine
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Lidoderm
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Limbitrol
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Lindane
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Linezolid
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Lioresal
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Liothyronine
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Lipitor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Lisinopril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Lisinopril and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Lithium Carbonate
Central Nervous System Medications
Antimanic Agents
Lodine
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Lodosyn
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Loestrin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Loestrin Fe
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Lomotil
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Loniten
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Loperamide
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Lopid
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Lopressor
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Loratadine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Lorazepam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Lorcet
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Lortab
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Losartan
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Losartan and
Hydrochlorothiazide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
224
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Lotensin
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Loteprednol
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Lotrel
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Lotrimin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lotrisone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Lovastatin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Lovenox
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Loxitane
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Lumigan
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Lunesta
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Lupron Depot
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers, Other
Luvox
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Maalox
Gastric Medications
Antacids
Maalox Total Stomach Relief
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Macrobid
Antimicrobials
Nitrofuran Antimicrobials
Macrodantin
Antimicrobials
Nitrofuran Antimicrobials
Magnesium Oxide
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Magnesium Sulfate
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Magnesium Sulfate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Marcaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Marinol
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Mavik
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Maxalt
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Maxaquin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Maxipime
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Maxitrol
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Maxzide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Mebaral
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Mebendazole
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Meclizine
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Medroxyprogesterone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Megace
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Megestrol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Mellaril
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
225
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Meloxicam
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Melphalan
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Memantine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Menactra
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Meningococcal Conjugate
Vaccine
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Menomune
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Meperidine
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Mephyton
Vitamins
Vitamins
Mercaptopurine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Meribin
Vitamins
Vitamins
Meridia
Gastric Medications
Appetite Suppressants
Meropenem
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Meruvax II
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Mesalamine
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Mesalamine
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Mestinon
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Metaxalone
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Metformin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Methadone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Methamphetamine
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Methazolamide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Methenamine Hippurate
Antimicrobials
Methenamine Salt Antimicrobials
Methenamine Mandelate
Antimicrobials
Methenamine Salt Antimicrobials
Methergine
Genitourinary Medications
Oxytocics
Methimazole
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Antithyroid Agents
Methocarbamol
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Methotrexate
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Methotrexate
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Methotrexate
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Methylergonovine
Genitourinary Medications
Oxytocics
Methylin
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Methylphenidate
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
226
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Methylprednisolone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Methylprednisolone Acetate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Methylprednisolone Sodium Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Succinate
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Methysergide Maleate
Miscellaneous Agents
Metipranolol
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Metoclopramide
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Metolazone
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Metoprolol Tartrate
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
MetroGel
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
MetroGel-Vaginal
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Metronidazole
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Metronidazole
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Metronidazole
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Metyrapone
Diagnostic Agents
Diagnostic Agents
Metyrosine
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Mevacor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Mexitil
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Miacalcin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Micardis
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Micardis HCT
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Miconazole
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Miconazole
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Micro-K
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Midamor
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Midazolam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Midodrine
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Mifeprex
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers, Other
Minipress
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Minizide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Minocin
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Minocycline
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Minoxidil
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Minoxidil
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
MiraLax
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
227
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Mirapex
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Mirtazapine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Misoprostol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Prostaglandins
Mitomycin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Mitoxantrone
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
M-M-R II
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Moban
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Mobic
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Molindone
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Mometasone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Mometasone
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Monopril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Monurol
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Morphine Sulfate
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Moxifloxacin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Moxifloxacin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
MS Contin
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
MSIR
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Mucinex
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Mucobid LA
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Mucomyst
Respiratory Tract Medications
Mucolytics
Mupirocin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Mupirocin
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Mutamycin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Mycolog II
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Mycostatin
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Myleran
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Myozyme
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Nabumetone
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Nadolol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Nafcillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Naftifine
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Nalbuphine
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Nalmefene
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
228
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
Subclassification
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Namenda
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Naphazoline and Antazoline
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Naprelan
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Naprosyn
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Naprosyn
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Naproxen
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Naproxen
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Narcan
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Nasacort AQ
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasalcrom
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasalide
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasonex
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nateglinide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Natrecor
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Navane
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Nefazodone
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Nelfinavir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Nembutal
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Neomycin
Antimicrobials
Aminoglycosides
Neomycin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Dermatological Agents
Bacitracin
Dermatological Agents
Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Ophthalmic Agents
Bacitracin
Ophthalmic Agents
Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Ophthalmic Agents
Gramicidin
Ophthalmic Agents
Neoral
Immunomodulators
Immunological Agents
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Naloxone
Neosporin Ointment
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Neosporin Ophthalmic
Solution
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Neo-Synephrine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Neo-Synephrine
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Neo-Synephrine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Nephrocaps
Vitamins
Vitamins
Nepro
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Enteral Nutrition
229
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Nesiritide
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Neulasta
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Neumega
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Neupogen
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Neurontin
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Neutra-Phos
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Neutra-Phos-K
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Nevirapine
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Nexavar
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Nexium
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Niacin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Niacin
Vitamins
Vitamins
Niacin SR
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Niacinamide
Vitamins
Vitamins
Niaspan
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Nicardipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nicobid
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Nicoderm CQ
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Nicotine
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Nifedipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Niferex
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Nimodipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nipride
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Nisoldipine
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nitro-BID
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Nitro-Dur
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Nitrofurantoin
Antimicrobials
Nitrofuran Antimicrobials
Nitrofurazone
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Nitroglycerin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Nitroprusside
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Nizatidine
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Nizoral
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Nolvadex
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Norco
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
230
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Norcuron
Musculoskeletal Medications
Neuromuscular Blockers
Norepinephrine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Norethindrone and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Norethindrone and
Mestranol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Norflex
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Norfloxacin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Norgestimate and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Norgestrel and Ethinyl
Estradiol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Norinyl
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Normodyne
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Noroxin
Antimicrobials
Quinolones
Norpace
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Norpace CR
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Norpramin
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Nor-QD
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Nortriptyline
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Norvasc
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Norvir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Novolin 70/30
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Novolin ge NPH
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Novolin N
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Novolin R
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
NovoLog
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
NovoLog Mix 70/30
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Insulin
Nubain
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Nutropin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Nutropin AQ
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
NuvaRing
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Nystatin
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Nystatin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Nystatin
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Ocufen
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
231
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Ocuflox
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Olanzapine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Olmesartan Medoxomil
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Olsalazine
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Omacor
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Omeprazole
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Omnicef
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Omnipaque
Diagnostic Agents
Non-Ionic Contrast Media
Omniscan
Diagnostic Agents
Diagnostic Agents
Oncaspar
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Ondansetron
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Optinate
Vitamins
Vitamins
Oracea
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Orencia
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Ortho Evra
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Ortho Tri-Cyclen LO
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Ortho-Cept
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Ortho-Cyclen
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Ortho-Novum
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Orvaten
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Os-Cal
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Os-Cal D
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Oxacillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Oxandrin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Oxandrolone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Oxaprozin
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Oxazepam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Oxcarbazepine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Oxy IR
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Oxybutynin
Genitourinary Medications
Antispasmodics, Urinary
Oxycodone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Oxycodone and
Acetaminophen
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Oxycodone and Aspirin
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
232
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
OxyContin
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Oxytocin
Genitourinary Medications
Oxytocics
Oxytrol
Genitourinary Medications
Antispasmodics, Urinary
Paceron
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Paclitaxel
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Palladone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Pallidone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Pamelor
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Pamidronate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Pancrease
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Pancrease MT 20
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Pancuronium
Musculoskeletal Medications
Neuromuscular Blockers
Pangestyme
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Panlor DC
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Panlor SS
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Pantoprazole
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Papaverine
Cardiovascular Medications
Peripheral Vasodilators
Parafon Forte DSC
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Paricalcitol
Vitamins
Vitamins
Parlodel
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Paroxetine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Patanol
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Pavulon
Musculoskeletal Medications
Neuromuscular Blockers
Paxil
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Paxil CR
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Pediapred
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Pediarix
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Pediazole
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Pegaspargase
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Penicillamine
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Penicillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Penicillin G Benzathine
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Penicillin G Potassium
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Penicillin G Procaine
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
233
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Penicillin G Sodium
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Penicillin V Potassium
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Pentasa
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Pentobarbital
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Pentothal
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Pepcid
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Percocet
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Percodan
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Pergolide Mesylate
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Periactin
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Peri-Colace
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Peridex
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Periogard
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Periomed
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Permax
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Permethrin
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Perphenazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Phenazopyridine
Genitourinary Medications
Analgesics, Urinary
Phenergan
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Phenobarbital
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Phenoxybenzamine
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Phentolamine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Phenylephrine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Phenylephrine
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Phenylephrine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Phenylephrine and Guaifenesin
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Phenytoin Sodium
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Phisohex
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
PhosLo
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Physostigmine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Phytonadione
Vitamins
Vitamins
Pilocarpine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Pimecrolimus
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Pindolol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
234
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Pioglitazone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Piperacillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Piperacillin and Tazobactam
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Pirbuterol
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Piroxicam
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Pitocin
Genitourinary Medications
Oxytocics
Pitressin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Pitressin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Plaquenil
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Platinol
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Plavix
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Plendil
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Pletal
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Pneumococcal Conjugate
Vaccine
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Polyvalent
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Pneumovax 23
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Polycitra-K
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Polysporin Ophthalmic
Ointment
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Polytrim
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Poly-Vi-Flor
Vitamins
Vitamins
Poly-Vi-Sol
Vitamins
Vitamins
Potassium Acetate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Potassium Bicarbonate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Potassium Chloride
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Potassium Citrate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Potassium Citrate and Citric
Acid
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Potassium Phosphates
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Prandin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Pravachol
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Pravastatin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Prazosin
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Precedex
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
235
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Prednisolone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Prednisolone Acetate
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Prednisone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Prednisone Intensol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Prelone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Premarin
Genitourinary Medications
Estrogens, Vaginal
Premarin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Premphase
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Prempro
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Prevacid
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Prevacid Naprapac
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Prevnar
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Prevpac
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Prilosec
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Primacor
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiac Inotropic Agents
Primaquine
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Primaxin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Primidone
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Prinivil
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Prinzide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
ProAmatine
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Probenecid
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antigout Agents
Procainamide
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Procanbid
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Procardia
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Procardia XL
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Prochlorperazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Prochlorperazine
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Profen Forte
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Progesterone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Promethazine
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
236
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
Subclassification
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Amino Acids/Proteins, Parenteral
Propantheline
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Proparacaine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Propecia
Dermatological Agents
Dermatologicals, Systemic, Other
Propofol
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Propranolol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Propylthiouracil
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Antithyroid Agents
Proscar
Genitourinary Medications
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Agents
ProSom
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Prostin VR
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Prostaglandins
Protamine Sulfate
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Proteinex
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Amino Acids/Proteins, Parenteral
Protirelin
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Propac
Miscellaneous Agents
Protonix
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Proventil
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Provera
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Provigil
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Prozac
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Pseudoephedrine and
Guaifenesin
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Pulmicort Turbuhaler
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Purinethol
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Pyrazinamide
Antimicrobials
Antituberculars
Pyridium
Genitourinary Medications
Analgesics, Urinary
Pyridostigmine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Pyridoxine
Vitamins
Vitamins
Pyrimethamine
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Questran
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Quetiapine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Quinapril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Quinidine
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Quinine
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics
Qwell
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes, Other
Rabeprazole
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Raloxifene
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers, Other
237
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Ramelteon
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Ramipril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Ranitidine Hydrochloride
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Razadyne
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Rebetron
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Recombivax HB Pediatric/
Adolescent
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Refludan
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Regitine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Reglan
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Regonol
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Relafen
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Remeron
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Reminyl
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Reminyl
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Renagel
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Renal Caps
Vitamins
Vitamins
ReoPro
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Repaglinide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Reprexain
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Requip
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Reserpine
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Restoril
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Retavase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Retrovir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Revatio
Genitourinary Medications
Genitourinary Agents, Other
ReVia
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Ribavirin
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Riboflavin
Vitamins
Vitamins
Rifabutin
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Rifadin
Antimicrobials
Antituberculars
Rifamate
Antimicrobials
Antituberculars
Rifampin
Antimicrobials
Antituberculars
Rifaximin
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Rimadyl
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
238
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Rimantadine
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Risedronate
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Risperdal
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Risperidone
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Ritonavir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Rituxan
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Rituximab
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Rizatriptan
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Robaxin
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Robitussin
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Robitussin AC
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Rocaltrol
Vitamins
Vitamins
Rocephin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Rocuronium
Musculoskeletal Medications
Neuromuscular Blockers
Rofecoxib
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Romazicon
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Rondec
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Rondec DM
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Ropinirole
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Ropivacaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Rosac
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Rosiglitazone
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Rosuvastatin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Roxanol
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Roxicet
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Roxicodone
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Roxicodone Intensol
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Rozerem
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Rozex
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Salagen
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Salmeterol
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Salsalate
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Sandimmune
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Sandostatin
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
239
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Saquinavir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Sarafem
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Sargramostim
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Formation
Selegiline
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Selenium Sulfide
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Semprex-D
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Senna
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Senokot
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Senokot-S
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Sensorcaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Septra-DS
Antimicrobials
Sulfonamide/Related Antimicrobials
Serentil
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Serevent
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Serophene
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Seroquel
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Sertraline
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Serzone
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Sildenafil
Genitourinary Medications
Genitourinary Agents, Other
Silvadene
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Silvasorb Gel
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Silver Nitrate
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Silver Sulfadiazine
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Simethicone
Gastric Medications
Gastric Medications, Other
Simvastatin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Sinemet
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Sinemet CR
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Sinequan
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Singulair
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Sirolimus
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Skelaxin
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Slow-BID
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Slow-K
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Sodium Bicarbonate
Gastric Medications
Antacids
Sodium Bicarbonate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
240
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Sodium Biphosphate and
Sodium Phosphate
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Sodium Chloride
Genitourinary Medications
Oxytocics
Sodium Chloride
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Sodium Fluoride
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Dental and Oral Agents, Topical
Sodium Fluoride
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Sodium Phosphate
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Sodium Phosphates
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Sodium Phosphates
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Solu-Cortef
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Solu-Medrol
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Soma
Musculoskeletal Medications
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Somatropin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Sonata
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Sorafenib
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Sorbitol
Genitourinary Medications
Genitourinary Agents, Other
Sorbitrate
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Soriatane
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Sotalol
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Spiriva
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Spironolactone
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Sporanox
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Stadol
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Stelazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Streptase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Streptokinase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Suboxone
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Subutex
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Sufentanil
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Sufentanil Citrate
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Sulfacetamide
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Sulfadiazine
Antimicrobials
Sulfonamide/Related Antimicrobials
Sulfamethoxazole and
Trimethoprim
Antimicrobials
Sulfonamide/Related Antimicrobials
Sulfasalazine
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
241
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Sumatriptan
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Sunitinib
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Sustiva
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Symlin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Blood Glucose Regulation Agents
Symmetrel
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Synthroid
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Tacrolimus
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Tacrolimus
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Tadalafil
Genitourinary Medications
Genitourinary Agents, Other
Tagamet
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Tambocor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Tamoxifen
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Tamsulosin
Genitourinary Medications
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Agents
Tapazole
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Antithyroid Agents
Taxol
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Taxotere
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Tegaserod
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Tegretol
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Tegretol-XR
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Telmisartan
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Temazepam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Temodar
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Tenex
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Tenofovir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Tenormin
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Tensilon
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Tequin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Terazol
Genitourinary Medications
Anti-Infectives, Vaginal
Terazosin
Cardiovascular Medications
Alpha-Blockers/Related
Terbinafine
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Terbinafine
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Terbutaline
Genitourinary Medications
Labor Suppressants
Terbutaline
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Tessalon
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
242
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Tetanus Immune Globulin
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Tetanus Toxoid (fluid)
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Tetracaine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Tetracaine
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Tetracaine
Rectal, Topical
Rectal, Local
Tetracycline
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Tetrahydrozoline
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
THALOMID
Immunological Agents
Immunological Agents, Other
Theolair
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Theravite
Vitamins
Vitamins
Thiamine
Vitamins
Vitamins
Thiethylperazine
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Thiopental
Central Nervous System Medications
Anesthetics
Thioridazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Thiothixene
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Thorazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Thyroid
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Thyrolar
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Thyroid Supplements
Tiagabine
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Ticar
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ticarcillin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Ticlid
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Ticlopidine
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Tigan
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Tikosyn
Cardiovascular Medications
Antiarrhythmics
Timentin
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Timoptic
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Timoptic-XE
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Tiotropium
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Tizanidine
Musculoskeletal Medications
Musculoskeletal Agents, Other
TNKase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Tobramycin
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Tofranil
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
243
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Tolmetin
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Tolterodine
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Topamax
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Topiramate
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Topotecan
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Toprol-XL
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Toradol
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Torsemide
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Tramadol Hydrochloride
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Trandate
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Trandolapril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Tranxene
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Travatan
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Trazodone
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Trental
Cardiovascular Medications
Cardiovascular Agents, Other
Tretinoin
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Tretinoin
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Adrenal Corticosteroids
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Triamterene
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Triazolam
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Trichloroacetic Acid
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Tricodene
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Tricor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Tridil
Cardiovascular Medications
Antianginals
Trientine
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Antidotes, Deterrents, and Poison Control
Trifluoperazine
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Trifluoperazine
Hydrochloride
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Trihexyphenidyl
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Trilafon
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Trileptal
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Trimethobenzamide
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
244
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Trimethoprim
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Tri-Vi-Flor
Vitamins
Vitamins
Trizivir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Trusopt
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Truvada
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Tussi-12
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Tussi-12 D
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Tussionex Pennkinetic
Suspension
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Tussi-Organidin Liquid
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Tussi-Organidin NR
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antitussives/Expectorants
Tygacil
Antimicrobials
Glycylcyclines
Tylenol
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Tylenol with Codeine
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Tylox
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Ultracet
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Ultram
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Ultrase
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Unasyn
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Univasc
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Urex
Antimicrobials
Methenamine Salt Antimicrobials
Urised
Antimicrobials
Methenamine Salt Antimicrobials
Urispas
Genitourinary Medications
Antispasmodics, Urinary
Urocit-K
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Urokinase
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Uroxatral
Genitourinary Medications
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Agents
Ursodiol
Gastric Medications
Gastric Medications, Other
Valacyclovir
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Valcyte
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Valdecoxib
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Valium
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Valproic Acid
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Valsartan
Cardiovascular Medications
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
Valtrex
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Vancenase
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
Nasal and Throat Agents, Topical
245
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Vanceril
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Vancomycin
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
Vardenafil
Genitourinary Medications
Genitourinary Agents, Other
Varicella Virus Vaccine Live
Immunological Agents
Vaccines
Varicella-Zoster Immune
Globulin (Human) (VZIG)
Immunological Agents
Immunomodulators
Vasodilan
Cardiovascular Medications
Peripheral Vasodilators
Vasopressin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Pituitary
Vasotec
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
Vecuronium
Musculoskeletal Medications
Neuromuscular Blockers
Venofer
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Verapamil
Cardiovascular Medications
Calcium Channel Blockers
Versed
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
VESIcare
Autonomic Medications
Autonomic Medications
Vfend
Antimicrobials
Antifungals
Vibramycin
Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines
Vicodin
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Vicodin ES
Central Nervous System Medications
Opioid Analgesics
Vicoprofen
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Medications, Other
Vinblastine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Vincristine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Vinorelbine
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Viokase
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Enzyme Replacements/Modifiers
Vioxx
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Viracept
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Viramune
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Viravan
Respiratory Tract Medications
Cold Remedies, Combinations
Viread
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Visicol
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Visken
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Vistaril
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Vitafol
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitafol-pn
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamin B1
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamin B6
Vitamins
Vitamins
246
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Classification
APPENDIX 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike errors
Brand & Generics
Subclassification
Vitamin C
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamin E
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamin K
Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitron C
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Vivarin
Central Nervous System Medications
CNS Stimulants
Voltaren
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Voltaren
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antirheumatics
Vytorin
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Warfarin
Blood Products/Modifiers/Volume Expanders
Blood Coagulation Modifiers
Welchol
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Wellbutrin
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Wellbutrin SR
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Wellbutrin XL
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Xalatan
Ophthalmic Agents
Ophthalmic Agents
Xanax
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Xifaxan
Gastric Medications
Laxatives/Antidiarrheal Agents
Xopenex
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Yasmin
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Yaz
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Sex Hormones/Modifiers
Zafirlukast
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Zaleplon
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Zanaflex
Musculoskeletal Medications
Musculoskeletal Agents, Other
Zantac
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Zarontin
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Zaroxolyn
Cardiovascular Medications
Diuretics
Zebeta
Cardiovascular Medications
Beta-Blockers/Related
Zegerid
Gastric Medications
Antiulcer Agents
Zelapar
Central Nervous System Medications
Antiparkinson Agents
Zelnorm
Gastric Medications
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Agents
Zemplar
Vitamins
Vitamins
Zemuron
Musculoskeletal Medications
Neuromuscular Blockers
Zerit
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Zestril
Cardiovascular Medications
Ace Inhibitors
247
APPENDIx 1: Therapeutic Classification of Products Involved in Look-alike and/or Sound-alike Errors
Brand & Generics
Classification
Subclassification
Zetia
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Ziac
Cardiovascular Medications
Antihypertensives
Zidovudine
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Zinacef
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Zinc Oxide
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Zinc Sulfate
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes
Electrolytes/Minerals
Ziox
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Ziprasidone
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Zithromax
Antimicrobials
Macrolides
Zocor
Cardiovascular Medications
Antilipemic Agents
Zofran
Gastric Medications
Antiemetics
Zoladex
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers, Other
Zolmitriptan
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Zoloft
Central Nervous System Medications
Antidepressants
Zolpidem
Central Nervous System Medications
Sedatives/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
Zometa
Hormones/Synthetics/Modifiers
Calcium Regulating Agents
Zomig
Central Nervous System Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Zonegran
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Zonisamide
Central Nervous System Medications
Anticonvulsants
Zostrix
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Zosyn
Antimicrobials
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
Zovirax
Antimicrobials
Antivirals
Zovirax
Dermatological Agents
Dermatological Agents
Zyflo
Respiratory Tract Medications
Antiasthma/Bronchodilators
Zyloprim
Musculoskeletal Medications
Antigout Agents
Zyprexa
Central Nervous System Medications
Antipsychotics
Zyrtec
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Zyrtec D
Antihistamines
Antihistamines
Zyvox
Antimicrobials
Anti-Infectives, Other
248
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Appendix 2
Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
The United States Pharmacopeia continually publishes the text of the USP Dictionary of USAN
and International Drug Names as part of its public health mission, and, further, to support
the United States Adopted Names (USAN) program. The need for such a compilation grows
even greater as the list of drugs available increases. The dictionary contains more than 10,000
nonproprietary drug name entries. The dictionary also includes all International Nonproprietary Names (INN) published by the World Health Organization.
The following table lists drug entries from the USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug
Names and associates the drug name with a standardized pronunciation guide.
249
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Abacavir Succinate
a bak’ a vir sux’ i nate
Abacavir Sulfate
a bak’ a vir sul’ fate
Abafilcon A
a” ba fil’ kon
Abamectin
a” ba mek’ tin
Abarelix
a” ba rel’ ix
Abatacept
a bat’ a sept
Abciximab
ab six’ i mab
Abetimus Sodium
a be’ ti mus soe’ dee um
Ablukast
ab loo’ kast
Ablukast Sodium
ab loo’ kast soe’ dee um
Abrineurin
a” bri noor’ in
Acadesine
a ka’ de seen
Acamprosate Calcium
a kam’ proe sate kal’ see um
Acarbose
ay’ kar bose
Acebutolol
a” se bue’ toe lol
Acecainide Hydrochloride
a sek’ a nide hye” droe klor’ ide
Aceclidine
a sek’ li deen
Acedapsone
a” se dap’ sone
Aceglutamide Aluminum
a” se gloo’ ta mide a loo’ mi num
Acemannan
a” se man’ nan
Acepromazine Maleate
a” se proe’ ma zeen mal’ ee ate
Acetohexamide
a seet” oh hex’ a mide
Acetohydroxamic Acid
a seet” oh hye” drox am’ ik as’ id
Acetophenazine Maleate
a seet” oh fen’ a zeen mal’ ee ate
Acetosulfone Sodium
a seet” oh sul’ fone soe’ dee um
Acetylcysteine
a seet” il sis’ teen
Acifran
a’ si fran
Acitretin
a” si tre’ tin
Acivicin
a” si vye’ sin
Aclarubicin
a” kla roo’ bi sin
Acodazole Hydrochloride
a koe’ da zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Acofilcon A
a” koe fil’ kon
Acofilcon B
a” koe fil’ kon
Acolbifene Hydrochloride
a kol’ bi feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Acotiamide Hydrochloride
a” koe tye’ a mide
250
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Acrisorcin
ak ri sor’ sin
Acrivastine
ak” ri vas’ teen
Acronine
a’ kroe neen
Actaplanin
ak” ta plan’ in
Actinoquinol Sodium
ak tin” oh kwin’ ol soe’ dee um
Actisomide
ak tis’pr oh mide
Actodigin
ak” toe di’ jin
Acyclovir
ay sye’ kloe vir
Acyclovir Sodium
ay sye’ kloe vir soe’ dee um
Adalimumab
a da lim’ ue mab
Adapalene
a dap’ a leen
Adaprolol Maleate
a da’ proe lol mal’ ee ate
Adatanserin Hydrochloride
a da tan’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Adefovir
a def’ oh vir
Adefovir Dipivoxil
a def’ oh vir
Adenosine
a den’ oh seen
Adenosine Phosphate
a den’ oh seen fos’ fate
Adinazolam
a din az’ oh lam
Adinazolam Mesylate
a din az’ oh lam mes’ i late
Adiphenine Hydrochloride
a dif’ e neen hye” droe klor’ ide
Adozelesin
a” doe zel’ e sin
Adrenalone
a dren’ a lone
Adrogolide Hydrochloride
a droe’ goe lide hye” droe klor’ ide
Afimoxifene
a” fim ox’ i feen
Afovirsen Sodium
a” foe vir’ sen soe’ dee um
Agalsidase Alfa
ay gal’ si dase al’ fa
Aklomide
ak’ loe mide
Alagebrium Chloride
al a” je bree’ um klor’ ide
Alamecin
al a mee’ sin
Alanine
al’ a neen
Alaproclate
al a proe’ klate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
251
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Alatrofloxacin Mesylate
al at” roe flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Albendazole
al ben’ da zole
Albiglutide
al” bi gloo’ tide
Albinterferon Alfa-2b
al bin” ter feer’ on al’ fa
Albumin, Aggregated
al bue’ min ag’ re gay” ted
Albumin, Aggregated Iodinated I 131 Serum
al bue’ min ag’ re gay” ted eye’ oh di nay” ted
Albumin, Chromated Cr 51 Serum
al bue’ min kroe’ may ted
Albumin, Iodinated I 125 Serum
al bue’ min eye’ oh di nay” ted
Albumin, Iodinated I 131 Serum
al bue’ min eye’ oh di nay” ted
Albuterol
al bue’ ter ol
Albuterol Sulfate
al bue’ ter ol sul’ fate
Albutoin
al bue’ toin; al bue’ toe in
Alcaftadine
al kaf’ ta deen
Alclofenac
al kloe’ fen ak
Alclometasone Dipropionate
al” kloe met’ a sone dye proe’ pee oh nate
Alcloxa
al klox’ a
Alcuronium Chloride
al kure oh’ nee um klor’ ide
Aldesleukin
al” des loo’ kin
Aldioxa
al dye ox’ a
Alefacept
a lef’ a sept
Aleglitazar
al” e gli’ ta zar
Alemcinal
a lem’ si nal
Alemtuzumab
al” em tooz’ oo mab
Alendronate Sodium
a len’ droe nate soe’ dee um
Alentemol Hydrobromide
a len’ te mol hye” droe broe’ mide
Aletamine Hydrochloride
a let’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Alexidine
a lex’ i deen
Alexomycin
a lex” oh mye’ sin
Alfaprostol
al” fa prost’ ol
Alfentanil Hydrochloride
al fen’ ta nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Alferminogene Tadenovec
al” fer min’ oh jeen ta den’ oh vek
Alfimeprase
al fim’ e prace
Alfuzosin Hydrochloride
al fue’ zoe sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Algeldrate
al jel’ drate
252
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Algestone Acetonide
al jes’ tone a seet’ oh nide
Algestone Acetophenide
al jes’ tone a seet” oh fen’ ide
Alglucerase
al gloo’ ser ase
Alglucosidase Alfa
al gloo koe’ si dase al’ fa
Alicaforsen Sodium
a li ka’ for sen soe’ dee um
Aliflurane
a li flur’ ane
Alipamide
a li’ pa mide
Aliskiren
a lis kye’ ren
Aliskiren Fumarate
a lis kye’ ren fue’ ma rate
Alitame
a’ li tame
Alitretinoin
a” li tret’ i noin; al” i tret’ i noe; a” li tret’ i noe in
Allantoin
a lan’ toin; a lan’ toe in
Allobarbital
al” oh bar’ bi tal
Allopurinol
al” oh pure’ i nol
Allyl Isothiocyanate
al’ il eye” soe thye” oh sye’ a nate
Almadrate Sulfate
al’ ma drate sul’ fate
Almagate
al’ ma gate
Almitrine Mesylate
al’ mi treen mes’ i late
Almotriptan
al” moe trip’ tan
Almotriptan Malate
al” moe trip’ tan
Alniditan Dihydrochloride
al ni’ di tan dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Alofilcon A
al” oh fil’ kon
Alogliptin Benzoate
al” oh glip’ tin ben’ zoe ate
Alonimid
a lon’ i mid
Alosetron Hydrochloride
a loe’ se tron hye” droe klor’ ide
Alovudine
a loe’ vue deen
Alpertine
al per’ teen
Alpha Amylase
al’ fa am’ i lase
Alphafilcon A
al fa fil’ kon
Alpidem
al’ pi dem
Alprazolam
al pra’ zoe lam
Alprenolol Hydrochloride
al pren’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Alprenoxime Hydrochloride
al pren’ ox eem hye” droe klor’ ide
Alprostadil
al pros’ ta dil
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
253
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Alrestatin Sodium
al re stat’ in soe’ dee um
Altanserin Tartrate
al tan’ ser in tar’ trate
Alteplase
al’ te plase
Althiazide
al thye’ a zide
Altinicline Maleate
al tin’ i kleen mal’ ee ate
Altrenogest
al tren’ oh jest
Altretamine
al tret’ a meen
Aluminum Carbonate, Basic
a loo’ mi num kar’ bo nate
Aluminum Chlorohydrate
a loo’ mi num klor” oh hye’ drate
Aluminum Chlorohydrex
a loo’ mi num klor” oh hye’ drex
Aluminum Sesquichlorohydrate
a loo’ mi num ses” kwi klor” oh hye’ drate
Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex Gly
a loo’ mi num zir koe’ nee um tet” ra klor” oh hye’ drex glye
Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorohydrex Gly
a loo’ mi num zir koe’ nee um trye” klor oh hye’ drex glye
Alvameline Maleate
al va’ me leen mal’ ee ate
Alverine Citrate
al’ ve reen sit’ rate
Alvespimycin Hydrochloride
al ves” pi mye’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Alvimopan
al” vi moe’ pan
Alvircept Sudotox
al’ vir sept soo’ doe tox
Alvocidib
al voe’ si dib
Amadinone Acetate
a ma’ di none as’ e tate
Amantadine Hydrochloride
a man’ ta deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ambomycin
am” boe mye’ sin
Ambruticin
am” broo tye’ sin
Ambuphylline
am bue’ fi lin
Ambuside
am’ bue side
Amcinafal
am sin’ a fal
Amcinafide
am sin’ a fide
Amcinonide
am sin’ oh nide
Amdinocillin
am dee” noe sil’ in
Amdinocillin Pivoxil
am dee” noe sil’ in
Amdoxovir
am dox’ oh vir
Amedalin Hydrochloride
a med’ a lin hye” droe klor’ ide
Ameltolide
a mel’ toe lide
Amesergide
am e ser’ jide
Ametantrone Acetate
a met’ an trone as’ e tate
254
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Amfenac Sodium
am’ fen ak soe’ dee um
Amfilcon A
am fil’ kon
Amflutizole
am floo’ ti zole
Amfonelic Acid
am” foe nee’ lik as’ id
Amicloral
a” mi klor’ al
Amicycline
a” mi sye’ kleen
Amidapsone
a” mi dap’ sone
Amidephrine Mesylate
a” mi def’ rin mes’ i late
Amifloxacin
a” mi flox’ a sin
Amifloxacin Mesylate
a” mi flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Amifostine
a” mi fos’ teen
Amikacin Sulfate
a” mi kay’ sin sul’ fate
Amiloride Hydrochloride
a mil’ oh ride hye” droe klor’ ide
Amiloxate
a” mil ox’ ate
Aminacrine Hydrochloride
am in ak’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Aminocaproic Acid
a mee” noe ka proe’ ik as’ id
Aminolevulinic Acid Hydrochloride
a mee” noe lev” ue lin’ ik as’ id hye” droe klor’ ide
Aminorex
a min’ oh rex
Amiodarone
a” mi oh’ da rone
Amiprilose Hydrochloride
a” mi pril’ ose hye” droe klor’ ide
Amiquinsin Hydrochloride
a” mi kwin’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Amitivir
a mit’ i vir
Amitraz
a’ mi traz
Amlexanox
am lex’ a nox
Amlintide
am’ lin tide
Amlodipine Besylate
am loe’ di peen bes’ i late
Amlodipine Maleate
am loe’ di peen mal’ ee ate
Ammonia N 13
a mone’ ya
Ammonium Lactate
a moe’ nee um lak’ tate
Amolimogene Bepiplasmid
am” oh lim’ oh jeen bep” i plas’ mid
Amorolfine
a moe’ role feen
Amotosalen Hydrochloride
a” moe toe’ sa len hye” droe klor’ ide
Amoxapine
a mox’ a peen
Amoxicillin
a mox” i sil’ in
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
255
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Amoxicillin Sodium
a mox” i sil’ in soe’ dee um
Amphecloral
am fe klor’ al
Amphomycin
am” foe mye’ sin
Ampicillin
am” pi sil’ in
Ampicillin Sodium
am” pi sil’ in soe’ dee um
Amprenavir
am pren’ a vir
Ampyzine Sulfate
am’ pi zeen sul’ fate
Amquinate
am kwin’ ate
Amsacrine
am’ sa kreen
Amustaline Dihydrochloride
ay mus’ ta leen dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Anagestone Acetate
an a jes’ tone as’ e tate
Anagrelide Hydrochloride
an ag’ re lide hye” droe klor’ ide
Anakinra
an a kin’ ra
Anamorelin Hydrochloride
an” a moe rel’ in hye:dp droe klor’ ide
Anaritide Acetate
an ar’ i tide as’ e tate
Anastrozole
an as’ troe zole
Anazolene Sodium
an az’ oh leen soe’ dee um
Ancestim
an ses’ tim
Ancriviroc
an” kri vir’ ok
Ancrod
an’ krod
Anecortave Acetate
an e kor’ tave as’ e tate
Angiotensin Amide
an” jee oh ten’ sin a’ mide
Anidoxime
an i dox’ eem
Anidulafungin
ay nid” ue la fun’ jin
Anilopam Hydrochloride
an il’ oh pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Aniracetam
an” i ra’ se tam
Anirolac
a nye’ role ak
Anisotropine Methylbromide
an eye” soe troe’ peen meth” il broe’ mide
Anistreplase
an is’ tre plase
Anitrazafen
an” i traz’ a fen
Anoxomer
an ox’ oh mer
Anthelmycin
an” thel mye’ sin
Anthramycin
an” thra mye’ sin
Antimony Trisulfide Colloid
an’ ti moe” nee trye sul’ fide kol’ oid
256
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Apadenoson
a pa den’ oh son
Apafant
a’ pa fant
Apalcillin Sodium
ay” pal sil’ in soe’ dee um
Apaxifylline
ay pax if’ i lin
Apaziquone
ay paz’ i kwone
Apazone
ap’ a zone
Apilimod Mesylate
a pil’ i mod mes’ i late
Apixaban
a pix’ a ban
Aplaviroc Hydrochloride
ap” la vir’ ok hye” droe klor’ ide
Aplindore Fumarate
ap’ lin dor fue’ ma rate
Apolizumab
ap” oh liz’ oo mab
Apraclonidine Hydrochloride
a pra klon’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Apramycin
a” pra mye’ sin
Apratastat
a pra’ ta stat
Apremilast
a pre’ mi last
Aprepitant
ap re’ pi tant
Aprindine
a prin’ deen
Aprindine Hydrochloride
a prin’ deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Aprinocarsen Sodium
a prin” oh kar’ sen soe’ dee um
Aprotinin
a proe tye’ nin
Aptazapine Maleate
ap taz’ a peen mal’ ee ate
Aptiganel Hydrochloride
ap ti ga’ nel hye” droe klor’ ide
Aranotin
ar” a noe’ tin
Arbaclofen Placarbil
ar bak’ loe fen pla kar’ bil
Arbaprostil
ar” ba prost’ il
Arbutamine Hydrochloride
ar bue’ ta meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Arcitumomab
ar” si toom’ oh mab
Arclofenin
ar” kloe fen’ in
Ardenermin
ar de ner’ min
Ardeparin Sodium
ar dep’ a rin soe’ dee um; ar” de par’ in soe’ dee um
Arformoterol Tartrate
ar” for moe’ ter ol tar’ trate
Argatroban
ar gat’ roe ban
Arginine Glutamate
ar’ ji neen gloo’ ta mate
Arginine Hydrochloride
ar’ ji neen hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
257
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Argipressin Tannate
ar” ji pres’ in tan’ ate
Arildone
ar’ il done
Aripiprazole
ar” i pip’ ra zole
Armodafinil
ar moe daf’ i nil
Arofylline
ar of’ i lin
Arprinocid
ar prin’ oh sid
Arsenic Trioxide
ar’ se nik trye ox’ ide
Arteflene
ar’ te fleen
Artegraft
ar’ te graft
Artesunate
ar tes’ oo nate
Articaine Hydrochloride
ar’ ti kane hye” droe klor’ ide
Artilide Fumarate
ar’ ti lide fue’ ma rate
Arzoxifene Hydrochloride
ar zox’ i feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Asenapine Maleate
a sen’ a peen mal’ ee ate
Asoprisnil
as oh pris’ nil
Asparaginase
as par’ a jin ase
Aspartame
as’ par tame
Aspartic Acid
as par’ tik as’ id
Aspartocin
as” par toe’ sin
Asperlin
as’ per lin
Astemizole
a stem’ i zole
Astifilcon A
as” ti fil’ kon
Astromicin Sulfate
as” troe mye’ sin sul’ fate
Atazanavir Sulfate
a ta zan’ a vir sul’ fate
Atenolol
a ten’ oh lol
Atevirdine Mesylate
a te vir’ deen mes’ i late
Atilmotin
a” til moe’ tin
Atipamezole
a ti pam’ e zole
Atiprimod Dihydrochloride
a” ti prye’ mod dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Atiprimod Dimaleate
a” ti prye’ mod dye mal’ ee ate
Atiprosin Maleate
a ti proe’ sin mal’ ee ate
Atizoram
a ti zor’ am
Atlafilcon A
at” la fil’ kon
Atolide
a’ toe lide
258
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride
a” toe mox’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Atorvastatin Calcium
a tor” va stat’ in kal’ see um
Atosiban
a toe’ si ban
Atovaquone
a toe’ va kwone
Atracurium Besylate
a tra kure’ ee um bes’ i late
Atrasentan Hydrochloride
a” tra sen’ tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Atreleuton
a tre loo’ ton
Atropine Oxide Hydrochloride
at’ roe peen ox’ ide hye” droe klor’ ide
Auranofin
aw ran’ o fin
Avanafil
av an’ a fil
Avasimibe
a va’ si mibe
Avilamycin
a vil” a mye’ sin
Avitriptan Fumarate
a” vi trip’ tan fue’ ma rate
Avobenzone
a” voe ben’ zone
Avoparcin
a” voe par’ sin
Avridine
a’ vri deen
Axitinib
ax i’ ti nib
Axitirome
ax i tye’ rome
Axomadol
ax oh’ ma dol
Azabon
ay’ za bon
Azacitidine
ay za sye’ ti deen
Azaclorzine Hydrochloride
ay” za klor’ zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Azaconazole
ay za kon’ a zole
Azacosterol Hydrochloride
ay” za kos’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Azalanstat Dihydrochloride
ay” za lan’ stat dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Azaloxan Fumarate
ay za lox’ an fue’ ma rate
Azanator Maleate
ay zan’ a tor mal’ ee ate
Azanidazole
ay za nye’ da zole
Azaperone
ay’ za per one
Azaribine
ay zar’ i been
Azarole
ay’ za role
Azaserine
ay za ser’ een
Azatadine Maleate
a za’ ta deen mal’ ee ate
Azathioprine
ay za thye’ oh preen
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
259
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Azelaic Acid
ay ze lay’ ik as’ id
Azelastine Hydrochloride
a zel’ as teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Azepindole
ay ze pin’ dole
Azetepa
ay ze tep’ a
Azimilide Dihydrochloride
ay zim’ i lide dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Azipramine Hydrochloride
ay zip’ ra meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Azithromycin
ay zith” roe mye’ sin
Azlocillin
az” loe sil’ in
Azolimine
ay zoe’ li meen
Azosemide
ay zoe’ se mide
Azotomycin
a zoe” toe mye’ sin
Aztreonam
az tree’ oh nam
Aztreonam Lysine
az tree’ oh nam lye’ seen
Azumolene Sodium
ay zoo’ moe leen soe’ dee um
Bacampicillin Hydrochloride
bak am’ pi sil’ in hye” droe klor’ ide
Baclofen
bak’ loe fen
Balafilcon A
bal” a fil’ kon
Balamapimod
bal” a map’ i mod
Balsalazide Disodium
bal sal’ a zide dye soe’ dee um
Bambermycins
bam” ber mye’ sins
Bamethan Sulfate
bam’ e than sul’ fate
Bamifylline Hydrochloride
bam if’ i lin hye” droe klor’ ide
Bamnidazole
bam nye’ da zole
Bapineuzumab
bap” ee nooz’ oo mab
Barmastine
bar mas’ teen
Basifungin
ba” si fun’ jin
Basiliximab
ba” si lix’ i mab
Batabulin
ba” ta bue’ lin
Batabulin Sodium
ba” ta bue’ lin soe’ dee um
Batanopride Hydrochloride
ba tan’ oh pride hye” droe klor’ ide
Batelapine Maleate
ba tel’ a peen mal’ ee ate
Batimastat
ba tim’ a stat
Bavituximab
bav” i tux’ i mab
Bazedoxifene Acetate
ba” ze dox’ i feen as’ e tate
260
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Becanthone Hydrochloride
be kan’ thone hye” droe klor’ ide
Becaplermin
be kap’ ler min
Becatecarin
be” ka tek’ ar in
Beclomethasone Dipropionate
be” kloe meth’ a sone dye proe’ pee oh nate
Becocalcidiol
be” koe kal” si dye’ ol
Bectumomab
bek toom’ oh mab
Bedoradrine Sulfate
bed or’ a dreen sul’ fate
Befetupitant
be fet ue’ pi tant
Begacestat
be gas’ e stat
Belagenpumatucel-L
bel” a jen” pum a too’ sel
Belatacept
bel at’ a sept
Belfosdil
bel fos’ dil
Belimumab
be lim’ ue mab
Belinostat
be lin’ oh stat
Belotecan Hydrochloride
bel” oh tee’ kan hye” droe klor’ ide
Beloxamide
bel ox’ a mide
Beloxepin
bel ox’ e pin
Bemarinone Hydrochloride
be ma’ ri none hye” droe klor’ ide
Bemesetron
be me’ se tron
Bemitradine
be mi’ tra deen
Bemoradan
be moe’ ra dan
Bemotrizinol
be” moe triz’ i nol
Benapryzine Hydrochloride
ben ap’ ri zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Benazepril Hydrochloride
ben az’ e pril hye” droe klor’ ide
Benazeprilat
ben az’ e pril at
Bendacalol Mesylate
ben dak’ a lol mes’ i late
Bendamustine Hydrochloride
ben” da mus’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Bendazac
ben’ da zak
Benorterone
ben or’ ter one
Benoxaprofen
ben ox” a proe’ fen
Benperidol
ben per’ i dol
Bensalan
ben’ sa lan
Benserazide
ben ser’ a zide
Bentazepam
ben taz’ e pam
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
261
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Bentiromide
ben tir’ oh mide
Bentoquatam
ben’ toe kwa” tam
Benurestat
ben ure’ e stat
Benzbromarone
benz broe’ ma rone
Benzetimide Hydrochloride
ben zet’ i mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Benzilonium Bromide
ben” zil oh’ nee um broe’ mide
Benzindopyrine Hydrochloride
ben zin” doe pye’ reen hye” droe klor’ ide
Benzoctamine Hydrochloride
ben zokt’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Benzodepa
ben zoe dep’ a
Benzoxiquine
ben zox’ i kwin
Benzoyl Peroxide
ben’ zoe il per ox’ ide
Benzoylpas Calcium
ben zoe il’ paz kal’ see um
Benzquinamide
benz kwin’ a mide
Benzydamine Hydrochloride
ben zid’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Bepridil Hydrochloride
bep’ ri dil hye” droe klor’ ide
Beractant
ber ak’ tant
Beraprost
ber’ a prost
Beraprost Sodium
ber’ a prost soe’ dee um
Berefrine
ber ef’ rin
Berythromycin
be rith” roe mye’ sin
Besipirdine Hydrochloride
be si’ pir deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Besonprodil
be son proe’ dil
Beta Carotene
bay” ta kar’ oh teen
Betadex
bay’ ta dex
Betahistine Hydrochloride
bay” ta his’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Betamethasone
bay” ta meth’ a sone
Betamethasone Benzoate
bay” ta meth’ a sone ben’ zoe ate
Betamethasone Dipropionate
bay” ta meth’ a sone dye proe’ pee oh nate
Betamethasone Valerate
bay” ta meth’ a sone val’ er ate
Betamicin Sulfate
bay” ta mye’ sin sul’ fate
Betaxolol Hydrochloride
be tax’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Bethanidine Sulfate
be than’ i deen sul’ fate
Betiatide
be tye’ a tide
Bevantolol Hydrochloride
be van’ toe lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Bevirimat Dimeglumine
be vir’ i mat dye meg’ loo meen
262
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Bexarotene
bex er’ oh teen
Bexlosteride
bex loe’ ster ide
Bezafibrate
be” za fye’ brate
Bialamicol Hydrochloride
bye” a lam’ i kol hye” droe klor’ ide
Biapenem
bye” a pen’ em
Bibapcitide
bye bap’ si tide
Bicalutamide
bye” ka loo’ ta mide
Bicifadine Hydrochloride
bye sif’ a deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Biciromab
bye sir’ oh mab
Biclodil Hydrochloride
bye’ kloe dil hye” droe klor’ ide
Bidisomide
bye dis’ oh mide
Bifeprunox
bye” fee prue’ nox
Bifeprunox Mesylate
bye” fee prue’ nox mes’ i late
Bifonazole
bye fone’ a zole
Bimatoprost
bye mat’ oh prost
Bimosiamose Disodium
bye” moe sye’ a mose dye soe’ dee um
Bindarit
bin’ da rit
Binetrakin
bin e’ tra kin
Binfloxacin
bin flox’ a sin
Biniramycin
bin ir” a mye’ sin
Binodenoson
bin” oh den’ oh son
Binospirone Mesylate
bin” oh spye’ rone mes’ i late
Bipenamol Hydrochloride
bye pen’ a mol hye” droe klor’ ide
Biphenamine Hydrochloride
bye fen’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Biricodar Dicitrate
bye” ri koe’ dar
Bisacodyl Tannex
bis ak’ oh dil tan’ ex
Bisantrene Hydrochloride
bis an’ treen hye” droe klor’ ide
Bisdisulizole Disodium
bis dye sul’ i zole dye soe’ dee um
Bismuth Aluminate
biz’ muth a loo’ mi nate
Bismuth Carbonate
biz’ muth kar’ bo nate
Bismuth Subcarbonate
biz’ muth sub kar’ bo nate
Bismuth Subgallate
biz’ muth sub gal’ ate
Bismuth Subsalicylate
biz’ muth sub sa lis’ i late
Bisnafide Dimesylate
bis’ na fide dye mes’ i late
Bisobrin Lactate
bis’ oh brin lak’ tate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
263
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Bisoctrizole
bis ok’ tri zole
Bisoprolol
bis” oh proe’ lol
Bisoprolol Fumarate
bis” oh proe’ lol fue’ ma rate
Bisoxatin Acetate
bis ox’ a tin as’ e tate
Bispyrithione Magsulfex
bis” pir i thye’ one mag sul’ fex
Bithionolate Sodium
bye thye’ oh noe late soe’ dee um
Bitolterol Mesylate
bye tol’ ter ol mes’ i late
Bivalirudin
bye val’ i roo din
Bizelesin
bye zel’ e sin
Bleomycin Sulfate
blee” oh mye’ sin sul’ fate
Bolandiol Dipropionate
bole” an dye’ ol dye proe’ pee oh nate
Bolasterone
bole as’ ter one
Boldenone Undecylenate
bole’ de none un de’ sil en ate
Bolenol
bole’ e nol
Bolmantalate
bole man’ ta late
Bornelone
bor’ ne lone
Bornyl Acetate
bor’ nil as’ e tate
Borocaptate Sodium B 10
bor” oh kap’ tate soe’ dee um
Bortezomib
bor tez’ oh mib
Bosentan
boe sen’ tan
Bosutinib
boe sue’ ti nib
Boxidine
box’ i deen
Brasofensine Maleate
bra” soe fen’ seen mal’ ee ate
Brecanavir
bre kan’ a vir
Bremelanotide
bre” mel an’ oh tide
Brequinar Sodium
bre’ kwin ar soe’ dee um
Bretazenil
bre taz’ e nil
Bretylium Tosylate
bre til’ ee um toe’ si late
Brifentanil Hydrochloride
bri fen’ ta nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Brimonidine Tartrate
bri moe’ ni deen tar’ trate
Brinolase
brin’ oh lase
Brinzolamide
brin zoe’ la mide
Brivanib Alaninate
bri va’ nib al a nin’ ate
Brivaracetam
briv” a ra’ se tam
264
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Brocresine
broe’ kre seen
Brocrinat
broe’ kri nat
Brofoxine
broe fox’ een
Bromadoline Maleate
broe ma’ doe leen mal’ ee ate
Bromazepam
broe maz’ e pam”
Bromchlorenone
brome klor’ e none
Bromelains
broe’ me laynz
Bromfenac Sodium
brome’ fen ak soe’ dee um
Bromhexine Hydrochloride
brom hex’ een hye” droe klor’ ide
Bromindione
broe” min dye’ one
Bromocriptine
broe” moe krip’ teen
Bromocriptine Mesylate
broe” moe krip’ teen mes’ i late
Bromoxanide
broe mox’ a nide
Bromperidol
brom per’ i dol
Bromperidol Decanoate
brom per’ i dol dek” a noe’ ate
Broperamole
broe per’ a mole
Bropirimine
broe pir’ i meen
Brotizolam
broe tiz’ oh lam
Bucainide Maleate
bue’ ka nide mal’ ee ate
Bucindolol Hydrochloride
bue sin’ doe lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Buclizine Hydrochloride
bue’ kli zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Bucromarone
bue kroe’ ma rone
Bucrylate
bue’ kri late
Budesonide
bue des’ oh nide
Bufilcon A
bue fil’ kon
Buformin
bue for’ min
Bumetanide
bue met’ a nide
Bumetrizole
bue me’ tri zole
Bunamidine Hydrochloride
bue nam’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Bunaprolast
bue” na proe’ last
Bunolol Hydrochloride
bue’ noe lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Bupicomide
bue pik’ oh mide
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride
bue piv’ a kane hye” droe klor’ ide
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride
bue” pre nor’ feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Bupropion Hydrochloride
bue proe’ pee on hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
265
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Buquinolate
bue kwin’ oh late
Buramate
bue’ ra mate
Buserelin Acetate
bue” se rel’ in as’ e tate
Buspirone Hydrochloride
bue spye’ rone hye” droe klor’ ide
Butacetin
bue ta’ se tin
Butaclamol Hydrochloride
bue ta kla’ mol hye” droe klor’ ide
Butalbital
bue tal’ bi tal
Butamben
bue tam’ ben
Butamben Picrate
bue tam’ ben pik’ rate
Butamirate Citrate
bue ta mye’ rate sit’ rate
Butamisole Hydrochloride
bue tam’ i sole hye” droe klor’ ide
Butaperazine
bue” ta per’ a zeen
Butaperazine Maleate
bue” ta per’ a zeen mal’ ee ate
Butaprost
bue’ ta prost
Butedronate Tetrasodium
bue” te droe’ nate tet” ra soe’ dee um
Butenafine Hydrochloride
bue ten’ a feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Buterizine
bue ter’ i zeen
Buthiazide
bue thye’ a zide
Butikacin
bue ti kay’ sin
Butilfenin
bue” til fen’ in
Butirosin Sulfate
bue tir’ oh sin sul’ fate
Butixirate
bue tix’ i rate
Butoconazole Nitrate
bue” toe kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Butonate
bue’ toe nate
Butopamine
bue toe’ pa meen
Butoprozine Hydrochloride
bue toe’ proe zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Butorphanol
bue tor’ fa nol
Butorphanol Tartrate
bue tor’ fa nol tar’ trate
Butoxamine Hydrochloride
bue tox’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Butriptyline Hydrochloride
bue trip’ ti leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cabergoline
ka ber’ goe leen
Cabufocon A
kab” ue foe’ kon
Cabufocon B
kab” ue foe’ kon
Cactinomycin
kak” tin oh mye’ sin
266
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Cadexomer Iodine
kad ex’ oh mer eye” oh dine
Calcifediol
kal” sif e dye’ ol
Calcipotriene
kal” si poe trye’ een
Calcitonin
kal” si toe’ nin
Calcitriol
kal” si trye’ ol
Calcium Chloride Ca 45
kal’ see um klor’ ide
Calcium Chloride Ca 47
kal’ see um klor’ ide
Calcium Glubionate
kal’ see um gloo bye’ oh nate
Calcium Polycarbophil
kal’ see um pol” ee kar’ boe fil
Calcium Undecylenate
kal’ see um un de’ sil en ate
Caldiamide Sodium
kal dye’ a mide soe’ dee um
Calfactant
kal fak’ tant
Calteridol Calcium
kal ter’ i dol kal’ see um
Calusterone
kal us’ ter one
Cambendazole
kam ben’ da zole
Camiglibose
kam” i glye’ bose
Camobucol
kam” oh bue’ kol
Candesartan
kan” de sar’ tan
Candesartan Cilexetil
kan” de sar’ tan sye lex’ e til
Candicidin
kan” di sye’ din
Candoxatril
kan dox’ a tril
Candoxatrilat
kan dox’ a tril at
Canertinib Dihydrochloride
kan er’ ti nib dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Canfosfamide Hydrochloride
kan fos’ fa mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Cangrelor
kan’ grel or
Cangrelor Tetrasodium
kan’ grel or tet” ra soe’ dee um
Canrenoate Potassium
kan ren’ oh ate po tas’ ee um
Canrenone
kan’ re none
Cantuzumab Mertansine
kan tooz’ oo mab mer tan’ seen
Capecitabine
kap” e sye’ ta been
Capobenate Sodium
kap” oh ben’ ate soe’ dee um
Capobenic Acid
kap” oh ben’ ik as’ id
Capravirine
kap” ra vir’ een
Capreomycin Sulfate
kap” ree oh mye’ sin sul’ fate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
267
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Capromab Pendetide
kap’ roe mab pen’ de tide
Capromorelin Tartrate
kap” roe moe rel’ in tar’ trate
Captamine Hydrochloride
kap’ ta meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Captopril
kap’ toe pril
Capuride
kap’ ure ide
Caracemide
kar a’ se mide
Carbadox
kar’ ba dox
Carbamazepine
kar” ba maz’ e peen
Carbantel Lauryl Sulfate
kar’ ban tel lawr’ il sul’ fate
Carbaspirin Calcium
karb as’ pir in kal’ see um
Carbazeran
kar ba’ ze ran
Carbenicillin Disodium
kar” ben i sil’ in dye soe’ dee um
Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium
kar” ben i sil’ in
Carbenicillin Phenyl Sodium
kar” ben i sil’ in fen’ il soe’ dee um
Carbenicillin Potassium
kar” ben i sil’ in po tas’ ee um
Carbenoxolone Sodium
kar” ben ox’ oh lone soe’ dee um
Carbetimer
kar bet’ i mer
Carbidopa
kar” bi doe’ pa
Carbiphene Hydrochloride
kar’ bi feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Carbocloral
kar” boe klor’ al
Carbocysteine
kar” boe sis’ te een
Carbomer 910
kar’ boe mer
Carbomer 934
kar’ boe mer
Carbomer 934P
kar’ boe mer
Carbomer 940
kar’ boe mer
Carbomer 941
kar’ boe mer
Carbon Monoxide C 11
Carboplatin
kar” boe pla’ tin
Carboprost
kar’ boe prost
Carboprost Methyl
kar’ boe prost meth’ il
Carboprost Tromethamine
kar’ boe prost troe meth’ a meen
Carbosilfocon A
kar” boe sil foe’ kon
Carbuterol Hydrochloride
kar bue’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Carfentanil Citrate
kar fen’ ta nil sit’ rate
Carfilzomib
kar fil’ zoe mib
268
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Cariporide Mesylate
kar ip’ or ide mes’ i late
Carisbamate
kar” is bam’ ate
Carmantadine
kar man’ ta deen
Carmustine
kar mus’ teen
Carnidazole
kar nye’ da zole
Caroxazone
kar ox’ a zone
Carperitide
kar per’ i tide
Carphenazine Maleate
kar fen’ a zeen mal’ ee ate
Carprofen
kar proe’ fen
Carsatrin Succinate
kar sa’ trin sux’ i nate
Cartazolate
kar taz’ oh late
Carteolol Hydrochloride
kar tee’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Carubicin Hydrochloride
kar oo’ bi sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Carumonam Sodium
kar oo’ moe nam soe’ dee um
Carvedilol
kar ve’ dil ol
Carvedilol Phosphate
kar ve’ dil ol fos’ fate
Carvotroline Hydrochloride
kar voe’ troe leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Carzelesin
kar zel’ e sin
Casanthranol
ka san’ thra nol
Casopitant Mesylate
kas oh’ pi tant mes’ i late
Caspofungin Acetate
kas” poe fun’ jin as’ e tate
Catramilast
ka tra’ mi last
Cedefingol
sed” e fin’ gol
Cedelizumab
sed” e liz’ oo mab
Cefaclor
sef’ a klor
Cefadroxil
sef” a drox’ il
Cefamandole
sef” a man’ dole
Cefamandole Nafate
sef” a man’ dole naf’ ate
Cefaparole
sef’ a pa role
Cefatrizine
sef” a trye’ zeen
Cefazaflur Sodium
sef a’ za flur soe’ dee um
Cefazolin Sodium
sef a’ zoe lin soe’ dee um
Cefbuperazone
sef” bue per’ a zone
Cefdinir
sef’ di nir
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
269
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Cefepime
sef’ e peem
Cefepime Hydrochloride
sef’ e peem hye” droe klor’ ide
Cefetamet
sef et’ a met
Cefetecol
sef et’ e kol
Cefixime
sef ix’ eem
Cefmenoxime Hydrochloride
sef” men ox’ eem hye” droe klor’ ide
Cefmetazole
sef met’ a zole
Cefmetazole Sodium
sef met’ a zole soe’ dee um
Cefonicid Monosodium
sef on’ i sid mon” oh soe’ dee um
Cefonicid Sodium
sef on’ i sid soe’ dee um
Cefoperazone Sodium
sef” oh per’ a zone soe’ dee um
Ceforanide
sef or’ a nide
Cefotaxime Sodium
sef” oh tax’ eem soe’ dee um
Cefotetan
sef” oh tee’ tan
Cefotetan Disodium
sef” oh tee’ tan dye soe’ dee um
Cefotiam Hydrochloride
sef” oh tye’ am hye” droe klor’ ide
Cefovecin Sodium
sef” oh vee’ sin soe’ dee um
Cefoxitin
sef ox’ i tin
Cefoxitin Sodium
sef ox’ i tin soe’ dee um
Cefpimizole
sef pim’ i zole
Cefpimizole Sodium
sef pim’ i zole soe’ dee um
Cefpiramide
sef pir’ a mide
Cefpiramide Sodium
sef pir’ a mide soe’ dee um
Cefpirome Sulfate
sef’ pir ome sul’ fate
Cefpodoxime Proxetil
sef” poe dox’ eem prox’ e til
Cefprozil
sef proe’ zil
Cefquinome Sulfate
sef’ kwi nome sul’ fate
Cefroxadine
sef rox’ a deen
Cefsulodin Sodium
sef sul’ oh din soe’ dee um
Ceftaroline Fosamil
sef tar’ oh leen fos’ a mil
Ceftazidime
sef taz’ i deem
Ceftibuten
sef” ti bue’ ten
Ceftiofur Hydrochloride
sef tye’ oh fure hye” droe klor’ ide
Ceftiofur Sodium
sef tye’ oh fure soe’ dee um
270
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Ceftizoxime Sodium
sef” ti zox’ eem soe’ dee um
Ceftobiprole
sef” toe bye’ prole
Ceftobiprole Medocaril
sef” toe bye’ prole me dok’ a ril
Ceftriaxone Sodium
sef” trye ax’ one soe’ dee um
Cefuroxime
sef” ue rox’ eem
Cefuroxime Axetil
sef” ue rox’ eem ax’ e til
Cefuroxime Pivoxetil
sef” ue rox’ eem piv ox’ e til
Celecoxib
sel” e kox’ ib
Celgosivir Hydrochloride
sel goe’ si vir hye” droe klor’ ide
Celiprolol Hydrochloride
sel” i proe’ lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Cellulase
sel’ ue lase
Cellulose Sodium Phosphate
sel’ ue lose soe’ dee um fos’ fate
Cenersen Sodium
sen’ er sen soe’ dee um
Cephacetrile Sodium
sef a’ se trile soe’ dee um
Cephalexin
sef” a lex’ in
Cephalexin Hydrochloride
sef” a lex’ in hye” droe klor’ ide
Cephaloglycin
sef” a loe glye’ sin
Cephaloridine
sef” a lore’ i deen
Cephalothin Sodium
sef a’ loe thin soe’ dee um
Cephapirin Sodium
sef a pye’ rin soe’ dee um
Cephradine
sef’ ra deen
Cerivastatin Sodium
se riv” a stat’ in soe’ dee um
Ceronapril
se roe’ na pril
Certolizumab Pegol
ser” toe liz’ oo mab peg’ ol
Ceruletide
se roo’ le tide
Ceruletide Diethylamine
se roo’ le tide
Cesium Chloride Cs 131
see’ zee um klor’ ide
Cetaben Sodium
see’ ta ben soe’ dee um
Cetalkonium Chloride
see” tal koe’ nee um klor’ ide
Cetamolol Hydrochloride
se tam’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Cethromycin
seth” roe mye’ sin
Cetiedil Citrate
se tye’ a dil sit’ rate
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
se tir’ i zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cetocycline Hydrochloride
see” toe sye’ kleen hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
271
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Cetophenicol
see” toe fen’ i kol
Cetraxate Hydrochloride
se trax’ ate hye” droe klor’ ide
Cetrorelix Acetate
se” troe rel’ ix as’ e tate
Cetuximab
se tux’ i mab
Cevimeline Hydrochloride
se vi’ me leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cevipabulin Fumarate
se vip” a bue’ lin fue’ ma rate
Cevipabulin Succinate
se vip” a bue’ lin
Chenodiol
kee” noe dye’ ol
Chlophedianol Hydrochloride
kloe” fe dye’ a nol hye” droe klor’ ide
Chloral Betaine
klor” al bee’ ta een
Chloramphenicol Pantothenate Complex
klor” am fen’ i kol pan toe’ then ate
Chlordantoin
klor dan’ toin; klor dan’ toe in
Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride
klor” dye az” e pox’ ide hye” droe klor’ ide
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
klor hex’ i deen gloo’ koe nate
Chlorhexidine Hydrochloride
klor hex’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Chlorhexidine Phosphanilate
klor hex’ i deen fos fan’ i late
Chlorindanol
klor in’ da nol
Chlormadinone Acetate
klor ma’ di none as’ e tate
Chlormerodrin Hg 197
klor mer’ oh drin
Chlormerodrin Hg 203
klor mer’ oh drin
Chlorocresol
klor” oh kree’ sol
Chlorophyllin Copper Complex
klor” oh fil’ in kop’ er
Chlorothiazide Sodium
klor” oh thye’ a zide soe’ dee um
Chloroxine
klor ox’ een
Chloroxylenol
klor” oh zye’ le nol
Chlorphenesin Carbamate
klor fen’ e sin
Chlorpheniramine Polistirex
klor” fen ir’ a meen pol” ee stye’ rex
Chlorphentermine Hydrochloride
klor fen’ ter meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Chlorprothixene
klor” proe thix’ een
Chlorthalidone
klor thal’ i done
Choline Fenofibrate
koe’ leen fen” oh fye’ brate
Choline Salicylate
koe’ leen sa lis’ i late
Choriogonadotropin Alfa
kore” ee oh goe nad” oh troe’ pin al’ fa
Chromic Chloride Cr 51
krome’ ik klor’ ide
272
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Chromic Phosphate Cr 51
krome’ ik fos’ fate
Chromic Phosphate P 32
krome’ ik fos’ fate
Chromonar Hydrochloride
kroe’ moe nar hye” droe klor’ ide
Chymopapain
kye” moe pa pay’ in
Ciclafrine Hydrochloride
sye klaf’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Ciclazindol
sye klaz’ in dol
Ciclesonide
sye kles’ oh nide
Cicletanine
sye klet’ a neen
Ciclopirox
sye” kloe pir’ ox
Ciclopirox Olamine
sye” kloe pir’ ox ole’ a meen
Cicloprofen
sye” kloe proe’ fen
Cicloprolol Hydrochloride
sye” kloe proe’ lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Cidofovir
sye dof’ oh vir
Cidoxepin Hydrochloride
sye dox’ e pin hye” droe klor’ ide
Cifenline
sye fen’ leen
Cifenline Succinate
sye fen’ leen sux’ i nate
Ciglitazone
sye gli’ ta zone
Ciladopa Hydrochloride
sye” la doe’ pa hye” droe klor’ ide
Cilansetron
sye lan’ se tron
Cilansetron Hydrochloride
sye lan’ se tron hye” droe klor’ ide
Cilastatin Sodium
sye” la stat’ in soe’ dee um
Cilazapril
sye laz’ a pril
Cilengitide
sye len’ ji tide
Cilexetil
sye lex’ e til
Cilmostim
sil’ moe stim
Cilobamine Mesylate
sye loe’ ba meen mes’ i late
Cilofungin
sye” loe fun’ jin
Cilomilast
sye loe’ mi last
Cilostazol
sye loe’ sta zol
Ciluprevir
sye loo’ pre vir
Cimaterol
sye ma’ ter ol
Cimetidine
sye me’ ti deen
Cimetidine Hydrochloride
sye me’ ti deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cinacalcet
sin a kal’ set
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
273
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Cinacalcet Hydrochloride
sin a kal’ set hye” droe klor’ ide
Cinalukast
sin” a loo’ kast
Cinanserin Hydrochloride
sin an’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Cinepazet Maleate
sin” e paz’ et mal’ ee ate
Cinflumide
sin’ floo mide
Cingestol
sin jes’ tol
Cinnamedrine
sin a med’ rin
Cinnarizine
sin nar’ i zeen
Cinodine Hydrochloride
sin’ oh deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cinoxacin
sin ox’ a sin
Cinoxate
sin ox’ ate
Cinperene
sin’ pe reen
Cinromide
sin’ roe mide
Cintazone
sin’ ta zone
Cintredekin Besudotox
sin” tre dek’ in be soo’ doe tox
Cintriamide
sin trye’ a mide
Cioteronel
sye” oh ter’ oh nel
Cipamfylline
sye pam’ fi lin
Cipemastat
sye pem’ a stat
Cipralisant Maleate
sye pral’ i sant mal’ ee ate
Ciprefadol Succinate
sye pref’ a dol sux’ i nate
Ciprocinonide
sip” roe sin’ oh nide
Ciprofibrate
sip” roe fye’ brate
Ciprofloxacin
sip” roe flox’ a sin
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride
sip” roe flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Ciprostene Calcium
sye prost’ een kal’ see um
Ciramadol
sir a’ ma dol
Ciramadol Hydrochloride
sir a’ ma dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Cirolemycin
sir oh” le mye’ sin
Cisapride
sis’ a pride
Cisatracurium Besylate
sis at” ra kure’ ee um bes’ i late
Cisconazole
sis kon’ a zole
Cisplatin
sis pla’ tin
Citalopram Hydrobromide
sye tal’ oh pram hye” droe broe’ mide
Citenamide
sye ten’ a mide
274
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Citicoline Sodium
sye tik’ oh leen soe’ dee um
Cladribine
klad’ ri been
Clamoxyquin Hydrochloride
klam ox’ i kwin hye” droe klor’ ide
Clarithromycin
kla rith” roe mye’ sin
Clavulanate Potassium
klav’ ue la nate po tas’ ee um
Clazolam
klaz’ oh lam
Clazolimine
klaz oh’ li meen
Clazuril
klaz’ ue ril
Clebopride
kleb’ oh pride
Clemastine
kle mas’ teen
Clemastine Fumarate
kle mas’ teen fue’ ma rate
Clentiazem Maleate
klen tye’ a zem mal’ ee ate
Clevidipine Butyrate
klev id’ i peen bue’ ti rate
Clevudine
klev’ ue deen
Clidinium Bromide
kli din’ ee um broe’ mide
Clinafloxacin Hydrochloride
klin” a flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Clindamycin
klin” da mye’ sin
Clindamycin Palmitate Hydrochloride
klin” da mye’ sin pal’ mi tate hye” droe klor’ ide
Clindamycin Phosphate
klin” da mye’ sin fos’ fate
Clioxanide
klye ox’ a nide
Cliprofen
klye proe’ fen
Clobazam
kloe’ ba zam
Clobetasol Propionate
kloe bay’ ta sol proe’ pee oh nate
Clobetasone Butyrate
kloe bay’ ta sone bue’ ti rate
Clocortolone Acetate
kloe kor’ toe lone as’ e tate
Clocortolone Pivalate
kloe kor’ toe lone piv’ a late
Clodanolene
kloe dan’ oh leen
Clodazon Hydrochloride
kloe’ da zone hye” droe klor’ ide
Clodronate Disodium
kloe droe’ nate dye soe’ dee um
Clodronic Acid
kloe dron’ ik as’ id
Clofarabine
kloe far’ a been
Clofazimine
kloe faz’ i meen
Clofibrate
kloe fye’ brate
Clofilium Phosphate
kloe fil’ ee um fos’ fate
Cloflucarban
kloe” floo kar’ ban
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
275
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Clogestone Acetate
kloe jes’ tone as’ e tate
Clomacran Phosphate
kloe’ ma kran fos’ fate
Clomegestone Acetate
kloe” me jes’ tone as’ e tate
Clometherone
kloe meth’ er one
Clominorex
kloe min’ oh rex
Clomiphene Citrate
kloe’ mi feen sit’ rate
Clomipramine Hydrochloride
kloe mip’ ra meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Clonazepam
kloe naz’ e pam
Clonidine
kloe’ ni deen
Clonidine Hydrochloride
kloe’ ni deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Clonitrate
kloe nye’ trate
Clonixeril
kloe nix’ er il
Clonixin
kloe nix’ in
Clopamide
kloe’ pa mide
Clopenthixol
kloe” pen thix’ ol
Cloperidone Hydrochloride
kloe per’ i done hye” droe klor’ ide
Clopidogrel Bisulfate
kloe pid’ oh grel bye sul’ fate
Clopidol
kloe’ pi dol
Clopimozide
kloe pim’ oh zide
Clopipazan Mesylate
kloe pi’ pa zan mes’ i late
Clopirac
kloe’ pir ak
Cloprednol
kloe pred’ nol
Cloprostenol Sodium
kloe prost’ en ol soe’ dee um
Clorazepate Dipotassium
klor az’ e pate dye” po tas’ ee um
Clorazepate Monopotassium
klor az’ e pate mon” oh poe tas’ ee um
Clorethate
klor’ e thate
Clorexolone
klor ex’ oh lone
Cloroperone Hydrochloride
klor oh’ per one hye” droe klor’ ide
Clorophene
klor’ oh feen
Clorprenaline Hydrochloride
klor pren’ a leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Clorsulon
klor’ sul on
Clortermine Hydrochloride
klor’ ter meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Closantel
kloe’ san tel
Closiramine Aceturate
kloe sir’ a meen a set’ ue rate
276
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Clothiapine
kloe thye’ a peen
Clothixamide Maleate
kloe thix’ a mide mal’ ee ate
Cloticasone Propionate
kloe tik’ a sone proe’ pee oh nate
Clotrimazole
kloe trim’ a zole
Cloxacillin Sodium
klox” a sil’ in soe’ dee um
Cloxyquin
klox’ i kwin
Clozapine
kloe’ za peen
Cobaltous Chloride Co 57
koe bawl’ tus klor’ ide
Cobaltous Chloride Co 60
koe bawl’ tus klor’ ide
Codeine Polistirex
koe’ deen pol” ee stye’ rex
Codoxime
koe dox’ eem
Colesevelam Hydrochloride
koe” le sev’ e lam hye” droe klor’ ide
Colestilan Chloride
koe les’ ti lan
Colestipol Hydrochloride
koe les’ ti pol hye” droe klor’ ide
Colestolone
koe les’ toe lone
Colforsin
kol for’ sin
Colfosceril Palmitate
kol fos’ e ril pal’ mi tate
Colistimethate Sodium
koe lis” ti meth’ ate soe’ dee um
Colterol Mesylate
kol’ ter ol mes’ i late
Conivaptan Hydrochloride
koe” nye vap’ tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Conorphone Hydrochloride
koe nor’ fone hye” droe klor’ ide
Contusugene ladenovec
kon too’ soo jeen la den’ oh vek
Copper Undecylenate
kop’ er un de’ sil en ate
Cormethasone Acetate
kor meth’ a sone as’ e tate
Corticorelin Acetate
kor” ti koe rel’ in as’ e tate
Corticorelin Ovine Triflutate
kor” ti koe rel’ in oh’ vine trye’ floo tate
Cortivazol
kor ti’ va zol
Cortodoxone
kor” toe dox’ one
Cosyntropin
koe sin troe’ pin
Cotinine Fumarate
koe’ ti neen fue’ ma rate
Coumermycin
koo” mer mye’ sin
Coumermycin Sodium
koo” mer mye’ sin soe’ dee um
Crilvastatin
kril” va stat’ in
Crisnatol Mesylate
kris’ na tol mes’ i late
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
277
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Crofelemer
kroe fel’ e mer
Crofilcon A
kroe fil’ kon
Cromitrile Sodium
kroe’ mi trile soe’ dee um
Cromolyn Sodium
kroe’ mo lin soe’ dee um
Croscarmellose Sodium
kros kar’ mel ose soe’ dee um
Crufomate
kroo’ foe mate
Cupric Acetate Cu 64
kue’ prik as’ e tate
Cuprimyxin
kue” pri mix’ in
Cyanocobalamin Co 57
sye” an oh koe bal’ a min
Cyanocobalamin Co 60
sye” an oh koe bal’ a min
Cyclacillin
sye kla sil’ in
Cyclamic Acid
sye kla’ mik as’ id
Cyclazocine
sye klaz’ oh seen
Cyclindole
sye klin’ dole
Cycliramine Maleate
sye klir’ a meen mal’ ee ate
Cyclobendazole
sye” kloe ben’ da zole
Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride
sye” kloe ben’ za preen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cyclofilcon A
sye” kloe fil’ kon
Cycloguanil Pamoate
sye” kloe gwahn’ il pam’ oh ate
Cycloheximide
sye” kloe hex’ i mide
Cyclopenthiazide
sye” kloe pen thye’ a zide
Cyclophenazine Hydrochloride
sye” kloe fen’ a zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cyclosporine
sye” kloe spor’ een
Cyclothiazide
sye” kloe thye’ a zide
Cyheptamide
sye hep’ ta mide
Cypenamine Hydrochloride
sye pen’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Cypothrin
sye’ poe thrin
Cyprazepam
sye praz’ e pam
Cyprolidol Hydrochloride
sye proe’ li dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Cyproquinate
sye” proe kwin’ ate
Cyproterone Acetate
sye proe’ ter one as’ e tate
Cyproximide
sye prox’ i mide
Cysteamine
sis tee’ a meen
Cysteamine Hydrochloride
sis tee’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
278
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Cystine
sis’ teen
Cytarabine
sye tayr’ a been
Cytarabine Hydrochloride
sye tayr’ a been hye” droe klor’ ide
Dabuzalgron Hydrochloride
da bue’ zal gron hye” droe klor’ ide
Dacarbazine
da kar’ ba zeen
Daclizumab
dak liz’ oo mab
Dactinomycin
dak” tin oh mye’ sin
Dalbavancin
dal” ba van’ sin
Daledalin Tosylate
dal ed’ a lin toe’ si late
Dalfopristin
dal” foe pris’ tin
Dalteparin Sodium
dal” te par’ in soe’ dee um; dal tep’ a rin soe’ dee um
Daltroban
dal’ troe ban
Dalvastatin
dal” va stat’ in
Danaparoid Sodium
dan ap’ a roid soe’ dee um
Danazol
dan’ a zol
Daniplestim
dan ip’ le stim
Danofloxacin Mesylate
dan” oh flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Dantrolene
dan’ troe leen
Dantrolene Sodium
dan’ troe leen soe’ dee um
Dapagliflozin
dap” a gli floe’ zin
Dapiclermin
dap” i kler’ min
Dapiprazole Hydrochloride
da pip’ ra zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Dapoxetine Hydrochloride
dap ox’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dapsone
dap’ sone
Daptomycin
dap” toe mye’ sin
Darapladib
dar ap’ la dib
Darbepoetin Alfa
dar be poe’ e tin al’ fa
Darbufelone Mesylate
dar bue’ fel one mes’ i late
Darglitazone Sodium
dar gli’ ta zone soe’ dee um
Darifenacin
dar” i fen’ a sin
Darifenacin Hydrobromide
dar” i fen’ a sin hye” droe broe’ mide
Darodipine
dar oh’ di peen
Darunavir
dar ue’ na vir
Dasantafil
da san’ ta fil
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
279
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Dasatinib
da sa’ ti nib
Daunorubicin Hydrochloride
daw” noe roo’ bi sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Dazadrol Maleate
day’ za drol mal’ ee ate
Dazepinil Hydrochloride
day zep’ i nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Dazmegrel
dayz’ me grel
Dazopride Fumarate
day’ zoe pride fue’ ma rate
Dazoxiben Hydrochloride
day zox’ i ben hye” droe klor’ ide
Debrisoquin Sulfate
dee bris’ oh kwin sul’ fate
Decitabine
dee sye’ ta been
Declenperone
dee klen’ per one
Decoquinate
dee” koe kwin’ ate
Dectaflur
dek’ ta flur
Deferasirox
dee fer’ a sir ox
Deferitrin
dee fer’ i trin
Deferoxamine
de fer ox’ a meen
Deferoxamine Hydrochloride
de fer ox’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Deferoxamine Mesylate
de fer ox’ a meen mes’ i late
Deflazacort
dee flayz’ a kort
Degarelix
deg” a rel’ ix
Delapril Hydrochloride
del’ a pril hye” droe klor’ ide
Delavirdine Mesylate
del a vir’ deen mes’ i late
Delequamine Hydrochloride
del e’ kwa meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Deligoparin Sodium
del” i gope’ a rin soe’ dee um; del” i goe par’ in soe’ dee um
Delmadinone Acetate
del mad’ i none as’ e tate
Delmitide Acetate
del’ mi tide as’ e tate
Deltafilcon A
del” ta fil’ kon
Deltafilcon B
del” ta fil’ kon
Deltibant
del’ ti bant
Delucemine Hydrochloride
del ue’ se meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Demecycline
dem” e sye’ kleen
Demoxepam
dem ox’ e pam
Denagliptin Tosylate
den” a glip’ tin toe’ si late
Denatonium Benzoate
den” a toe’ nee um ben’ zoe ate
Denibulin Hydrochloride
den” i bue’ lin hye” droe klor’ ide
280
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Denileukin Diftitox
den” i loo’ kin dif’ ti tox
Denofungin
den” oh fun’ jin
Denosumab
den ose’ ue mab
Denufosol Tetrasodium
den” ue fos’ ol tet” ra soe’ dee um
Depelestat
de pel’ e stat
Depreotide
de pree’ oh tide
Deprostil
de prost’ il
Deracoxib
der a kox’ ib
Desciclovir
des sye’ kloe vir
Descinolone Acetonide
des in’ oh lone a seet’ oh nide
Desflurane
des floo’ rane
Desipramine Hydrochloride
des ip’ ra meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Desirudin
des” i roo’ din
Desloratadine
des” lor a’ ta deen
Deslorelin
des” loe rel’ in
Desmopressin Acetate
des” moe pres’ in as’ e tate
Desmoteplase
des moe’ te plase
Desogestrel
des” oh jes’ trel
Desonide
des’ oh nide
Desoximetasone
des ox” i met’ a sone
Desvenlafaxine Succinate
des ven” la fax’ een sux’ i nate
Deterenol Hydrochloride
de ter’ e nol hye” droe klor’ ide
Detirelix Acetate
de” ti rel’ ix as’ e tate
Detomidine Hydrochloride
de toe’ mi deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Deuterium Oxide
due teer’ ee um ox’ ide
Devazepide
dev az’ e pide
Dexamethasone Acefurate
dex” a meth’ a sone a” se fue’ rate
Dexamethasone Acetate
dex” a meth’ a sone as’ e tate
Dexamethasone Beloxil
dex” a meth’ a sone bel ox’ il
Dexamethasone Dipropionate
dex” a meth’ a sone dye proe’ pee oh nate
Dexamisole
dex a’ mi sole
Dexclamol Hydrochloride
dex’ kla mol hye” droe klor’ ide
Dexelvucitabine
dex” el vue sye’ ta been
Dexetimide
dex et’ i mide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
281
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Dexfenfluramine Hydrochloride
dex” fen flur’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dexibuprofen
dex” eye bue proe’ fen
Dexibuprofen Lysine
dex” eye bue proe’ fen lye’ seen
Deximafen
dex im’ a fen
Dexivacaine
dex iv’ a kane
Dexlansoprazole
dex” lan soe’ pra zole
Dexmedetomidine
dex me” de toe’ mi deen
Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride
dex me” de toe’ mi deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride
dex meth” il fen’ i date hye” droe klor’ ide
Dexormaplatin
dex or” ma pla’ tin
Dexoxadrol Hydrochloride
dex ox’ a drol hye” droe klor’ ide
Dexpanthenol
dex pan’ the nol
Dexpemedolac
dex” pem ed’ oh lak
Dexpropranolol Hydrochloride
dex” proe pran’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Dexrazoxane
dex ray zox’ ane
Dexsotalol Hydrochloride
dex soe’ ta lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Dextofisopam
dex toe fis’ oh pam
Dextran 40
dex’ tran
Dextran 70
dex’ tran
Dextran 75
dex’ tran
Dextrates
dex’ trates
Dextroamphetamine
dex” troe am fet’ a meen
Dextromethorphan Polistirex
dex” troe meth or’ fan pol” ee stye’ rex
Dextrorphan Hydrochloride
dex tror’ fan hye” droe klor’ ide
Dextrothyroxine Sodium
dex” troe thye rox’ in soe’ dee um
Dezaguanine
dez” a gwa’ neen
Dezaguanine Mesylate
dez” a gwa’ neen mes’ i late
Dezinamide
dez in’ a mide
Dezocine
dez’ oh seen
Diacetolol Hydrochloride
dye a seet’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Diamocaine Cyclamate
dye a’ moe kane
Diapamide
dye ap’ a mide
Diaplasinin
dye” a plas’ in in
Diatrizoate Sodium I 125
dye” a trye zoe’ ate soe’ dee um
282
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Diatrizoate Sodium I 131
dye” a trye zoe’ ate soe’ dee um
Diatrizoic Acid
dye” a trye zoe’ ik as’ id
Diaveridine
dye” a ver’ i deen
Diazepam
dye az’ e pam
Diaziquone
dye az’ i kwone
Diazoxide
dye” az ox’ ide
Dibenzepin Hydrochloride
dye benz’ e pin hye” droe klor’ ide
Dibenzothiophene
dye ben” zoe thye’ oh feen
Dibotermin Alfa
dye boe’ ter min al’ fa
Dibromsalan
dye brom’ sa lan
Dichlorvos
dye klor’ vos
Dicirenone
dye sye’ re none
Diclazuril
dye klaz’ ue ril
Diclofenac Potassium
dye kloe’ fen ak po tas’ ee um
Diclofenac Sodium
dye kloe’ fen ak soe’ dee um
Dicloralurea
dye klor” al ure ee’ a
Dicloxacillin
dye klox” a sil’ in
Dicloxacillin Sodium
dye klox” a sil’ in soe’ dee um
Dicumarol
dye koo’ ma rol
Didanosine
dye dan’ oh seen
Dienogest
dye en’ oh jest
Difenoximide Hydrochloride
dye” fen ox’ i mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Difenoxin
dye” fen ox’ in
Diflorasone Diacetate
dye flor’ a sone dye as’ e tate
Difloxacin Hydrochloride
dye flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Difluanine Hydrochloride
dye floo’ a neen hye” droe klor’ ide
Diflucortolone
dye” floo kor’ to lone
Diflucortolone Pivalate
dye” floo kor’ to lone piv’ a late
Diflumidone Sodium
dye floo’ mi done soe’ dee um
Diflunisal
dye floo’ ni sal
Difluprednate
dye” floo pred’ nate
Diftalone
dif’ ta lone
Digalloyl Trioleate
dye gal’ loe il trye oh’ lee ate
Dihexyverine Hydrochloride
dye hex” i ver’ een hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
283
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Dihydroergotamine Mesylate
dye hye” droe er got’ a meen mes’ i late
Dilevalol Hydrochloride
dye lev’ a lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Diltiazem Hydrochloride
dil tye’ a zem hye” droe klor’ ide
Diltiazem Malate
dil tye’ a zem
Dimefadane
dye mef’ a dane
Dimefilcon A
dye” me fil’ kon
Dimefline Hydrochloride
dye mef’ leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dimefocon A
dye” me foe’ kon
Dimepranol Acedoben
dye me’ pran ol a” se doe’ ben
Dimethadione
dye meth a dye’ one
Dimethicone
dye meth’ i kone
Dimethicone 350
dye meth’ i kone
Dimethindene Maleate
dye meth’ in deen mal’ ee ate
Dimethisoquin Hydrochloride
dye meth eye’ soe kwin hye” droe klor’ ide
Dimethisterone
dye meth is’ ter one
Dimethyl Fumarate
dye meth’ il fue’ ma rate
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
dye meth’ il sul fox’ ide
Dimoxamine Hydrochloride
dye mox’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dinoprost
dye’ noe prost
Dinoprost Tromethamine
dye’ noe prost troe meth’ a meen
Dinoprostone
dye” noe prost’ one
Dinsed
din’ sed
Diohippuric Acid I 125
dye” oh hip ure’ ik as’ id
Diohippuric Acid I 131
dye” oh hip ure’ ik as’ id
Diotyrosine I 125
dye” oh tye’ roe seen
Diotyrosine I 131
dye” oh tye’ roe seen
Dioxadrol Hydrochloride
dye ox’ a drol hye” droe klor’ ide
Dioxybenzone
dye ox” i ben’ zone
Diphenidol
dye fen’ i dol
Diphenidol Hydrochloride
dye fen’ i dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Diphenidol Pamoate
dye fen’ i dol pam’ oh ate
Dipivefrin
dye” piv ef’ rin
Dipyridamole
dye” pir id’ a mole
Dipyrithione
dye pir” i thye’ one
284
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Dipyrone
dye pye’ rone
Diquafosol Tetrasodium
dye kwa fos’ ol tet” ra soe’ dee um
Dirithromycin
dye rith” roe mye’ sin
Dirlotapide
dir loe’ ta pide
Disiquonium Chloride
dye” see kwoe’ nee um klor’ ide
Disobutamide
dye” soe bue’ ta mide
Disofenin
dye” soe fen’ in
Disomotide
dye soe mor’ tide
Disopyramide
dye” soe pir’ a mide
Disopyramide Phosphate
dye” soe pir’ a mide fos’ fate
Disoxaril
dye sox’ a ril
Disufenton Sodium
dye” soo fen’ ton soe’ dee um
Ditekiren
dye te kye’ ren
Ditiocade Sodium
dye tye’ oh kade soe’ dee um
Divalproex Sodium
dye val’ proe ex soe’ dee um
Dizocilpine Maleate
dye zoe’ sil peen mal’ ee ate
Dobutamine
doe bue’ ta meen
Dobutamine Hydrochloride
doe bue’ ta meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dobutamine Lactobionate
doe bue’ ta meen lak” toe bye’ oh nate
Dobutamine Tartrate
doe bue’ ta meen tar’ trate
Docebenone
doe se’ be none
Docetaxel
doe” se tax’ el
Doconazole
doe kon’ a zole
Docosanol
doe koe’ sa nol
Docusate Calcium
dok’ ue sate kal’ see um
Docusate Potassium
dok’ ue sate po tas’ ee um
Docusate Sodium
dok’ ue sate soe’ dee um
Dofetilide
doe fet’ i lide
Dolasetron Mesylate
doe las’ e tron mes’ i late
Domazoline Fumarate
doe maz’ oh leen fue’ ma rate
Domiodol
doe mye’ oh dol
Domiphen Bromide
doe’ mi fen broe’ mide
Domperidone
dome per’ i done
Donepezil Hydrochloride
doe nep’ e zil hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
285
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Donetidine
doe ne’ ti deen
Dopamantine
doe” pa man’ teen
Dopamine Hydrochloride
doe’ pa meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Dopexamine
doe pex’ a meen
Dopexamine Hydrochloride
doe pex’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Doramapimod
dor” a map’ i mod
Doramectin
dor” a mek’ tin
Dorastine Hydrochloride
dor as’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Doretinel
doe’ re tin el
Doripenem
dor” i pen’ em
Dornase Alfa
dor’ nase al’ fa
Dorzolamide Hydrochloride
dor zole’ a mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Dothiepin Hydrochloride
doe thye’ e pin hye” droe klor’ ide
Doxacurium Chloride
dox a kure’ ee um klor’ ide
Doxapram Hydrochloride
dox’ a pram hye” droe klor’ ide
Doxaprost
dox’ a prost
Doxazosin Mesylate
dox az’ oh sin mes’ i late
Doxepin Hydrochloride
dox’ e pin hye” droe klor’ ide
Doxofylline
dox of’ i lin
Doxorubicin
dox” oh roo’ bi sin
Doxpicomine Hydrochloride
dox pik’ oh meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Doxycycline
dox” i sye’ kleen
Doxycycline Fosfatex
dox” i sye’ kleen fos’ fa tex
Draflazine
draf’ la zeen
Dribendazole
drye ben’ da zole
Drinidene
drin’ i deen
Drobuline
droe’ bue leen
Drocinonide
droe sin’ oh nide
Droloxifene
droe lox’ i feen
Droloxifene Citrate
droe lox’ i feen sit’ rate
Drometrizole
droe me’ tri zole
Dromostanolone Propionate
droe” moe stan’ oh lone proe’ pee oh nate
Dronabinol
droe nab’ i nol
Dronedarone Hydrochloride
droe” ne’ da rone hye” droe klor’ ide
286
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Droperidol
droe per’ i dol
Droprenilamine
droe” pre nil’ a meen
Drospirenone
droe spye’ re none
Drotrecogin Alfa (activated)
droe tre koe’ gin al’ fa ak’ ti vay” ted
Droxacin Sodium
drox’ a sin soe’ dee um
Droxifilcon A
drox” i fil’ kon
Droxinavir Hydrochloride
drox in’ a vir hye” droe klor’ ide
Duazomycin
doo az” oh mye’ sin
Duloxetine Hydrochloride
doo lox’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Duoperone Fumarate
doo oh’ per one fue’ ma rate
Durapatite
dur ap’ a tite
Dutasteride
doo tas’ ter ide
Dydrogesterone
dye” droe jes’ ter one
Dymanthine Hydrochloride
dye man’ theen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ebastine
e bas’ teen
Ecadotril
e kad’ oh tril
Ecalcidene
e kal’ si deen
Ecallantide
e kal’ lan tide
Ecamsule
e kam’ sool
Eclanamine Maleate
e klan’ a meen mal’ ee ate
Eclazolast
e klaz’ oh last
Econazole
e kon’ a zole
Econazole Nitrate
e kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Ecopipam Hydrochloride
e” koe pi’ pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Ecopladib
e koe’ pla dib
Ecraprost
e’ kra prost
Ecromeximab
e” kroe mex’ i mab
Eculizumab
e” kue liz’ oo mab
Edaglitazone Sodium
e” da gli’ ta zone soe’ dee um
Edatrexate
e” da trex’ ate
Edetate Calcium Disodium
e’ de tate kal’ see um dye soe’ dee um
Edetate Dipotassium
e’ de tate dye” po tas’ ee um
Edetate Sodium
e’ de tate soe’ dee um
Edetate Trisodium
e’ de tate trye soe’ dee um
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
287
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Edetol
e de tol’
Edifoligide Sodium
e dif” oh lig’ ide soe’ dee um
Edifolone Acetate
e dif’ oh lone as’ e tate
Edobacomab
e” doe bak’ oh mab
Edodekin Alfa
e” doe dek’ in al’ fa
Edonentan
e don’ en tan
Edotecarin
e” doe tek’ ar in
Edotreotide
e” doe tree’ oh tide
Edoxudine
e dox’ ue deen
Edratide
e’ dra tide
Edrecolomab
e” dre kol’ oh mab
Efalizumab
ef” a liz’ oo mab
Efaproxiral
ef” a prox’ ir al
Efaproxiral Sodium
ef” a prox’ ir al soe’ dee um
Efegatran Sulfate
ef” e gat’ ran sul’ fate
Efipladib
ef ip’ la dib
Efletirizine Dihydrochloride
ef” le tir’ i zeen dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Eflornithine Hydrochloride
ef lor’ ni theen hye” droe klor’ ide
Efrotomycin
ef” roe toe mye’ sin
Eglumetad
e gloo’ me tad
Egtazic Acid
eg tayz’ ik as’ id
Elacridar Hydrochloride
el ak’ ri dar hye” droe klor’ ide
Elantrine
el’ an treen
Elarofiban
el ar” oh fye’ ban
Elastofilcon A
e las” toe fil’ kon
Eldacimibe
el da’ si mibe
Eletriptan Hydrobromide
el” e trip’ tan hye” droe broe’ mide
Elfazepam
el faz’ e pam
Elsamitrucin
el sam” i troo’ sin
Elsibucol
el” si bue’ kol
Eltrombopag Olamine
el trom’ boe pag ole’ a meen
Elucaine
el’ ue kane
Elvitegravir
el” vi teg’ ra vir
Elvucitabine
el” vue sye’ ta been
Elzasonan Citrate
el” za sone’ an sit’ rate
288
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Elzasonan Hydrochloride
el” za sone’ an hye” droe klor’ ide
Embutramide
em bue’ tra mide
Emedastine Difumarate
em” e das’ teen dye fue’ ma rate
Emilium Tosylate
em il’ i um toe’ si late
Emitefur
em it’ e fur
Emivirine
em” i vir’ een
Emtricitabine
em” trye sye’ ta been
Enadoline Hydrochloride
en ad’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Enalapril Maleate
en al’ a pril mal’ ee ate
Enalaprilat
en al’ a pril at”
Enalkiren
en al kye’ ren
Enazadrem Phosphate
en az’ a drem fos’ fate
Encainide Hydrochloride
en’ ka nide hye” droe klor’ ide
Enciprazine Hydrochloride
en si’ pra zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Enclomiphene
en kloe’ mi feen
Encyprate
en si’ prate
Endralazine Mesylate
en dral’ a zeen mes’ i late
Endrysone
en’ dri sone
Enflufocon A
en” floo foe’ kon
Enflufocon B
en” floo foe’ kon
Enflurane
en’ flur ane
Enfuvirtide
en fue’ vir tide
Englitazone Sodium
en gli’ ta zone soe’ dee um
Enilconazole
en” il kon’ a zole
Eniluracil
en” il ue’ ra sil; en” il ure’ a sil
Enisoprost
en eye’ soe prost
Enlimomab
en lim’ oh mab
Enloplatin
en” loe pla’ tin
Enofelast
en oh’ fe last
Enolicam Sodium
en ole’ i kam soe’ dee um
Enoxacin
en ox’ a sin
Enoxaparin Sodium
ee nox ap’ a rin soe’ dee um; ee nox” a par’ in soe’ dee um
Enoximone
en ox’ i mone
Enpiroline Phosphate
en pir’ oh leen fos’ fate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
289
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Enprofylline
en prof’ i lin
Enpromate
en’ proe mate
Enprostil
en prost’ il
Enrofloxacin
en” roe flox’ a sin
Ensulizole
en sul’ i zole
Entacapone
en tak’ a pone
Entecavir
en tek’ a vir
Entsufon Sodium
ent’ soo fon soe’ dee um
Enviradene
en vir’ a deen
Enviroxime
en” vir ox’ eem
Enzacamene
en” za kam’ een
Enzastaurin Hydrochloride
en” za staw’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Epafipase
e paf’ i pase
Epanolol
e pan’ oh lol
Eperezolid
e per ez’ oh lid
Epetirimod
e” pe tir’ i mod
Epetirimod Esylate
e” pe tir’ i mod
Epicillin
ep i sil’ in
Epimestrol
ep” i mes’ trol
Epinephryl Borate
ep” i nef’ ril bor’ ate
Epipropidine
ep” i proe’ pi deen
Epirizole
e pir’ i zole
Epirubicin Hydrochloride
ep” i roo’ bi sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Epithiazide
ep” i thye’ a zide
Eplerenone
e pler’ en one
Epoetin Alfa
e poe’ e tin al’ fa
Epoetin Beta
e poe’ e tin bay” ta
Epoetin Delta
e poe’ e tin del’ ta
Epoprostenol
e” poe prost’ en ol
Epoprostenol Sodium
e” poe prost’ en ol soe’ dee um
Epostane
e’ poe stane
Epratuzumab
e” pra tooz’ oo mab
Eprinomectin
e prin” oh mek’ tin
Epristeride
e pris’ ter ide
290
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Eprodisate Disodium
e proe’ di sate dye soe’ dee um
Eprosartan
ep” roe sar’ tan
Eprosartan Mesylate
ep” roe sar’ tan mes’ i late
Erbulozole
er bue’ loe zole
Ergoloid Mesylates
er’ goe loid mes’ i lates
Eribulin Mesylate
er” i bue’ lin mes’ i late
Eritoran Tetrasodium
er” i tore’ an tet” ra soe’ dee um
Erlizumab
er liz’ oo mab
Erlotinib Hydrochloride
er loe’ ti nib hye” droe klor’ ide
Ersofermin
er” soe fer’ min
Ertapenem Sodium
er” ta pen’ em soe’ dee um
Ertiprotafib
er” ti proe’ ta fib
Erythrityl Tetranitrate
e rith’ ri til tet” ra nye’ trate
Erythromycin Acistrate
e rith” roe mye’ sin a sis’ trate
Erythromycin Estolate
e rith” roe mye’ sin es’ toe late
Erythromycin Propionate
e rith” roe mye’ sin proe’ pee oh nate
Erythromycin Salnacedin
e rith” roe mye’ sin sal na’ se din
Escitalopram Oxalate
es” sye tal’ oh pram ox’ a late
Esmirtazapine Maleate
es” mir taz’ a peen mal’ ee ate
Esmolol Hydrochloride
es’ moe lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Esomeprazole Magnesium
es” oh mep’ ra zole mag nee’ zee um
Esomeprazole Sodium
es” oh mep’ ra zole soe’ dee um
Esorubicin Hydrochloride
es” oh roo’ bi sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Esoxybutynin Chloride
es ox” i bue’ ti nin klor’ ide
Esproquin Hydrochloride
es’ proe kwin hye” droe klor’ ide
Estazolam
es taz’ oh lam
Esterifilcon A
es ter” i fil’ kon
Estradiol Acetate
es” tra dye’ ol as’ e tate
Estradiol Enanthate
es” tra dye’ ol e nan’ thate
Estradiol Undecylate
es” tra dye’ ol un de’ sil ate
Estramustine
es” tra mus’ teen
Estramustine Phosphate Sodium
es” tra mus’ teen fos’ fate soe’ dee um
Estrazinol Hydrobromide
es traz’ i nol hye” droe broe’ mide
Estrofurate
es” troe fure’ ate
Eszopiclone
es” zoe pik’ lone
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
291
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Etafedrine Hydrochloride
e ta fed’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Etafilcon A
e” ta fil’ kon
Etalocib
e tal’ oh kib
Etanercept
ee tan’ er sept
Etanidazole
e ta nye’ da zole
Etarotene
e tar’ oh teen
Etazolate Hydrochloride
e taz’ oh late hye” droe klor’ ide
Eterobarb
e ter’ oh barb
Ethacrynate Sodium
eth” a krin’ ate soe’ dee um
Ethacrynic Acid
eth a krin’ ik as’ id
Ethambutol Hydrochloride
eth am’ bue tol hye” droe klor’ ide
Ethamivan
eth am’ i van
Ethamsylate
eth am’ sil ate
Ethanolamine Oleate
eth” a nol’ a meen
Ethiodized Oil I 131
eth eye’ oh dyzd
Ethionamide
e thye on’ a mide
Ethonam Nitrate
eth’ oh nam nye’ trate
Ethosuximide
eth” oh sux’ i mide
Ethoxazene Hydrochloride
eth ox’ a zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ethybenztropine
eth” i benz’ troe peen
Ethyl Dibunate
eth’ il dye’ bue nate
Ethylestrenol
eth” il es’ tre nol
Ethynerone
e thye’ ner one
Ethynodiol Diacetate
e thye” noe dye’ ol dye as’ e tate
Etibendazole
e ti ben’ da zole
Etidocaine
e tye’ doe kane
Etidronate Disodium
e ti droe’ nate dye soe’ dee um
Etidronic Acid
e ti dron’ ik as’ id
Etifenin
e” ti fen’ in
Etilevodopa
e” ti lee” voe doe’ pa
Etintidine Hydrochloride
e tin’ ti deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Etiprednol Dicloacetate
e ti pred’ nol dye kloe as’ e tate
Etocrylene
e” toe krye’ leen
Etodolac
e toe’ doe lak
292
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Etofenamate
e” toe fen’ a mate
Etoformin Hydrochloride
e” toe for’ min hye” droe klor’ ide
Etomidate
e tom’ i date
Etonogestrel
e toe noe jes’ trel
Etoperidone Hydrochloride
e” toe per’ i done hye” droe klor’ ide
Etoposide
e toe’ poe side
Etoposide Phosphate
e toe’ poe side fos’ fate
Etoprine
e’ toe preen
Etoricoxib
e toe ri kox’ ib
Etoxadrol Hydrochloride
e tox’ a drol hye” droe klor’ ide
Etozolin
e” toe zoe’ lin
Etravirine
e” tra vir’ een
Etretinate
e tret’ i nate
Etryptamine Acetate
e trip’ ta meen as’ e tate
Eucalyptol
ue” ka lip’ tol
Euprocin Hydrochloride
ue’ proe sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Evernimicin
e” ver ni mye’ sin
Everolimus
e” ver oh’ li mus
Exametazime
ex” a met’ a zeem
Exaprolol Hydrochloride
ex” a proe’ lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Exatecan Mesylate
ex” a tee’ kan mes’ i late
Exemestane
ex e mes’ tane
Exenatide
ex en’ a tide
Ezetimibe
ez et’ i mide
Ezlopitant
ez loe’ pi tant
Fadolmidine Hydrochloride
fa dol’ mi deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fadrozole Hydrochloride
fad’ roe zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Falimarev (CEA, MUC-1, fowlpox virus)
fa lim’ a rev
Famciclovir
fam sye’ kloe vir
Famotidine
fam oh’ ti deen
Famotine Hydrochloride
fam’ oh teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fampridine
fam’ pri deen
Fananserin
fan an’ ser in
Fandosentan Potassium
fan” doe sen’ tan po tas’ ee um
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
293
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Fanetizole Mesylate
fan et’ i zole mes’ i late
Fantridone Hydrochloride
fan’ tri done hye” droe klor’ ide
Farampator
far am’ pa tor
Farglitazar
far gli’ ta zar
Faropenem Medoxomil
far” oh pen’ em me dox’ oh mil
Fazarabine
faz ar’ a been
Febantel
fe’ ban tel
Febuxostat
feb ux’ oh stat
Felbamate
fel bam’ ate
Felbinac
fel’ bi nak
Felodipine
fe loe’ di peen
Felvizumab
fel viz’ oo mab
Felypressin
fel” i pres’ in
Fenalamide
fen al’ a mide
Fenamole
fen’ a mole
Fenbendazole
fen ben’ da zole
Fenbufen
fen bue’ fen
Fencibutirol
fen” si bue’ ti rol
Fenclofenac
fen kloe’ fen ak
Fenclonine
fen’ kloe neen
Fenclorac
fen’ klor ak
Fendosal
fen’ doe sal
Fenestrel
fen es’ trel
Fenethylline Hydrochloride
fen eth’ i lin hye” droe klor’ ide
Fenfluramine Hydrochloride
fen flur’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fengabine
fen’ ga been
Fenimide
fen’ i mide
Fenisorex
fen eye’ soe rex
Fenleuton
fen loo’ ton
Fenmetozole Hydrochloride
fen met’ oh zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Fenmetramide
fen met’ ra mide
Fenobam
fen’ oh bam
Fenoctimine Sulfate
fen ok’ ti meen sul’ fate
Fenofibrate
fen” oh fye’ brate
294
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Fenoldopam Mesylate
fen ol’ doe pam mes’ i late
Fenoprofen
fen” oh proe’ fen
Fenoprofen Calcium
fen” oh proe’ fen kal’ see um
Fenoterol
fen oh’ ter ol
Fenpipalone
fen pip’ a lone
Fenprinast Hydrochloride
fen’ pri nast hye” droe klor’ ide
Fenprostalene
fen prost’ a leen
Fenquizone
fen’ kwi zone
Fenretinide
fen ret’ i nide
Fenspiride Hydrochloride
fen’ spir ide hye” droe klor’ ide
Fentanyl
fen’ ta nil
Fentanyl Citrate
fen’ ta nil sit’ rate
Fentiazac
fen tye’ a zak
Fenticlor
fen’ ti klor
Fenticonazole Nitrate
fen” ti kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Fenyripol Hydrochloride
fen ir’ i pol hye” droe klor’ ide
Ferric Carboxymaltose
fer’ ik kar box’ ee mawl’ tose
Ferric Chloride Fe 59
fer’ ik klor’ ide
Ferric Fructose
fer’ ik fruk’ tose
Ferriclate Calcium Sodium
fer’ i klate kal’ see um soe’ dee um
Ferristene
fer’ i steen
Ferrous Citrate Fe 59
fer’ us sit’ rate
Ferrous Sulfate Fe 59
fer’ us sul’ fate
Fertirelin Acetate
fer” ti rel’ in as’ e tate
Ferucarbotran
fer” ue kar’ boe tran
Ferumoxides
fer” ue mox’ ides
Ferumoxsil
fer” ue mox’ sil
Ferumoxtran-10
fer” ue mox’ tran
Ferumoxytol
fer” ue mox’ i tol
Fesoterodine Fumarate
fes” oh ter’ oh deen fue’ ma rate
Fetoxylate Hydrochloride
fe tox’ i late hye” droe klor’ ide
Fexofenadine Hydrochloride
fex” oh fen’ a deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fezolamine Fumarate
fe zol’ a meen fue’ ma rate
Fiacitabine
fye a sye’ ta been
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
295
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Fialuridine
fye” al ure’ i deen
Fibrinogen I 125
fye brin’ oh jen
Fidexaban
fye dex’ a ban
Fiduxosin Hydrochloride
fye dux’ oh sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Filaminast
fil am’ i nast
Filgrastim
fil gra’ stim
Filipin
fil’ i pin
Finasteride
fin as’ ter ide
Fingolimod Hydrochloride
fin gol’ i mod hye” droe klor’ ide
Firategrast
fir” a teg’ rast
Firocoxib
fir” oh kox’ ib
Fispemifene
fis pem’ i feen
Flavodilol Maleate
flay” voe dil’ ol mal’ ee ate
Flavoxate Hydrochloride
flay vox’ ate hye” droe klor’ ide
Flazalone
flay’ za lone
Flecainide Acetate
flek’ a nide as’ e tate
Fleroxacin
fler ox’ a sin
Flestolol Sulfate
fles’ toe lol sul’ fate
Fletazepam
fle taz’ e pam
Flibanserin
flib an’ ser in
Flindokalner
flin” doe kal’ ner
Floctafenine
flok” ta fen’ een
Flordipine
flor’ di peen
Florfenicol
flor fen’ i kol
Flosequinan
floe se’ kwin an
Floxacillin
flox” a sil’ in
Floxuridine
flox ure’ i deen
Fluazacort
floo az’ a kort
Flubanilate Hydrochloride
floo ban’ i late hye” droe klor’ ide
Flubendazole
floo ben’ da zole
Flucindole
floo sin’ dole
Flucloronide
floo klor’ oh nide
Fluconazole
floo kon’ a zole
Flucrylate
floo’ kri late
296
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Flucytosine
floo sye’ toe seen
Fludalanine
floo dal’ a neen
Fludarabine Phosphate
floo dayr’ a been fos’ fate
Fludazonium Chloride
floo” da zoe’ nee um klor’ ide
Fludeoxyglucose F 18
floo” de ox” i gloo’ kose
Fludorex
floo’ doe rex
Flufenamic Acid
floo” fen am’ ik as’ id
Flufenisal
floo fen’ i sal
Flumazenil
floo maz’ e nil
Flumequine
floo’ me kwin
Flumeridone
floo mer’ i done
Flumethasone
floo meth’ a sone
Flumethasone Pivalate
floo meth’ a sone piv’ a late
Flumetramide
floo met’ ra mide
Flumezapine
floo mez’ a peen
Fluminorex
floo min’ oh rex
Flumizole
floo’ mi zole
Flumoxonide
floo mox’ oh nide
Flunarizine Hydrochloride
floo nar’ i zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Flunidazole
floo nye’ da zole
Flunisolide
floo nis’ oh lide
Flunisolide Acetate
floo nis’ oh lide as’ e tate
Flunitrazepam
floo” nye traz’ e pam
Flunixin
floo nix’ in
Flunixin Meglumine
floo nix’ in me’ gloo meen
Fluocinolone Acetonide
floo” oh sin’ oh lone a seet’ oh nide
Fluocinonide
floo” oh sin’ oh nide
Fluocortin Butyl
floo” oh kor’ tin bue’ til
Fluocortolone
floo” oh kor’ toe lone
Fluocortolone Caproate
floo” oh kor’ toe lone kap’ roe ate
Fluorodopa F 18
flure” oh doe’ pa
Fluorometholone Acetate
flure” oh meth’ oh lone as’ e tate
Fluorosalan
flure oh’ sa lan
Fluorouracil
flure” oh ue’ ra sil; flure” oh ure’ a sil
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
297
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Fluotracen Hydrochloride
floo oh tray’ sen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fluoxetine
floo ox’ e teen
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride
floo ox’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fluparoxan Hydrochloride
floo” pa rox’ an hye” droe klor’ ide
Fluperamide
floo per’ a mide
Fluperolone Acetate
floo per’ oh lone as’ e tate
Flupirtine Maleate
floo’ pir teen mal’ ee ate
Fluprednisolone
floo” pred nis’ oh lone
Fluprednisolone Valerate
floo” pred nis’ oh lone val’ er ate
Fluproquazone
floo proe’ kwa zone
Fluprostenol Sodium
floo prost’ e nol soe’ dee um
Fluquazone
floo’ kwa zone
Fluradoline Hydrochloride
flur ad’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Flurandrenolide
flur” an dren’ oh lide
Flurazepam Hydrochloride
flur az’ e pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Flurbiprofen
flur” bi proe’ fen
Fluretofen
flur” e toe’ fen
Flurocitabine
flur’ oh sye’ ta been
Flurofamide
flur oh’ fa mide
Flurogestone Acetate
flur oh jes’ tone as’ e tate
Flurothyl
flur’ oh thil
Fluroxene
flur ox’ een
Flusilfocon A
floo” sil foe’ kon
Flusilfocon B
floo” sil foe’ kon
Flusilfocon C
floo” sil foe’ kon
Flusilfocon D
floo” sil foe’ kon
Flusilfocon E
floo” sil foe’ kon
Fluspiperone
floo spi’ per one
Fluspirilene
floo spir’ i leen
Flutamide
floo’ ta mide
Flutiazin
floo tye’ a zin
Fluticasone Furoate
floo tik’ a sone fur’ oh ate
Fluticasone Propionate
floo tik’ a sone proe’ pee oh nate
Flutroline
floo’ troe leen
298
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Fluvastatin Sodium
floo” va stat’ in soe’ dee um
Fluvoxamine Maleate
floo vox’ a meen mal’ ee ate
Fluzinamide
floo zin’ a mide
Focofilcon A
foe” koe fil’ kon
Fodipir
foe’ di pir
Fomepizole
foe mep’ i zole
Fomivirsen Sodium
foe” mi vir’ sen soe’ dee um
Fonazine Mesylate
foe’ na zeen mes’ i late
Fondaparinux Sodium
fon dap’ a rin ux soe’ dee um; fon” da par’ in ux soe’ dee um
Fontolizumab
fon” toe liz’ oo mab
Forasartan
for” a sar’ tan
Formocortal
for” moe kor’ tal
Formoterol Fumarate
for moe’ ter ol fue’ ma rate
Forodesine
for oh’ de seen
Forodesine Hydrochloride
for oh’ de seen hye” droe klor’ ide
Fosamprenavir Calcium
fos” am pren’ a vir kal’ see um
Fosamprenavir Sodium
fos” am pren’ a vir soe’ dee um
Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine
fos” ap re’ pi tant dye meg’ loo meen
Fosarilate
fos’ a ril ate
Fosazepam
fos az’ e pam
Foscarnet Sodium
fos kar’ net soe’ dee um
Fosfomycin
fos” foe mye’ sin
Fosfomycin Tromethamine
fos” foe mye’ sin troe meth’ a meen
Fosfonet Sodium
fos’ foe net soe’ dee um
Fosfructose Trisodium
fos frook’ tose trye soe’ dee um; fos fruk’ tose trye soe’ dee um
Fosinopril Sodium
fos in’ oh pril soe’ dee um
Fosinoprilat
fos in’ oh pril at”
Fosphenytoin Sodium
fos fen’ i toin soe’ dee um; fos fen’ i toe in soe’ dee um
Fospirate
fos’ pi rate
Fospropofol Disodium
fos proe poe’ fol dye soe’ dee um
Fosquidone
fos’ kwi done
Fostedil
fos’ te dil
Fostriecin Sodium
fos’ trye e sin soe’ dee um
Fosveset
fos’ ve set
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
299
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Frentizole
fren’ ti zole
Frovatriptan Succinate
froe” va trip’ tan sux’ i nate
Fulvestrant
ful ves’ trant
Fumoxicillin
fue mox” i sil’ in
Fungimycin
fun” ji mye’ sin
Furaprofen
fure” a proe’ fen
Furazolium Chloride
fure” a zoe’ lee um klor’ ide
Furazolium Tartrate
fure” a zoe’ lee um tar’ trate
Furegrelate Sodium
fure” a grel’ ate soe’ dee um
Furobufen
fure” oh bue’ fen
Furodazole
fure oh’ da zole
Furomine
fure’ oh meen
Furosemide
fure oh’ se mide
Fursalan
fure’ sa lan
Fusidate Sodium
fue’ si date soe’ dee um
Fusidic Acid
fue sid’ ik as’ id
Gabapentin
gab” a pen’ tin
Gaboxadol
gab ox’ a dol
Gadobenate Dimeglumine
gad” oh ben’ ate dye meg’ loo meen
Gadodiamide
gad” oh dye’ a mide
Gadofosveset Trisodium
gad” oh fos’ ve set trye soe’ dee um
Gadopentetate Dimeglumine
gad” oh pen’ te tate dye meg’ loo meen
Gadoteridol
gad” oh ter’ i dol
Gadoversetamide
gad” oh ver set’ a mide
Gadoxanum
gad oh zan’ um
Gadoxetate Disodium
gad ox’ e tate dye soe’ dee um
Gadozelite
gad oh zel’ ite
Galactose
ga lak’ tose
Galantamine
ga lan’ ta meen
Galantamine Hydrobromide
ga lan’ ta meen hye” droe broe’ mide
Galasomite
gal’ a som ite
Galdansetron Hydrochloride
gal dan’ se tron hye” droe klor’ ide
Galgenprostucel-L
gal” jen pros too’ sel - el
Galiximab
ga lix’ i mab
300
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Gallium Citrate Ga 67
gal’ ee um sit’ rate
Gallium Nitrate
gal’ ee um nye’ trate
Galsulfase
gal sul’ fase
Galyfilcon A
gal” ee fil’ kon
Gamfexine
gam fex’ een
Gamithromycin
gam ith” roe mye’ sin
Ganaxolone
gan ax’ oh lone
Ganciclovir
gan sye’ kloe vir
Ganciclovir Sodium
gan sye’ kloe vir soe’ dee um
Ganirelix Acetate
ga” ni rel’ ix as’ e tate
Gantacurium Chloride
gan” ta kure’ ee um klor’ ide
Garenoxacin Mesylate
gar” en ox’ a sin mes’ i late
Garnocestim
gar noe’ se stim
Gatifloxacin
gat” i flox’ a sin
Gavestinel
gav es’ ti nel
Gefitinib
ge fi’ ti nib
Gemcabene Calcium
jem’ ka been kal’ see um
Gemcadiol
jem” ka dye’ ol
Gemcitabine
jem sye’ ta been
Gemcitabine Hydrochloride
jem sye’ ta been hye” droe klor’ ide
Gemeprost
jem’ e prost
Gemfibrozil
jem fye’ broe zil
Gemifloxacin Mesylate
jem” i flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Gemopatrilat
jem” oh pa’ tril at
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
jem tooz’ oo mab oh” zoe ga mye’ sin
Genfilcon A
jen fil’ kon
Gentamicin Sulfate
jen” ta mye’ sin sul’ fate
Gepirone Hydrochloride
jep’ ir one hye” droe klor’ ide
Gestaclone
jes’ ta klone
Gestodene
jes’ toe deen
Gestonorone Caproate
jes toe’ nor one kap’ roe ate
Gestrinone
jes’ tri none
Gevotroline Hydrochloride
jev oh’ troe leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Giripladib
jir ip’ la dib
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
301
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Glatiramer Acetate
gla tir’ a mer as’ e tate
Glemanserin
gle man’ ser in
Gleptoferron
glep toe’ fer on
Gliamilide
glye am’ i lide
Glibornuride
glye born’ ure ide
Glicetanile Sodium
glye set’ a nile soe’ dee um
Gliflumide
glye floo’ mide
Glimepiride
glye mep’ ir ide
Glipizide
glip’ i zide
Gloxazone
glox’ a zone
Gloximonam
glox” i moe’ nam
Gluceptate Sodium
gloo sep’ tate soe’ dee um
Glucosamine
gloo kose’ a meen
Glutamic Acid
gloo tam’ ik as’ id
Glutamine
gloo’ ta meen
Glutaral
gloo’ ta ral
Glyburide
glye’ bure ide
Glycerol, Iodinated
glis’ er ol eye’ oh di nay” ted
Glycol Distearate
glye’ kol dye steer’ ate
Glycopyrrolate
glye” koe pir’ oh late
Glyhexamide
glye hex’ a mide
Glymidine Sodium
glye’ mi deen soe’ dee um
Glyoctamide
glye ok’ ta mide
Glyparamide
glye par’ a mide
Gold Au 198
golde
Golimumab
goe lim’ ue mab
Golotimod
goe lot’ i mod
Gomiliximab
goe” mi lix’ i mab
Gonadorelin Acetate
goe nad” oh rel’ in as’ e tate
Gonadorelin Hydrochloride
goe nad” oh rel’ in hye” droe klor’ ide
Goserelin
goe” se rel’ in
Govafilcon A
goe” va fil’ kon
Goxalapladib
gox” a lap’ la dib
Granisetron
gra nis’ e tron
Granisetron Hydrochloride
gra nis’ e tron hye” droe klor’ ide
302
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Grepafloxacin Hydrochloride
grep” a flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Guaiapate
gwye’ a pate
Guaifenesin
gwye fen’ e sin
Guaithylline
gwye’ thi lin
Guanabenz
gwahn’ a benz
Guanabenz Acetate
gwahn’ a benz as’ e tate
Guanacline Sulfate
gwahn’ a kleen sul’ fate
Guanadrel Sulfate
gwahn’ a drel sul’ fate
Guancydine
gwahn’ si deen
Guanethidine Monosulfate
gwahn eth’ i deen
Guanethidine Sulfate
gwahn eth’ i deen sul’ fate
Guanfacine Hydrochloride
gwahn’ fa seen hye” droe klor’ ide
Guanisoquin Sulfate
gwahn eye’ soe kwin sul’ fate
Guanoclor Sulfate
gwahn’ oh klor sul’ fate
Guanoctine Hydrochloride
gwahn ok’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Guanoxabenz
gwahn ox’ a benz
Guanoxan Sulfate
gwahn ox’ an sul’ fate
Guanoxyfen Sulfate
gwahn ox’ i fen sul’ fate
Gusperimus Trihydrochloride
gus per’ i mus trye hye” droe klor’ ide
Halazepam
hal az’ e pam
Halcinonide
hal sin’ oh nide
Halobetasol Propionate
hal” oh bay’ ta sol proe’ pee oh nate
Halofantrine Hydrochloride
hal” oh fan’ treen hye” droe klor’ ide
Halofenate
hal” oh fen’ ate
Halofuginone Hydrobromide
hal” oh fue’ ji none hye” droe broe’ mide
Halopemide
hal oh’ pe mide
Haloperidol
hal” oh per’ i dol
Haloperidol Decanoate
hal” oh per’ i dol dek” a noe’ ate
Halopredone Acetate
hal” oh pred’ one as’ e tate
Haloprogesterone
hal” oh proe jes’ ter one
Haloprogin
hal” oh proe’ jin
Halquinols
hal’ kwin ols
Hamycin
ha mye’ sin
Hefilcon A
he fil’ kon
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
303
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Hefilcon B
he fil’ kon
Hefilcon C
he fil’ kon
Hemoglobin Crosfumaril
hee’ moe gloe” bin kros fue’ ma ril
Hemoglobin Glutamer-200 (Bovine)
hee’ moe gloe” bin gloo’ ta mer boe’ vine
Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine)
hee’ moe gloe” bin gloo’ ta mer boe’ vine
Hemoglobin Glutamer-256 (Human)
hee’ moe gloe” bin gloo’ ta mer hue’ man
Hemoglobin Raffimer
hee’ moe gloe” bin raf’ fi mer
Hetacillin
het” a sil’ in
Hetacillin Potassium
het” a sil’ in po tas’ ee um
Hetaflur
het’ a flur
Hetastarch
het’ a starch
Heteronium Bromide
het” er oh’ nee um broe’ mide
Hexafluorenium Bromide
hex a flure een’ ee um broe’ mide
Hexafocon A
hex” a foe’ kon
Hexaminolevulinate Hydrochloride
hex a mee” noe lev’ ue lin ate hye” droe klor’ ide
Hexedine
hex’ e deen
Hexobendine
hex” oh ben’ deen
Hexoprenaline Sulfate
hex” oh pren’ a leen sul’ fate
Hilafilcon A
hye” la fil’ kon
Hilafilcon B
hye” la fil’ kon
Hioxifilcon A
hye ox” i fil’ kon
Hioxifilcon D
hye ox” i fil’ kon
Histamine Dihydrochloride
his’ ta meen dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Histidine
his’ ti deen
Histrelin
his trel’ in
Hofocon A
hoe foe’ kon
Homosalate
hoe” moe sal’ ate
Hoquizil Hydrochloride
hoe’ kwi zil hye” droe klor’ ide
Hyaluronate Sodium
hye” al ure on’ ate soe’ dee um
Hyaluronidase (Human Recombinant)
hye” al ure on’ i dase hue’ man
Hyaluronidase (Ovine)
hye” al ure on’ i dase oh’ vine
Hybufocon A
hye” bue foe’ kon
Hycanthone
hye kan’ thone
Hydralazine Polistirex
hye dral’ a zeen pol” ee stye’ rex
304
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Hydrocodone Bitartrate
hye droe koe’ done
Hydrocodone Polistirex
hye droe koe’ done pol” ee stye’ rex
Hydrocortisone Butyrate
hye” droe kor’ ti sone bue’ ti rate
Hydrocortisone Probutate
hye” droe kor’ ti sone proe bue’ tate
Hydrocortisone Valerate
hye” droe kor’ ti sone val’ er ate
Hydrofilcon A
hye” droe fil’ kon
Hydroxocobalamin
hye drox” oh koe bal’ a min
Hydroxyphenamate
hye drox” ee fen’ a mate
Hydroxyurea
hye drox” ee ure ee’ a
Hymecromone
hye” me kroe’ mone
Ibafloxacin
eye” ba flox’ a sin
Ibalizumab
i” ba liz’ oo mab
Ibandronate Sodium
eye ban’ droe nate soe’ dee um
Iboctadekin
eye bok” ta de’ kin
Ibopamine
eye boe’ pa meen
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan
eye” bri toom’ oh mab tye ux’ e tan
Ibrolipim
eye broe’ li pim
Ibufenac
eye bue’ fen ak
Ibuprofen
eye” bue proe’ fen
Ibuprofen Aluminum
eye” bue proe’ fen a loo’ mi num
Ibuprofen Lysine
eye” bue proe’ fen lye’ seen
Ibuprofen Piconol
eye” bue proe’ fen pik’ a nol
Ibutamoren Mesylate
eye bue” ta mor’ en mes’ i late
Ibutilide Fumarate
eye bue’ ti lide fue’ ma rate
Icatibant Acetate
eye ka’ ti bant as’ e tate
Icodextrin
eye” koe dex’ trin
Icomucret
eye koe’ mue kret
Icopezil Maleate
eye koe’ pe zil mal’ ee ate
Icotidine
eye koe’ ti deen
Ictasol
ik’ ta sol
Idarubicin Hydrochloride
eye” da roo’ bi sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Idoxifene
eye dox’ i feen
Idoxuridine
eye” dox ure’ i deen
Idraparinux Sodium
eye drap’ a rin ux soe’ dee um; eye” dra par’ in ux soe’ dee um
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
305
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Idremcinal
eye drem’ si nal
Idronoxil
eye” droe nox’ il
Idursulfase
eye” dur sul’ fase
Ifetroban
eye fe’ troe ban
Ifetroban Sodium
eye fe’ troe ban soe’ dee um
Ifosfamide
eye fos’ fa mide
Igmesine Hydrochloride
ig’ mes een hye” droe klor’ ide
Ilepcimide
eye lep’ si mide
Ilmofosine
il” moe fos’ een
Ilodecakin
eye” loe dek’ a kin
Ilomastat
eye loe’ ma stat
Ilonidap
eye lon’ i dap
Iloperidone
eye” loe per’ i done
Iloprost
eye’ loe prost
Imafen Hydrochloride
im’ a fen hye” droe klor’ ide
Imazodan Hydrochloride
im az’ oh dan hye” droe klor’ ide
Imcarbofos
im karb’ oh fos
Imciromab Pentetate
im sir’ oh mab pen’ te tate
Imexon
eye mex’ on
Imidecyl Iodine
im i’ de sil eye” oh dine
Imidocarb Hydrochloride
im i’ doe karb hye” droe klor’ ide
Imidoline Hydrochloride
im id’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Imiglucerase
im” i gloo’ ser ase
Imiloxan Hydrochloride
im” i lox’ an hye” droe klor’ ide
Imipenem
im” i pen’ em
Imiquimod
im i’ kwi mod
Imisopasem Manganese
i” mi soe’ pa sem man’ ga nees
Immune Globulin Intravenous Pentetate
Impromidine Hydrochloride
im proe’ mi deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Inalimarev (CEA, MUC-1, Vaccinia virus)
in” a lim’ a rev vax in’ ee a
Inamrinone
eye nam’ ri none
Incyclinide
in sye’ kli nide
Indacrinone
in dak’ ri none
Indapamide
in dap’ a mide
306
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Indecainide Hydrochloride
in dek’ a nide hye” droe klor’ ide
Indeloxazine Hydrochloride
in” del ox’ a zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Indinavir
in din’ a vir
Indinavir Sulfate
in din’ a vir sul’ fate
Indiplon
in’ di plon
Indisulam
in” di soo’ lam
Indium Chlorides In 113m
in’ dee um klor’ ide
Indium In 111 Altumomab Pentetate
in’ dee um al toom’ oh mab pen’ te tate
Indium In 111 Oxyquinoline
in’ dee um ox” i kwin’ oh leen
Indium In 111 Pentetreotide
in’ dee um pen” te tree’ oh tide
Indium In 111 Satumomab Pendetide
in’ dee um sa toom’ oh mab pen’ de tide
Indolapril Hydrochloride
in dole’ a pril hye” droe klor’ ide
Indolidan
in doe’ li dan
Indomethacin
in” doe meth’ a sin
Indomethacin Sodium
in” doe meth’ a sin soe’ dee um
Indoprofen
in” doe proe’ fen
Indoramin
in dor’ a min
Indoramin Hydrochloride
in dor’ a min hye” droe klor’ ide
Indorenate Hydrochloride
in dor’ en ate hye” droe klor’ ide
Indoxole
in dox’ ole
Indriline Hydrochloride
in’ dri leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Infliximab
in flix’ i mab
Ingliforib
in” gli foe’ rib
Inocoterone Acetate
in” oh koe’ ter one as’ e tate
Inositol Niacinate
in oh’ si tol nye’ a sin ate
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin
in” oh tooz’ oo mab oh” zoe ga mye’ sin
Insulin Aspart
in’ su lin as’ part
Insulin Detemir
in’ su lin de’ te mir
Insulin Glargine
in’ su lin glar’ jeen
Insulin Glulisine
in’ su lin gloo’ lis een
Insulin Human
in’ su lin hue’ man
Insulin I 125
in’ su lin
Insulin I 131
in’ su lin
Insulin Lispro
in’ su lin lis’ pro
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
307
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Insulin, Dalanated
in’ su lin dal’ a nay ted
Insulin, Neutral
in’ su lin
Interferon Alfa-2a
in” ter feer’ on al’ fa
Interferon Alfa-2b
in” ter feer’ on al’ fa
Interferon Alfa-n1
in” ter feer’ on al’ fa
Interferon Alfa-n3
in” ter feer’ on al’ fa
Interferon Alfacon-1
in” ter feer’ on al’ fa kon
Interferon Beta-1a
in” ter feer’ on bay’ ta
Interferon Beta-1b
in” ter feer’ on bay’ ta
Interferon Gamma-1b
in” ter feer’ on
Intrazole
in’ tra zole
Intriptyline Hydrochloride
in trip’ ti leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Iobenguane I 131
eye” oh ben’ gwane
Iobenguane Sulfate I 123
eye” oh ben’ gwane sul’ fate
Iobenguane Sulfate I 131
eye” oh ben’ gwane sul’ fate
Iobenzamic Acid
eye” oh ben zam’ ik as’ id
Iocanlidic Acid I 123
eye” oh kan li’ dik as’ id
Iocarmate Meglumine
eye” oh kar’ mate me’ gloo meen
Iocarmic Acid
eye” oh kar’ mik as’ id
Iocetamic Acid
eye’ oh see tam’ ik as’ id
Iodamide
eye oh’ da mide
Iodamide Meglumine
eye oh’ da mide me’ gloo meen
Iodine Povacrylex
eye” oh dine poe” va kreye’ lex
Iodipamide Sodium I 131
eye” oh dip’ a mide soe’ dee um
Iodixanol
eye” oh dix’ a nol
Iodoantipyrine I 131
eye oh” doe an” tee pye’ reen
Iodocetylic Acid I 123
eye oh” doe see’ til ik as’ id
Iodocholesterol I 131
eye oh” doe koe les’ ter ol
Iodofiltic Acid I 123
eye” oh doe fil’ tik as’ id
Iodohippurate Sodium I 123
eye oh” doe hip’ ue rate soe’ dee um; eye oh” doe hip’ ure ate soe’ dee um
Iodohippurate Sodium I 125
eye oh” doe hip’ ue rate soe’ dee um; eye oh” doe hip’ ure ate soe’ dee um
Iodohippurate Sodium I 131
eye oh” doe hip’ ue rate soe’ dee um; eye oh” doe hip’ ure ate soe’ dee um
Iodopyracet I 125
eye oh” doe pye’ ra set
Iodopyracet I 131
eye oh” doe pye’ ra set
308
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Iodoquinol
eye oh” doe kwin’ ol
Iodoxamate Meglumine
eye oh dox’ a mate me’ gloo meen
Iodoxamic Acid
eye” oh dox am’ ik as’ id
Iofetamine Hydrochloride I 123
eye” oh fet’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ioglicic Acid
eye” oh gli’ sik as’ id
Ioglucol
eye” oh gloo’ kol
Ioglucomide
eye” oh gloo’ koe mide
Ioglycamic Acid
eye” oh glye kam’ ik as’ id
Iogulamide
eye” oh gul’ a mide
Iohexol
eye” oh hex’ ol
Iomeprol
eye” oh me’ prole
Iomethin I 125
eye” oh meth’ in
Iomethin I 131
eye” oh meth’ in
Iometopane I 123
eye” oh me toe’ pane
Iopamidol
eye” oh pam’ i dol
Iopentol
eye” oh pen’ tol
Ioprocemic Acid
eye” oh proe see’ mik as’ id
Iopromide
eye oh’ proe mide
Iopronic Acid
eye” oh proe’ nik as’ id
Iopydol
eye” oh pye’ dol
Iopydone
eye” oh pye’ done
Iosefamic Acid
eye” oh sef am’ ik as’ id
Ioseric Acid
eye” oh ser’ ik as’ id
Iosimenol
eye” oh si’ me nol
Iosulamide Meglumine
eye” oh sul’ a mide me’ gloo meen
Iosumetic Acid
eye” oh soo met’ ik as’ id
Iotasul
eye oh’ ta sul
Iotetric Acid
eye” oh te’ trik as’ id
Iothalamate Sodium I 125
eye” oh thal’ a mate soe’ dee um
Iothalamate Sodium I 131
eye” oh thal’ a mate soe’ dee um
Iothalamic Acid
eye” oh thal am’ ik as’ id
Iotrolan
eye oh’ troe lan
Iotroxic Acid
eye” oh trox’ ik as’ id
Iotyrosine I 131
eye” oh tye’ roe seen
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
309
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Ioversol
eye” oh ver’ sol
Ioxaglate Meglumine
eye” ox ag’ late me’ gloo meen
Ioxaglate Sodium
eye” ox ag’ late soe’ dee um
Ioxaglic Acid
eye” ox ag’ lik as’ id
Ioxilan
eye ox’ i lan
Ioxotrizoic Acid
eye ox” oh trye zoe’ ik as’ id
Ipazilide Fumarate
eye paz’ i lide fue’ ma rate
Ipexidine Mesylate
eye pex’ i deen mes’ i late
Ipilimumab
ip” i lim’ ue mab
Ipodate Sodium
eye’ poe date soe’ dee um
Ipratropium Bromide
ip” ra troe’ pee um broe’ mide
Iprindole
ip’ rin dole
Iprocinodine Hydrochloride
ip” roe sin’ oh deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Iprofenin
ip” roe fen’ in
Ipronidazole
ip” roe nye’ da zole
Iproplatin
ip” roe pla’ tin
Iproxamine Hydrochloride
eye prox’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ipsapirone Hydrochloride
ip” sa pye’ rone hye” droe klor’ ide
Iratumumab
ir” a toom’ ue mab
Irbesartan
ir” be sar’ tan
Iridium Ir 192
ir id’ ee um
Irinotecan Hydrochloride
ir in oh tee’ kan hye” droe klor’ ide
Irofulven
ir” oh ful’ ven
Iron Sorbitex
eye’ urn sor’ bi tex
Iron Sucrose
eye’ urn soo’ krose
Irtemazole
ir tem’ a zole
Isamoxole
eye” sa mox’ ole
Isatoribine
eye” sa tore’ i been
Iscotrizinol
is” koe triz’ i nol
Iseganan Hydrochloride
eye” se gan’ an hye” droe klor’ ide
Isepamicin
eye sep” a mye’ sin
Ismomultin Alfa
iz” moe mul’ tin al’ fa
Isobutamben
eye” soe bue tam’ ben
Isoconazole
eye” soe kon’ a zole
310
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Isoetharine
eye” soe eth’ a reen
Isoflupredone Acetate
eye” soe floo’ pred one as’ e tate
Isoflurane
eye” soe flur’ ane
Isoleucine
eye” soe loo’ seen
Isomazole Hydrochloride
eye soe’ ma zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Isomerol
eye soe’ mer ol
Isomolpan Hydrochloride
eye” soe mol’ pan hye” droe klor’ ide
Isomylamine Hydrochloride
eye” soe mil’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Isopropyl Myristate
eye” soe proe’ pil mir’ is tate
Isosorbide
eye” soe sor’ bide
Isosorbide Dinitrate
eye” soe sor’ bide dye nye’ trate
Isosorbide Mononitrate
eye” soe sor’ bide mon” oh nye’ trate
Isostearyl Alcohol
eye” soe steer’ il al’ ka hol
Isosulfan Blue
eye” soe sul’ fan
Isotiquimide
eye” soe ti’ kwim ide
Isotretinoin
eye” soe tret’ i noin; eye” soe tret’ i noe in
Isotretinoin Anisatil
eye” soe tret’ i noin a ni’ sa til; eye” soe tret’ i noe in a ni’ sa til
Isovaleramide
eye” soe va ler’ a mide
Isoxepac
eye sox’ e pak
Isoxicam
eye sox’ i kam
Ispinesib Mesylate
is pin’ es ib mes’ i late
Ispronicline
eyes pron’ i kleen
Isradipine
is rad’ i peen
Istradefylline
is” tra def’ i lin
Itasetron
eye ta’ se tron
Itazigrel
eye taz’ i grel
Itraconazole
it” ra kon’ a zole
Iturelix
eye” tue rel’ ix
Ivermectin
eye” ver mek’ tin
Ixabepilone
ix” ab ep’ i lone
Izonsteride
eye zon’ ster ide
Josamycin
joe” sa mye’ sin
Kalafungin
ka la fun’ jin
Kasal
kay’ sal
311
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Ketamine Hydrochloride
kee’ ta meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ketanserin
kee tan’ ser in
Ketazocine
kee taz’ oh seen
Ketazolam
kee taz’ oh lam
Kethoxal
kee thox’ al
Ketipramine Fumarate
kee tip’ ra meen fue’ ma rate
Ketoconazole
kee” toe kon’ a zole
Ketoprofen
kee” toe proe’ fen
Ketorfanol
kee tor’ fa nol
Ketorolac Tromethamine
kee” toe role’ ak troe meth’ a meen
Ketotifen Fumarate
kee” toe tye’ fen fue’ ma rate
Kitasamycin
kit” a sa mye’ sin
Kolfocon A
kol foe’ kon
Kolfocon B
kol foe’ kon
Kolfocon C
kol foe’ kon
Kolfocon D
kol foe’ kon
Krypton Clathrate Kr 85
krip’ ton klath’ rate
Krypton Kr 81m
krip’ ton
Labetalol Hydrochloride
la bayt’ a lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Labetuzumab
la” be tooz’ oo mab
Labradimil
la bray’ di mil
Lacidipine
la si’ di peen
Lacosamide
la koe’ sa mide
Lactulose
lak’ tue lose
Ladostigil Tartrate
lad” oh stij’ il tar’ trate
Laidlomycin Propionate Potassium
layd” loe mye’ sin proe’ pee oh nate po tas’ ee um
Lamifiban
la” mi fye’ ban
Lamifiban Hydrochloride
la” mi fye’ ban hye” droe klor’ ide
Lamivudine
la miv’ ue deen
Lamotrigine
la moe’ tri jeen
Lanimostim
lan” i moe’ stim
Lanoteplase
lan oh’ te plase
Lanreotide Acetate
lan ree’ oh tide as’ e tate
Lansoprazole
lan soe’ pra zole
312
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Lanthanum Carbonate
lan’ tha num kar’ bo nate
Lapaquistat Acetate
la pa’ kwi stat as’ e tate
Lapatinib Ditosylate
la pa’ ti nib dye toe’ si late
Lapuleucel-T
la” pul oo’ sel
Lapyrium Chloride
la pir’ ee um klor’ ide
Laronidase
lar on’ i dase
Laropiprant
lar oh’ pi prant
Lasalocid
la sal’ oh sid
Lasofoxifene Tartrate
la” soe fox’ i feen tar’ trate
Latanoprost
la tan’ oh prost
Laureth 10S
law’ reth
Laureth 4
law’ reth
Laureth 9
law’ reth
Laurocapram
law” roe kay’ pram
Lauryl Isoquinolinium Bromide
lawr’ il eye” soe kwin’ oh lin e um broe’ mide
Lavoltidine Succinate
lav ole’ ti deen sux’ i nate
Lazabemide
laz a’ bem ide
Lazabemide Hydrochloride
laz a’ bem ide hye” droe klor’ ide
Lecimibide
le sim’ i bide
Lecozotan Hydrochloride
lek” oh zoe’ tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Ledoxantrone Trihydrochloride
led ox’ an trone trye hye” droe klor’ ide
Leflunomide
le floo’ noe mide
Lenalidomide
len” a lid’ oh mide
Lenefilcon A
len” e fil’ kon
Lenercept
len’ er sept
Leniquinsin
len” i kwin’ sin
Lenograstim
len” oh gra’ stim
Lenperone
len’ per one
Lercanidipine Hydrochloride
ler” ka nid’ i peen hye” droe klor’ ide
Lergotrile
ler’ goe trile
Lergotrile Mesylate
ler’ goe trile mes’ i late
Leridistim
ler id’ i stim
Lestaurtinib
le stawr’ ti nib
Leteprinim Potassium
let” e prin im po tas’ ee um
Letimide Hydrochloride
let’ i mide hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
313
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Letrozole
let’ roe zole
Leucine
loo’ seen
Leuprolide Acetate
loo’ proe lide as’ e tate
Levalbuterol Hydrochloride
lee” val bue’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Levalbuterol Sulfate
lee” val bue’ ter ol sul’ fate
Levalbuterol Tartrate
lee” val bue’ ter ol tar’ trate
Levamfetamine Succinate
lev” am fet’ a meen sux’ i nate
Levamisole Hydrochloride
lee vam’ i sole hye” droe klor’ ide
Levcromakalim
leev kroe ma’ ka lim
Levcycloserine
leev sye” kloe ser’ een
Levdobutamine Lactobionate
lev” doe bue’ ta meen lak” toe bye’ oh nate
Levetiracetam
lee” va tye ra’ se tam
Levmetamfetamine
lev” met am fet’ a meen
Levobetaxolol Hydrochloride
lee” voe be tax’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Levobunolol Hydrochloride
lee” voe bue’ noe lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride
lee” voe bue piv’ a kane hye” droe klor’ ide
Levocabastine Hydrochloride
lee” voe ka bas’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Levocarnitine
lee” voe kar’ ni teen
Levocarnitine Propionate Hydrochloride
lee” voe kar’ ni teen proe’ pee oh nate hye” droe klor’ ide
Levocetirizine
lee” voe se tir’ i zeen
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
lee” voe se tir’ a zeen
Levodopa
lee” voe doe’ pa
Levofloxacin
lee” voe flox’ a sin
Levofuraltadone
lee” voe fue ral’ ta done
Levoleucovorin Calcium
lee” voe loo” koe voe’ rin kal’ see um
Levomepromazine
lee” voe me proe’ ma zeen
Levomepromazine Hydrochloride
lee” voe me proe’ ma zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Levomepromazine Maleate
lee” voe me proe’ ma zeen mal’ ee ate
Levomethadyl Acetate
lee” voe meth’ a dil as’ e tate
Levomethadyl Acetate Hydrochloride
lee” voe meth’ a dil as’ e tate hye” droe klor’ ide
Levonantradol Hydrochloride
lee” voe nan’ tra dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Levonorgestrel
lee” voe nor jes’ trel
Levopropoxyphene Napsylate
lee” voe proe pox’ i feen nap’ si late
Levopropylcillin Potassium
lee” voe proe” pil sil’ in po tas’ ee um
314
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Levosimendan
lee” voe si men’ dan
Levotofisopam
lee” voe toe fis’ oh pam
Levoxadrol Hydrochloride
lee vox’ a drol hye” droe klor’ ide
Lexatumumab
lex” a toom’ ue mab
Lexipafant
lex i’ pa fant
Lexithromycin
lex ith” roe mye’ sin
Liarozole Fumarate
lye ar’ oh zole fue’ ma rate
Liarozole Hydrochloride
lye ar’ oh zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Liatermin
lye at’ er min
Libenzapril
lye benz’ a pril
Licostinel
lye kos’ ti nel
Licryfilcon A
lye” kri fil’ kon
Licryfilcon B
lye” kri fil’ kon
Lidamidine Hydrochloride
lye dam’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Lidofenin
lye” doe fen’ in
Lidofilcon A
lye” doe fil’ kon
Lidofilcon B
lye” doe fil’ kon
Lidoflazine
lye doe’ fla zeen
Lidorestat
lye doe’ re stat
Lifarizine
lye far’ i zeen
Lifibrate
lye fye’ brate
Lifibrol
lye fib’ rol
Linaclotide Acetate
lin” a kloe’ tide as’ e tate
Linarotene
lin ar’ oh teen
Lincomycin
lin” koe mye’ sin
Lindane
lin’ dane
Linezolid
lin ayz’ oh lid
Linogliride
lin oh’ glir ide
Linogliride Fumarate
lin oh’ glir ide fue’ ma rate
Linopirdine
lin oh’ per deen
Liothyronine I 125
lye” oh thye’ roe neen
Liothyronine I 131
lye” oh thye’ roe neen
Liotrix
lye’ oh trix
Liraglutide
lir” a gloo’ tide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
315
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Lisadimate
lis ad’ i mate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate
lis dex” am fet’ a meen dye mes’ i late
Lisinopril
lye sin’ oh pril
Lisofylline
lye sof’ i lin
Litgenprostucel-L
lit” jen pros too’ sel - el
Lithium Carbonate
lith’ ee um kar’ bo nate
Lixazinone Sulfate
lix az’ i none sul’ fate
Lixivaptan
lix” i vap’ tan
Lobendazole
loe ben’ da zole
Lobenzarit Sodium
loe benz’ a rit soe’ dee um
Lobucavir
loe bue’ ka vir
Lodelaben
loe del’ a ben
Lodenosine
loe den’ oh seen
Lodoxamide Ethyl
loe dox’ a mide eth’ il
Lodoxamide Tromethamine
Lofemizole Hydrochloride
loe fem’ i zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Lofentanil Oxalate
loe fen’ ta nil ox’ a late
Lofepramine Hydrochloride
loe fep’ ra meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Lofexidine Hydrochloride
loe fex’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Lomefloxacin
loe” me flox’ a sin
Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride
loe” me flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Lomefloxacin Mesylate
loe” me flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Lometraline Hydrochloride
loe me’ tra leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Lometrexol Sodium
loe” me trex’ ol soe’ dee um
Lomofungin
loe moe fun’ jin
Lomustine
loe mus’ teen
Lonafarnib
loe” na far’ nib
Lonapalene
loe na’ pa leen
Lontucirev (Replicating Adenovirus)
lon too’ si rev
Loperamide Hydrochloride
loe per’ a mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Lopinavir
loe pin’ a vir
Loracarbef
lor” a kar’ bef
Lorajmine Hydrochloride
lor aj’ meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Loratadine
lor a’ ta deen
316
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Lorazepam
lor az’ e pam
Lorbamate
lor bam’ ate
Lorcainide Hydrochloride
lor’ ka nide hye” droe klor’ ide
Lorcaserin Hydrochloride
lor ka’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Lorcinadol
lor sin’ a dol
Loreclezole
lor ek’ le zole
Lormetazepam
lor me taz’ e pam
Lornoxicam
lor nox’ i kam
Lortalamine
lor tal’ a meen
Lorzafone
lor’ za fone
Losartan Potassium
loe sar’ tan po tas’ ee um
Losoxantrone Hydrochloride
loe sox’ an trone hye” droe klor’ ide
Losulazine Hydrochloride
loe sul’ a zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Loteprednol Etabonate
loe” te pred’ nol et” a boe’ nate
Lotifocon B
loe” ti foe’ kon
Lotifocon C
loe” ti foe’ kon
Lotrafiban Hydrochloride
loe” tra fye’ ban hye” droe klor’ ide
Lotrafilcon A
loe” tra fil’ kon
Lotrafilcon B
loe” tra fil’ kon
Lovastatin
loe” va stat’ in
Loviride
loe’ vir ide
Loxapine
lox’ a peen
Loxapine Succinate
lox’ a peen sux’ i nate
Loxoribine
lox or’ i been
Lubazodone Hydrochloride
loo baz’ oh done hye” droe klor’ ide
Lubeluzole
loo bel’ ue zole
Lubiprostone
loo” bi prost’ one
Lucanthone Hydrochloride
loo kan’ thone hye” droe klor’ ide
Lucatumumab
loo” ka toom’ ue mab
Lucinactant
loo sin ak’ tant
Lufironil
loo fir’ oh nil
Lumiliximab
loo” mi lix’ i mab
Lumiracoxib
loo mye” ra kox’ ib
Lupitidine Hydrochloride
loo pi’ ti deen hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
317
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Lurasidone Hydrochloride
loo ras’ i done hye” droe klor’ ide
Lurosetron Mesylate
loo roe’ se tron mes’ i late
Lurtotecan Dihydrochloride
loor” toe tee’ kan dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Lutrelin Acetate
loo trel’ in as’ e tate
Lutropin Alfa
loo troe’ pin al’ fa
Lyapolate Sodium
lye ap’ oh late soe’ dee um
Lycetamine
lye seet’ a meen
Lydimycin
lye” di mye’ sin
Lynestrenol
lin es’ tre nol
Lypressin
lye pres’ in
Lysine
lye’ seen
Lysine Hydrochloride
lye’ seen hye” droe klor’ ide
Lysostaphin
lye” soe staf’ in
Maduramicin
ma dur” a mye’ sin
Mafenide
maf’ en ide
Mafilcon A
ma fil’ kon
Magaldrate
mag’ al drate
Magnesium Glycinate
mag nee’ zee um glye’ sin ate
Malethamer
mal eth’ a mer
Malotilate
mal oh’ ti late
Mangafodipir Trisodium
man” ga foe’ di pir trye soe’ dee um
Mapatumumab
ma pa toom’ ue mab
Maprotiline
ma proe’ ti leen
Maribavir
ma rye’ ba vir
Marimastat
ma ri’ ma stat
Maropitant Citrate
mar oh’ pi tant sit’ rate
Masoprocol
ma soe’ pro kol
Mavacoxib
may” va kox’ ib
Maxacalcitol
max a kal’ si tol
Maytansine
may tan’ seen
Mazapertine Succinate
ma za’ per teen sux’ i nate
Mazindol
may zin’ dol
Mebendazole
me ben’ da zole
Mebeverine Hydrochloride
me bev’ er een hye” droe klor’ ide
318
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Mebrofenin
me” broe fen’ in
Mebutamate
me bue’ ta mate
Mecasermin
me” ka ser’ min
Mecasermin Rinfabate
me” ka ser’ min rin’ fa bate
Mecetronium Ethylsulfate
me se troe’ nee um eth” il sul’ fate
Meclocycline
me” kloe sye’ kleen
Meclocycline Sulfosalicylate
me” kloe sye’ kleen sul” foe sa lis’ i late
Meclofenamate Sodium
mek” loe fen’ a mate soe’ dee um
Meclofenamic Acid
mek” loe fen am’ ik as’ id
Mecloqualone
me” kloe kwah’ lone
Meclorisone Dibutyrate
me klor’ i sone dye bue’ ti rate
Mecobalamin
me koe bal’ a min
Mecrylate
me’ kri late
Medazepam Hydrochloride
me daz’ e pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Medetomidine Hydrochloride
me” de toe’ mi deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Medorinone
me doe’ ri none
Medrogestone
me” droe jes’ tone
Medronate Disodium
me’ droe nate dye soe’ dee um
Medronic Acid
me dron’ ik as’ id
Medroxalol
me drox’ a lol
Medroxalol Hydrochloride
me drox’ a lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Medrysone
me’ dri sone
Mefenamic Acid
mef” e nam’ ik as’ id
Mefenidil
me fen’ i dil
Mefenidil Fumarate
me fen’ i dil fue’ ma rate
Mefenorex Hydrochloride
me fen’ oh rex hye” droe klor’ ide
Mefexamide
me fex’ a mide
Mefloquine
me’ floe kwin
Mefloquine Hydrochloride
me’ floe kwin hye” droe klor’ ide
Mefruside
me’ froo side
Megalomicin Potassium Phosphate
me ga loe mye’ sin po tas’ ee um fos’ fate
Megestrol Acetate
me jes’ trol as’ e tate
Meglutol
me’ gloo tol
Melafocon A
mel” a foe’ kon
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
319
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Melengestrol Acetate
mel en jes’ trol as’ e tate
Melitracen Hydrochloride
mel i tray’ sen hye” droe klor’ ide
Melizame
mel’ i zame
Meloxicam
mel ox’ i kam
Melphalan
mel’ fa lan
Memantine Hydrochloride
me man’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Memotine Hydrochloride
mem’ oh teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Menabitan Hydrochloride
men ab’ i tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Menoctone
men ok’ tone
Menogaril
men’ oh ga ril
Menotropins
men” oh troe’ pins
Meobentine Sulfate
mee” oh ben’ teen sul’ fate
Mepartricin
me par’ tri sin
Mephenytoin
me fen’ i toin; me fen’ i toe in
Mepolizumab
me” poe liz’ oo mab
Meprednisone
me pred’ ni sone
Meptazinol Hydrochloride
mep taz’ i nol hye” droe klor’ ide
Mequidox
me’ kwi dox
Mequinol
me’ kwin ol
Meradimate
mer ad’ i mate
Meralein Sodium
mer’ a leen soe’ dee um
Mercufenol Chloride
mer” kue fen’ ol klor’ ide
Merimepodib
mer i me’ poe dib
Merisoprol Acetate Hg 197
mer is’ oh prole as’ e tate
Merisoprol Acetate Hg 203
mer is’ oh prole as’ e tate
Merisoprol Hg 197
mer is’ oh prole
Meropenem
mer” oh pen’ em
Mesalamine
me sal’ a meen
Meseclazone
me sek’ la zone
Mesifilcon A
me” si fil’ kon
Mesna
mes’ na
Mesoridazine
mes” oh rid’ a zeen
Mespiperone C 11
mes pi’ per one
Mesterolone
mes ter’ oh lone
320
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Mestranol
mes’ tra nol
Mesuprine Hydrochloride
me’ su preen hye” droe klor’ ide
Metabromsalan
met” a brome’ sa lan
Metalol Hydrochloride
met’ a lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Metaproterenol Polistirex
met” a proe ter’ e nol pol” ee stye’ rex
Metaproterenol Sulfate
met” a proe ter’ e nol sul’ fate
Metaxalone
me tax’ a lone
Meteneprost
me ten’ e prost
Metesind Glucuronate
met’ e sind gloo kure’ oh nate
Metformin
met for’ min
Metformin Hydrochloride
met for’ min hye” droe klor’ ide
Methacycline
meth” a sye’ kleen
Methadyl Acetate
meth’ a dil as’ e tate
Methafilcon B
meth” a fil’ kon
Methallibure
meth al’ i bure
Methalthiazide
meth al thye’ a zide
Methaqualone
meth a’ kwa lone
Methenamine Hippurate
meth en’ a meen hip’ ue rate
Methenolone Acetate
meth en’ oh lone as’ e tate
Methenolone Enanthate
e nan’ thate e nan’ thate
Methetoin
meth’ e toin; meth’ e toe in
Methicillin Sodium
meth” i sil’ in soe’ dee um
Methionine
me thye’ oh neen
Methisazone
meth is’ a zone
Methixene Hydrochloride
me thix’ een hye” droe klor’ ide
Methopholine
meth oh’ foe leen
Methotrexate
meth” oh trex’ ate
Methoxyflurane
meth ox” ee floo’ rane
Methyclothiazide
meth” i kloe thye’ a zide
Methyl Aminolevulinate Hydrochloride
meth’ il a mee” noe lev” ue lin’ ate hye” droe klor’ ide
Methyl Nicotinate
meth’ il
Methyl Palmoxirate
meth’ il pal mox’ ir ate
Methylatropine Nitrate
meth” il at’ roe peen nye’ trate
Methyldopa
meth” il doe’ pa
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
321
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Methyldopate Hydrochloride
meth” il doe’ pate hye” droe klor’ ide
Methylnaltrexone Bromide
meth” il nal trex’ one broe’ mide
Methylparaben
meth” il par’ a ben
Methylparaben Sodium
meth” il par’ a ben soe’ dee um
Methylphenidate
meth” il fen’ i date
Methylprednisolone Sodium Phosphate
meth” il pred nis’ oh lone soe’ dee um fos’ fate
Methylprednisolone Suleptanate
meth” il pred nis’ oh lone sul ep’ ta nate
Methynodiol Diacetate
meth” in oh dye’ ol dye as’ e tate
Methysergide
meth” i ser’ jide
Metiamide
me tye’ a mide
Metiapine
me tye’ a peen
Metioprim
me tye’ oh prim
Metipranolol
met” i pran’ oh lol
Metizoline Hydrochloride
me tiz’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Metkephamid Acetate
met kef’ a mid as’ e tate
Metoclopramide Hydrochloride
met” oh kloe’ pra mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Metocurine Iodide
met” oh kure’ een eye’ oh dide
Metogest
met’ oh jest
Metolazone
me tol’ a zone
Metopimazine
met” oh pim’ a zeen
Metoprine
met’ oh preen
Metoprolol
met” oh proe’ lol; me top’ roe lol
Metoprolol Fumarate
met” oh proe’ lol fue’ ma rate; me top’ roe lol fue’ ma rate
Metoprolol Succinate
met” oh proe’ lol sux’ i nate; me top’ roe lol sux’ i nate
Metoprolol Tartrate
met” oh proe’ lol tar’ trate; me top’ roe lol tar’ trate
Metoquizine
met oh’ kwi zeen
Metoserpate Hydrochloride
met” oh ser’ pate hye” droe klor’ ide
Metreleptin
met” re lep’ tin
Metrenperone
met ren’ per one
Metrizamide
me triz’ a mide
Metrizoate Sodium
met” ri zoe’ ate soe’ dee um
Metronidazole
met” roe nye’ da zole
Metronidazole Hydrochloride
met” roe nye’ da zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Metronidazole Phosphate
met” roe nye’ da zole fos’ fate
322
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Meturedepa
met ure” e de’ pa
Metyrapone
me tir’ a pone
Metyrapone Tartrate
me tir’ a pone tar’ trate
Metyrosine
me tye’ roe seen
Mexiletine Hydrochloride
mex il’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Mexrenoate Potassium
mex ren’ oh ate po tas’ ee um
Mezlocillin
mez” loe sil’ in
Mianserin Hydrochloride
mye an’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Mibefradil Dihydrochloride
mye bef’ ra dil dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Mibolerone
mye bole’ er one
Micafungin Sodium
mye” ka fun’ jin soe’ dee um
Miconazole Nitrate
mye kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Midaflur
mye’ da flur
Midazolam Hydrochloride
mid’ ay zoe lam hye” droe klor’ ide
Midazolam Maleate
mye daz’ oh lam mal’ ee ate
Midodrine Hydrochloride
mye’ doe dreen hye” droe klor’ ide
Midostaurin
mye” doe stawr’ in
Mifamurtide
mif am’ ure tide
Mifepristone
mif” e pris’ tone
Mifobate
mif’ oh bate
Migalastat Hydrochloride
mi gal’ a stat hye” droe klor’ ide
Miglitol
mig’ li tol
Miglustat
mi gloo’ stat
Milacemide Hydrochloride
mil a’ se mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Milameline Hydrochloride
mil a’ me leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Milenperone
mil en’ per one
Milipertine
mil i per’ teen
Milnacipran Hydrochloride
mil na’ si pran hye” droe klor’ ide
Milodistim
mye loe’ di stim
Milrinone
mil’ ri none
Milveterol Hydrochloride
mil ve’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Mimbane Hydrochloride
mim’ bane hye” droe klor’ ide
Minalrestat
min al’ re stat
Minaprine
min’ a preen
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
323
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Minaprine Hydrochloride
min’ a preen hye” droe klor’ ide
Minaxolone
min ax’ oh lone
Minocromil
min ok’ roe mil
Minocycline
min” oh sye’ kleen
Minoxidil
min ox’ i dil
Mioflazine Hydrochloride
mye oh’ fla zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Mipafilcon A
mi” pa fil’ kon
Mirfentanil Hydrochloride
mir fen’ ta nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Mirincamycin Hydrochloride
mir in” ka mye’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Mirisetron Maleate
mir eye’ se tron mal’ ee ate
Mirostipen
mir oh stye’ pen
Mirtazapine
mir taz’ a peen
Misonidazole
mye” soe nye’ da zole
Misoprostol
mye” soe prost’ ol
Mitemcinal Fumarate
mye tem’ sin al fue’ ma rate
Mitindomide
mye tin’ doe mide
Mitocarcin
mye” toe kar’ sin
Mitocromin
mye” toe kroe’ min
Mitogillin
mye” toe jil’ in
Mitomalcin
mye” toe mal’ sin
Mitomycin
mye” toe mye’ sin
Mitosper
mye’ toe sper
Mitotane
mye’ toe tane
Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride
mye” toe zan’ trone hye” droe klor’ ide
Mitratapide
mye trat’ a pide
Mitumomab
mye toom’ oh mab
Mitumprotimut-T
mye” tum proe’ ti mut
Mivacurium Chloride
mye” va kue’ ree um klor’ ide; mye” va kure’ ee um klor’ ide
Mivobulin Isethionate
mye” voe bue’ lin
Mixidine
mix’ i deen
Moclobemide
moe kloe’ be mide
Modafinil
moe daf’ i nil
Modaline Sulfate
moe’ da leen sul’ fate
Modecainide
moe dek’ a nide
Moexipril Hydrochloride
moe ex’ i pril hye” droe klor’ ide
324
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Mofegiline Hydrochloride
moe fe’ ji leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Molgramostim
mole gra’ moe stim
Molinazone
moe lin’ a zone
Molindone Hydrochloride
moe lin’ done hye” droe klor’ ide
Molsidomine
mole si’ doe meen
Mometasone Furoate
moe met’ a sone fur’ oh ate
Monatepil Maleate
moe na’ te pil mal’ ee ate
Monensin
moe nen’ sin
Monoctanoin
mon ok’ ta noin; mon ok’ ta noe in
Montelukast Sodium
mon te loo’ kast soe’ dee um
Morantel Tartrate
moe ran’ tel tar’ trate
Moricizine
mor i’ si zeen
Morniflumate
mor ni floo’ mate
Motavizumab
moe” ta viz’ oo mab
Motesanib
moe tes’ a nib
Motesanib Diphosphate
moe tes’ a nib
Motexafin Gadolinium
moe tex’ a fin gad” oh lin’ ee um
Motexafin Lutetium
moe tex’ a fin
Motretinide
moe tret’ i nide
Moxalactam Disodium
mox” a lak’ tam dye soe’ dee um
Moxazocine
mox az’ oh seen
Moxidectin
mox” i dek’ tin
Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride
mox” i flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Moxilubant Maleate
mox il’ ue bant mal’ ee ate
Moxnidazole
mox nye’ da zole
Moxonidine
mox oh’ ni deen
Mubritinib
mue bri’ ti nib
Mupirocin
mue pir’ oh sin
Mupirocin Calcium
mue pir’ oh sin kal’ see um
Muplestim
mue’ ple stim
Muraglitazar
mue” ra gli’ ta zar
Muromonab-CD3
mue” roe moe’ nab
Muzolimine
mue zoe’ li meen
Mycophenolate Mofetil
mye” koe fen’ oh late moe’ fe til
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
325
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Mycophenolate Mofetil Hydrochloride
mye” koe fen’ oh late moe’ fe til hye” droe klor’ ide
Mycophenolate Sodium
mye” koe fen’ oh late soe’ dee um
Mycophenolic Acid
mye koe fe nole’ ik as’ id
Nabazenil
nab az’ e nil
Nabilone
nab’ i lone
Nabitan Hydrochloride
nab’ i tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Naboctate Hydrochloride
nab’ ok tate hye” droe klor’ ide
Nabumetone
nab ue’ me tone
Nadide
nay’ dide
Nadolol
nay’ doe lol
Nafamostat Mesylate
naf am’ oh stat mes’ i late
Nafarelin Acetate
naf” a rel’ in as’ e tate
Nafcillin Sodium
naf sil’ in soe’ dee um
Nafenopin
na fen’ oh pin
Nafimidone Hydrochloride
naf im’ i done hye” droe klor’ ide
Naflocort
naf’ loe kort
Nafomine Malate
naf’ oh meen
Nafoxidine Hydrochloride
naf ox’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nafronyl Oxalate
naf’ roe nil ox’ a late
Naftalofos
naf tal’ oh fos
Naftifine Hydrochloride
naf’ ti feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nagrestipen
na gres’ ti pen
Nalbuphine Hydrochloride
nal’ bue feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nalfurafine Hydrochloride
nal fure’ a feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nalidixate Sodium
nal i dix’ ate soe’ dee um
Nalidixic Acid
nal i dix’ ik
Nalmefene
nal’ me feen
Nalmexone Hydrochloride
nal mex’ one hye” droe klor’ ide
Naloxone Hydrochloride
nal ox’ one hye” droe klor’ ide
Naltrexone
nal trex’ one
Naminidil
na min’ i dil
Namoxyrate
na mox’ i rate
Nandrolone Cyclotate
nan’ droe lone sye’ kloe tate
Nandrolone Decanoate
nan’ droe lone dek” a noe’ ate
326
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Nantradol Hydrochloride
nan’ tra dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Napactadine Hydrochloride
na pak’ ta deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Napamezole Hydrochloride
na pam’ e zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Napitane Mesylate
na’ pi tane mes’ i late
Naproxen
na prox’ en
Naproxen Sodium
na prox’ en soe’ dee um
Naproxol
na prox’ ol
Napsagatran
nap” sa gat’ ran
Naranol Hydrochloride
nar’ a nol hye” droe klor’ ide
Narasin
nar’ a sin
Naratriptan Hydrochloride
nar” a trip’ tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Nasaruplase Beta
na sa’ rue plase bay” ta
Natamycin
na” ta mye’ sin
Nateglinide
na te glye’ nide
Naveglitazar
nav” e gli’ ta zar
Naxagolide Hydrochloride
nax ag’ oh lide hye” droe klor’ ide
Naxifylline
nax if’ i lin
Nebacumab
ne bak’ ue mab
Nebivolol
ne biv’ oh lol
Nebivolol Hydrochloride
ne biv’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Nebramycin
ne” bra mye’ sin
Nedocromil
ne dok’ roe’ mil
Nedocromil Calcium
ne dok’ roe’ mil kal’ see um
Nedocromil Sodium
ne dok’ roe’ mil soe’ dee um
Nefazodone Hydrochloride
ne faz’ oh done hye” droe klor’ ide
Neflumozide Hydrochloride
ne floo’ moe zide hye” droe klor’ ide
Nefocon A
ne foe’ kon
Nefopam Hydrochloride
ne’ foe pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Nelarabine
nel ar’ a been
Nelezaprine Maleate
nel ez’ a preen mal’ ee ate
Nelfilcon A
nel fil’ kon
Nelfinavir Mesylate
nel fin’ a vir mes’ i late
Nelzarabine
nel zar’ a been
Nemadectin
ne” ma dek’ tin
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
327
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Nemazoline Hydrochloride
ne maz’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nemifitide Ditriflutate
ne mif’ i tide dye trye floo’ tate
Neomycin Palmitate
nee” oh mye’ sin pal’ mi tate
Neomycin Undecylenate
nee” oh mye’ sin un de’ sil en ate
Nepafenac
ne pa’ fen ak
Nepicastat Hydrochloride
ne pik’ a stat hye” droe klor’ ide
Nequinate
ne kwin’ ate
Neramexane Mesylate
ner a mex’ ane mes’ i late
Nerelimomab
ner e lim’ oh mab
Nesiritide
ne sir’ i tide
Nesiritide Citrate
ne sir’ i tide sit’ rate
Netilmicin Sulfate
ne” til mye’ sin sul’ fate
Netobimin
ne toe’ bi min
Netoglitazone
ne” toe gli’ ta zone
Netrafilcon A
ne” tra fil’ kon
Netupitant
net ue’ pi tant
Neutramycin
nue” tra mye’ sin
Nevirapine
ne vir’ a peen
Nexeridine Hydrochloride
nex er’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nibroxane
nye brox’ ane
Nicardipine Hydrochloride
nye kar’ di peen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nicergoline
nye ser’ goe leen
Niclosamide
ni kloe’ sa mide
Nicorandil
ni kore’ an dil
Nicotine Bitartrate
nik’ oh teen
Nicotine Polacrilex
nik’ oh teen pol” a kril’ ex
Nicotinyl Alcohol
nik oh tin’ il al’ ka hol
Nifedipine
nye fed’ i peen
Nifluridide
nye flur’ i dide
Nifungin
nye fun’ jin
Nifuradene
nye fure’ a deen
Nifuraldezone
nye” fure al’ de zone
Nifuratel
nye fure’ a tel
Nifuratrone
nye fure’ a trone
328
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Nifurdazil
nye fure’ da zil
Nifurimide
nye fure’ i mide
Nifurmerone
nye fure’ mer one
Nifurpirinol
nye” fure pir’ i nol
Nifurquinazol
nye” fure kwin’ a zol
Nifursemizone
nye” fure sem’ i zone
Nifursol
nye’ fure sol
Nifurthiazole
nye” fure thye’ a zole
Nilotinib
nye loe’ ti nib
Nilutamide
nye loo’ ta mide
Nilvadipine
nil vad’ i peen
Nimazone
nim’ a zone
Nimidane
nim’ i dane
Nimodipine
nye moe’ di peen
Niridazole
nye rid’ a zole
Nisbuterol Mesylate
nis bue’ ter ol mes’ i late
Nisobamate
nye” soe bam’ ate
Nisoldipine
nye sol’ di peen
Nisoxetine
nye sox’ e teen
Nisterime Acetate
nye ster’ eem as’ e tate
Nitarsone
nye tar’ sone
Nitazoxanide
nye” ta zox’ a nide
Nithiamide
nye thye’ a mide
Nitisinone
nye tis’ i none
Nitrafudam Hydrochloride
nye” tra fue’ dam hye” droe klor’ ide
Nitralamine Hydrochloride
nye tral’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nitramisole Hydrochloride
nye tra’ mi sole hye” droe klor’ ide
Nitrazepam
nye traz’ e pam
Nitrendipine
nye tren’ di peen
Nitric Oxide
nye’ trik ox’ ide
Nitrocycline
nye” troe sye’ kleen
Nitrodan
nye’ troe dan
Nitromide
nye’ troe mide
Nitromifene Citrate
nye troe’ mi feen sit’ rate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
329
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Nitroscanate
nye troe skan’ ate
Nivazol
nye’ va zol
Nivimedone Sodium
nye vim’ e done soe’ dee um
Nizatidine
nye za’ ti deen
Noberastine
noe” ber as’ teen
Nocodazole
noe koe’ da zole
Nogalamycin
noe gal” a mye’ sin
Nolinium Bromide
noe lin’ i um broe’ mide
Nomifensine Maleate
noe” mi fen’ seen mal’ ee ate
Nonacog Alfa
noe’ na kog al’ fa
Nonoxynol 15
non ox’ i nol
Nonoxynol 30
non ox’ i nol
Nonoxynol 4
non ox’ i nol
Nonoxynol 9
non ox’ i nol
Noracymethadol Hydrochloride
nor” a sye meth’ a dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Norbolethone
nor bole’ e thone
Norelgestromin
nor el jes’ troe min
Norepinephrine Bitartrate
nor” ep i nef’ rin
Norethynodrel
nor e thye’ noe drel
Norfloxacin
nor flox’ a sin
Norflurane
nor flur’ ane
Norgestimate
nor jes’ ti mate
Norgestomet
nor jes’ toe met
Norgestrel
nor jes’ trel
Nortriptyline Hydrochloride
nor trip’ ti leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Nosiheptide
noe” si hep’ tide
Nufenoxole
nue” fen ox’ ole
Nylestriol
nye les’ tree ol
Obatoclax Mesylate
oh bat’ oh klax mes’ i late
Obidoxime Chloride
oh” bi dox’ eem klor’ ide
Oblimersen Sodium
oh” bli mer’ sen soe’ dee um
Ocaperidone
oh” ka per’ i done
Ocfentanil Hydrochloride
ok fen’ ta nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Ocinaplon
oh sin’ a plon
330
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Ocrelizumab
oh” kre liz’ oo mab
Ocrylate
ok’ ri late
Octabenzone
ok” ta ben’ zone
Octanoic Acid
ok” ta noe’ ik as’ id
Octazamide
ok taz’ a mide
Octenidine Hydrochloride
ok ten’ ni deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Octenidine Saccharin
ok ten’ ni deen sak’ a rin
Octicizer
ok” ti sye’ zer
Octinoxate
ok” tin ox’ ate
Octisalate
ok” ti sal’ ate
Octocrylene
ok’ toe kril” een
Octodrine
ok’ toe dreen
Octoxynol 9
ok tox’ i nol
Octreotide
ok tree’ oh tide
Octreotide Acetate
ok tree’ oh tide as’ e tate
Octreotide Pamoate
ok tree’ oh tide pam’ oh ate
Octriptyline Phosphate
ok trip’ ti leen fos’ fate
Octrizole
ok’ tri zole
Ocufilcon A
ok” ue fil’ kon
Ocufilcon B
ok” ue fil’ kon
Ocufilcon C
ok” ue fil’ kon
Ocufilcon D
ok” ue fil’ kon
Ocufilcon E
ok” ue fil’ kon
Ocufilcon F
ok” ue fil’ kon
Ofloxacin
oh flox’ a sin
Ofornine
oh for’ neen
Oglufanide Disodium
oh gloo’ fa nide dye soe’ dee um
Olaflur
oh’ la flur
Olanexidine Hydrochloride
oh” lan ex’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Olanzapine
oh lan’ za peen
Olanzapine Pamoate
oh lan’ za peen pam’ oh ate
Oleic Acid I 125
oh lay’ ik as’ id
Oleic Acid I 131
oh lay’ ik as’ id
Olmesartan
ol” me sar’ tan
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
331
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Olmesartan Medoxomil
ol” me sar’ tan me dox’ oh mil
Olopatadine Hydrochloride
oh” loe pa’ ta deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Olsalazine Sodium
ol sal’ a zeen soe’ dee um
Olvanil
ol’ va nil
Omaciclovir
oh” ma sye’ kloe vir
Omafilcon A
oh” ma fil’ kon
Omalizumab
oh” ma liz’ oo mab
Omapatrilat
oh” ma pa’ tril at
Omega-3-acid Ethyl Esters
oh may’ ga as’ id eth’ il
Omeprazole
oh mep’ ra zole
Omeprazole Magnesium
oh mep’ ra zole mag nee’ zee um
Omeprazole Sodium
oh mep’ ra zole soe’ dee um
Omiganan Pentahydrochloride
oh” mi gan’ an pen” ta hye” droe klor’ ide
Omoconazole Nitrate
oh” moe kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Omtriptolide Sodium
ohm trip’ toe lide soe’ dee um
Onamelatucel-L
on” a mel” a too’ sel
Ondansetron Hydrochloride
on dan’ se tron hye” droe klor’ ide
Onercept
on’ er sept
Onsifocon A
on” si foe’ kon
Ontazolast
on taz’ oh last
Opebacan
oh pe’ bay kan
Opipramol Hydrochloride
oh pip’ ra mol hye” droe klor’ ide
Oprelvekin
oh prel’ ve kin”
Orbofiban Acetate
or” boe fye’ ban as’ e tate
Orconazole Nitrate
or kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Oregovomab
or” e goe’ voe mab
Orgotein
or’ goe teen
Oritavancin Diphosphate
or it” a van’ sin
Orlistat
or’ li stat
Ormaplatin
or” ma pla’ tin
Ormetoprim
or met’ oh prim
Ornidazole
or nye’ da zole
Orpanoxin
or” pa nox’ in
Oseltamivir Phosphate
oh” sel tam’ i vir fos’ fate
332
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Ospemifene
os pem’ i feen
Ovemotide
oh ven’ oh tide
Oxacillin Sodium
ox” a sil’ in soe’ dee um
Oxagrelate
ox ag’ re late
Oxaliplatin
ox al” i pla’ tin
Oxamarin Hydrochloride
ox am’ a rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxamisole Hydrochloride
ox am’ i sole hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxamniquine
ox am’ ni kwin
Oxandrolone
ox an’ droe lone
Oxantel Pamoate
ox’ an tel pam’ oh ate
Oxaprotiline Hydrochloride
ox” a proe’ ti leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxaprozin
ox” a proe’ zin
Oxarbazole
ox ar’ ba zole
Oxatomide
ox at’ oh mide
Oxazepam
ox az’ e pam
Oxcarbazepine
ox” kar baz’ e peen
Oxendolone
ox en’ doe lone
Oxethazaine
ox eth’ a zane
Oxetorone Fumarate
ox et’ oh rone fue’ ma rate
Oxfendazole
ox fen’ da zole
Oxfenicine
ox fen’ i seen
Oxibendazole
ox” i ben’ da zole
Oxiconazole Nitrate
ox” i kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Oxidopamine
ox” i doe’ pa meen
Oxidronic Acid
ox” i dron’ ik as’ id
Oxifungin Hydrochloride
ox” i fun’ jin hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxilorphan
ox” il or’ fan
Oximonam
ox” i moe’ nam
Oximonam Sodium
ox” i moe’ nam soe’ dee um
Oxiperomide
ox” i per’ oh mide
Oxiramide
ox ir’ a mide
Oxisuran
ox” i sur’ an
Oxmetidine Hydrochloride
ox me’ ti deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxmetidine Mesylate
ox me’ ti deen mes’ i late
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
333
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Oxogestone Phenpropionate
ox” oh jes’ tone fen proe’ pee oh nate
Oxolinic Acid
ox” oh lin’ ik as’ id
Oxprenolol Hydrochloride
ox pren’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxybenzone
ox” i ben’ zone
Oxybutynin
ox” i bue’ ti nin
Oxybutynin Chloride
ox” i bue’ ti nin klor’ ide
Oxychlorosene
ox” i klor’ oh seen
Oxychlorosene Sodium
ox” i klor’ oh seen soe’ dee um
Oxycodone
ox” i koe’ done
Oxycodone Hydrochloride
ox” i koe’ done hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxyfilcon A
ox” i fil’ kon
Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride
ox” i me taz’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Oxymetholone
ox” i meth’ oh lone
Oxypertine
ox” i per’ teen
Oxyphenisatin Acetate
ox” i fen eye’ sa tin as’ e tate
Oxypurinol
ox” i pure’ i nol
Oxyquinoline
ox” i kwin’ oh leen
Oxyquinoline Sulfate
ox” i kwin’ oh leen sul’ fate
Ozolinone
oh zoe’ li none
Paclitaxel
pak” li tax’ el
Paclitaxel Poliglumex
pak” li tax’ el pol” ee gloo’ mex
Padimate A
pad’ i mate
Padimate O
pad’ i mate
Paflufocon A
pa” floo foe’ kon
Paflufocon B
pa” floo foe’ kon
Paflufocon C
pa” floo foe’ kon
Paflufocon D
pa” floo foe’ kon
Paflufocon D-HEM-Iberfilcon A
pa” floo foe’ kon eye” ber fil’ kon
Paflufocon E
pa” floo foe’ kon
Pafuramidine Maleate
paf” ue ram’ i deen mal’ ee ate
Pagibaximab
pag” i bax’ i mab
Pagoclone
pag’ oh klone
Paldimycin
pal” di mye’ sin
Palifermin
pal” ee fer’ min
334
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Palinavir
pa lin’ a vir
Paliperidone
pal” ee per’ i done
Paliperidone Palmitate
pal” ee per’ i done pal’ mi tate
Palmitic Acid
pal mit’ ik as’ id
Palmoxirate Sodium
pal mox’ ir ate soe’ dee um
Palonosetron Hydrochloride
pal” oh noe’ se tron hye” droe klor’ ide
Pamabrom
pam’ a brom
Pamapimod
pa map’ i mod
Pamaqueside
pam a’ kwe side
Pamatolol Sulfate
pam a’ toe lol sul’ fate
Pamidronate Disodium
pam” i droe’ nate dye soe’ dee um
Panadiplon
pan” a di’ plon
Pancopride
pan’ koe pride
Pancrelipase
pan” kre lye’ pase
Pancuronium Bromide
pan kure oh’ nee um broe’ mide
Panitumumab
pan” i toom’ ue mab
Panthenol
pan’ the nol
Pantoprazole
pan toe’ pra zole
Pantoprazole Sodium
pan toe’ pra zole soe’ dee um
Paramethasone Acetate
par” a meth’ a sone as’ e tate
Paranyline Hydrochloride
par” a nye’ leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Parapenzolate Bromide
par” a pen’ zoe late broe’ mide
Pararosaniline Pamoate
par” a roe zan’ i lin pam’ oh ate
Parathyroid Hormone
par” a thye’ roid hor’ mone
Parbendazole
par ben’ da zole
Parconazole Hydrochloride
par kon’ a zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Parecoxib
par” e kox’ ib
Parecoxib Sodium
par” e kox’ ib soe’ dee um
Pareptide Sulfate
par ep’ tide sul’ fate
Pargyline Hydrochloride
par’ ji leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Paricalcitol
par” i kal’ si tol
Paroxetine
par ox’ e teen
Paroxetine Mesylate
par ox’ e teen mes’ i late
Partricin
par trye’ sin
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
335
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Pascolizumab
pas” koe liz’ oo mab
Paulomycin
paul” oh mye’ sin
Pazinaclone
pa zin’ a klone
Pazopanib Hydrochloride
paz oh’ pa nib hye” droe klor’ ide
Pazoxide
pa zox’ ide
Pefloxacin
pe flox’ a sin
Pefloxacin Mesylate
pe flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Pegacaristim
peg a kar’ i stim
Pegademase Bovine
peg ad’ e mase boe’ vine
Pegamotecan
peg am” oh tee’ kan
Pegaptanib Sodium
peg ap’ ta nib soe’ dee um
Pegaspargase
peg as’ par jase
Peginterferon Alfa-2a
peg in” ter feer’ on al’ fa
Peglicol 5 Oleate
pe glye’ kol
Pegnartograstim
peg nar” toe gra’ stim
Pegorgotein
peg ore’ go teen
Pegoterate
peg” oh ter’ ate
Pegoxol 7 Stearate
peg ox’ ol steer’ ate
Pegsunercept
peg soo’ ner sept
Pegvisomant
peg vi’ soe mant
Pelanserin Hydrochloride
pel an’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Peldesine
pel’ de seen
Peliglitazar
pel i gli’ ta zar
Peliomycin
pel” i oh mye’ sin
Pelitinib
pel i’ ti nib
Pelitrexol
pel” i trex’ ol
Pelretin
pel’ re tin
Pelrinone Hydrochloride
pel’ ri none hye” droe klor’ ide
Pemedolac
pem ed’ oh lak
Pemerid Nitrate
pem’ e rid nye’ trate
Pemetrexed Disodium
pem” e trex’ ed dye soe’ dee um
Pemirolast Potassium
pem ir’ oh last po tas’ ee um
Pemoline
pem’ oh leen
Penamecillin
pen” am e sil’ in
336
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Penbutolol Sulfate
pen bue’ toe lol sul’ fate
Penciclovir
pen sye’ kloe vir
Penciclovir Sodium
pen sye’ kloe vir soe’ dee um
Penfluridol
pen flur’ i dol
Penicillamine
pen” i sil’ a meen
Penicillin V
pen” i sil’ in
Penicillin V Benzathine
pen” i sil’ in ben’ za theen
Penicillin V Hydrabamine
pen” i sil’ in hye” dra bam’ een
Penicillin V Potassium
pen” i sil’ in po tas’ ee um
Pentabamate
pen” ta bam’ ate
Pentafilcon A
pen” ta fil’ kon
Pentagastrin
pen” ta gas’ trin
Pentalyte
pen’ ta lite
Pentamidine Isethionate
pen tam’ i deen eye” se thye’ oh nate
Pentamorphone
pen” ta mor’ fone
Pentamustine
pen” ta mus’ teen
Pentapiperium Methylsulfate
pen” ta pye per’ ee um
Pentastarch
pen’ ta starch
Pentazocine
pen taz’ oh seen
Pentazocine Hydrochloride
pen taz’ oh seen hye” droe klor’ ide
Pentazocine Lactate
pen taz’ oh seen lak’ tate
Pentetate Calcium Trisodium
pen’ te tate kal’ see um trye soe’ dee um
Pentetate Calcium Trisodium Yb 169
pen’ te tate kal’ see um trye soe’ dee um
Pentetate Indium Disodium In 111
pen’ te tate in’ dee um dye soe’ dee um
Pentetic Acid
pen tet’ ik as’ id
Pentiapine Maleate
pen tye’ a peen mal’ ee ate
Pentigetide
pen tye’ je tide
Pentisomicin
pen tis” oh mye’ sin
Pentizidone Sodium
pen ti’ zi done soe’ dee um
Pentomone
pen’ toe mone
Pentopril
pen’ toe pril
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
pen’ toe san pol” ee sul’ fate soe’ dee um
Pentostatin
pen” toe stat’ in
Pentoxifylline
pen” tox if’ i lin
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
337
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Pentrinitrol
pen” trye nye’ trol
Peplomycin Sulfate
pep” loe mye’ sin sul’ fate
Pepstatin
pep stat’ in
Peramivir
per am’ i vir
Perampanel
per am’ pa nel
Perfilcon A
per fil’ kon
Perflenapent
per flen’ a pent
Perflexane
per flex’ ane
Perflisopent
per flye’ soe pent
Perflubrodec
per floo’ broe dek
Perflubron
per floo’ bron
Perflubutane
per floo’ bue tane
Perflutren
per floo’ tren
Perfosfamide
per fos’ fa mide
Pergolide Mesylate
per’ goe lide mes’ i late
Perhexiline Maleate
per hex’ i leen mal’ ee ate
Perindopril
per in’ doe pril
Perindopril Erbumine
per in’ doe pril er’ bue meen
Perlapine
per’ la peen
Permethrin
per meth’ rin
Pertuzumab
per tooz’ oo mab
Perzinfotel
per zin’ foe tel
Pexelizumab
pex” e liz’ oo mab
Pexiganan Acetate
pex” i gan’ an as’ e tate
Phemfilcon A
fem fil’ kon
Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride
fen ay” zoe pir’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Phenbutazone Sodium Glycerate
fen bue’ ta zone soe’ dee um
Phencarbamide
fen kar’ ba mide
Phencyclidine Hydrochloride
fen sye’ kli deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Phenindamine Tartrate
fen in’ da meen tar’ trate
Pheniramine Maleate
fen ir’ a meen mal’ ee ate
Phenolate Sodium
fee’ noe late soe’ dee um
Phenprocoumon
fen” proe koo’ mon
Phentermine
fen’ ter meen
338
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Phenyl Aminosalicylate
fen’ il a mee” noe sa lis’ i late
Phenylalanine
fen” il al’ a neen
Phenylpropanolamine Polistirex
fen” il proe” pa nol’ a meen pol” ee stye’ rex
Phenyramidol Hydrochloride
fen” i ram’ i dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Phenytoin
fen’ i toin; fen’ i toe in
Phthalofyne
thal’ oh fine
Phytate Persodium
fye’ tate per soe’ dee um
Phytate Sodium
fye’ tate soe’ dee um
Piboserod Hydrochloride
pi boe’ ser od hye” droe klor’ ide
Pibrozelesin Hydrobromide
pi” broe zel’ e sin hye” droe broe’ mide
Picenadol Hydrochloride
pi sen’ a dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Piclamilast
pi kla’ mi last
Picoplatin
pi” koe pla’ tin
Picotrin Diolamine
pi’ koe trin dye ole’ a meen
Picumeterol Fumarate
pi” kue me’ ter ol fue’ ma rate
Pifarnine
pi far’ neen
Pimagedine Hydrochloride
pim a’ je deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Pimavanserin Tartrate
pim” a van’ ser in
Pimecrolimus
pim” e kroe’ li mus
Pimetine Hydrochloride
pim’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Pimobendan
pim” oh ben’ dan
Pimozide
pim’ oh zide
Pinacidil
pin a’ si dil
Pinadoline
pin ad’ oh leen
Pindolol
pin’ doe lol
Pinoxepin Hydrochloride
pin ox’ e pin hye” droe klor’ ide
Pioglitazone Hydrochloride
pye” oh gli’ ta zone hye” droe klor’ ide
Pipamperone
pi pam’ per one
Pipazethate
pi paz’ e thate
Pipecuronium Bromide
pi” pe kure oh’ nee um broe’ mide
Piperacetazine
pi” per a seet’ a zeen
Piperacillin Sodium
pi” per a sil’ in soe’ dee um
Piperamide Maleate
pi per’ a mide mal’ ee ate
Piperazine Edetate Calcium
pi per’ a zeen e’ de tate kal’ see um
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
339
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Pipobroman
pi” poe broe’ man
Piposulfan
pi” poe sul’ fan
Pipotiazine Palmitate
pi” poe tye’ a zeen pal’ mi tate
Pipoxolan Hydrochloride
pi pox’ oh lan hye” droe klor’ ide
Piprozolin
pi” proe zoe’ lin
Piquindone Hydrochloride
pi’ kwin done hye” droe klor’ ide
Piquizil Hydrochloride
pi’ kwi zil hye” droe klor’ ide
Piracetam
pir a’ se tam
Pirandamine Hydrochloride
pir an’ da meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Pirazmonam Sodium
pir az’ moe nam soe’ dee um
Pirazolac
pir az’ oh lak
Pirbenicillin Sodium
pir ben” i sil’ in soe’ dee um
Pirbuterol Acetate
pir bue’ ter ol as’ e tate
Pirbuterol Hydrochloride
pir bue’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Pirenperone
pir en’ per one
Pirenzepine Hydrochloride
pir en’ ze peen hye” droe klor’ ide
Piretanide
pir et’ a nide
Pirfenidone
pir fen’ i done
Piridicillin Sodium
pir i” di sil’ in soe’ dee um
Piridronate Sodium
pir” i droe’ nate soe’ dee um
Piriprost
pir’ i prost
Piriprost Potassium
pir’ i prost po tas’ ee um
Piritrexim Isethionate
pir” i trex’ im
Pirlimycin Hydrochloride
pir” li mye’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Pirmagrel
pir’ ma grel
Pirmenol Hydrochloride
pir’ me nol hye” droe klor’ ide
Pirnabine
pir’ na been
Piroctone
pir ok’ tone
Piroctone Olamine
pir ok’ tone ole’ a meen
Pirodavir
pir oh’ da vir
Pirogliride Tartrate
pir oh’ glir ide tar’ trate
Pirolate
pir’ oh late
Pirolazamide
pir” ole az’ a mide
Piroxantrone Hydrochloride
pir ox’ an trone hye” droe klor’ ide
Piroxicam
pir ox’ i kam
340
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Piroxicam Betadex
pir ox’ i kam bay’ ta dex
Piroxicam Cinnamate
pir ox’ i kam sin’ a mate
Piroxicam Olamine
pir ox’ i kam ole’ a meen
Piroximone
pir ox’ i mone
Pirprofen
pir proe’ fen
Pirquinozol
pir kwin’ oh zol
Pirsidomine
pir sid’ oh meen
Pirtenidine Hydrochloride
pir ten’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Pivampicillin Hydrochloride
piv am” pi sil’ in hye” droe klor’ ide
Pivampicillin Pamoate
piv am” pi sil’ in pam’ oh ate
Pivampicillin Probenate
piv am” pi sil’ in proe’ be nate
Pivopril
piv’ oh pril
Pixantrone
pix’ an trone
Pizotyline
pi zoe’ ti leen
Plauracin
plaw’ ra sin
Pleconaril
ple kon’ a ril
Plerixafor
pler ix’ a fore
Plicamycin
plye” ka mye’ sin
Plomestane
ploe mes’ tane
Pobilukast Edamine
poe” bi loo’ kast ed’ a meen
Podofilox
poe dof’ il lox
Poison Ivy Extract, Alum Precipitated
Poison Oak Extract
Polacrilin
pol” a kril’ in
Polacrilin Potassium
pol” a kril’ in po tas’ ee um
Poldine Methylsulfate
pol’ deen
Policapram
pol” ee kay’ pram
Polifeprosan 20
pol” ee fep’ roe san
Poligeenan
pol” ee gee’ nan
Poliglecaprone 25
pol” ee glek’ a prone
Poliglecaprone 90
pol” ee glek’ a prone
Poliglusam
pol” ee gloo’ sam
Polignate Sodium
poe lig’ nate soe’ dee um
Polipropene 25
pol” ee proe’ peen
Polixetonium Chloride
pol ix” e toe’ nee um klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
341
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Poloxalene
pol ox’ a leen
Poloxamer
pol ox’ a mer
Polybutester
pol” ee bue’ tes ter
Polybutilate
pol” ee bue’ ti late
Polydextrose
pol” ee dex’ trose
Polydioxanone
pol” ee dye ox’ a none
Polyethadene
pol” ee eth’ a deen
Polyferose
pol” ee fer’ ose
Polyglactin 370
pol” ee glak’ tin
Polyglactin 910
pol” ee glak’ tin
Polyglycolic Acid
pol” ee glye kol’ ik as’ id
Polyglyconate
pol” ee glye’ koe nate
Polymacon
pol” ee may’ kon
Polymetaphosphate P 32
pol” ee met” a fos’ fate
Polyoxyl 40 Stearate
pol” ee ox’ il steer’ ate
Polyoxyl 8 Stearate
pol” ee ox’ il steer’ ate
Polyoxypropylene 15 Stearyl Ether
pol” ee ox” ee proe’ pi leen steer’ il ee’ ther
Polysorbate 20
pol” ee sor’ bate
Polysorbate 40
pol” ee sor’ bate
Polysorbate 60
pol” ee sor’ bate
Polysorbate 65
pol” ee sor’ bate
Polysorbate 80
pol” ee sor’ bate
Polysorbate 85
pol” ee sor’ bate
Polytef
pol’ ee tef
Polythiazide
pol” ee thye’ a zide
Polyurethane Foam
pol” ee ure’ e thane
Pomalidomide
poe” ma lid’ oh mide
Ponalrestat
poe nal’ re stat
Porfimer Sodium
por’ fi mer soe’ dee um
Porfiromycin
por fir” oh mye’ sin
Porofocon A
por” oh foe’ kon
Porofocon B
por” oh foe’ kon
Posaconazole
poe” sa kon’ a zole
Potassium Aspartate and Magnesium Aspartate
po tas’ ee um a spar’ tate mag nee’ zee um a spar’ tate
342
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Potassium Bitartrate
po tas’ ee um
Potassium Chloride K 42
po tas’ ee um klor’ ide
Potassium Glucaldrate
po tas’ ee um gloo kal’ drate
Povidone
poe’ vi done
Povidone I 125
poe’ vi done
Povidone I 131
poe’ vi done
Practolol
prak’ toe lol
Pradefovir Mesylate
prad e foe’ vir mes’ i late
Pralatrexate
pral” a trex’ ate
Pralidoxime Chloride
pral” i dox’ eem klor’ ide
Pralidoxime Iodide
pral” i dox’ eem eye’ oh dide
Pralidoxime Mesylate
pral” i dox’ eem mes’ i late
Pralmorelin Dihydrochloride
pral” moe rel’ in dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Pralnacasan
pral na’ ka san
Pramiconazole
pram” i kon’ a zole
Pramipexole
pram” i pex’ ole
Pramipexole Dihydrochloride
pram” i pex’ ole dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Pramiracetam Hydrochloride
pram” i ra’ se tam hye” droe klor’ ide
Pramiracetam Sulfate
pram” i ra’ se tam sul’ fate
Pramlintide
pram’ lin tide
Pramlintide Acetate
pram’ lin tide as’ e tate
Pranolium Chloride
pran oh’ le um klor’ ide
Prasugrel Hydrochloride
pra soo’ grel hye” droe klor’ ide
Pravadoline Maleate
prav ad’ oh leen mal’ ee ate
Pravastatin Sodium
prav” a stat’ in soe’ dee um
Prazarelix Acetate
praz” a rel’ ix as’ e tate
Prazepam
praz’ e pam
Praziquantel
praz” i kwon’ tel
Prazosin Hydrochloride
praz’ oh sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Prednazate
pred’ na zate
Prednicarbate
pred” ni kar’ bate
Prednimustine
pred” ni mus’ teen
Prednival
pred’ ni val
Pregabalin
pre ga’ ba lin
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
343
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Pregnenolone Succinate
preg nen’ oh lone sux’ i nate
Premafloxacin
prem” a flox’ a sin
Prenalterol Hydrochloride
pre nal’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Prenylamine
pre nil’ a meen
Prezatide Copper Acetate
prez’ a tide kop’ er as’ e tate
Pridefine Hydrochloride
pri’ de feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Prifelone
pri’ fe lone
Priliximab
pri lix’ i mab
Prilocaine
pril’ oh kane
Prilocaine Hydrochloride
pril’ oh kane hye” droe klor’ ide
Primidolol
pri mid’ oh lol
Prinaberel
prin a ber’ el
Prinomastat
prin oh’ ma stat
Prinomide Tromethamine
prin’ oh mide troe meth’ a meen
Prinoxodan
prin ox’ oh dan
Prizidilol Hydrochloride
pri zye’ dil ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Proadifen Hydrochloride
proe ad’ i fen hye” droe klor’ ide
Probicromil Calcium
proe bik’ roe mil kal’ see um
Probucol
proe’ bue kol
Procarbazine Hydrochloride
proe kar’ ba zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Procaterol Hydrochloride
proe kay’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Procinonide
proe sin’ oh nide
Proclonol
proe’ klo nol
Prodilidine Hydrochloride
proe dil’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Prodolic Acid
proe doe’ lik as’ id
Profadol Hydrochloride
proe’ fa dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Progabide
proe’ ga bide
Proglumide
proe gloo’ mide
Proguanil Hydrochloride
proe gwahn’ il hye” droe klor’ ide
Proinsulin Human
proe in’ su lin hue’ man
Proline
proe’ leen
Prolintane Hydrochloride
proe lin’ tane hye” droe klor’ ide
Propafenone Hydrochloride
proe pa’ fen one hye” droe klor’ ide
Propanidid
proe pan’ i did
344
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Propatyl Nitrate
proe’ pa til nye’ trate
Propenzolate Hydrochloride
proe pen’ zoe late hye” droe klor’ ide
Propikacin
proe” pi kay’ sin
Propiolactone
proe” pee oh lak’ tone
Propiomazine
proe” pee oh’ ma zeen
Propiram Fumarate
proe’ pi ram fue’ ma rate
Propofol
proe’ poe fol
Propoxyphene Hydrochloride
proe pox’ i feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Propoxyphene Napsylate
proe pox’ i feen nap’ si late
Propranolol Hydrochloride
proe pran’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Propylparaben
proe” pil par’ a ben
Propylparaben Sodium
proe” pil par’ a ben soe’ dee um
Proquazone
proe’ kwa zone
Proquinolate
proe kwin’ oh late
Prorenoate Potassium
proe ren’ oh ate po tas’ ee um
Proroxan Hydrochloride
proe rox’ an hye” droe klor’ ide
Proscillaridin
proe” si lar’ i din
Prostalene
prost’ a leen
Protirelin
proe” ti rel’ in
Protriptyline Hydrochloride
proe trip’ ti leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Proxazole
prox’ a zole
Proxazole Citrate
prox’ a zole sit’ rate
Proxicromil
prox ik’ roe mil
Proxorphan Tartrate
prox’ or fan tar’ trate
Prussian Blue Insoluble
prush’ un
Pruvanserin
prue van’ ser in
Pruvanserin Hydrochloride
prue van’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride
soo” doe e fed’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Pseudoephedrine Polistirex
soo” doe e fed’ rin pol” ee stye’ rex
Pseudoephedrine Sulfate
soo” doe e fed’ rin sul’ fate
Psyllium Hemicellulose
sil’ ee um hem” ee sel’ ue lose
Puromycin
pure” oh mye’ sin
Puromycin Hydrochloride
pure” oh mye’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Pyrabrom
pir’ a brom
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
345
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Pyrantel Pamoate
pi ran’ tel pam’ oh ate
Pyrantel Tartrate
pi ran’ tel tar’ trate
Pyrazofurin
pir az” oh fure’ in
Pyrinoline
pir in’ oh leen
Pyrithione Sodium
pir” i thye’ one soe’ dee um
Pyrithione Zinc
pir” i thye’ one zink
Pyrovalerone Hydrochloride
pir” oh val’ er one hye” droe klor’ ide
Pyroxamine Maleate
pir ox’ a meen mal’ ee ate
Pyrrocaine
pir’ oh kane
Pyrroliphene Hydrochloride
pir ole’ i feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Pyrrolnitrin
pir” ole nye’ trin
Quadazocine Mesylate
kwad az’ oh seen mes’ i late
Quazepam
kwaz’ e pam
Quazinone
kwaz’ i none
Quazodine
kwaz’ oh deen
Quazolast
kwaz’ oh last
Quetiapine Fumarate
kwe tye’ a peen fue’ ma rate
Quiflapon Sodium
kwi’ flap on soe’ dee um
Quilostigmine
kwil” oh stig’ meen
Quinaldine Blue
kwin’ al deen
Quinapril Hydrochloride
kwin’ a pril hye” droe klor’ ide
Quinaprilat
kwin’ a pril at”
Quinazosin Hydrochloride
kwin az’ oh sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Quinbolone
kwin’ boe lone
Quindecamine Acetate
kwin dek’ a meen as’ e tate
Quindonium Bromide
kwin doe’ nee um broe’ mide
Quinelorane Hydrochloride
kwin el’ oh rane hye” droe klor’ ide
Quinestrol
kwin es’ trol
Quinetolate
kwin et’ oh late
Quinfamide
kwin’ fa mide
Quingestanol Acetate
kwin jes’ ta nol as’ e tate
Quingestrone
kwin jes’ trone
Quinine Ascorbate
kwye’ nine a skor’ bate
Quinpirole Hydrochloride
kwin’ pir ole hye” droe klor’ ide
346
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Quinterenol Sulfate
kwin ter’ e nol sul’ fate
Quinuclium Bromide
kwin ue’ klee um broe’ mide
Quinupristin
kwin ue pris’ tin
Quipazine Maleate
kwip’ a zeen mal’ ee ate
Rabeprazole Sodium
ra bep’ ra zole soe’ dee um
Racemethionine
rayse” me thye’ oh neen
Racephedrine Hydrochloride
rayse” e fed’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Racephenicol
rayse fen’ i kol
Raclopride C 11
rak’ loe pride
Ractopamine Hydrochloride
rak toe’ pa meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Radafaxine Hydrochloride
rad a fax’ een hye” droe klor’ ide
Rafoxanide
ra fox’ a nide
Ralitoline
ra lit’ oh leen
Raloxifene Hydrochloride
ral ox’ i feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Raltegravir Potassium
ral teg’ ra vir
Raltitrexed
ral” ti trex’ ed
Raluridine
ral ure’ i deen
Ramelteon
ra mel’ tee on
Ramipril
ra’ mi pril
Ramoplanin
ra” moe plan’ in
Ranibizumab
ra” ni biz’ oo mab
Ranimycin
ra” ni mye’ sin
Ranitidine
ra ni’ ti deen
Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate
ra ni’ ti deen biz’ muth sit’ rate
Ranolazine
ra noe’ la zeen
Ranolazine Hydrochloride
ra noe’ la zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ranpirnase
ran’ pir nase
Rapacuronium Bromide
ra” pa kure oh’ nee um broe’ mide
Rasagiline Mesylate
ra sa’ ji leen mes’ i late
Rasburicase
ras bure’ i kase
Raxibacumab
rax” ee bak’ ue mab
Rayon, Purified
ray’ on
Razaxaban Hydrochloride
ra zax’ a ban hye” droe klor’ ide
Rebimastat
re bim’ a stat
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
347
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Reboxetine Mesylate
re box’ e teen mes’ i late
Recainam Hydrochloride
re kane’ am hye” droe klor’ ide
Recainam Tosylate
re kane’ am toe’ si late
Reclazepam
re klaz’ e pam
Regadenoson
re ga den’ oh son
Regramostim
re gra’ moe stim
Regrelor Disodium
re grel’ or dye soe’ dee um
Relacatib
rel” a ka’ tib
Relomycin
rel” oh mye’ sin
Remacemide Hydrochloride
rem a’ se mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Remifentanil Hydrochloride
rem” i fen’ ta nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Remiprostol
rem” i prost’ ol
Remoxipride
rem ox’ i pride
Remoxipride Hydrochloride
rem ox’ i pride hye” droe klor’ ide
Repaglinide
re pag’ li nide
Reparixin
re” pa rix’ in
Repifermin
re” pi fer’ min
Repirinast
re pir’ i nast
Repromicin
re” proe mye’ sin
Reproterol Hydrochloride
re proe’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Reslizumab
res liz ‘ oo mab
Resocortol Butyrate
re soe’ kor tol bue’ ti rate
Retapamulin
re” te pam’ ue lin
Reteplase
re’ te plase
Retigabine
re tig’ a been
Revaprazan Hydrochloride
re va’ pra zan hye” droe klor’ ide
Ribaminol
rye ba’ mi nol
Ribavirin
rye” ba vye’ rin
Riboprine
rye’ boe preen
Ridogrel
rye’ doe grel
Rifabutin
rif” a bue’ tin
Rifalazil
rif al’ a zil
Rifametane
rif” a met’ ane
Rifamexil
rif” a mex’ il
348
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Rifamide
rif’ a mide
Rifampin
rif am’ pin
Rifapentine
rif” a pen’ teen
Rifaximin
rif ax’ i min
Rilapladib
ril ap’ la dib
Rilonacept
ril on’ a sept
Riluzole
ril’ ue zole
Rimantadine Hydrochloride
ri man’ ta deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Rimcazole Hydrochloride
rim’ ka zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Rimexolone
ri mex’ oh lone
Rimiterol Hydrobromide
ri mi’ ter ol hye” droe broe’ mide
Rimonabant
ri moe’ na bant
Rinfabate
rin’ fa bate
Rioprostil
rye” oh prost’ il
Ripazepam
ri paz’ e pam
Risedronate Sodium
ris” e droe’ nate soe’ dee um
Rismorelin Porcine
ris” moe rel’ in por’ sine
Risocaine
ris’ oh kane
Risotilide Hydrochloride
ris ote’ i lide hye” droe klor’ ide
Risperidone
ris per’ i done
Ristianol Phosphate
ris tye’ a nol fos’ fate
Ritanserin
rit an’ ser in
Ritodrine
rit’ oh dreen
Ritodrine Hydrochloride
rit’ oh dreen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ritolukast
rit” oh loo’ kast
Ritonavir
rit oh’ na vir
Rituximab
ri tux’ i mab
Rivanicline Galactarate
riv an’ i kleen gal ak’ tar ate
Rivaroxaban
riv” a rox’ a ban
Rivastigmine
riv” a stig’ meen
Rivoglitazone
riv” oh gli’ ta zone
Rizatriptan Benzoate
rye” za trip’ tan ben’ zoe ate
Rizatriptan Sulfate
rye” za trip’ tan sul’ fate
Robenidine Hydrochloride
roe ben’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
349
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Rocastine Hydrochloride
roe kas’ teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Rocuronium Bromide
roe” kure oh’ nee um broe’ mide
Rodocaine
roe’ doe kane
Rofecoxib
roe” fe kox’ ib
Roflumilast
roe flue’ mi last
Roflurane
roe flur’ ane
Rogletimide
roe glet’ i mide
Rolapitant Hydrochloride
roe la’ pi tant hye” droe klor’ ide
Roletamide
roe let’ a mide
Rolgamidine
role gam’ i deen
Rolicyprine
roe” li sye’ preen
Rolipram
roe’ li pram
Rolitetracycline
roe” li tet” ra sye’ kleen
Rolitetracycline Nitrate
roe” li tet” ra sye’ kleen nye’ trate
Rolodine
roe’ loe deen
Romazarit
roe maz’ a rit
Romidepsin
roe” mi dep’ sin
Ronacaleret Hydrochloride
roe” na kal’ er et hye” droe klor’ ide
Ronidazole
roe nye’ da zole
Ronnel
ron’ el
Ropidoxuridine
roe pye” dox ure’ i deen
Ropinirole Hydrochloride
roe pin’ i role” hye” droe klor’ ide
Ropitoin Hydrochloride
roe’ pi toin; roe’ pi toe in hye” droe klor’ ide
Ropizine
roe’ pi zeen
Roquinimex
roe kwin’ i mex
Rosabulin
roe” za bue’ lin
Rosaramicin
roe sar” a mye’ sin
Rosaramicin Butyrate
roe sar” a mye’ sin bue’ ti rate
Rosaramicin Propionate
roe sar” a mye’ sin proe’ pee oh nate
Rosaramicin Sodium Phosphate
roe sar” a mye’ sin soe’ dee um fos’ fate
Rosaramicin Stearate
roe sar” a mye’ sin steer’ ate
Rose Bengal Sodium I 125
roze ben’ gal soe’ dee um
Rose Bengal Sodium I 131
roze ben’ gal soe’ dee um
Rosiglitazone Maleate
roe” zi gli’ ta zone mal’ ee ate
350
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Rosoxacin
roe sox’ a sin
Rostaporfin
roe” sta por’ fin
Rosuvastatin Calcium
roe soo” va stat’ in kal’ see um
Rotigaptide
roe ti gap’ tide
Rotigotine
roe tig’ oh teen
Rotoxamine
roe tox’ a meen
Rovelizumab
roe” ve liz’ oo mab
Roxadimate
rox ad’ i mate
Roxarsone
rox ar’ sone
Roxatidine Acetate Hydrochloride
rox a’ ti deen as’ e tate hye” droe klor’ ide
Roxifiban Acetate
rox” i fye’ ban as’ e tate
Roxithromycin
rox ith” roe mye’ sin
Rubidium Chloride Rb 82
roo bid’ e um klor’ ide
Rubidium Chloride Rb 86
roo bid’ e um klor’ ide
Rubitecan
roo” bi tee’ kan
Rufinamide
roo fin’ a mide
Rupintrivir
roo pin’ tri vir
Ruplizumab
roo pliz’ oo mab
Rusalatide Acetate
roo sal’ a tide as’ e tate
Rutamycin
roo” ta mye’ sin
Sabcomeline Hydrochloride
sab koe’ me leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Sabeluzole
sa bel’ ue zole
Sacrosidase
sak roe’ si dase
Safingol
sa fin’ gol
Safingol Hydrochloride
sa fin’ gol hye” droe klor’ ide
Salantel
sal’ an tel
Salcaprozate Sodium
sal kap’ roe zate soe’ dee um
Salclobuzate Sodium
sal kloe’ bue zate soe’ dee um
Salcolex
sal’ koe lex
Salethamide Maleate
sal eth’ a mide mal’ ee ate
Salicyl Alcohol
sal’ i sil al’ ka hol
Salicylate Meglumine
sa lis’ i late me’ gloo meen
Salirasib
sal i ras’ ib
Salmeterol
sal me’ ter ol
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
351
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Salmeterol Xinafoate
sal me’ ter ol zye naf’ oh ate
Salnacedin
sal na’ se din
Salsalate
sal’ sa late
Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam Pentasodium
sa mar’ ee um lex id’ roe nam
Sancycline
san sye’ kleen
Sanfetrinem Cilexetil
san fet’ ri nem sye lex’ e til
Sanfetrinem Sodium
san fet’ ri nem soe’ dee um
Sanguinarium Chloride
san” gwi nar’ ee um klor’ ide
Saperconazole
sa” per kon’ a zole
Saprisartan Potassium
sa” pri sar’ tan po tas’ ee um
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride
sap” roe ter’ in dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Saquinavir
sa kwin’ a vir
Saquinavir Mesylate
sa kwin’ a vir mes’ i late
Sarafloxacin Hydrochloride
sar” a flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Saralasin Acetate
sar al’ a sin as’ e tate
Sargramostim
sar gra’ moe stim
Sarizotan Hydrochloride
sar i zoe’ tan hye” droe klor’ ide
Sarmoxicillin
sar mox” i sil’ in
Sarpicillin
sar” pi sil’ in
Satraplatin
sat” ra pla’ tin
Saxagliptin
sax” a glip’ tin
Scopafungin
skoe” pa fun’ jin
Secalciferol
se” kal sif’ er ol
Seclazone
sek’ la zone
Secretin
se kree’ tin
Sedecamycin
se dek” a mye’ sin
Sedoxantrone Trihydrochloride
se dox’ an trone trye hye” droe klor’ ide
Seglitide Acetate
seg’ li tide as’ e tate
Selamectin
sel” a mek’ tin
Selegiline
se le’ ji leen
Selegiline Hydrochloride
se le’ ji leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Selenomethionine Se 75
se lee” noe me thye’ oh neen
Seletracetam
sel” e tra’ se tam
Selfotel
sel’ fo tel
352
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Selodenoson
sel oh den’ oh son
Sematilide Hydrochloride
se mayt’ i lide hye” droe klor’ ide
Semaxanib
sem ax’ a nib
Semduramicin
sem dur” a mye’ sin
Semduramicin Sodium
sem dur” a mye’ sin soe’ dee um
Semparatide Acetate
sem par’ a tide as’ e tate
Semustine
se mus’ teen
Senicapoc
sen” i kay’ pok
Senofilcon A
sen” oh fil’ kon
Sepazonium Chloride
sep a zoe’ nee um klor’ ide
Seperidol Hydrochloride
se per’ i dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Seprilose
sep’ ri lose
Seproxetine Hydrochloride
se prox’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Seractide Acetate
ser ak’ tide as’ e tate
Seratrodast
ser a’ troe dast
Serazapine Hydrochloride
ser az’ a peen hye” droe klor’ ide
Sergliflozin
ser” gli floe’ zin
Sergolexole Maleate
ser” goe lex’ ole mal’ ee ate
Serine
ser’ een
Sermetacin
ser met’ a sin
Sermorelin Acetate
ser” moe rel’ in as’ e tate
Sertindole
ser tin’ dole
Sertraline Hydrochloride
ser’ tra leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Setoperone
se toe’ per one
Sevelamer Carbonate
se vel’ a mer kar’ bo nate
Sevelamer Hydrochloride
se vel’ a mer hye” droe klor’ ide
Sevirumab
se vir’ ue mab
Sevoflurane
see” voe floo’ rane
Sezolamide Hydrochloride
se zole’ a mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Sibenadet Hydrochloride
si ben’ a det hye” droe klor’ ide
Sibopirdine
si boe’ pir deen
Sibrafiban
si” bra fye’ ban
Sibutramine Hydrochloride
si bue’ tra meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Siflufocon A
si” floo foe’ kon
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
353
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Silafilcon A
sil” a fil’ kon
Silafocon A
sil” a foe’ kon
Silandrone
sil’ an drone
Sildenafil Citrate
sil den’ a fil sit’ rate
Silodrate
sil’ oh drate
Simethicone
sye meth’ i kone
Simotaxel
sim” oh tax’ el
Simtrazene
sim’ tra zeen
Simvastatin
sim” va stat’ in
Sinapultide
sin” a pul’ tide
Sincalide
sin’ ka lide
Sinecatechins
sin” e kat’ e kins
Sinefungin
sin” e fun’ jin
Siplizumab
si pliz’ oo mab
Sipuleucel-T
sye” pul oo’ sel
Sirolimus
sir oh’ li mus
Sisomicin
sis” oh mye’ sin
Sisomicin Sulfate
sis” oh mye’ sin sul’ fate
Sitafloxacin
si” ta flox’ a sin
Sitagliptin Phosphate
sit” a glip’ tin fos’ fate
Sitogluside
si” toe gloo’ side
Sivelestat
si vel’ e stat
Sivelestat Sodium
si vel’ e stat soe’ dee um
Sodelglitazar
soe” del gli’ ta zar
Sodium Amylosulfate
soe’ dee um am” i loe sul’ fate
Sodium Arsenate As 74
soe’ dee um ar’ se nate
Sodium Benzoate
soe’ dee um ben’ zoe ate
Sodium Chloride Na 22
soe’ dee um klor’ ide
Sodium Chromate Cr 51
soe’ dee um kroe’ mate
Sodium Dichloroacetate
soe’ dee um dye klor” oh as’ e tate
Sodium Ethasulfate
soe’ dee um eth” a sul’ fate
Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex
soe’ dee um fer’ ik gloo’ koe nate
Sodium Iodide I 125
soe’ dee um eye’ oh dide
Sodium Iodide I 131
soe’ dee um eye’ oh dide
Sodium Oxybate
soe’ dee um ox’ i bate
354
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Sodium Perborate Monohydrate
soe’ dee um per bore’ ate mon” oh hye’ drate
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m
soe’ dee um per tek’ ne tate
Sodium Phenylacetate
soe’ dee um fen” il as’ e tate
Sodium Phenylbutyrate
soe’ dee um fen” il bue’ ti rate
Sodium Phosphate P 32
soe’ dee um fos’ fate
Sodium Polyphosphate
soe’ dee um pol” ee fos’ fate
Sodium Pyrophosphate
soe’ dee um pye” roe fos’ fate
Sodium Sulfate S 35
soe’ dee um sul’ fate
Sodium Trimetaphosphate
soe’ dee um trye met” a fos’ fate
Solabegron Hydrochloride
soe la beg’ ron hye” droe klor’ ide
Solifenacin Succinate
soe” li fen’ a sin sux’ i nate
Solypertine Tartrate
soe” li per’ teen tar’ trate
Somagrebove
soe ma’ gre bove
Somalapor
soe ma’ la pore
Somantadine Hydrochloride
soe man’ ta deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Somatrem
soe’ ma trem
Somatropin
soe” ma troe’ pin
Somavubove
soe ma’ vue bove
Somenopor
soe me’ noe pore
Sometribove
soe me’ tri bove
Sometripor
soe me’ tri pore
Somfasepor
sohm fas’ e pore
Somidobove
soe mi’ doe bove
Sonepiprazole Mesylate
soe” ne pi’ pra zole mes’ i late
Sorafenib
soe raf’ e nib
Sorafenib Tosylate
soe raf’ e nib toe’ si late
Sorbinil
sor’ bi nil
Sorbitan Monolaurate
sor’ bi tan mon” oh lawr’ ate
Sorbitan Monooleate
sor’ bi tan mon” oh oh’ lee ate
Sorbitan Monopalmitate
sor’ bi tan mon” oh pal’ mi tate
Sorbitan Monostearate
sor’ bi tan mon” oh steer’ ate
Sorbitan Sesquioleate
sor’ bi tan ses” kwi oh’ lee ate
Sorbitan Trioleate
sor’ bi tan trye oh’ lee ate
Sorbitan Tristearate
sor’ bi tan trye steer’ ate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
355
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Sorivudine
soe riv’ ue deen
Sotalol Hydrochloride
soe’ ta lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Soterenol Hydrochloride
soe ter’ e nol hye” droe klor’ ide
Sotirimod
soe tir’ i mod
Sparfloxacin
spar flox’ a sin
Sparfosate Sodium
spar fos’ ate soe’ dee um
Sparsomycin
spar” soe mye’ sin
Sparteine Sulfate
spar’ teen sul’ fate
Spectinomycin Hydrochloride
spek” tin oh mye’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Spiperone
spye’ per one
Spiradoline Mesylate
spir ad’ oh leen mes’ i late
Spiramycin
spir” a mye’ sin
Spirapril Hydrochloride
spir’ a pril hye” droe klor’ ide
Spiraprilat
spir’ a pril at”
Spirogermanium Hydrochloride
spir” oh jer may’ nee um hye” droe klor’ ide
Spiromustine
spir” oh mus’ teen
Spiroplatin
spir” oh pla’ tin
Spiroxasone
spir ox’ a sone
Sprodiamide
sproe dye’ a mide
Squalamine Lactate
skwah’ la meen lak’ tate
Stallimycin Hydrochloride
stal” i mye’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Stamulumab
sta mul’ ue mab
Stannous Chloride
stan’ us klor’ ide
Stannous Pyrophosphate
stan’ us pye” roe fos’ fate
Stannous Sulfur Colloid
stan’ us sul’ fur kol’ oid
Stannsoporfin
stan” soe pore’ fin
Stanozolol
stan oh’ zoe lol
Statolon
stat’ oh lon
Stavudine
stav’ ue deen
Steffimycin
stef” i mye’ sin
Stenbolone Acetate
sten’ boe lone as’ e tate
Stilbazium Iodide
stil baz’ ee um eye’ oh dide
Stilonium Iodide
stil oh’ nee um eye’ oh dide
Stiripentol
stir” i pen’ tol
356
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Stirofos
stir’ oh fos
Streptonicozid
strep” toe nye’ koe zid
Streptonigrin
strep” toe nye’ grin
Streptozocin
strep” toe zoe’ sin
Strontium Chloride Sr 85
stron’ shee um klor’ ide
Strontium Chloride Sr 89
stron’ shee um klor’ ide
Strontium Nitrate Sr 85
stron’ shee um nye’ trate
Succimer
sux’ i mer
Succinobucol
sux” in oh bue’ kol
Sucralfate
soo kral’ fate
Sucrosofate Potassium
soo kroe’ soe fate po tas’ ee um
Sudoxicam
soo dox’ i kam
Sufentanil
soo fen’ ta nil
Sufentanil Citrate
soo fen’ ta nil sit’ rate
Sufotidine
soo foe’ ti deen
Sugammadex Sodium
soo gam’ ma dex soe’ dee um
Sulamserod Hydrochloride
sul am’ se rod hye” droe klor’ ide
Sulazepam
sul az’ e pam
Sulbactam Benzathine
sul bak’ tam ben’ za theen
Sulbactam Pivoxil
sul bak’ tam
Sulbactam Sodium
sul bak’ tam soe’ dee um
Sulbenox
sul’ ben ox
Sulconazole Nitrate
sul kon’ a zole nye’ trate
Sulesomab
soo les’ oh mab
Sulfabenz
sul’ fa benz
Sulfabenzamide
sul” fa benz’ a mide
Sulfacytine
sul” fa sye’ teen
Sulfadiazine, Silver
sul” fa dye’ a zeen sil’ ver
Sulfadoxine
sul” fa dox’ een
Sulfalene
sul’ fa leen
Sulfameter
sul” fa mee’ ter
Sulfamethoxazole
sul” fa meth ox’ a zole
Sulfamonomethoxine
sul” fa mon” oh meth ox’ een
Sulfamoxole
sul” fa mox’ ole
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
357
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Sulfanilate Zinc
sul fan’ i late zink
Sulfanitran
sul” fa nye’ tran
Sulfasalazine
sul” fa sal’ a zeen
Sulfasomizole
sul” fa soe’ mi zole
Sulfazamet
sul faz’ a met
Sulfinalol Hydrochloride
sul fin’ a lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Sulfisoxazole Diolamine
sul” fi sox’ a zole dye ole’ a meen
Sulfocon B
sul foe’ kon
Sulfomyxin
sul” foe mix’ in
Sulfonterol Hydrochloride
sul fon’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Sulfur Hexafluoride
sul’ fur hex” a floor’ ide
Sulindac
sul’ in dak
Sulisobenzone
sul” i soe ben’ zone
Sulmarin
sul’ ma rin
Sulnidazole
sul nye’ da zole
Suloctidil
sul ok’ ti dil
Sulofenur
sul” oh fen’ ur
Sulopenem
sul” oh pen’ em
Sulotroban
sul” oh troe’ ban
Suloxifen Oxalate
sul ox’ i fen ox’ a late
Sulpiride
sul’ pir ide
Sulprostone
sul prost’ one
Sultamicillin
sul tam” i sil’ in
Sulthiame
sul thye’ ame
Sulukast
soo loo’ kast
Sumarotene
soo mar’ oh teen
Sumatriptan Succinate
soo” ma trip’ tan sux’ i nate
Suncillin Sodium
sun sil’ in soe’ dee um
Sunepitron Hydrochloride
soo ne’ pi tron hye” droe klor’ ide
Sunitinib Malate
soo ni’ ti nib
Suproclone
soo’ proe klone
Suprofen
soo proe’ fen
Suramin Hexasodium
sur’ a min hex” a soe’ dee um
Surfilcon A
sur fil’ kon
358
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Surfomer
surf’ o mer
Surgibone
sur’ ji bone
Suricainide Maleate
sur i’ ka nide mal’ ee ate
Suritozole
sur it’ oh zole
Suronacrine Maleate
sur one’ a kreen mal’ ee ate
Sutilains
soo’ ti lains
Suxemerid Sulfate
sux em’ e rid sul’ fate
Symclosene
sim’ kloe seen
Symetine Hydrochloride
sim’ e teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B
kon’ joo gay” ted es’ troe jens
Tacedinaline
ta see dye’ na leen
Taclamine Hydrochloride
tak’ la meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tacrine Hydrochloride
tak reen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tacrolimus
tak roe’ li mus
Tadalafil
ta dal’ a fil
Tadocizumab
tad” oh siz’ oo mab
Talabostat
tal ab’ oh stat
Talabostat Mesylate
tal ab’ oh stat mes’ i late
Talactoferrin Alfa
ta lak” toe fer’ in al’ fa
Talaglumetad Hydrochloride
ta” la gloo’ me tad hye” droe klor’ ide
Talampicillin Hydrochloride
tal am” pi sil’ in hye” droe klor’ ide
Talaporfin Sodium
tal a pore’ fin soe’ dee um
Taleranol
tal er’ a nol
Talibegron Hydrochloride
tal” ee beg’ ron hye” droe klor’ ide
Talisomycin
tal” i soe mye’ sin
Talizumab
ta liz’ oo mab
Talmetacin
tal met’ a sin
Talnetant Hydrochloride
tal’ ne tant hye” droe klor’ ide
Talniflumate
tal nye’ floo mate
Talopram Hydrochloride
tal’ oh pram hye” droe klor’ ide
Talosalate
tal oh’ sal ate
Talotrexin Ammonium
tal” oh trex’ in a moe’ nee um
Talsaclidine Fumarate
tal sa’ kli deen fue’ ma rate
Taltobulin
tal toe bue’ lin
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
359
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Tameridone
ta mer’ i done
Tametraline Hydrochloride
ta me’ tra leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tamoxifen Citrate
ta mox’ i fen sit’ rate
Tampramine Fumarate
tamp’ ra meen fue’ ma rate
Tamsulosin Hydrochloride
tam soo’ loe sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tanaproget
tan a proe’ jet
Tandamine Hydrochloride
tan’ da meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tandospirone Citrate
tan” doe spye’ rone sit’ rate
Tandutinib
tan doo’ ti nib
Tanespimycin
tan es” pi mye’ sin
Tanomastat
tan oh’ ma stat
Tapentadol
ta pen’ ta dol
Taranabant
tar a’ na bant
Tarenflurbil
tar” en flur’ bil
Taribavirin Hydrochloride
ta” rye ba vye’ rin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tariquidar
tar i’ kwi dar
Tasidotin Hydrochloride
tas” i doe’ tin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tasosartan
tas” oh sar’ tan
Tazadolene Succinate
taz” a doe’ leen sux’ i nate
Tazarotene
taz ar’ oh teen
Tazifylline Hydrochloride
taz if’ i lin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tazobactam
taz” oh bak’ tam
Tazobactam Sodium
taz” oh bak’ tam soe’ dee um
Tazofelone
taz oh’ fe lone
Tazolol Hydrochloride
taz’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Tazomeline Citrate
taz oh’ me leen sit’ rate
Tebanicline Tosylate
te ban’ i kleen toe’ si late
Tebufelone
te bue’ fe lone
Tebuquine
te’ bue kwin
Tecadenoson
tek” a den’ o son
Tecalcet Hydrochloride
tek’ al set hye” droe klor’ ide
Tecastemizole
tek” a stem’ i zole
Teceleukin
tek” e loo’ kin
Technetium Tc 99m Albumin Aggregated
tek nee’ shee um al bue’ min ag’ re gay” ted
360
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Technetium Tc 99m Albumin Colloid
tek nee’ shee um al bue’ min kol’ oid
Technetium Tc 99m Albumin Microaggregated
tek nee’ shee um al bue’ min
Technetium Tc 99m Antimony Trisulfide Colloid
tek nee’ shee um an’ ti moe” nee trye sul’ fide kol’ oid
Technetium Tc 99m Apcitide
tek nee’ shee um ap’ si tide
Technetium Tc 99m Bicisate
tek nee’ shee um bye sis’ ate
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
tek nee’ shee um ex” a met’ a zeem
Technetium Tc 99m Fanolesomab
tek nee’ shee um fan” oh les’ oh mab
Technetium Tc 99m Furifosmin
tek nee’ shee um fure” i fos’ min
Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin
tek nee’ shee um lye” doe fen’ in
Technetium Tc 99m Mebrofenin
tek nee’ shee um me” broe fen’ in
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate Disodium
tek nee’ shee um me’ droe nate dye soe’ dee um
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide
tek nee’ shee um mer tye’ a tide
Technetium Tc 99m Nitridocade
tek nee’ shee um nye trid’ oh kade
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate Calcium Trisodium
tek nee’ shee um pen’ te tate kal’ see um trye soe’ dee um
Technetium Tc 99m Red Blood Cells
tek nee’ shee um red blud sels
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi
tek nee’ shee um ses” ta mib’ ee
Technetium Tc 99m Siboroxime
tek nee’ shee um sye” boe rox’ eem
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
tek nee’ shee um sul’ fur kol’ oid
Technetium Tc 99m Teboroxime
tek nee’ shee um te” boe rox’ eem
Teclozan
tek’ loe zan
Tecogalan Sodium
tek oh’ ga lan soe’ dee um
Tedisamil
te dis’ a mil
Tedisamil Sesquifumarate
te dis’ a mil ses” kwi fue’ ma rate
Teduglutide
te due’ gloo tide
Tefibazumab
te” fi baz’ oo mab
Tefilcon A
te fil’ kon
Teflurane
te’ flur ane
Tegafur
teg’ a fur
Tegaserod
teg a ser’ od
Tegaserod Maleate
teg a ser’ od mal’ ee ate
Teicoplanin
tye” koe plan’ in
Telavancin Hydrochloride
tel a van’ sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Telbermin
tel ber’ min
Telbivudine
tel biv’ ue deen
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
361
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Telinavir
tel in’ a vir
Telithromycin
tel ith” roe mye’ sin
Telmisartan
tel” mi sar’ tan
Teloxantrone Hydrochloride
tel ox’ an trone hye” droe klor’ ide
Teludipine Hydrochloride
tel oo’ di peen hye” droe klor’ ide
Temafloxacin Hydrochloride
tem” a flox’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tematropium Methylsulfate
tem” a troe’ pee um
Temazepam
tem az’ e pam
Temefos
tem’ e fos
Temelastine
tem” e las’ teen
Temocapril Hydrochloride
tem oh’ ka pril hye” droe klor’ ide
Temocillin
tem” oh sil’ in
Temodox
tem’ oh dox
Temoporfin
tem” oh pore’ fin
Temozolomide
tem” oh zoe’ loe mide
Temsirolimus
tem” sir oh’ li mus
Temurtide
tem’ ure tide
Tenecteplase
ten ek’ te plase
Teneliximab
ten” e lix’ i mab
Tenidap
ten’ i dap
Tenidap Sodium
ten’ i dap soe’ dee um
Teniposide
ten” i poe’ side
Tenivastatin Calcium
ten ee” va stat’ in kal’ see um
Tenofovir
ten oh’ foe vir
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
ten oh’ foe vir dye” soe prox’ il fue’ ma rate
Tenoxicam
ten ox’ i kam
Teplizumab
tep liz’ oo mab
Tepoxalin
te pox’ a lin
Teprotide
tep’ roe tide
Terameprocol
ter am” e proe’ kol
Terazosin Hydrochloride
ter az’ oh sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Terbinafine
ter’ bin a feen
Terbogrel
ter’ boe grel
Terbutaline Sulfate
ter bue’ ta leen sul’ fate
362
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Terconazole
ter kon’ a zole
Terfenadine
ter fen’ a deen
Teriparatide
ter” i par’ a tide
Teriparatide Acetate
ter” i par’ a tide as’ e tate
Terlakiren
ter la kye’ ren
Terlipressin
ter” li pres’ in
Terodiline Hydrochloride
ter oh’ dil een hye” droe klor’ ide
Teroxalene Hydrochloride
ter ox’ a leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Teroxirone
ter ox’ i rone
Tesaglitazar
tes” a gli’ ta zar
Tesamorelin
tes” a moe rel’ in
Tesicam
tes’ i kam
Tesimide
tes’ i mide
Tesmilifene Hydrochloride
tes mil’ i feen hye” droe klor’ ide
Testolactone
tes” toe lak’ tone
Testosterone Ketolaurate
tes tos’ ter one kee” toe lawr’ ate
Testosterone Phenylacetate
tes tos’ ter one fen” il as’ e tate
Testosterone Undecanoate
tes tos’ ter one un dek” a noe’ ate
Tetrafilcon A
te” tra fil’ kon
Tetramisole Hydrochloride
te tram’ i sole hye” droe klor’ ide
Tetraxetan
te trax’ e tan
Tetrazolast Meglumine
te traz’ oh last me’ gloo meen
Tetrofosmin
te” troe fos’ min
Tetronasin Sodium
te troe’ na sin soe’ dee um
Tetroquinone
te” troe kwin’ one
Tetroxoprim
te trox’ oh prim
Tetrydamine
te trid’ a meen
Tezacitabine
te” za sye’ ta been
Tezampanel
tez am’ pa nel
Thalidomide
tha lid’ oh mide
Thallous Chloride Tl 201
thal’ us klor’ ide
Thenium Closylate
then’ ee um kloe’ si late
Theofibrate
thee” oh fye’ brate
Thiabendazole
thye” a ben’ da zole
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
363
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Thiamiprine
thye am’ i preen
Thiamphenicol
thye” am fen’ i kol
Thiazesim Hydrochloride
thye az’ e sim hye” droe klor’ ide
Thiazinamium Chloride
thye a zin’ a mee um klor’ ide
Thiethylperazine
thye eth” il per’ a zeen
Thiethylperazine Maleate
thye eth” il per’ a zeen mal’ ee ate
Thimerfonate Sodium
thye mer’ foe nate soe’ dee um
Thioguanine
thye” oh gwa’ neen
Thioridazine
thye” oh rid’ a zeen
Thiosalan
thye oh’ sa lan
Thiothixene
thye” oh thix’ een
Thiothixene Hydrochloride
thye” oh thix’ een hye” droe klor’ ide
Thiphenamil Hydrochloride
thye fen’ a mil hye” droe klor’ ide
Thiphencillin Potassium
thye” fen sil’ in po tas’ ee um
Thiram
thye’ ram
Thonzonium Bromide
thon zoe’ nee um broe’ mide
Thonzylamine Hydrochloride
thon zil’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Thozalinone
thoe zal’ i none
Threonine
three’ oh neen
Thrombin Alfa
throm’ bin al’ fa
Thymalfasin
thye mal’ fa sin
Thymopentin
thye” moe pen’ tin
Thyroglobulin
thye” roe glob’ ue lin
Thyromedan Hydrochloride
thye roe’ me dan hye” droe klor’ ide
Thyrotropin Alfa
thye” roe troe’ pin al’ fa
Thyroxine I 125
thye rox’ een
Thyroxine I 131
thye rox’ een
Tiacrilast
tye ak’ ri last
Tiacrilast Sodium
tye ak’ ri last soe’ dee um
Tiagabine Hydrochloride
tye ag’ a been hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiamenidine
tye” a men’ i deen
Tiamenidine Hydrochloride
tye” a men’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiamulin
tye” a mue’ lin
Tiamulin Fumarate
tye” a mue’ lin fue’ ma rate
364
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Tiapamil Hydrochloride
tye ap’ a mil hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiaramide Hydrochloride
tye ar’ a mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiazofurin
tye az” oh fure’ in
Tiazuril
tye az’ ue ril; tye az’ ure il
Tibenelast Sodium
tye ben’ e last soe’ dee um
Tibolone
tye’ boe lone
Tibric Acid
tye’ brik as’ id
Tibrofan
tye’ broe fan
Ticabesone Propionate
tye ka’ be sone proe’ pee oh nate
Ticarbodine
tye kar’ boe deen
Ticarcillin Cresyl Sodium
tye” kar sil’ in soe’ dee um
Ticarcillin Disodium
tye” kar sil’ in dye soe’ dee um
Ticlatone
tye’ kla tone
Ticlopidine Hydrochloride
tye kloe’ pi deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Ticolubant
tye kol’ ue bant
Ticrynafen
tye krin’ a fen
Tidembersat
tye dem’ ber sat
Tifacogin
tye” fa ko’ gin
Tifurac Sodium
tye’ fure ak soe’ dee um
Tigapotide Triflutate
tye gap’ oh tide trye’ floo tate
Tigecycline
tye” ge sye’ kleen
Tigemonam Dicholine
tye” ge moe’ nam dye koe’ leen
Tigestol
tye jes’ tol
Tilarginine Acetate
til ar’ ji neen as’ e tate
Tiletamine Hydrochloride
tye let’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tilidine Hydrochloride
tye’ li deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tilmacoxib
til ma kox’ ib
Tilmicosin
til mi koe’ sin
Tilmicosin Phosphate
til mi koe’ sin fos’ fate
Tilomisole
tye loe’ mi sole
Tilorone Hydrochloride
tye’ lor one hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiludronate Disodium
tye” loo droe’ nate dye soe’ dee um
Timcodar Dimesylate
tim’ koe dar dye mes’ i late
Timefurone
tye” me fure’ one
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
365
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Timobesone Acetate
tye moe’ be sone as’ e tate
Timolol
tim’ oh lol
Timolol Maleate
tim’ oh lol mal’ ee ate
Tinabinol
tye nab’ i nol
Tinidazole
tye nye’ da zole
Tinzaparin Sodium
tin zap’ a rin soe’ dee um; tin” za par’ in soe’ dee um
Tioconazole
tye” oh kon’ a zole
Tiodazosin
tye” oh daz’ oh sin
Tiodonium Chloride
tye” oh doe’ nee um klor’ ide
Tioperidone Hydrochloride
tye” oh per’ i done hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiopinac
tye oh’ pi nak
Tiospirone Hydrochloride
tye” oh spye’ rone hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiotidine
tye oh’ ti deen
Tioxidazole
tye ox id’ a zole
Tipelukast
tye” pe loo’ kast
Tipentosin Hydrochloride
tye pen’ toe sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tipifarnib
tye” pee far’ nib
Tiplasinin
tye plas’ in in
Tipranavir Disodium
tye pran’ a vir dye soe’ dee um
Tipredane
tye pred’ ane
Tiprenolol Hydrochloride
tye pren’ oh lol hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiprinast Meglumine
tye’ pri nast me’ gloo meen
Tipropidil Hydrochloride
tye proe’ pi dil hye” droe klor’ ide
Tiqueside
tye’ kwe side
Tiquinamide Hydrochloride
tye kwin’ a mide hye” droe klor’ ide
Tirapazamine
tye” ra paz’ a meen
Tirilazad Mesylate
tye ril’ a zad mes’ i late
Tirofiban Hydrochloride
tye” roe fye’ ban hye” droe klor’ ide
Tisilfocon A
tye” sil foe’ kon
Tisocalcitate
tye” soe kal’ si tate
Tixanox
tix’ a nox
Tixocortol Pivalate
tix” oh kor’ tol piv’ a late
Tizanidine Hydrochloride
tye zan’ i deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Toborinone
toe boe’ ri none
Tobramycin
toe” bra mye’ sin
366
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Tocainide
toe’ ka nide
Tocamphyl
toe kam’ fil
Tocilizumab
toe” si liz’ oo mab
Tocladesine
toe kla’ de seen
Tocophersolan
toe” koe fer’ soe lan
Tofenacin Hydrochloride
toe fen’ a sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Tofimilast
toe fim’ i last
Tolamolol
tole am’ oh lol
Tolazamide
tole az’ a mide
Tolcapone
tole’ ka pone
Tolciclate
tole sye’ klate
Tolevamer Potassium Sodium
tole ev’ a mer po tas’ ee um soe’ dee um
Tolevamer Sodium
tole ev’ a mer soe’ dee um
Tolfamide
tole’ fa mide
Tolgabide
tole’ ga bide
Tolimidone
tole i’ mi done
Tolindate
tole in’ date
Toliodium Chloride
tole” i oh’ di um klor’ ide
Tolmetin
tole’ met in
Tolmetin Sodium
tole’ met in soe’ dee um
Tolnaftate
tol naf’ tate
Tolofocon A
tole” oh foe’ kon
Tolpovidone I 131
tole poe’ vi done
Tolpyrramide
tole pir’ a mide
Tolrestat
tole’ re stat
Tolterodine
tol ter’ oh deen
Tolterodine Tartrate
tol ter’ oh deen tar’ trate
Toltrazuril
tole traz’ ue ril; tole traz’ ure il
Tolvaptan
tole’ vap tan
Tomelukast
toe” me loo’ kast
Tomopenem
toe” moe pen’ em
Tonazocine Mesylate
toe naz’ oh seen mes’ i late
Topiramate
toe pir’ a mate
Topixantrone
toe pix’ an trone
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
367
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Topotecan Hydrochloride
toe” poe tee’ kan hye” droe klor’ ide
Topterone
top’ te rone
Toquizine
toe’ kwi zeen
Toralizumab
tore” a liz’ oo mab
Torapsel
tore ap’ sel
Torcetrapib
tore set’ ra pib
Torcitabine
tore sye’ ta been
Toremifene Citrate
tore em’ i feen sit’ rate
Torsemide
tore’ se mide
Tosagestin
toe” sa jes’ tin
Tosifen
toe’ si fen
Tosufloxacin
toe” soo flox’ a sin
Totrombopag Choline
toe trom’ boe pag koe’ leen
Trabectedin
tra bek’ te din
Tracazolate
trak az’ oh late
Trafermin
tra fer’ min
Tralonide
tral’ oh nide
Tramadol Hydrochloride
tram’ a dol hye” droe klor’ ide
Tramazoline Hydrochloride
tra maz’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Tramiprosate
tram ip’ roe sate
Tranexamic Acid
tran ex am’ ik as’ id
Tranilast
tran’ i last
Transcainide
trans’ ka nide
Travoprost
trav’ oh prost
Traxoprodil Mesylate
trax oh’ pro dil mes’ i late
Trazodone Hydrochloride
traz’ oh done hye” droe klor’ ide
Trebenzomine Hydrochloride
tre ben’ zoe meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Trecetilide Fumarate
tre set’ i lide fue’ ma rate
Trecovirsen Sodium
tre” koe vir’ sen soe’ dee um
Trefentanil Hydrochloride
tre fen’ ta nil hye” droe klor’ ide
Treloxinate
tre lox’ i nate
Tremacamra
tre ma kam’ ra
Tremelimumab
tre” me lim’ ue mab
Trenbolone Acetate
tren’ boe lone as’ e tate
368
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Trepipam Maleate
tre’ pi pam mal’ ee ate
Treprostinil
tre prost’ i nil
Trestolone Acetate
tres’ toe lone as’ e tate
Tretinoin
tret’ i noin; tret’ i noe in
Triafungin
trye a fun’ jin
Triamcinolone Acetonide Sodium Phosphate
trye” am sin’ oh lone a seet’ oh nide soe’ dee um fos’ fate
Triamcinolone Hexacetonide
trye” am sin’ oh lone hex” a seet’ oh nide
Triampyzine Sulfate
trye am’ pi zeen sul’ fate
Triamterene
trye am’ ter een
Triazolam
trye az’ oh lam
Tribenoside
trye ben’ oh side
Tribromsalan
trye brome’ sa lan
Tricetamide
trye set’ a mide
Trichlorfon
trye klor’ fon
Triciribine Phosphate
trye sir’ i been fos’ fate
Triclocarban
trye” kloe kar’ ban
Triclofenol Piperazine
trye kloe’ fen ol pi per’ a zeen
Triclofos Sodium
trye’ kloe fos soe’ dee um
Triclonide
trye’ kloe nide
Triclosan
trye’ kloe san
Tridolgosir Hydrochloride
trye dole’ goe sir hye” droe klor’ ide
Trientine Hydrochloride
trye’ en teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Trifenagrel
trye fen’ a grel
Triflocin
trye floe’ sin
Triflubazam
trye floo’ ba zam
Triflumidate
trye floo’ mi date
Trifluperidol
trye floo per’ i dol
Trifluridine
trye flure’ i deen
Trilostane
trye’ loe stane
Trimazosin Hydrochloride
trye maz’ oh sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Trimegestone
trye me jes’ tone
Trimethoprim
trye meth’ oh prim
Trimethoprim Sulfate
trye meth’ oh prim sul’ fate
Trimetozine
trye met’ oh zeen
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
369
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Trimetrexate
trye” me trex’ ate
Trimetrexate Glucuronate
trye” me trex’ ate gloo kure’ oh nate
Trimipramine
trye mip’ ra meen
Trimipramine Maleate
trye mip’ ra meen mal’ ee ate
Trimoprostil
trye” moe prost’ il
Trimoxamine Hydrochloride
trye mox’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Trinecol (pullus)
trye’ ne kol pool’ us
Triolein I 125
trye’ oh leen
Triolein I 131
trye’ oh leen
Trioxifene Mesylate
trye ox’ i feen mes’ i late
Trioxsalen
trye ox’ sa len
Tripamide
trip’ a mide
Triptorelin
trip” toe rel’ in
Triptorelin Pamoate
trip” toe rel’ in pam’ oh ate
Tritiated Water
trit’ ee ay ted wa’ ter
Troclosene Potassium
troe’ kloe seen po tas’ ee um
Trodusquemine
troe doo’ skwe meen
Troglitazone
troe gli’ ta zone
Troleandomycin
troe” lee an” doe mye’ sin
Tromethamine
troe meth’ a meen
Tropanserin Hydrochloride
troe pan’ ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Tropantiol
troe” pan tye’ ol
Tropicamide
troe pik’ a mide
Trospectomycin Sulfate
troe spek” toe mye’ sin sul’ fate
Trospium Chloride
trose’ pee um klor’ ide
Trovafloxacin Mesylate
troe” va flox’ a sin mes’ i late
Troxacitabine
trox” a sye’ ta been
Tryptophan
trip’ toe fan
Tubulozole Hydrochloride
too bue’ loe zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Tucotuzumab Celmoleukin
too” koe tooz’ oo mab sel” moe loo’ kin
Tulathromycin
too lath” roe mye’ sin
Tuvirumab
too vir’ ue mab
Tybamate
tye bam’ ate
Tyloxapol
tye lox’ a pol
370
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Tyropanoate Sodium
tye” roe pa noe’ ate soe’ dee um
Tyrosine
tye’ roe seen
Uldazepam
ul daz’ e pam
Unifocon A
ue” ni foe’ kon
Uracil
ue’ ra sil; ure’ a sil
Uracil Mustard
ue’ ra sil; ure’ a sil mus’ tard
Uredepa
ure” e dee’ pa
Uredofos
ue red’ oh fos; ure e’ doe fos
Urofollitropin
ue” roe fol’ i troe” pin; ure” oh fol’ li troe” pin
Urokinase
ue” roe kye’ nase; ure oh kye’ nase
Urokinase Alfa
ue” roe kye’ nase al’ fa; ure oh kye’ nase al’ fa
Ursodiol
ur” soe dye’ ol
Vabicaserin Hydrochloride
va” bi ka” ser in hye” droe klor’ ide
Valacyclovir Hydrochloride
val” ay sye’ kloe vir hye” droe klor’ ide
Valategrast Hydrochloride
val” a teg’ rast hye” droe klor’ ide
Valdecoxib
val” de kox’ ib
Valganciclovir Hydrochloride
val” gan sye’ kloe vir hye” droe klor’ ide
Valine
val’ een
Valnoctamide
val nok’ ta mide
Valomaciclovir Stearate
val oh ma sye’ kloe vir steer’ ate
Valopicitabine Dihydrochloride
val oh” pi sye’ ta been dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Valproate Sodium
val’ proe ate soe’ dee um
Valproic Acid
val proe’ ik as’ id
Valrocemide
val roe’ se mide
Valrubicin
val roo’ bi sin
Valsartan
val sar’ tan
Valspodar
val’ spoe dar
Valtorcitabine Dihydrochloride
val tor sye’ ta been dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Vandetanib
van det’ a nib
Vapiprost Hydrochloride
va’ pi prost hye” droe klor’ ide
Vapitadine Dihydrochloride
va pi’ ta deen dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Vapreotide
va pree’ oh tide
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride
var den’ a fil dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Varenicline Tartrate
var en’ i kleen tar’ trate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
371
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Varespladib Sodium
var es’ pla dib soe’ dee um
Vasurfilcon A
vay” sur fil’ kon
Vatalanib
va tal’ a nib
Vecuronium Bromide
vek” ue roe’ nee um broe’ mide; vek’ ure oh” nee um broe’ mide
Vedaprofen
ved” a proe’ fen
Velafermin
vel” a fer’ min
Veliflapon
vel” i flap’ on
Velimogene Aliplasmid
ve lim’ oh jeen” al” i plas’ mid
Velnacrine Maleate
vel’ na kreen mal’ ee ate
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
ven” la fax’ een hye” droe klor’ ide
Veradoline Hydrochloride
ver ad’ oh leen hye” droe klor’ ide
Verapamil
ver ap’ a mil
Verapamil Hydrochloride
ver ap’ a mil hye” droe klor’ ide
Verilopam Hydrochloride
ver il’ oh pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Verlukast
ver loo’ kast
Vernakalant Hydrochloride
ver nayk’ a lant hye” droe klor’ ide
Verofylline
ver of’ i lin
Verpasep Caltespen
ver’ pa sep kal tes’ pen
Versetamide
ver set’ a mide
Verteporfin
ver” te pore’ fin
Vesnarinone
ves na’ ri none
Vestipitant Mesylate
ves tee’ pi tant mes’ i late
Vicriviroc Maleate
vi” kri vir’ ok mal’ ee ate
Vidarabine
vye dar’ a been
Vidarabine Phosphate
vye dar’ a been fos’ fate
Vidarabine Sodium Phosphate
vye dar’ a been soe’ dee um fos’ fate
Vifilcon A
vye fil’ kon
Vifilcon B
vye fil’ kon
Vigabatrin
vye ga’ ba trin
Vildagliptin
vil” da glip’ tin
Viloxazine Hydrochloride
vye lox’ a zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Vinafocon A
vin” a foe’ kon
Vinblastine Sulfate
vin blas’ teen sul’ fate
Vincofos
vin’ koe fos
372
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Vincristine Sulfate
vin kris’ teen sul’ fate
Vindesine
vin’ de seen
Vindesine Sulfate
vin’ de seen sul’ fate
Vinepidine Sulfate
vin ep’ i deen sul’ fate
Vinflunine Ditartrate
vin’ floo neen
Vinglycinate Sulfate
vin glye’ sin ate sul’ fate
Vinleurosine Sulfate
vin loor’ oh seen sul’ fate
Vinorelbine Tartrate
vin or’ el been tar’ trate
Vinpocetine
vin poe’ se teen
Vinrosidine Sulfate
vin roe’ zi deen sul’ fate
Vinzolidine Sulfate
vin zole’ i deen sul’ fate
Viprostol
vye prost’ ol
Virginiamycin
vir jin” ya mye’ sin
Viridofulvin
vir id” oh ful’ vin
Viroxime
vir ox’ eem
Visilizumab
vis” i liz’ oo mab
Vitespen
vye tes’ pen
Voclosporin
vok” loe spor’ in
Vofopitant Dihydrochloride
voe foe’ pi tant dye hye” droe klor’ ide
Voglibose
voe glye’ bose
Volazocine
voe laz’ oh seen
Volociximab
voe loe six’ i mab
Voriconazole
vor” i kon’ a zole
Vorinostat
vor in’ oh stat
Vorozole
vor’ oh zole
Votumumab
voe toom’ ue mab
Water O 15
wa’ ter
Xaliproden
zal ip’ roe den
Xamoterol
zam oh’ ter ol
Xamoterol Fumarate
zam oh’ ter ol fue’ ma rate
Xanomeline
zan oh’ me leen
Xanomeline Tartrate
zan oh’ me leen tar’ trate
Xanoxate Sodium
zan ox’ ate soe’ dee um
Xanthinol Niacinate
zan’ thi nol nye’ a sin ate
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
373
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Xemilofiban Hydrochloride
zem” i loe fye’ ban hye” droe klor’ ide
Xenalipin
zen” a li’ pin
Xenbucin
zen bue’ sin
Xenon Xe 133
zee’ non
Xilobam
zye’ loe bam
Ximelagatran
zye” mel a gat’ ran
Xipamide
zip’ a mide
Xorphanol Mesylate
zor’ fa nol mes’ i late
Xylamidine Tosylate
zye lam’ i deen toe’ si late
Xylazine Hydrochloride
zye’ la zeen hye” droe klor’ ide
Xylofilcon A
zye” loe fil’ kon
Yttrium Y 90 Epratuzumab
i’ tree um e” pra tooz’ oo mab
Yttrium Y 90 Epratuzumab Tetraxetan
i’ tree um e” pra tooz’ oo mab te trax’ e tan
Yttrium Y 90 Labetuzumab
i’ tree um la” be tooz’ oo mab
Yttrium Y 90 Labetuzumab Tetraxetan
i’ tree um la” be tooz’ oo mab te trax’ e tan
Yttrium Y 90 Tacatuzumab
i’ tree um tak” a tooz’ oo mab
Yttrium Y 90 Tacatuzumab Tetraxetan
i’ tree um tak” a tooz’ oo mab te trax’ e tan
Zacopride Hydrochloride
za’ koe pride hye” droe klor’ ide
Zafirlukast
za” fir loo’ kast
Zalcitabine
zal sye’ ta been
Zaleplon
zal’ e plon
Zalospirone Hydrochloride
zal” oh spye’ rone hye” droe klor’ ide
Zaltidine Hydrochloride
zal’ ti deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Zanamivir
zan am’ i vir
Zankiren Hydrochloride
zan kye’ ren hye” droe klor’ ide
Zanolimumab
zan” oh lim’ ue mab
Zanoterone
zan oh’ ter one
Zatosetron Maleate
za toe’ se tron mal’ ee ate
Zenarestat
zen a’ re stat
Zenazocine Mesylate
zen az’ oh seen mes’ i late
Zeniplatin
zen” i pla’ tin
Zeranol
zer’ a nol
Ziconotide
zye kon’ oh tide
Zidapamide
zye dap’ a mide
374
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Pronunciation Guide
Zidometacin
zye” doe met’ a sin
Zidovudine
zye doe’ vue deen
Zifrosilone
zye froe’ si lone
Zilantel
zye’ lan tel
Zileuton
zye loo’ ton
Zimeldine Hydrochloride
zye mel’ deen hye” droe klor’ ide
Zinc Carbonate
zink kar’ bo nate
Zinc Chloride Zn 65
zink klor’ ide
Zindotrine
zin’ doe treen
Zinoconazole Hydrochloride
zin” oh kon’ a zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Zinostatin
zin” oh stat’ in
Zinterol Hydrochloride
zin’ ter ol hye” droe klor’ ide
Zinviroxime
zin” vir ox’ eem
Ziprasidone Hydrochloride
zi pras’ i done hye” droe klor’ ide
Ziprasidone Mesylate
zi pras’ i done mes’ i late
Zofenopril Calcium
zoe fen’ oh pril kal’ see um
Zofenoprilat Arginine
zoe fen’ oh pril at
Zolamine Hydrochloride
zol’ a meen hye” droe klor’ ide
Zolazepam Hydrochloride
zoe laz’ e pam hye” droe klor’ ide
Zoledronate Disodium
zoe” le droe’ nate dye soe’ dee um
Zoledronate Trisodium
zoe” le droe’ nate trye soe’ dee um
Zoledronic Acid
zoe” le dron’ ik as’ id
Zolertine Hydrochloride
zoe’ ler teen hye” droe klor’ ide
Zolimomab Aritox
zoe lim’ oh mab ar’ i tox
Zolmitriptan
zole” mi trip’ tan
Zolpidem Tartrate
zole pi’ dem tar’ trate
Zomepirac Sodium
zoe me’ pir ak soe’ dee um
Zometapine
zoe met’ a peen
Zonampanel
zon am’ pa nel
Zoniclezole Hydrochloride
zoe nik’ le zole hye” droe klor’ ide
Zoniporide Mesylate
zoe nip’ or ide mes’ i late
Zonisamide
zoe nis’ a mide
Zopolrestat
zoe pol’ re stat
Zorbamycin
zor ba mye’ sin
APPENDIX 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
375
APPENDIx 2: Product Names and Corresponding Pronunciation Key
Drug Name
Pronunciation Guide
Zorubicin Hydrochloride
zoe roo’ bi sin hye” droe klor’ ide
Zosuquidar Trihydrochloride
zoe soo’ kwi dar trye hye” droe klor’ ide
Zotarolimus
zoe” tar oh’ li mus
Zucapsaicin
zoo kap say’ sin
Zuclomiphene
zoo kloe’ mi feen
376
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendices (MEDMARX Historical Findings)
Technical Appendix 1: Facility Characteristics, CY 2006 ................................................................................................................... 378
Technical Appendix 2: Error Category Index, CY 2002–CY 2006 ...................................................................................................... 379
Technical Appendix 3: Node, CY 2002–CY 2006 .............................................................................................................................. 380
Technical Appendix 4: Types of Error, CY 2002–CY 2006 ................................................................................................................. 381
Technical Appendix 5: Cross-Tabulation of Types of Error by Error Category Index, CY 2006 .......................................................... 382
Technical Appendix 6: Causes of Error, CY 2002–CY 2006 ............................................................................................................... 383
Technical Appendix 7: Cross-Tabulation of Causes of Error by Error Category Index, CY 2006 ........................................................... 386
Technical Appendix 8: Contributing Factors, CY 2002–CY 2006 ...................................................................................................... 389
Technical Appendix 9: Actions Taken as a Result of the Error, CY 2002–CY 2006 ............................................................................ 390
Technical Appendix 10: Level of Care Rendered as a Result of the Error, CY 2002–CY 2006 ............................................................ 391
Technical Appendix 11: Products Most Frequently Involved in Medication Errors (All Categories), CY 2006 .................................... 392
Technical Appendix 12: Products Most Frequently Involved in Harmful Medication Errors (Categories E–I), CY 2006 ...................... 393
Technical Appendix 13: Products and Error Descriptions, Category I (Patient Deaths), CY 2006 ...................................................... 396
377
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 1: Facility Characteristics, CY 2006
TYPE OF FACILITY
n
BED SIZE
%
n
%
Ambulatory or other outpatient clinic
99
19.1
No-bed facility
109
21.0
Critical Access Hospital
53
10.2
<50
141
27.2
307
59.2
50–99
63
12.1
General Community Hospital
2
0.4
100–199
74
14.3
13
2.5
200–299
56
10.8
Specialty/Children’s Hospital
4
0.8
300–399
37
7.1
Specialty/Psychiatric Hospital or Residential Treatment
Center
5
1.0
≥400
37
7.1
34
6.6
2
0.4
2
0.4
Long-Term Care/Domicile Care Unit/Nursing Home
Outpatient Pharmacy
University Hospital
Did not specify
Total
TYPE OF FACILITY
519
n
Government, federal
Government, nonfederal (state/city/county)
Non-government nonprofit
%
207
39.9
51
9.8
256
49.3
For-profit
3
0.6
Did not specify
2
0.4
Total
378
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
519
Did not specify
Total
519
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 2: Error Category Index, CY 2002–CY 2006
CATEGORY
CY 2002
n
CY 2003
%
n
CY 2004
%
n
CY 2005
%
n
CY 2006
%
n
%
A
30,111
15.6
37,023
15.7 5.7
35,162
14.1
23,698
10.7
17,906
10.2
B
67,707
35.2
90,296
38.4
105,179
42.3
95,412
43.2
74,786
42.4
C
79,267
41.2
90,012
38.3
90,724
36.5
85,286
38.6
70,845
40.2
D
12,179
6.3
14,271
6.1
14,444
5.8
13,661
6.2
10,635
6.0
E
2,600
1.35
2,845
1.2
2,528
1.02
2,305
1.04
1,742
1.0
F
514
0.27
574
0.24
569
0.23
523
0.24
408
0.2
G
32
0.02
40
0.02
29
0.01
33
0.01
23
0.01
H
47
0.02
74
0.03
66
0.03
65
0.03
50
0.03
I
20
0.01
24
0.01
32
0.01
17
0.01
14
0.01
TOTAL
% Harmful
192,477
235,159
1.67
248,733
1.51
221,000
1.30
176,409
1.33
1.25
379
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 3: Node, CY 2002–CY 2006
CY 2002
Node
Procurementb
Prescribing
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
322
›1
1,355
1
34,650
21
45,993
23
54,273
26
43,228
22
31,308
20
Transcribing/Documenting
37,301
23
45,695
23
44,921
21
41,732
21
30,682
19
Dispensing
35,016
22
43,481
22
50,492
24
51,051
26
47,147
30
Administering
53,612
33
60,788
31
61,373
29
59,018
30
46,320
29
1,758
1
2,179
1
2,062
1
1,962
1
1,691
1
29
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Monitoring
Data not provided
a
b
Percentages have been rounded.
Selection added during CY 2005.
380
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 4: Types of Error, CY 2002–CY 2006
Type of Error
CY 2002
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
Improper dose/quantity
44,593
26
49,100
23
58,861
24
54,034
24
43,958
25
Omission error
44,786
26
52,078
24
52,945
21
51,793
23
39,253
22
Prescribing error
32,416
19
48,954
22
59,972
24
42,081
19
29,809
17
Unauthorized/wrong drug
19,409
11
22,635
10
27,302
11
32,772
15
28,350
16
Wrong time
12,103
7
14,116
6
16,923
7
16,511
7
12,007
7
Extra dose
8,704
5
11,465
5
14,334
6
13,994
6
10,333
6
Wrong patient
8,196
5
10,647
5
12,546
5
11,011
5
9,656
6
Wrong dosage form
3,611
2
5,799
3
6,509
3
5,881
3
5,260
3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
23
<1
6,127
3
9,217
5
Drug prepared incorrectly
7,204
4
10,591
5
12,291
5
3,540
2
2,832
2
Wrong administration technique
2,372
1
2,669
1
3,790
2
3,599
2
2,670
2
Wrong route
2,738
2
3,273
2
3,649
2
3,451
2
3,066
2
Expired product
26
<1
632
<1
870
<1
809
<1
925
<1
Deteriorated product
55
<1
288
<1
730
<1
754
<1
688
<1
Type not determined
c
103
<1
16,980
8
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Number of selections
186,316
249,227
270,745
246,357
198,024
Number of records
174,930
218,347
247,250
221,000
176,401
Mislabelingb
a
b
c
Percentages have been rounded.
Selection added during CY 2004.
Selection no longer available in the pick list.
381
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 5: Cross-Tabulation of Types of Error by Error Category Index,
CY 2006
Nonharmful
Type of Error
n
Harmful
%
n
%
Wrong administration technique
2,534
94.9
136
5.1
Drug prepared incorrectly
2,780
98.2
52
1.8
Wrong route
3,012
98.2
54
1.8
38,658
98.5
595
1.5
Improper dose/quantity
43,310
98.5
648
1.5
Extra dose
10,200
98.7
133
1.3
Unauthorized/wrong drug
28,010
98.8
340
1.2
Prescribing error
29,533
99.1
276
0.9
Wrong time
11,900
99.1
107
0.9
Omission error
Deteriorated product
683
99.3
5
0.7
Wrong dosage form
5,224
99.3
36
0.7
Wrong patient
9,599
99.4
57
0.6
Mislabeling
9,199
99.8
18
0.2
924
99.9
1
0.1
a
Expired product
Total
Number of Selections
Number of Records
a
Selection added during CY 2004.
382
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
198,024
176,401
195,566
2,458
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 6: Causes of Error, CY 2002–CY 2006
Cause of Error
CY 2002
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
Performance deficit
63,954
37
81,024
38
95,542
39
93,618
42
81,282
46
Procedure/protocol not followed
28,857
17
35,937
17
41,295
17
41,069
19
34,880
20
Computer entry
17,998
10
27,711
13
29,483
12
30,898
14
24,715
14
Communication
16,336
9
16,614
8
24,987
10
24,248
11
18,190
10
Transcription inaccurate/omitted
22,572
13
28,029
13
26,192
11
24,074
11
18,983
11
Knowledge deficit
17,198
10
24,099
11
24,235
10
21,703
10
20,067
11
Documentation
17,788
10
25,490
12
29,748
12
20,954
10
17,023
10
n/a
n/a
7,029
3
13,647
6
12,325
6
10,752
6
9,522
5
11,223
5
14,130
6
11,981
5
6,758
4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
9,848
4
11,437
5
6,775
4
Computerized prescriber order entryb
Written order
Workflow disruption
b
Abbreviations
2,356
1
7,464
4
14,775
6
9,889
4
5,322
3
Monitoring inadequate/lacking
4,374
3
5,486
3
5,644
2
8,467
4
5,692
3
System safeguard(s)
4,937
3
6,867
3
5,907
2
6,833
3
4,510
3
n/a
n/a
7
<1
4,714
2
5,395
2
5,007
3
Drug distribution system
16,316
9
9,220
4
4,852
2
5,014
2
3,853
2
Handwriting illegible/unclear
4,924
3
6,134
3
6,450
3
4,972
2
3,433
2
Calculation error
3,862
2
6,264
3
6,997
3
4,865
2
5,045
3
Dispensing device involved
12,371
7
8,862
4
5,666
2
4,400
2
3,181
2
Dosage form confusion
3,487
2
4,687
2
5,257
2
4,335
2
3,463
2
Patient identification failure
b
Contraindicated, drug allergy
2,655
2
3,540
2
4,190
2
3,585
2
2,688
2
Verbal order
3,038
2
3,385
2
3,941
2
3,320
2
2,338
1
Incorrect medication activation
1,527
1
1,790
1
2,423
1
3,236
2
1,940
1
Brand/generic names look alike
2,775
2
2,869
1
3,183
1
3,189
1
2,520
1
Computer software
1,380
1
3,391
2
3,811
2
3,096
1
3,236
2
Preprinted medication order form
1,860
1
2,250
1
2,961
1
2,899
1
2,667
2
Continued next page >
383
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 6: Causes of Error, CY 2002–CY 2006 (continued)
Cause of Error
CY 2002
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
Fax/scanner involved
3,003
2
3,965
2
4,436
2
2,837
1
1,845
1
Generic names look alike
1,485
1
1,966
1
2,435
1
2,325
1
2,078
1
Labeling (your facility’s)
1,453
1
1,999
1
2,173
1
2,273
1
1,464
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
<1
2,254
1
2,605
1
1,997
1
2,636
1
2,719
1
2,179
1
1,921
1
5
<1
956
<1
1,907
1
2,157
1
1,858
1
1,733
1
1,835
1
2,032
1
2,099
1
1,925
1
Brand/generic names sound alike
1,675
1
2,176
1
2,275
1
2,088
1
1,744
1
Pump, improper use
1,433
1
1,771
1
1,910
1
1,975
1
1,455
1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
20
<1
1,920
1
1,219
1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1,833
1
6,930
4
Similar products
Brand names look alike
Storage proximity
Similar packaging/labeling
Reconciliation-transition
MAR variance
b
b
Information management system
959
1
1,467
1
1,231
1
1,733
1
1,176
1
Generic names sound alike
1,097
1
1,520
1
1,811
1
1,690
1
1,516
1
Brand names sound alike
1,755
1
1,894
1
1,700
1
1,407
1
1,293
1
Packaging/container design
1,537
1
1,756
1
1,719
1
1,406
1
1,217
1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
26
<1
979
<1
1,656
1
Reconciliation-admission
b
3
<1
2,561
1
1,896
1
841
<1
872
<1
Contraindicated, drug/drug
1,092
1
1,496
1
1,062
<1
829
<1
704
<1
Label (your facility’s) design
1,029
1
788
<1
846
<1
707
<1
478
<1
Non-formulary drug
835
<1
927
<1
951
<1
643
<1
454
<1
b
Blanket orders
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
417
<1
581
<1
410
<1
Label (manufacturer’s) design
709
<1
924
<1
733
<1
580
<1
400
<1
Equipment (not pumps)b
n/a
n/a
1
<1
408
<1
453
<1
329
<1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
7
<1
424
<1
309
<1
1
<1
299
<1
393
<1
420
<1
350
<1
309
<1
397
<1
482
<1
382
<1
301
<1
Decimal point
Reconciliation-discharge
b
Repackaging by your facility
Diluent wrong
Continued next page >
384
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 6: Causes of Error, CY 2002–CY 2006 (continued)
Cause of Error
CY 2002
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
Drug shortageb
n/a
n/a
538
<1
626
<1
379
<1
295
<1
Pump, failure/malfunction
413
<1
415
<1
391
<1
371
<1
252
<1
Contraindicated in disease
503
<1
534
<1
504
<1
360
<1
315
<1
Leading zero missing
128
<1
548
<1
1,073
<1
339
<1
160
<1
Override
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
302
<1
1,183
1
Prefix/suffix misinterpreted
183
<1
250
<1
279
<1
237
<1
161
<1
Equipment design
469
<1
764
<1
263
<1
231
<1
192
<1
Nonmetric units used
129
<1
261
<1
276
<1
204
<1
101
<1
Trailing/terminal zero
116
<1
238
<1
445
<1
190
<1
83
<1
Reference material
144
<1
195
<1
183
<1
180
<1
160
<1
Computer screen display unclear/
confusingb
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
137
<1
Barcode, failure to scanb
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
114
<1
Measuring device
137
<1
208
<1
165
<1
109
<1
102
<1
Weight
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
73
<1
185
<1
Contraindicated in pregnancy/
breastfeedingb
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
63
<1
75
<1
Repackaging by other facilityb
n/a
n/a
58
<1
72
<1
60
<1
49
<1
Unlabeled syringe/container
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
<1
49
<1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
41
<1
34
<1
84
<1
94
<1
44
<1
41
<1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
20
<1
b
b
b
Barcode, override warningb
Contraindicated, drug/food
Barcode, medication mislabeled
b
Number of selections
Number of records
284,453
364,799
427,852
405,976
334,544
174,053
212,754
245,922
221,000
176,401
a Percentages have been rounded.
b Selection not available all five years.
385
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 7: Cross-Tabulation of Causes of Error by Error Category Index,
CY 2006
Cause of Error
Nonharmful
Harmful
(Category A–D)
(Category E–I)
n
Contraindicated, drug/food
Pump, failure/malfunction
%
38
n
92.7
%
3
7.3
236
93.7
16
6.3
1,371
94.2
84
5.8
Diluent wrong
284
94.4
17
5.6
Contraindicated in disease
298
94.6
17
5.4
Barcode, medication mislabeled
19
95.0
1
5.0
Measuring device
97
95.1
5
4.9
Equipment design
184
95.8
8
4.2
72
96.0
3
4.0
2,598
96.7
90
3.3
Pump, improper use
Contraindicated in pregnancy/breastfeeding
Contraindicated, drug allergy
Weight
179
96.8
6
3.2
Reconciliation-admission
1,606
97.0
50
3.0
Monitoring inadequate/lacking
5,521
97.0
171
3.0
300
97.1
9
2.9
Reconciliation-discharge
Decimal point
441
97.1
13
2.9
System safeguard(s)
4,387
97.3
123
2.7
Incorrect medication activation
1,891
97.5
49
2.5
Reference material
156
97.5
4
2.5
Prefix/suffix misinterpreted
157
97.5
4
2.5
Trailing/terminal zero
81
97.6
2
2.4
Label (your facility’s) design
467
97.7
11
2.3
Equipment (not pumps) failure/malfunction
322
97.9
7
2.1
48
98.0
1
2.0
289
98.0
6
2.0
99
98.0
2
2.0
Repackaging by other facility
Drug shortage
Non-metric units used
Continued next page >
386
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 7: Cross-Tabulation of Causes of Error by Error Category Index,
CY 2006 (continued)
Cause of Error
Nonharmful
Harmful
(Category A–D)
(Category E–I)
n
%
n
%
Communication
17,832
98.0
358
2.0
Procedure/protocol not followed
34,195
98.0
685
2.0
Information management system
1,153
98.0
23
2.0
19,690
98.1
377
1.9
6,640
98.3
118
1.7
Knowledge deficit
Written order
Packaging/container design
1,196
98.3
21
1.7
Handwriting illegible/unclear
3,380
98.5
53
1.5
Calculation error
4,968
98.5
77
1.5
Reconciliation-transition
1,201
98.5
18
1.5
Fax/scanner involved
1,818
98.5
27
1.5
Preprinted medication order form
2,628
98.5
39
1.5
135
98.5
2
1.5
Labeling (your facility’s)
1,443
98.6
21
1.4
Similar packaging/labeling
1,898
98.6
27
1.4
Dispensing device involved
3,139
98.7
42
1.3
Drug distribution system
3,803
98.7
50
1.3
Verbal order
2,308
98.7
30
1.3
80,255
98.7
1,027
1.3
Computer screen display unclear/confusing
Performance deficit
Leading zero missing
158
98.8
2
1.3
18,767
98.9
216
1.1
696
98.9
8
1.1
Dosage form confusion
3,424
98.9
39
1.1
MAR variance
6,859
99.0
71
1.0
1,171
99.0
12
1.0
396
99.0
4
1.0
Transcription inaccurate/omitted
Contraindicated, drug/drug
Override
Label (manufacturer’s) design
Continued next page >
387
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 7: Cross-Tabulation of Causes of Error by Error Category Index,
CY 2006 (continued)
Cause of Error
Nonharmful
Harmful
(Category A–D)
(Category E–I)
n
%
n
%
Generic names sound alike
1,501
99.0
15
1.0
Computer software
3,204
99.0
32
1.0
Blanket orders
406
99.0
4
1.0
Non-formulary drug
864
99.1
8
0.9
113
99.1
1
0.9
16,875
99.1
148
0.9
2,060
99.1
18
0.9
347
99.1
3
0.9
Barcode, failure to scan
Documentation
Generic names look alike
Repackaging by your facility
Brand names sound alike
1,282
99.1
11
0.9
Brand/generic names sound alike
1,730
99.2
14
0.8
Patient identification failure
4,967
99.2
40
0.8
Brand/generic names look alike
2,501
99.2
19
0.8
Storage proximity
1,845
99.3
13
0.7
Workflow disruption
6,728
99.3
47
0.7
24,550
99.3
165
0.7
Brand names look alike
1,909
99.4
12
0.6
Similar products
2,594
99.6
11
0.4
Computer entry
Abbreviations
5,305
99.7
17
0.3
10,727
99.8
25
0.2
Barcode, override warning
41
100
0
0.0
Unlabeled syringe/container
49
100
0
0.0
Computerized prescriber order entry
Number of selections
334,544
Number of records
176,401
388
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 8: Contributing Factors, CY 2002–CY 2006
CY 2002
Contributing Factor
n
Patient names similar/sameb
Distractions
Staffing, alternative hours
Workload increase
Cross coverage
Staff, agency/temporary
Emergency situation
Imprint, identification failure
b
No 24-hour pharmacy
Poor lighting
Staff, floating
Computer system/network down
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
n/a
n/a
2
<1
1,176
2
1,123
2
908
2
16,050
43
21,333
43
26,515
47
24,362
47
19,706
48
581
2
650
1
620
1
595
1
401
1
8,362
22
9,959
20
15,386
27
13,700
26
9,676
23
929
3
1,799
4
3,553
6
3,705
7
2,607
6
1,888
5
2,176
4
1,751
3
1,572
3
1,589
4
1,684
5
1,974
4
1,740
3
1,560
3
1,226
3
n/a
n/a
8
<1
941
2
2,819
5
1,302
3
1,414
4
1,214
2
1,649
3
1,576
3
1,520
4
230
1
257
1
284
<1
200
<1
205
<1
1,023
3
1,353
3
1,239
2
1,305
3
940
2
3
<1
718
1
800
1
793
2
636
2
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
316
1
1,034
3
No access to patient information
690
2
1,672
3
1,411
3
927
2
933
2
Patient transfer
n/a
n/a
1,690
3
2,331
4
2,524
5
1,799
4
Staff, inexperienced
6,803
18
8,381
17
8,445
15
9,635
19
10,202
25
Staffing, insufficient
4,861
13
4,638
9
4,647
8
4,272
8
3,261
8
Fatigue
b
b
Code situation
390
1
503
1
597
1
493
1
317
<1
Range ordersb
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
170
<1
264
1
203
<1
2,248
6
2,440
5
2,630
5
2,451
5
1951
5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
39
<1
Shift change
Barcode, missing
b
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
<1
Barcode, non-readableb
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
8
<1
Language barrier
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
6
<1
Barcode, system non-functional
b
b
Number of selections
47,156
60, 767
75,885
74,192
60,487
Number of records
37,422
50,101
57,010
52,011
41,452
a Percentages have been rounded.
b Selection not available all five years.
389
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 9: Actions Taken as a Result of the Error, CY 2002—CY2006
CY 2002
Actions
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
Informed staff who made the initial error
48,507
65
62,364
55
74,621
56
68,665
56
55,426
56
Informed staff who was also involved in error
13,267
18
20,314
18
19,703
15
18,054
15
15,145
15
n/a
n/a
7,897
7
17,933
13
20,194
16
16,859
17
14,509
19
19,711
18
24,136
18
20,053
16
16,315
17
Informed patient’s physician
b
Education/Training provided
None
8,031
11
13,382
12
16,768
13
15,946
13
12,606
13
Communication process enhanced
8,642
12
16,712
15
17,959
13
13,810
11
11,429
12
Informed patient/caregiver of medication error
4,390
6
6,249
6
7,209
5
7,066
6
5,317
5
Computer software modified/obtained
748
1
971
1
1,167
1
1,130
1
1,129
1
Environment modified
749
1
873
1
843
1
790
1
615
<1
Policy/Procedure changed
746
1
1,588
1
842
1
817
1
678
<1
Policy/Procedure instituted
488
1
577
1
662
<1
552
<1
682
<1
Formulary changed
197
<1
265
<1
194
<1
172
<1
108
<1
Staffing practice/policy modified
760
1
956
1
1,346
1
933
1
532
<1
Number of selections
Number of records
Percent of records with selections
a Percentages have been rounded.
b Selection added during CY 2003.
390
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
101,034
151,859
183,383
168,182
136,841
74,796
112,607
134,097
122,423
98,899
39
48
54
55
56
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 10: Level of Care Rendered as a Result of the Error,
CY 2002–CY 2006
Level of Care
None
CY 2002
n
CY 2003
%
a
n
CY 2004
%
a
n
CY 2005
%
a
n
CY 2006
%
a
n
%
a
29,560
72
62,240
75
52,104
69
45,477
66
37,442
65
4,271
10
11,762
14
11,297
15
8,779
13
6,940
12
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,656
5
6,350
9
6,685
12
Observation initiated/increased
4,891
12
6,425
8
6,323
8
5,828
9
4,719
8
Laboratory tests performed
2,700
7
3,342
4
3,139
4
2,889
4
2,357
4
Vital signs monitoring initiated/increased
Drug therapy initiated/changed
Delay in diagnosis/treatment/surgeryb
2,301
6
3,120
4
3,066
4
2,887
4
2,161
4
Antidote administered
297
1
661
1
670
1
570
1
548
1
Hospitalization, prolonged 1–5 days
453
1
502
1
471
1
395
1
340
<1
Transferred to a higher level of care
237
1
306
<1
304
<1
309
<1
268
<1
Oxygen administered
204
<1
270
<1
238
<1
233
<1
188
<1
X-ray, CAT, MRI, or other diagnostic test(s)
performed
158
<1
168
<1
167
<1
153
<1
122
<1
Narcotic antagonist administered
135
<1
181
<1
187
<1
182
<1
115
<1
Hospitalization, initial
122
<1
123
<1
120
<1
144
<1
87
<1
Blood product infusionb
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
20
<1
36
<1
30
<1
Airway established/patient ventilated
91
<1
37
<1
30
<1
22
<1
28
<1
Surgery performed
19
<1
26
<1
33
<1
23
<1
26
<1
Hospitalization, prolonged 6–10 days
23
<1
15
<1
23
<1
25
<1
21
<1
44
<1
33
<1
33
<1
22
<1
17
<1
n/a
<1
15
<1
10
<1
6
<1
11
<1
Hospitalization, prolonged more than 10
days
19
<1
10
<1
14
<1
12
<1
8
<1
Cardiac defibrillation performed
20
<1
10
<1
12
<1
7
<1
5
<1
CPR administered
Dialysisb
Number of selections
45,545
89,246
81,917
74,349
62,118
Number of records
40,846
83,224
76,011
68,532
57,230
a Percentages have been rounded.
b Selection not available all five years.
391
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 11: Products Most Frequently Involved in Medication Errors
(All Categories), CY 2006
Generic Name
n
%
7,492
3.9
4,481
2.3
4,269
2.2
Vancomycin
3,308
1.7
Heparin
Insulina
Potassium Chloride
Morphine
a
a
3,216
1.7
Albuterol
3,137
1.6
Cefazolin
2,957
1.5
a
2,658
1.4
a
2,611
1.4
Furosemide
2,600
1.4
Acetaminophen
2,451
1.3
Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen
2,326
1.2
Levofloxacin
2,146
1.1
Warfarin
a
Enoxaparin
Oxycodone and Acetaminophen
1,917
1.0
Metoprolol Tartrate
1,915
1.0
Lorazepam
1,875
1.0
1,788
0.9
1,739
0.9
Aspirin
Hydromorphone
a
Lisinopril
1,662
0.9
Levothyroxine
1,601
0.8
Piperacillin and Tazobactam
1,553
0.8
Ibuprofen
1,546
0.8
Ceftriaxone
1,536
0.8
Simvastatin
1,458
0.8
Fentanyl
1,435
0.7
a
Note: Data based on 166,871 records associated with 191,874 selections and 1,514 unique
products
a A high-alert medication
392
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 12: Products Most Frequently Involved in Harmful Medication
Errors (Categories E–I), CY 2006
Generic Name
Insulina
Morphine
Heparin
a
a
Hydromorphone
a
n
%
428
16.2
123
4.6
83
3.1
71
2.7
a
61
2.3
Fentanyla
59
2.2
Potassium Chloridea
53
2.0
Vancomycin
45
1.7
Enoxaparin
Warfarin
44
1.7
Diltiazem
37
1.4
Furosemide
31
1.2
Total Parenteral Nutrition
28
1.1
Promethazine
25
0.9
a
Levofloxacin
23
0.9
Oxycodone
22
0.8
Ceftriaxone
21
0.8
Midazolam
21
0.8
Phenytoin
21
0.8
Clonidine
20
0.8
Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen
20
0.8
Sodium Chloride
20
0.8
Lorazepam
19
0.7
Meperidine
19
0.7
Metoprolol Tartrate
19
0.7
Cefazolin
18
0.7
Note: Data based on 2,209 records associated with 2,650 selections and 435 unique
products
a A high-alert medication
393
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 13: Products and Error Descriptions, Category I (Patient Deaths),
CY 2006
Generic Name
Error Description
Calcium Gluconate
Dextrose 50%
Furosemide
Insulin
Morphine
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
An emergency room patient’s admission to the hospital unit was delayed due to multiple patient transfers. The
medications to correct hyperkalemia were not given until the patient reached the unit. As a result of delay, the
patient’s condition deteriorated and the patient expired.
Clopidogrel
Enoxaparin
Fentanyl
Gabapentin
Oxybutynin Transdermal
Propoxyphene Napsylate
Risperidone
Warfarin
Zolpidem
An elderly patient fell and sustained a large subdural hematoma. The combination of numerous blood thinning
agents among the patient’s medications contributed to the death.
Enoxaparin
The inaccurate recording a patient’s weight as 130 kilograms instead of 130 pounds resulted in an excessive dose of
enoxaparin administered over several days. The elderly patient sustained intracranial bleeding and expired.
Fentanyl
A physician intended to order transdermal patch of fentanyl 25 mcg/hour. During computer entry, the physician selected transdermal patch fentanyl 75 mcg/hour because it was listed first on the screen. The order was processed
and the medication dispensed. The patient, who was between the ages of 40 and 50 years, was found unresponsive at home the following day, with the death being attributed to the excessive dose of fentanyl.
Fentanyl
A patient between the ages of 50 and 60 years received one transdermal fentanyl patch (75 mcg/hour). The patient
expired at home, with the cause attributed to an irregular heart rhythm induced by multiple-drug intoxication.
Heparin
An elderly patient received an incorrect dose of heparin. Contributing to the error was an inexperienced staff member temporarily assigned to the unit (i.e., a floating staff member).
Continued next page >
394
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
Technical Appendix 13: Products and Error Descriptions, Category I (Patient Deaths),
CY 2006 (continued)
Generic Name
Error Description
Heparin
An elderly anemic patient over the age of 85 years received a heparin infusion. The patient developed bleeding,
and an antidote was ordered. The nursing unit received the antidote, but it was the wrong amount. A second order
was sent to the pharmacy, but was not marked as “STAT”. There was a delay in the patient receiving the medication.
Lamotrigine
A patient over 60 years of age was ordered 100 mg of lamotrigine four times daily (for a total daily dose of 400 mg).
The patient actually received a 400 mg dose, four times a day (total daily dose of 1,600 mg). It was thought that a
verbal telephone order contributed to the patient receiving the excessive dose.
Metformin
An elderly diabetic patient over the age of 85 years was receiving metformin prior to hospitalization. While the patient was in the emergency room, it was noted that there were abnormal liver function and renal tests. The patient
underwent a CT scan with contrast media. There were no orders to hold the metformin, nor did radiology staff initiate renal protective measures. As a result of the oversight, the patient developed renal failure requiring dialysis.
The patient subsequently expired.
Norepinephrine
An error in programming an infusion device led to a child of less than 16 years of age receiving too little medication,
which resulted in hypotension and the child’s death.
Pancuronium
A dose of pancuronium (a paralyzing agent) was given in error as a patient was being extubated from the ventilator.
The patient expired.
Phytonadione
An adult patient with advanced liver disease presented to an emergency department. An order was given to administer phytonadione 10 mg intravenously. A nurse administered the medication. The patient became unresponsive
soon afterwards, and cardio-respiratory resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful. It was determined that the
medication should not have been ordered nor should it have been given intravenously.
Phytonadione
A patient (age not specified) was ordered an intravenous dose of phytonadione 10 mg. A nurse obtained the
medication from an automated dispensing cabinet and administered the medication intravenously over 10 minutes.
After receiving the medication, the patient became bradycardic, apneic, and unresponsive. Cardio-respiratory
resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful.
395
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
396
MEDMARX DATA REPORT
GLOSSARY
Glossary
Abbreviations—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Includes
symbols and acronyms.
Administering—A phase (node) in the medication use process where
the drug product and patient interface. It follows the documenting and/
or dispensing nodes and precedes the monitoring node. Administering
activities (e.g., MAR/patient armband check) may begin in the patient care
unit, care delivery area, or patient bedside and continue through actual
drug administration to the patient. Includes giving the right medication
to the right patient at the right time and informing the patient about the
medication.
Brand names look alike—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Brand names of different products look similar.
Brand names sound alike—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Brand name of another product sound similar.
Brand/generic look alike—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
The brand name of one product and the generic names of different products
look similar.
Calculation error—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A
miscalculation occurred when trying to determine a mathematical value.
Category Index—A classification system developed by the National
Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention to
group medication errors by their outcomes into one of nine categories
(A–I).
Code situation—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. An
emergency situation in which a specialized team of healthcare professionals
is summoned to the scene by an agreed-upon signal (e.g., code blue) to
deliver immediate life support measures to a patient.
Communication—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Involves
communication that is confusing, intimidating, or lacking between staff,
between hospital staff and patient/family, or between hospital staff and
another facility’s staff.
Computer entry—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Incorrect
or incomplete information was entered into a computer system associated
with the medication use process.
Computerized prescriber order entry—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX
pick list. A medication error occurs in the prescribing node (phase) of
the medication use process due to the incorrect or incomplete entry of
a medication order/prescription into the computer system by a licensed
prescriber.
Contraindicated, drug allergy—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick
list. A patient is prescribed, dispensed, or administered a medication for
which there is a documented drug/food interaction.
Cross coverage—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. A
healthcare professional who does not have initial/primary responsibility
for a patient but is temporarily assuming responsibility for a specified
time period (e.g., lunch break, weekend, holiday) and therefore may have
inadequate knowledge of the patient.
Deteriorated product—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A product
in which the physical or chemical integrity may have been compromised by
improper storage, light exposure, temperature, container type, etc.
Dispensing—A phase (node) in the medication use process that begins
with a pharmacist’s assessment of a medication order and continues to the
point of releasing the product for use by another healthcare professional.
Dispensing activities include order review, entry/processing, preparing,
and dispensing (including stocking automated dispensing devices).
Dispensing device involved—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Includes automated counting and vending systems.
Distractions—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. Events
that interfere with or interrupt an individual’s concentrating on the original
focus of attention.
Documentation—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX list that is a record of
pertinent information that is inaccurate or lacking.
397
GLOSSARY
Dosage form confusion—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Confusion due to similarity in color, shape, and/or size to another product,
or to a different strength of the same product.
Drug distribution system—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Includes stocking (e.g., automated drug dispensing machines), storage,
cart filling, and transportation.
Drug prepared incorrectly—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Incorrect preparation/formulation of a drug product (e.g., incorrectly
reconstituted or diluted).
Emergency situation—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. A
serious situation or occurrence that is unexpected and demands immediate
action.
Expired product—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A product
that must be removed from stock due to its expiration date, according to
policies and procedures.
Extra dose—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Involves a duplicate
dose administered at a different time. Note: A dose administered after the
order was discontinued is considered an Unauthorized/wrong drug.
Fax/scanner involved—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A
faxed version of the medication order is not accurately transmitted (e.g.,
the faxed version is too light to read, paper lines may interfere with correct
interpretation of the order).
Gatekeeper—An individual at the local facility who may assign administrative
rights (i.e., access levels to the MEDMARX program) to multiple MEDMARX
users within the facility. Gatekeeper(s) can train facility staff to ensure that
MEDMARX records are accurate, complete, and updated with all necessary
information.
Handwriting illegible/unclear—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick
list. Handwriting that is not legible and/or not obvious to the individual
who is trying to interpret the written information.
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Harm—Death, or a temporary or permanent impairment of body function/
structure requiring intervention. Intervention may include monitoring
the patient’s condition, change in therapy, or active medical or surgical
treatment. Definition established by the National Coordinating Council for
Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP), 1996.
Imprint identification failure—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX
pick list. Improper imprinting of patient information on charts or orders
resulting in information that is wrong, incomplete, unclear, or missing.
Improper dose/quantity—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Involves any dose or strength that differs from the prescribed dose or
strength. Includes incorrect quantity (e.g., tablets, vials) dispensed.
Knowledge deficit—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Lack of
understanding; the person did not know better (e.g., a new drug enters the
market and the healthcare professional is not aware of its release).
MAR—Medication administration record.
Medication error—Any preventable event that may cause or lead to
inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in
the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer. Such
events may be related to professional practice, healthcare products,
procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communications;
product labeling, packaging, and nomenclature; compounding; dispensing;
distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use. Source:
The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and
Prevention (NCC MERP), 1995.
MEDMARX—The Internet-accessible medication error reporting program
operated by the U.S. Pharmacopeia that complements quality improvement
activities at the local and national levels. MEDMARX is available through a
subscription service.
Mislabeling—The drug product was labeled incorrectly.
GLOSSARY
Monitoring—A phase (node) in the medication use process that involves
evaluating the patient’s physical, emotional, or psychological response to
the medication and recording such findings.
Monitoring inadequate/lacking—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick
list. Includes monitoring of blood levels, vital signs, and the like.
NCC MERP—The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error
Reporting and Prevention.
No 24-hour pharmacy—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list.
The institution does not have a pharmacist present 24 hours daily.
No access to patient information—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX
pick list. Lacking access to pertinent patient information, resulting in
inadequate knowledge of the patient. This information may include
medication history, medical diagnosis, medical/surgical history, etc. Note:
Failure by the healthcare professional to seek or review available patient
information is a Cause of error and should be coded as a Performance
deficit (chosen from the Cause of error pick list).
Node—A phase in the medication use process (e.g., prescribing,
documenting, dispensing, administering, monitoring).
Poor lighting—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. The
lighting where the initial medication error occurred is inadequate.
Preprinted medication order form—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX
pick list. The format, type, size/font, quality, etc. of the medication order
form caused an order to be misinterpreted.
Prescribing—The phase (node) in the medication use process that involves
an action of a legitimate prescriber to issue a medication order. This phase
precedes the documenting node.
Prescribing error—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Involves an
incorrectly prescribed or authorized order (written or verbal).
Procedure/protocol not followed—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX
pick list. Includes, for example, established drug regimens, multiple
checkpoints.
Product—The nonproprietary (generic) name of the pharmaceutical
agent(s) reported to be involved in an error.
Range orders—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. An order in which the dose or frequency of a prescribed medication varies in
response to the patient’s clinical situation or condition.
Omission error—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Involves
failure to administer an ordered dose; excludes a patient’s refusal and a
clinical decision (contraindication) or other reason not to administer (e.g.,
patient sent to a procedure).
Reconciliation-admission—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
The process of identifying an exact list of a patient’s medications and comparing it against the orders that are made during admission.
Patient identification failure—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick
list. Patient identity was not verified or correctly identified (e.g., via wrist
band or medical identification card).
Reconciliation-transition—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
The process of identifying an exact list of a patient’s medications and comparing it against the orders that are made during transfer.
Performance deficit—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. An
error may not be attributed to any specific cause; the reason for the error
cannot be explained; the person was educated and/or trained and should
have known better. Note: If the person was not educated and/or trained,
the Cause of error should be classified as Knowledge deficit (chosen from
the Cause of error pick list).
Reconciliation-discharge—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
The process of identifying an exact list of a patient’s medications and comparing it against the orders that are made during discharge.
399
GLOSSARY
Record—An actual or potential medication error documented in the
MEDMARX database. Records can be stored on hold for updating, or records
can be released to the general database, where they become viewable and
searchable by others.
Transcribing/documenting—A phase (node) in the medication use process
that involves anything related to the act of transcribing an order (by
someone other than the prescriber) for order processing (e.g., electronically
or manually in the patient’s record).
Shift change—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. The time
period when a worker or group of workers relieves another (e.g., when the
day shift relieves the night shift).
Transcription inaccurate/omitted—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX
pick list. Information is copied incorrectly or not copied at all.
Similar packaging/labeling—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick
list. Example: the packaging/labeling of two or more different products
look similar, causing one product to be mistaken for the other.
Staff, agency/temporary—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick
list. A contracted healthcare professional who is not a permanent employee
of the facility.
Staff, floating—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. An
employee normally dedicated to one particular area within the facility who
is assigned to temporarily cover another unit or area.
Staff, inexperienced—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list.
Staff member who has not worked within a particular system or setting, or
who may be a novice in a specific area.
Staffing, alternative hours—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX
pick list. Includes any deviation from normal (e.g., 8-hour) shifts, such as
overtime, double shifts, and 12-hour shifts.
Staffing, insufficient—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list.
The number and skill level of employees are less than required to safely
manage the amount of work assigned or expected.
System safeguard(s)—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
System safeguard(s) are inadequate or lacking. Examples: lack of repetition
of verbal orders, double-checking by another person, and computer system
alert for maximum dosing.
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MEDMARX DATA REPORT
Unauthorized/wrong drug—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Medication that was not authorized by a legitimate prescriber is dispensed
and/or administered. Note: Select Wrong patient when ordered for,
dispensed for, or administered to the wrong patient.
Verbal order—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Verbal order
was confusing, incomplete, or misunderstood.
Workflow disruption—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list.
Interruption of normal workflow processes through the introduction of
barriers to complete performance responsibilities and requirements; may
include unavailability of staff to perform an assigned task due to competing
priorities.
Workload increase—A Contributing factor from the MEDMARX pick list. The
amount of work assigned to or expected from an employee in a specified
time period exceeds normal limits.
Written order—A Cause of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Written order
is confusing, incomplete, or misunderstood. Excludes illegible orders.
Wrong administration technique—A Type of error from the MEDMARX
pick list. Inappropriate/improper technique used in the administration of
a drug; includes incorrectly activating a drug administration system and
inappropriately crushing tablets.
Wrong dosage form—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A dosage
form dispensed/administered other than that ordered by the prescriber.
GLOSSARY
Wrong patient—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A product
ordered for, dispensed for, or administered to the wrong patient.
Wrong route—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. Use of wrong
route of administration of the correct drug (e.g., intravenous instead of
intramuscular).
Wrong time—A Type of error from the MEDMARX pick list. A scheduled dose
administered outside a facility’s acceptable predetermined time interval.
401
GLOSSARY
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MEDMARX DATA REPORT