AP Government and Politics Key Concept List
Chapter 1 Introducing Government in America ...................................................................3 Chapter 2 The Constitution...................................................................................................31 Chapter 3 Federalism ........................................................................................................... 71 Government Politics Natural Rights John Locke Public Goods Policy Policymaking institution Linkage Institutions Democracy Hyper­pluralism Elite Theory Shay’s Rebellion New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan Separation of Powers James Madison Alexander Hamilton Marbury v. Madison Fed. 51 Fed. 10 Article 1 (Constitution) Article 2 (Constitution) Article 3 (Constitution) Federalism Implied Powers Enumerated Powers McCulloch v. Maryland Elastic clause Gibbons v. Ogden Dual Federalism Cooperative Federalism Devolution Grants (4 kinds) ADA Mandates Tenth Amendment Full Faith and Credit Extradition Privileges and Immunities Commerce Clause Checks and balances Chapter 4 Civil Liberties and Public Policy........................................................................... 101 Civil Liberties Barron v. Baltimore Gitlow v. New York Fourteenth Amendment Due process clause Incorporation doctrine Establishment Clause Free exercise clause Lemon v. Kurtzman Engel v. Vitale Penn. C. Schempp Schenck v. United States Yates v. United States Brandenburg v. Ohio Roth v. U.S. Libel New York Times v. Sullivan Texas v. Johnson Probable cause Fourth Amendment Mapp v. Ohio Fifth Amendment Miranda v. Arizona Writ of ​
habeas corpus Sixth Amendment Gideon v. Wainwright Plea bargaining Eighth Amendment Gregg v. Georgia Ninth Amendment Exclusionary rule Griswold v. Connecticut Roe v. Wade Prior restraint Chapter 5 Civil Rights and Public Policy.............................................................................. 145 Equal Protection Clause Thirteenth Amendment Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education Civil Rights Act 1964 Fifteenth Amendment Twenty­fourth Amend. Voting Rights Act 1965 Affirmative Action Regents v. Bakke Nineteenth Amendment ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) Craig v. Boren Comparable worth ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act 1990) Boys Scouts of America v. Dale* Chapter 6 Public Opinion and Political Action...................................................................... 183 Public Opinion Polls Random Sampling Sampling Error Exit polls Socialization Census Reapportionment Gender Gap Political Participation (different kinds) redistricting* gerrymandering* Chapter 7 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda........................................................... 217 Media Event Changing media relations (between politicians and media) FCC “Narrowcasting” Media Chains Sound bites Trial Balloons Policy Agenda­ How media can effect selective exposure vs. selective perception* Chapter 8 Political Parties.................................................................................................... 247 Polarization Ticket Splitting Gender Gap Conservative Ideology Liberal Ideology Critical Election Political Party (how they work….) Conservative Ideology Liberal Ideology Chapter 9 Nominations and Campaigns.............................................................................. 277 National Party Convention Caucus Open Primary Closed Primary Blanket Primary Frontloading McGovern­Fraser Commission Superdelegates Frontloading Balancing the ticket PACs Federal Election Campaign Act Soft money Buckley v. Valeo McCain Feingold Bill (Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002) Chapter 10 Elections and Voting Behavior........................................................................... 305 Referendum Initiative petition Political efficacy Civic duty Motor Voter Act Trends in Voter Turnout Retrospective voting Incumbent Chapter 11 Interest Groups ..................................................................................................
331 Lobbying* Interest Group 3 Theories of Interest Group Politics Free­rider problem Collective good Single­issue group Amicus curiae briefs Class action lawsuits Chapter 12 Congress ........................................................................................................... 363 Bicameral legislature House Rules Committee Filibuster Cloture Speaker of the House Majority and minority leaders Party Whips Standing Committees Joint Committees Conference Committees Select Committees Seniority system Legislative oversight Powers of committee chairs Congressional caucus Duties of Personal Staff Duties of Committee Staff 3 Staff Agencies and their purpose Casework Incumbent Effect of Incumbency on Congress Effect of Open Seats on Congress What determines how a representative votes on legislation Gridlock* How a bill becomes a law Trustee model* Attitudinal Model* Franking privilege logrolling Chapter 13 The Presidency................................................................................................... 399 Twenty­Second Amendment Impeachment­ How and why Presidential Cabinet Office of Management and Budget Pocket Veto Presidential Coattails Enumerated Presidential Powers Non­enumerated Presidential Powers Executive Order Executive privilege* War Powers Act Chapter 14 The Congress, the President, and the Budget .................................................. 441 Deficit Expenditures Revenues 3 Sources of Federal Revenue Social Security Act Medicare Uncontrollable Expenditures Entitlements Authorization bill Appropriation bill CBO ­Congressional Budget Office Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act 1974 Chapter 15 The Federal Bureaucracy .................................................................................. 471 Bureaucracy merit system plum book Red tape Government corporation Independent Executive Agency Independent Regulatory Commissions Policy implementation Standard operating procedures (SOPs) Regulation/deregulation Trends Presidential control of bureaucracy Congress control of bureaucracy Iron triangle Chapter 16 The Federal Courts............................................................................................. 509 Original jurisdiction Appellate jurisdiction District courts Courts of appeal/ Circuit Courts Senatorial courtesy Election of Supreme Court judges writ of certiorari Rule of 4 opinion (dissenting vs. concurring) stare decisis precedent Original intent Judicial restraint Judicial activism Statutory construction Judiciary Committee* United States v. Nixon Marshall Court and judicial review litigation Chapter 17 Economic Policymaking..................................................................................... 546 Mixed economy Securities and Exchange Commission Norris­LaGuardia Act* Consumer Price Index (CPI) Laissez­faire Federal Reserve System Fiscal policy monetary policy Food and Drug Act, FDA National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act Chapter 18 Social Welfare Policymaking.............................................................................. 568 Progressive tax Proportional tax Regressive tax subsidy Major Social Welfare Programs Feminization of poverty Immigration Act 1991 Simpson­Mazzoli Act 1982 1996 Health Care reforms (PRWORA, TANF) Chapter 19 Policymaking for Health Care and the Environment ......................................... 594 ACA­ Affordable Care Act EPA­ Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Act of 1970 Clean Water Act 1987* Endangered Species Act of 1973 Superfund NEPA­ National Environmental Policy Act* Chapter 20 National Security Policymaking ..................................................................... 620 United Nations Changes in NATO 1993 Clinton policy­ Partnership for Peace* Foreign Policy powers of the President Secretary of State duties Secretary of Defense duties National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency Isolationism The Cold War Containment Doctrine Truman Doctrine Détente SALT I and SALT II Antiballistic Missile Treaty of 1972* Reagan Rearmament Trends in Defense Spending Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 (INF Treaty) Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 1991 (START) Interdependence International Monetary Fund (IMF) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Favorable balance of trade U.S. Trade Balance Deficit