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STUDY GUIDE
1. Organs of the Respiratory System
a.
Label the parts of the upper respiratory tract by placing the numbers of the structures by the correct
labels.
______
11 Conchae
14 Nasopharynx
______
______
15 Palatine tonsil
______
Epiglottis
7
2
______
Nostril
______
13 Pharyngeal tonsil
______
18 Laryngopharynx
5
______
Oral cavity
______
10 Sinus, frontal
______
Larynx
8
16 Oropharynx
______
______
12 Sinus, sphenoidal
______
17 Lingual tonsil
3
______
Palate, hard
______
Tongue
6
______
Nasal cavity
1
4
______
Palate, soft
______
Trachea
9
10
11
1
12
2
13
3
14
4
5
15
16
17
6
7
18
8
9
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b. Label the parts of the lower respiratory tract by placing the numbers of the structures by the correct
labels.
9
______
Bronchiole
8
______
Bronchus, tertiary
5
______
Pleural cavity
6
______
Bronchus. primary
1
______
Larynx
2
______
Trachea
7
______
Bronchus. secondary
4
______
Parietal pleura
3
______
Visceral pleura
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
To terminal
bronchiole
Diaphragm
c.
Write the words that complete the sentences in the spaces at the right.
Air enters the nasal cavity via the
___________________________________________
1) Nostrils
____1___ , and it is ____2___ , ____3___ ,
2) Warmed
___________________________________________
and ____4___ as it flows over the nasal mu-
3) Filtered
___________________________________________
cous membranes. Mucus and entrapped
___________________________________________
4) Moistened
particles are moved by ____5___ to the
5) Cilia
___________________________________________
____6___ and are swallowed.
6) Pharynx
___________________________________________
d. Write the names of the structures that match the statements in the spaces at the right.
1) Openings allowing air to enter nose.
____________________________________________
Nostrils
2) Interior chamber of nose.
____________________________________________
Nasal cavity
3) Separates oral and nasal cavities.
____________________________________________
Palate
4) Increase surface area of nasal cavity.
____________________________________________
Nasal conchae
5) Connects nasal cavity with larynx.
____________________________________________
Pharynx
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6) Air-filled cavities in skull bones.
____________________________________________
Sinuses
7) Lymphoid tissue in upper pharynx.
____________________________________________
Pharyngeal tonsils
8) Lymphoid tissue at junction of pharynx and
____________________________________________
Palatine tonsils
oral cavity.
9) Cartilaginous boxlike structure containing
vocal folds.
____________________________________________
Larynx
10) Opening between vocal folds.
____________________________________________
Glottis
11) Cartilage forming Adam’s apple.
____________________________________________
Thyroid
cartilage
12) Flops over larynx opening in swallowing.
____________________________________________
Epiglottis
13) Windpipe extending from larynx to bronchi.
____________________________________________
Trachea
14) Bronchi that enter lungs.
____________________________________________
Primary
bronchi
15) Support walls of bronchial tree passageways
larger than bronchioles.
____________________________________________
Cartilagenous rings
16) Lines air passageways larger than bronchioles.
____________________________________________
Ciliated epithelium
17) Tiny air sacs at ends of alveolar ducts.
____________________________________________
Alveoli
18) Membrane covering outer surface of lung.
____________________________________________
Visceral pleura
19) Membrane lining inner wall of thorax.
____________________________________________
Parietal pleura
20) Potential space between pleurae.
____________________________________________
Pleural cavity
2. Breathing
a.
Write the words that complete the sentences in the spaces at the right.
Air flows into the lungs during ____1___ and out of
1) ___________________________________________
Inspiration
the lungs during ____2___ . During breathing, air
2) ___________________________________________
Expiration
flows from an area of ____3___ pressure to an area
3) ___________________________________________
Higher
of ____4___ pressure. Contraction of the ____5___
4) ___________________________________________
Lower
and the ____6___ muscles causes an increase in the
5) ___________________________________________
Diaphragm
____7___ of the lungs, which decreases the air
6) ___________________________________________
External intercostal
____8___ within the lungs. Air flows into the lungs
7) ___________________________________________
Volume
because of the ____9___ atmospheric pressure.
8) ___________________________________________
Pressure
When the muscles of inspiration relax, the
9) ___________________________________________
Higher
____10___ of the lungs is decreased, which in-
10) ___________________________________________
Volume
creases the air ____11___ within the lungs. Air
11) ___________________________________________
Pressure
flows out of the lungs because of the ____12___ air
12) ___________________________________________
Higher
pressure within the lungs.
b. Indicate whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
T
_____
Negative pressure in the pleural cavity is necessary for inspiration.
T
_____
Surfactant prevents collapse of alveoli.
T
_____
Forceful expiration involves contraction of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.
T
_____
Pneumothorax causes collapse of a lung.
T
_____
Breathing exchanges air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.
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3. Respiratory Volumes
Match the respiratory volumes with the statements.
1) Expiratory reserve volume
4) Tidal volume
2) Inspiratory reserve volume
5) Total lung capacity
3) Residual volume
6) Vital capacity
of air exhaled in quiet expiration.
_____Volume
4
_____
Air that always remains in the lungs.
3
_____
1 Volume forcefully exhaled after quiet expiration.
_____
2 Volume forcefully inhaled after quiet inspiration.
_____
Maximum volume forcefully exhaled after maximum forceful inspiration.
6
_____
4 Averages about 500 ml.
_____
5 Averages about 5,800 ml.
4. Control of Breathing
Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces at the right.
1) Locations of respiration control centers.
____________________________________________
Medulla oblongata
____________________________________________
Pons
2) Controls forceful expirations.
____________________________________________
Medullary expiratory center
3) Coordinates the depth and length of inspiration.
____________________________________________
Pons respiratory center
4) Controls normal rhythmic breathing.
____________________________________________
Medullary respiratory center
5. Factors Influencing Breathing
Indicate whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
T A fever increases the breathing rate.
_____
F The respiratory center detects blood levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
_____
T An increase in the blood H concentration increases the breathing rate.
_____
F A mild increase in blood oxygen concentration decreases the breathing rate.
_____
T An increase in blood CO2 concentration increases the breathing rate.
_____
F Higher brain centers can permanently override the action of the respiratory center.
_____
T Chemoreceptors for blood oxygen are located in the carotid and aortic bodies.
_____
T A very low blood oxygen concentration increases the breathing rate.
_____
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6. Gas Exchange
Write the words that complete the sentences in the spaces at the right.
The exchange of respiratory gases occurs by
1) ___________________________________________
Diffusion
____1___ . In comparison to the air in the alveoli,
2) ___________________________________________
Oxygen
blood returning to the lungs has a lower concen-
3) ___________________________________________
Carbon dioxide
tration of ____2___ and a higher concentration of
4) ___________________________________________
Lungs (alveoli)
____3___ . Therefore, oxygen diffuses from the
5) ___________________________________________
Blood
____4___ into the ____5___ , and carbon dioxide
6) ___________________________________________
Blood
diffuses from the ____6___ into the ____7___ .
7) ___________________________________________
Lungs (alveoli)
Blood leaving the lungs is ____8___-rich and
8) ___________________________________________
Oxygen
____9___-poor.
9) ___________________________________________
Carbon dioxide
In comparison to concentrations in tissue
10) ___________________________________________
Carbon dioxide
cells, blood entering tissue capillaries has a lower
11) ___________________________________________
Oxygen
concentration of ____10___ and a higher concen-
12) ___________________________________________
Blood
tration of ____11___ . Therefore, oxygen diffuses
13) ___________________________________________
Tissue cells
from the ____12___ into the ____13___ , and car-
14) ___________________________________________
Tissue cells
bon dioxide diffuses from the ____14___ into the
15) ___________________________________________
Blood
____15___ . Blood leaving tissue capillaries is
16) ___________________________________________
Carbon dioxide
____16___-rich and ____17___-poor.
17) ___________________________________________
Oxygen
7. Transport of Respiratory Gases
a.
Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces at the right.
1) Compound in which most oxygen is transported.
____________________________________________
Oxyhemoglobin
2) Cell in which most oxygen is transported.
____________________________________________
Erythrocyte
3) Compound in which most CO2 is carried.
____________________________________________
Bicarbonate
ion
4) Combination of hemoglobin and CO2.
____________________________________________
Carbaminohemoglobin
5) Enzyme speeding up reaction of CO2 and H2O to
form carbonic acid.
____________________________________________
Carbonic anhydrase
6) Cell in which most carbonic acid is formed.
____________________________________________
Erythrocyte
b. Indicate whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
_____
T Hemoglobin can carry both O2 and CO2 at the same time.
_____
T Oxygenated blood carries some carbon dioxide.
_____
T Deoxygenated blood carries some oxygen.
_____
T Hemoglobin loads or unloads oxygen, depending on the surrounding oxygen concentration.
_____
F Oxygen and carbon dioxide compete for the same binding site on the hemoglobin molecule.
_____
T Blood loads or unloads CO2 depending upon the surrounding carbon dioxide concentration.
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8. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Write the disorders that match the statements in the spaces at the right.
1) Accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
____________________________________________
Pulmonary edema
2) Inflammation of the bronchi.
____________________________________________
Bronchitis
3) Rupture of alveoli due to exposure to airborne
irritants.
____________________________________________
Emphysema
4) Acute inflammation of alveoli due to viral or bacterial
____________________________________________
Pneumonia
infection.
5) Collapse of alveoli in infants due to an insufficient
amount of surfactant.
____________________________________________
Respiratory distress syndrome
6) Wheezing, labored breathing due to constriction
of bronchioles.
____________________________________________
Asthma
7) Viral disease characterized by fever, chills, aches,
and coldlike symptoms.
____________________________________________
Influenza
8) Disorder characterized by a reduction of the
respiratory surface area and decrease in the expiratory
reserve volume.
____________________________________________
Emphysema
9) Inflammation of nasal membranes.
____________________________________________
Cold
10) Blockage of artery in lung by a transported
blood clot.
____________________________________________
Pulmonary embolism
9. Clinical Applications
a.
One treatment for hyperventilation is having the patient breathe into a paper bag. How does this
reestablish normal breathing? _________________________________________________________________
As CO2 increases and O2 decreases in the bag, rebreathing the air in the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
bag decreases O2 and increases CO2 concentrations in blood to normal levels, returning respiration rates
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
to normal.
b. A newborn infant, born a month early, is having difficulty breathing and is placed under an O2 hood.
Insufficient surfactant
What is the probable problem? ________________________________________________________________
Should the infant receive pure oxygen or an oxygen-carbon dioxide mixture? ______________________
O2 -CO2 mixture
Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________
An O2 - CO2 mixture can supply additional oxygen while stimulating normal breathing. Also,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
pure O2 may cause damage to the eyes (retinopathy of prematurity).
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