AP European History / GPHS / Frye
Test 4 – Study Guide
Age of Kings
The 5 characteristics of the modern state
Balance of power
Parliamentary powers
[APE 2.1 iib] The Dutch developed an oligarchy of urban gentry [wealthy merchants]
and rural nobles.
William III (prince of Orange)
Anglo-Dutch Wars
ENGLAND
House of Hanover [George I, II, III]
The role, structure, and function of 18th century Parliament P.M. Walpole (under Hanover
dynasty, George I and II)…Whigs & Tories
Absolutism/ great powers
[APE 2.1 ia] Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in government,
but preserved noble status and privilege.
The French
[APE 2.1 ib] Richelieu, Louis XIV and Louis’ finance minister Colbert extended the
power of the central state.
Louis XIII and Richelieu
Mazarin
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), results for House of Bourbon
[APE 2.1 iiic,d] Louis XIV’s wars provoked an anti-French alliance…and the resulting
Anglo-French rivalry led to world wars fought in Europe, the Americas, India, and at
sea with Britain becoming the dominant power by the latter 18th century.
Louis XIV
Versailles
the Fronde
Intendants
Revocation of Edict of Nantes (fate of Huguenots)
Louis XV Resurgence of Fr. aristocracy …ancien regime
East and central Europe
[APE 2.1 iiia] After 1648, the Prussians became powerful in the northern part of the
Holy Roman Empire and the Austrians were forced to focus eastward…[APE 2.1
iiib]…and after defeating the Turks at Vienna (1683) the Ottomans began to decline.
Rising powers of east and central Europe (Austria, Prussia, Russia)
Austria - Three parts of Hapsburg Austrian Empire and relationship to each other and
Hapsburgs; Multiethnic nature of empire
War of Austrian Succession 1740-48
Maria Theresa
Prussia
Junkers, burghers
Frederick II (the Great)
Russia
Growth of Russia eastward
Ivan IV (the Terrible)
Time of Troubles and triumph of Romanovs
Serfdom
Cossacks & Tartars
Peter the Great
[APE 2.1 ie] Peter westernized & transformed Russia… process continued by Catherine.
Reforms inside Russia / westernization
Table of ranks [controlling nobles]
Procurator of the Holy Synod [controlling church]
Foreign policies and wars vs. Turks (battle of Azov),
Great Northern War
St. Petersburg
Catherine the Great
Attempts at reform
Pugachev’s revolt…and consequences
Russo-Turkish War of 1772-74
[APE 2.1 ic] In the 18th century, some monarchs [Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa
and Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great] experimented with ‘enlightened
absolutism’]. [APE 2.3 ivc] There was some increased toleration for religious minorities,
including Jews. (aka: Enlightened despots)
[APE 2.1 id] The inability of Poland to have authority over the nobility led to the
3 divisions of Poland [1773, 93,95] – it disappeared.
Wars of trade and colonization
Rise and fall of Spain 1500-1648
Rise and fall of Dutch 1600-1670s
Anglo-French dominance and rivalry [mid-1600s-1815]
Seven Years War [see John Green video on this for review!]
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Battle of Quebec
PM William Pitt the Elder
The war in India; Plassey
1763 Treaty of Paris
Enlightenment [18c]
[APE 2.3 ia] Europeans began to apply empiricism, mathematics, and skepticism to
human affairs. Intellectuals [Voltaire, Diderot] of the French Enlightenment aimed to
replace faith in Christianity with faith in human reason and classical values.
[APE 2.3 ib, 2.3iiia] Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau developed new theories of politics
based on the idea of natural rights. People were conceived of as driven by self interest
and reason leading to the theory of the social contract replacing divine right or
tradition as the basis of government.
state of nature
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
John Locke 2d Treatise on Gov’t.
Baron d’Montesquieu
Enlightened despotism
French Enlightenment
Philosophes
Diderot
Voltaire
Condorcet
Anticlericalism
Deism
[APE 2.3 iia-c] Salons, coffeehouses, academies, the Masons, and the press spread
Enlightenment ideas, despite censorship. Increasing amounts of newspapers and new
books (Diderot’s Encyclopedia or the Encyclopedia Britannica) made science, literature,
and popular culture more widespread.
[APE 2.3 iva-b] Some intellectuals embraced deism, skepticism, or atheism (Hume,
Holbach, the Marquis d’Sade). Religion was increasingly viewed as a private matter.
The Scottish Enlightenment “moral philosophy”
Common or moral sense
Frances Hutcheson, Adam Smith and empathy
Rousseau – Confessions, Social Contract
general will
[APE 2.3 ic] Enlightenment intellectuals [Rousseau, for example] did not apply equality
to women, though women writers [Olympie de Gouges] challenged inequality.
[APE 2.3 via] Rousseau challenged reliance on reason and emphasized the rile of
emotions [will] in the moral improvement of society.
The American Revolution
Causes and Effects on Europe, esp. English & French
French role
[APE 2.3 iiic] Mercantilism was challenged by ideas about the free market [capitalism].
John Wesley & “Methodists” - social justice
[APE 2.3 vb] Art reflected Enlightenment [neoclassicism] and civic themes [Jacques
Louis David.]
French Revolution (1789-1799)
[APE 2.1iv] The French Revolution is the major turning point that challenged European
political and social order.
[APE 2.1iva] It was caused by long term political inequality, Enlightenment ideas, and
an immediate fiscal and leadership crisis in France.
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
CAUSES
libertie, egalitie, fraternitie
Sans culottes
Phases of the French Revolution
Conditions on the eve of Revolution [the ancient regime]
3 Estates and structure of Estates General
Why Louis XVI had failed to reform
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY [Age of Montesquieu]
[APE 2.1ivb] The first phase was a constitutional monarchy that increased popular
participation, took over the church, and abolished noble privilege.
Lafayette
Bastille
Abbe Sieyes What is the 3d Estate?
Tennis Court Oath
Great Fear
Olympie deGouges
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
March of Women [the Fishwives]
The Vendee (counter revolution)
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
THREATS TO THE REVOLUTION
Flight to Varennes
Jacobins [far left]
Girondins (center left)
NATIONAL CONVENTION [Age of Rousseau]
[APE 2.1ivc,d] The second phase, a Jacobin Republic [led by Robespierre, Danton,
Marat, and a Committee of Public Safety] instituted a reign of terror, controlled the
economy, pursued de-Christianization, and crushed individual rights in the name of
“republic of virtue.” Revolutionary armies invaded neighboring nations, spreading the
ideals of the revolution.
G. Danton, nationalized warfare
Maxmillien Robespierre
Marat
Hebert and deChristianization
Committee of Public Safety
Law of Suspects
Murder of Marat
the Terror
reaction [Thermidor] against Robespierre
THE DIRECTORY [Age of Voltaire]
Coup d’etat
Egyptian campaign
[APE 2.1ive] Women participated in the early revolution, but were restricted later on
by the Jacobins and the Directory.
[APE 2.1ivf] The Haitian revolution [led by Toussaint L’Ouverture] was inspired by the
French revolution.
[APE 2.1ivg] The revolution inspired equality and human rights, but also was heavily
criticized for its violence and disregard for tradition.
NAPOLEON
[APE 2.1v a-c] While claiming to defend the revolution, Napoleon imposed control
over Europe, eventually inspiring other Europeans to nationalistically resist the French.
On one hand he continued reforms [meritocracy, Code Napoleon legal reform,
education, rapprochement with the Pope] but on the other hand his secret police,
censorship, and lesser status for women were not democratic. Nevertheless, his armies
did spread many revolutionary ideas to all of Europe.
Rise
Meritocracy
Code napoleon
Policies [enlightened despot?]
Battles and events from Egypt top Waterloo
Congress of Vienna [Metternich, Castlereagh, Talleyrand, Alexander I]
[APE 2.1vd] The 1815 Congress of Vienna attempted to restore a balance of power
among European states and suppress further revolutionary or nationalistic uprisings.