WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Wood Positive Reforestation and Forest Preservation Initiative Annual Report to The Body Shop September 2012 Tree Planting at the Reserva Ecológica de Guapi Assu, Brazil © REGUA
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WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Programme Overview 1 3. Ecuador, NCI‐Ecuador 5 BACKGROUND Country Profile Local Project Partner Site Characteristics ACTIONS: JULY 2011 – JUNE 2012 Reforestation Preservation Other Results: employment; agroforestry; environmental education; water regulation Site Visits Forward activities: July 2012 – June 2013 4. Brazil, REGUA: Guapi Assu BACKGROUND Country Profile and Site Characteristics Local Project Partner ACTIONS: JULY 2011 – JUNE 2012 Reforestation Site Visits Forward activities: July 2012 – June 2013 5 5 5 5 6 6 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 14 14 5. Conclusion 15 6. Annex 1 16 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 1. Introduction The World Land Trust (WLT) has an agreement with The Body Shop (TBS) to reforest and protect a sufficient volume of tree biomass to compensate for 110% of the annual volume of paper pulp used in TBS’s international supply chain for product and transit packaging.1 This project is known as the ‘Wood Positive’ initiative. TBS has funded Wood Positive to assist in saving threatened tropical forests and to preserve their biodiversity in harmony with local communities. Consistent with this objective, Wood Positive actions are carried out in critically threatened rainforests of high biodiversity value while achieving social co‐benefits. By the official launch of ‘Wood Positive’ on 22nd February 2012, WLT had completed the forest purchase transactions and the reforestation of degraded lands necessary to compensate for paper pulp used by TBS in 2012.
Wood Positive work is undertaken by subcontracting its implementation to WLT’s knowledgeable and experienced in‐country partner non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) who identify, secure and reforest appropriate areas of forest and manage the reforestation and preservation work on the ground. All the projects carried out under the programme are designed to complement the conservation objectives of WLT and its project partners by extending, linking and buffering existing nature reserves. This helps protect many endangered habitats and the flora and fauna found within them. This vital reforestation and preservation work continues to be an important aspect of our partners’ conservation strategies. The biomass grown in the reforestation component of this initiative will be built up over approximately 50 years at which point the forest will have reached maturity. Forest preservation, which ensures that the deforestation of the relevant forested site is avoided, provides a more immediate way to compensate for the consumption of biomass. Preservation is also more cost effective than reforestation in terms of the area conserved, as well making a compelling conservation case. Therefore, the Wood Positive strategy includes both elements. Wood Positive project actions have, in the first year, been carried out by Nature and Culture International‐Ecuador (NCI) in the Andean Forests of Southern Ecuador on the eastern slope of the Andes at the western edge of the Amazon basin and Reserva Ecológica de Guapi Assu (REGUA) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. 2. Programme Overview The initial term of the Wood Positive initiative is two years. The contract, however, is a rolling one and there is a great opportunity to work further in Ecuador and Brazil and in different locations in the future. The initial term covers the calendar years 2012 and 2013, with consumption figures derived from exact recent historical consumption data.1 This is a 1
The TBS‐WLT contract couches project objectives in terms of the volume of paper pulp used by TBS, while TBS actually provides WLT with an annual consumption figure measured in tonnes of paper and card consumed in their international supply chain for product and transit packaging. This tonnage is used to calculate appropriate project actions and therefore ensure that contractual obligations in terms of paper 1 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 significantly more robust methodology than attempting less‐accurate estimates of predicted annual consumption in advance. As reforestation actions are dependent on the timing of Brazil and Ecuador’s planting seasons (July‐June), the field cycle is six months out of synch with the calendar year. Therefore actions relevant to TBS’s 2012 commitments began in June 2011 and this pattern will repeat itself with Wood Positive now entering its second year of action. Both reforestation and preservation actions have been undertaken in the Andean Forests of Southern Ecuador, with additional reforestation actions also taking place in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (see Map 1). Reforestation and preservation activities for year two are due to be completed by 30th June 2013. Map 1 ‐ Location of the Wood Positive Initiative project sites
WLT’s project partners reforest degraded lands using two techniques; tree planting and assisted natural regeneration. Assisted natural regeneration accelerates the natural succession process and is achieved by removing barriers, for example soil degradation, competition with invasive species, and disturbances such as cattle grazing and fire. This normally requires an area to be fenced and existing saplings to be liberated through maintenance and cleaning actions. Where planting is required a mixture of native species similar to the composition of the surrounding primary forest is used, with a focus on pioneer species which are quick to establish, can shade out competition and restore soil condition. Enrichment planting with tree species favoured by frugivorous birds and which act as natural fire breaks can also take place. pulp are achieved. Consumption in terms of tonnes of paper consumed is referred to throughout this report, apart from in the introduction and conclusion where the contract objective in terms of paper pulp is referred to. 2 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 After the reforestation activities have been carried out, WLT and its project partners will carry out regular inspections of Reforestation Sites for 10 years from the first year of establishment. This overcomes the most vulnerable period in the regeneration process, with subsequent monitoring only required as is reasonable to confirm the continued existence of the new forest. The latter approach is also adopted for areas of standing forest preserved as part of the Wood Positive project. During year 1 of the initiative Wood Positive compensation targets were modified marginally. All parties involved adapted to the new targets and the initiative achieved its year 1 objectives. Suitable arrangements are already in place to ensure that year 2 objectives will be achieved. Thus far the initiative has ensured the preservation of 76 hectares of forest and the restoration of 26 hectares of degraded lands. Due to more forest being acquired for preservation than was required for year 1, this represents an overachievement in terms of compensation for paper consumption (see Table 1) and makes a significant contribution to forest cover which is essential for an abundance of wildlife and also for local communities. Forests provide many ecosystem services such as food, shelter and water regulation along with wider‐reaching benefits such as the mitigation of climate change through the sequestration of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The following report provides background on each of WLT’s project partners and the reserves where the preservation and reforestation activities are taking place and updates on work carried out during 2011/12. 3 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Table 1 ‐ Overview of planned and achieved Wood Positive actions in terms of tonnage of paper consumed Year 1 Achievements - Tonnes of Paper Consumption Reforestation
(tonnes)
Forest
Preservation
(tonnes)
Brazil
310
-
310
Ecuador
2069
6838
8907
Total
2379
6838
9217
Reforestation
(tonnes)
Forest
Preservation
(tonnes)
Brazil
310
-
310
Ecuador
2597
2907
5504
Total
2907
2907
5814
Reforestation
(tonnes)
Forest
Preservation
(tonnes)
2379
2907
Total
(tonnes)
Year 2 Targets - Tonnes of Paper Consumption Total
(tonnes)
Summary - Tonnes of Paper Consumption
b/f bal
(tonnes)
Year 1
Year 2
2067
Total
Target
c/f bal
(tonnes)
(tonnes)
(tonnes)
6838
9217
7150
2067
2907
7881
7881
0
Note: Figures in italics are planned targets to be achieved in year 2 4 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 3. Ecuador, NCI‐Ecuador Background Country Profile Ecuador is a biodiversity hotspot and a megadiverse country due to the extraordinary number of species found within its many different habitats. These range from lowland rainforest to Tumbesian Dry forest and up to the high altitude montane forests close to the tree line. All are under pressure from clearance. The Andean provinces are particularly at threat due to the relatively high human population density in this area. For this reason the World Land Trust (WLT) is working with NCI‐Ecuador, an Ecuadorian non‐governmental organisation (NGO), to help restore forest cover in this threatened region. Local Project Partner NCI‐Ecuador is part of Nature and Culture International and is based in Loja, in southern Ecuador, where it is working to conserve Ecuador’s most highly threatened ecosystems and cultures by saving endangered habitats, strengthening local capacity, and helping communities preserve their way of life. This includes purchasing or otherwise securing private lands and turning them into nature reserves which are then managed for conservation purposes. Site Characteristics Reforestation Site ‐ Numbami and Higuerones Nature Reserves Map 2 ‐ Locations of the Numbami and Higuerones Nature Reserves and the The Numbami and Higuerones Nature Morocho‐Gonzalez Property Reserves are located in the Jambué River Valley in the Zamora‐Chinchipe province in Southern Ecuador on the Eastern slope of the Andes at the western edge of the Amazon basin (Map 2). These reserves are owned by NCI and contain areas of degraded pastureland originally transformed from natural forest to pasture for cattle‐grazing purposes. The reserves, created by NCI, are located 13 km from the city of Zamora along a dirt road that passes through many small rural communities, such as the village of Romerillos. NCI has developed several initiatives to conserve the Amazon ecosystem in southern Ecuador. The one implemented in the Jambué River Basin, seeks to ensure the permanence of natural ecosystems in the buffer zone of the Podocarpus‐El Condor Biosphere Reserve. To this end, NCI has established a belt of natural reserves which aims to consolidate a biological corridor that connects isolated forest fragments with the Podocarpus National Park. The consolidation of this corridor includes enlarging reserved areas and restoring degraded lands in NCI Reserves (including Numbami and Higuerones) and in local community farms. Forest 5 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 restoration in this area will increase the future forest cover for the diverse wildlife in the area. Preservation Site ‐ The Morocho‐Gonzalez Property The Morocho‐Gonzalez Property is located between 1320 and 2360 meters above sea level and is covered by Amazonian Foothill Forest in good condition (Map 2). It borders the Numbami reserve, which its purchase has enlarged, and contributes towards ensuring ecological connectivity between Municipal reserves, the Numbami Reserve and the Podocarpus National Park (Map A3 in Annex 1 shows the Morocho‐Gonzalez Property and its connectivity with the Numbami Reserve and the Podocarpus National Park, while the inset shows its location within Southern Ecuador) and the first NCI investigations have indicated extraordinary biodiversity. This includes an estimated 110 tree species per hectare in the forest of the property. The canopy reaches 25 m in several instances and epiphytes are particularly abundant. The area is also the habitat of the Spectacled Bear2 and the Coati Mundi. Many rare bird species, including the endemic White‐necked Parakeet2 and the Coppery‐chested Jacamar2, have been registered close to this area. Figure 1 ‐ A view of the Morocho‐Gonzalez Property © NCI Ecuador.
Actions: July 2011 – June 2012 Reforestation As Wood Positive was launched on the 22nd April 2012 the year’s activities were finished by this date. (Map A1 in Annex 1 shows the location of the Numbami and Higuerones Nature Reserves relative to each other, while the inset indicates their location within Ecuador). 2
Listed as vunerable on the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species.
6 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Figure 2 ‐ Overview of the project area: abandoned pastures and reference ecosystem © NCI Ecuador.
A mixed model was used to rehabilitate forest cover on degraded pasture distributed between the Numbami and Higuerones Reserves (see the light green areas on Map A1 in Annex 1). This model seeks to initiate or accelerate the natural succession of the ecosystem through tree planting and assisted natural regeneration and establish a canopy of fast‐
growing pioneer trees to compete with the grasses, to stabilize the soil, and to form a protective canopy for advanced successional species. Assisted natural regeneration was achieved in this instance through removing herbaceous and sub‐woody vegetation to avoid competition for light, space and nutrients. The planting areas were mapped, marked and fenced to prevent cattle incursion (see Map A2 in Annex 1 for the general layout of plantation blocks in the pasture of the Numbami Reserve). Within each block, lines were marked and grass cleared in meter wide strips. In the strips, 30cm x 30cm holes were dug to receive the seedlings. The planting system varied depending on the conditions of each block, in some of them seeding density was 3 m x 3 m, while in other cases the density was 2.5 m x 2.5 m. Figure 3 to 5 ‐ Identifying and clearing strips Numbami Reserve pasture © NCI Ecuador. 7 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 In year 1, in order to produce native trees, NCI established a nursery and produced 7000 seedlings of 38 species. Seeds were identified and collected from NCI Reserves and neighbouring farmland. Any additional seedlings needed for reforestation were acquired through three private nurseries, thereby supporting local enterprises. In the first year of Wood Positive 33,002 seedlings, belonging to 84 native tree species, where planted and liberated in the degraded grasslands of the Higuerones and Numbami Reserves. Of the total number established, 23,184 plants were seeded and 9,818 were liberated through assisted natural regeneration. This initiated the rehabilitation of 23 hectares of degraded pasture. The initiative’s compensation calculations are derived from the hectares of forest restored or preserved, and year 1 reforestation activities in Ecuador will compensate for approximately 2069 tonnes of paper consumption when the reforested area reaches maturity (see Table 1 above). This was a slight under achievement in terms of hectares reforested in Ecuador compared to that targeted due to a greater planting density being utilised than originally planned. A monitoring system has been developed for both planted trees and those selected for assisted natural regeneration. According to the records until June 2012, the mortality rate of planted or liberated seedlings in restoration areas reached 11%. Dead seedlings are gradually being replaced by new individuals produced in the project nursery. Preservation The purchase of the Morocho‐Gonzalez Property was pre‐financed by WLT, with payment from TBS securing portions of the property for Wood Positive. During year 1, 76 hectares were secured by TBS for the preservation of component of the project. This compensated for approximately 6838 tonnes of paper consumption (see Table 1 above) which resulted in an over‐achievement balance, in terms of paper consumption compensated for, being carried forward to year 2. The negotiation of the purchase of the property has provided for the legal protection of the land and the property has been marked with signs, and delimitated with paths in some cases, to avoid boundary conflicts with neighbours. Other Results: employment; agroforestry; environmental education; water regulation In line with the project’s design a number of social and environmental co‐benefits were achieved during year 1 of Wood Positive. Firstly, the project has employed local workers for reforestation. Twelve people from the Romerillos community have been trained in forestry, including five women who will develop agroforestry plots on their properties in the second phase of the project. In this way the reforestation activities dovetail with a small scale agro‐
forestry pilot project which was initiated with local farmers in year 1. Native Achiote shrub seedlings are to be planted in experimental plots. This species produces seeds with the natural dye Annatto. The market for natural dyes for local industry is growing and demanding Achiote seeds. Therefore, NCI and local communities will experiment with an agro‐forestry Achiote plantation which is intended to restore degraded pastureland while providing local people with an income‐generating alternative in terms of farming. 8 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Additionally the project has been supporting an environmental education campaign that has dealt with conservation and restoration themes at a local school. All in all, over and above NCI’s regular staffing levels, Wood Positive has supported fifteen workers directly in reforestation activities and through the agro‐forestry initiative, four of these and an additional three individuals produced plants for the project, and an additional fourteen temporary workers were contracted in during specific stages of the reforestation activity. Further, the project areas contribute to the regulation of water that flows in rivers serving local communities. For example, the Sevilla de Oro Community, made up of approximately twelve families, is served by a stream in the Numbami area. Site Visits Roger Wilson, WLT’s Senior Conservationist, and Neil Williams, WLT’s Carbon Programme Officer, visited the Ecuadorian sites in November 2011, as did, Simon Henzell‐Thomas, TBS’s International Head of Sustainable Development, in February 2012. Roger and Neil noted that project activities were being rigorously carried out at the project sites. Simon’s feedback to WLT indicated that he too had noted that the project was being implemented with rigor. Forward activities: July 2012 – June 2013 TBS has provided WLT with the compensation target for year 2 of the initiative. The resultant required actions for year 2 have been agreed between TBS and WLT and WLT and NCI. In terms of Wood Positive’s overall year 2 actions a 50:50 reforestation, preservation ratio has been targeted for achieving the required compensation volume, as is reflected in Table 1. Therefore the planting of 38,300 trees on 29 hectares at Zamora Hills (south of the city of Zamora in Southern Ecuador) and at the Numbami Reserve, and the preservation of 32 hectares at the Morocho‐Gonzalez property, is targeted for year 2 (see Table 1). Further, in terms of the Achiote agro‐forestry initiative, early in year 2 each farmer will fence their plots and prepare the soil to plant seedlings which have been collected and up until this point, raised in nurseries. NCI are helping to negotiate prices and volumes for sale to a local company. 9 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 4. Brazil, REGUA: Guapi Assu Background Country Profile and Site Characteristics Brazil is also one of the world’s megadiverse countries, incorporating 70% of the world’s catalogued animal and plant species. It is estimated that Brazil hosts between 15‐20% of the world’s biological diversity, and the greatest number of endemic species on a global scale. The Guapi Assu Reserve is located just 80km Figure 6 – Capybara in the wetland at north‐east of Rio de Janeiro and protects an the Guapi Assu Reserve in Brazil. area of Atlantic Forest, or Mata Atlântica as it REGUA recreated the wetland to is known in Portuguese. The Atlantic Forest encourage wildlife, such as the stretches south from south‐east Brazil into Capybara, back into the area © Chris Uruguay and inland into Argentina and Morris. Paraguay. Just 7% of this ecosystem remains, making it one of the most threatened on earth, second only to Madagascar (by some classifications). However, despite this loss and fragmentation it is still one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, with an extremely diverse and unique mix of flora and fauna which can only be found in this region. The 7,000 hectare Guapi Assu Reserve protects a unique range of habitats including highland rainforest and lowland wetlands. It is home to an impressive array of wildlife including at least 420 different types of birds and 55 mammal species, the most charismatic of which include the Spectacled Bear3, the Woolly Spider Monkey4 and the Brown‐throated Three‐
toed Sloth. Guapi Assu was originally a pastoral farm and so much of the forest cover was cleared for cattle fodder. To encourage wildlife back into the area, WLT’s project partner, Reserva Ecológica de Guapi Assu (REGUA), is working to expand protected lands around Guapi Assu and is implementing an ambitious restoration strategy, regenerating a central wetland area (Figure 6) and reforesting core pasture lands located around the water’s edge. Local Project Partner The Guapi Assu pastoral farm was owned for many generations by the Locke family and REGUA was set up in 2001 by Nicholas Locke, the latest member of the Locke family to inherit the Guapi Assu lands. REGUA is a not‐for‐profit conservation organisation comprised of local landowners and community members who all support Nicholas’ core mission; to protect the Atlantic Forest of the upper Guapi Assu River Basin. This is important not just for the diverse and abundant wildlife found in the area, but also for the regulation of the water source supplying many surrounding settlements. 3
4
Listed as vunerable on the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species.
Listed as endangered on the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species.
10 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Actions: July 2011 – June 2012 Reforestation As in Ecuador, the year’s activities were finished in time for the Wood Positive launch date on the 22nd April 2012. During this period REGUA planted three hectares with 5000 trees (Figures A4.1 & 2 in Annex 1 show the location of the reforestation plots at the Guapi Assu Reserve). Following the methodology applied in Ecuador, the initiative’s compensation calculations are derived from the hectares of forest restored or preserved, and year 1 reforestation activities in Brazil will compensate for approximately 310 tonnes of paper consumption when the reforested area reaches maturity (see Table 1 above). The area is important to reforest as it is grassland and this often catches fire. (see Figures 7 & 8) Figure 7 – The previously existing grassland in the Body Shop reforestation area in the Guapi Assu Reserve © REGUA.
11 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Figure 8 – The last great fire (2007) reveals the importance of reforesting the area © REGUA.
REGUA raised all of the seedlings used in its own nursery. A small group of full‐time REGUA staff members manage the nursery and REGUA grows a mixture of around 55 pioneer and climax species native to the Atlantic Forest, with the seeds collected from the surrounding forest. The tree species used in the Wood Positive reforestation element in Brazil are Atlantic rainforest endemic species identified during a one year botanical survey that took place in the reserve between 2008 and 2009. The list of tree species were classified according to their status, such as pioneers or climax and recommended according to their spatial distribution within the forest. The pioneer species such as Aegiphila sellowiana and Inga vera are important as they are fast growing trees that rapidly improve the condition of the impoverished soils. All reforestation projects take into account the physical characteristics of REGUA’s property. This dictates which species are planted. A REGUA forestry engineer overseas all stages of the project. In terms of technical planting, maintenance and protection standards REGUA has provided a benchmark for local conservation and a valuable example for local initiatives, encouraging the surrounding communities to care for their environment. Before planting could take place the ground needed to be prepared, first involving the manual removal of surface grass, which if left would compete with the saplings for nutrients. Following this, holes were dug ready for the planting of the saplings. The saplings were then transported from the nursery to the site. Special attention is devoted to areas in which the voracious local ants are prevalent and pose a threat to the young planted trees. 12 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Figure 9 ‐ The seedlings are transported to the highest point and then mules are used to transport them to a central area and then distributed to their final resting places. Plant distribution is set according to the vegetation and gradient of the area to be planted. When an entire area is to be planted a dense distribution such as 2m x2.5m is advisable to encourage the speedy development of ground cover. The recommended proportion of pioneer species to climax trees species for planting in open areas of reforestation is three to one. REGUA likes to plant just before the rains which run from December to March in order to take advantage of the higher rainfall period. A minimal tillage with a radius of 50 cm is created around the bole to reduce weed competition. The planting site is maintained to ensure plant survival. The REGUA team visits the planted area 60 days after planting to ascertain the mortality rate, with any dead plants replaced by new seedlings. Survival rates at Guapi Assu are historically excellent – as high as 95% ‐ as a result of this replanting. Further, the tillage is renewed to a radius of 50cm around the plant base during the 2nd, 6th and 12th month after planting and the area is regularly weeded. A recent update from REGUA indicates that TBS area has developed well and the recent images taken in May 2012 show good progress (see figure 10). The trees made substantial growth since their planting last November. 13 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Figure 10 ‐ This recent image reveals an excellent tree growth at the Body Shop reforestation site.
Site Visits A site visit was conducted by Alan Martin, a WLT Council Member in December 2010. As REGUA has very strong record in terms of performance and is seen as a leader in the reforestation sector in Brazil, WLT did not feel it was necessary to conduct a further site visit during year 1 of Wood Positive. Forward activities: July 2012 – June 2013 During year 2 of Wood Positive REGUA will plant another three hectares with 5000 trees. This current work is timely as REGUA is in the process of applying for RPPN (Private Reserve for the Patrimony of Nature) status on the majority (300ha) of the Sao Jose de Guapi Assu property (total area 535.75ha) and has committed to transforming its remaining grassland into forest cover. The approval of this by the Government Environment Authorities (INEA) is a prestigious award. The Sao Jose de Guapi Assu property is one of first of its kind in terms of its restoration from grassland into forest, and once awarded the RPPN status, can later apply for preferential National Funding. 14 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 5. Conclusion The Wood Positive initiative has successfully achieved its target to compensate for 110% of the annual volume of paper pulp used in TBS’s international supply chain for product and transit packaging in 2012 and has thus made a meaningful contribution to the international conservation of some of the world’s most threatened biodiversity. TBS’s support has allowed 26 hectares of degraded lands to be reforested and 76 hectares of forest to be purchased and preserved. It has enabled WLT project partners to restore degraded lands which provide valuable habitat for wildlife and if left without vegetation might have acted as barriers to the easy movement of wildlife. Additionally, the enhancement of ecosystem services, such as water regulation and the mitigation of climate change through the sequestration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, has been achieved, along with social co‐benefits such as the provision of employment. Further, Wood Positive has improved the financial, technological and infrastructural capacity of two non‐
government organisations and in doing so has helped them to inspire other public and private sector organisations who are now investing in reforestation programmes themselves. WLT and its project partners are keen to continue this successful programme which is a vital component of their wider conservation strategies. All are extremely grateful to the Body Shop for its continued support and its progressive environmental and social stance. WLT believe there is a great opportunity to work further in the Ecuador and Brazil, and in different locations in the future.
15 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 6. Annex 1 16 WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Map A1. Numbami and Higuerones Reserve Map Showing Location of Reforestation Parcels. 17
WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Map A2. Plantation Blocks in the pasture of the Numbami Reserve 18
WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Map A3. Map showing the Morocho‐Gonzalez Property and its connectivity with the Numbami Reserve and the Podocarpus National Park. 5.MorochoGonzalez Family
19
WLT Annual Report to The Body Shop, September 2012 Map A4. Ariel photographs depicting the area replanted at the Guapi Assu Reserve (A). Photos taken before planting. A
20