Reviewer Pro
Name: ________________________________
Date: ________ Section: A B C D E F G H I
The next generation reviewer
Junior Year SY 2012-2013 First Term
Made by Justin Raymond S. Eloriaga
"Here's to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes...
the ones who see things differently -- they're not fond of rules... You can quote them, disagree with them,
glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things... they push
the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones
who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do" –Steve Jobs
Introduction
Perspicacious Teaching DLSZ
The Reviewer Pro is the new generation reviewer for the juniors. It uses simple methods and guides that make
studying easy. This reviewer will contain all 7 major subject areas offered. Please note that this reviewer is not
perfect and may contain errors. Please do not rely on this reviewer alone for your study efforts.
A. Christian Morality
The Three Dimensions of our Faith
o
o
o
Doctrine: Scriptures, Encyclicals, Pastoral Letters, Council Documents and others
Morals: Relating principles of right and wrong in behavior
Worship: Application and living of the written word and the values taught to us
The Three Dimensions should be grounded on both
o
o
Orthodoxy: correct understanding of our faith
Orthopraxis: correct practice of our faith
The Three Dimensions are enforced by
o
o
o
Human Experiences: things that happen continually around us
Scripture: teachings and precepts
Tradition: passing and history
Stress of the Three Dimensions
o
o
The three dimensions should be lived equally and of the same footing, too much stress on one or two of
the three results into insufficient balance, namely
 Doctrine: Dogmatism
 Morals: Activism
 Worship: Ritualism
 Doctrine and Worship: Pious Dogmatism
 Doctrine and Morals: Ideological Activism
 Morals and Prayer: Idealistic Activism
The insufficient balances aren‟t necessarily bad however it is much better lived equally
Country of Contradictions
o
Countries like the Philippines have both lights and shadows. Many of our social illnesses are rooted on the
way we choose to act.
Euthyphro‟s Dilemma
o
o
Question: Do the gods love pious because it is pious or is the pious pious because the gods live it?
Justin‟s Version: Is it good because it is willed by God or does God will it because it is good?
Justin‟s Answer
The concept of good is always subjective. The answer for me is neither. First, the definition of human good is not
of genuine inspiration. Your definition of good may have come from your parents or relatives but you did not give
yourself the meaning of good. Second, every other person has a different perspective of what is good. Good is
subjective to the person‟s figment of mind. This dilemma is a Vicious Circularity.
Human Dignity
Basic Anthropology
1. Man is a Person: A concrete individual with reason and self awareness with free will, the basis of moral life
2. Man is a Substantial Unity: Man has a complete specific nature with a unity of both body and soul. Man is
also an autonomous being in a sense; we have the intelligence to understand the world and freedom.
Thomas Aquinas: “We have the reason to understand the world and the will to direct himself to true good”
3. Man is a Social Being: Man is a relational being who is open to himself and others
4. Man as a Historical Reality: Man develops as a person in noticeable stages
To keep things lighter (Justin‟s Way)
o
o
o
AUTONOMY, man must be viewed in the light with uniqueness and equality
Man has SELF REALIZATION, man cannot be judged in abstraction
Man has RESPONSIBILITY, man develops through inter-subjectivity
Man has
Christian Anthropology
1. Man is a Creature: We believe in God as the true Creator and a vision to be responsible and caring. We
affirm God as the creator and that everything we do are immanent and personal actions of God.
2. Man is the Image of God: Man appears as the first conscious where knowledge and instinct for union. We
have a likeness to God in likeness and responsible conduct to respond freely to the call of God
3. Man is Fallen and Redeemed: Man has abused his freedom but with God‟s mercy towards us, we rise up
again.
Quote: “Rise” – Guy from “The Pit” in “The Dark Knight Rises” (2012)
To keep things lighter (Justin‟s Way)
o
o
o
image and likeness; we are manifestations of his beauty and marvel.
We are redeemed by the Incarnate Jesus Christ, the son of God whom he so loved.
We are temples and an indwelling of the Holy Spirit, the third member of the trinity
We are created in God‟s
Ontological Dignity
o
o
The dignity of the human person, the fact that they are fundamental facts of human beings. Ergo, our
dignity by being a Homo sapien sapiens, being a Human Being
This should be respected and protected to the highest degree in the light of the following
 We have this from “womb” to “tomb”, from the moment of conception
 Our own worth is not based on morals in itself or even education and wealth

Even when we lose our Moral Dignity, our dignity as a human person, our ontological dignity
remains.
If Moral Dignity is Lost,
o
o
Our Ontological Dignity will remain.
Man has the capability to regain moral dignity as a child of God, a brother to Jesus and a temple to the
Holy Spirit
Important Quotations
o
o
o
o
o
“The Human Person Possesses Dignity That Has No Price But Value” – Immanuel Kant
“To Be A Human Being Is To Be A Fellow Human Being” – Martin Buber
“I Exist In The Measure That I Exist For Others, For After All, To Be Is To Love” – E. Mounier
“The Face Of The Other Tells Me That It Is Impossible To Kill The Person With That Face” – E. Levinas
“On Account Of His Great Love, He Became What We Are That He Might Make Us What He Is” – St. Iraneus
With Nature and Grace
o
We gain a share in the very nature of God which implies the indwelling of the trinity in the soul of a man
o
We are conformed to the
o
This is a destiny going beyond our limits, hence it is
workings of the Holy Spirit in the depths of our hearts
supernatural
Freedom and Responsibility
B.F. Skinner
o
o
He quoted that “Freedom is an illusion” and that our actions/behavior is molded by the way we interact
with mass media and how we are shaped by environmental consequences.
Remember: Actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur while actions followed by bad
outcomes are less likely to recur
Operant Conditioning
o
How a certain variable is trained to become autonomous in itself that it is now immediate to do actions
that were before told or stimulated
Reinforcement of Behavior
o
o
o
o
Positive Reinforcement: give a “reward” for some desired action that was done
Negative Reinforcement: take away a “reward” for undesired action
Punishment: Use of aversive stimulus to shape behavior to prevent and take it away
Extinction: In a sense, ignoring behavior in general.
Schedule of Reinforcement
o
o
Interval Schedules: based on time
 Interval Fixed Reinforcement: based on a fixed lapse of time. (Sr. C turns off the computer every
3:30pm every day. Justin gives him choc nut at this same time)
 Interval Variable Reinforcement: random time lapses. (2:30,4:00,9:00,9:30)
Ratio Schedules: based on the number of responses
 Ratio Fixed Reinforcement: based on the # of responses. (For every 5 times Sr. C turns off the
computer, Justin gives him popcorn)

Ratio Variable Reinforcement: overall average # of responses. (In 1 week, Sr. C opens the door 6
times, therefore he gets 3 chocolates. If he opened it 12 times, then he would get 6 chocolates)
Limited Effects of Punishment
o
o
o
o
It does not teach any behavior
It is only effective when delivered immediately and consistently
There are a lot of negative side effects
Undesirable Behaviors (Aggression) and Negative Emotions (Fear)
J.P. Sartre
o
He quoted that “We are condemned to be free” and that our own freedom resides in our consciousness‟
power and capability to say “No”
Justin‟s Interlude Pretense
In my personal opinion, I would agree more to a certain extent with Sartre than that of Skinner. Just because
we are all capable of change and that we are not toys or dolls that go to bed every single time and day at the same
time and are motive by rewards and fulfillment.
Consciousness to say NO!
o
For Sartre, freedom is the capability to say NO!
 In pretense, when we are conscious and with mindset, we can always say NO!
 As an example:
 A college student who is about to join a fraternity can still opt not to do it.
“Bad Faith”

It is an aspect of self denial wherein a person will try to prevent or avoid the responsibility of one‟s own
total freedom
Jesus Calls Us to True Freedom
o
We are disciples of Jesus Christ and we are called to be free to him and from sin. In a sense, we try to
emulate his example. Christian Morality, ergo, we choose good over bad
Freedom is doing what is good
o
Self explanatory, we are free only if we do good. The rest of the details are supplements
Freedom is relational
o
o
It involves everyone; it explains your freedom in society. How you affect and become affected by it.
You must learn to respect the dignity of yourself in relation with others
Example: In the piece “Republikang Basahan”, the Filipinos are bounded by the „dayuhans‟, ergo,
the Philippines AS A WHOLE is not free.
God‟s Will and Freedom
o
o
God‟s Freedom: The power to say no to evil. The more good a person does the more freedom he gets from
God the father.
God‟s Will: It is the plan from God to us to do what is right.
Freedom For and Freedom From
!Note that this is assuming that the context of the situation is doing the good!
o
o
Freedom From: your freedom from anything that gets in the way of our goal of complete good as people
in the Church. We are free from violent acts, and demeaning conduct that disable development.
Freedom For: we are free for the development of being true person in Jesus.
B. Physics
Science, Religion and the Arts
o
o
o
Science simply aims to understand. To understand everyday things using analytical means and by the
scientific method.
The Arts aim to express. To be able to express emotions by the virtue of creativity.
Religion aims for people to believe. It is often said that we live by faith, not by sight.
Science, Technology and Society
Science
Theories
(Ideas)
o
Technology
Practicality
(Application)
Society
Consumers
(Economic Use)
Key Words
 Society – wants and/or needs
 Science- study and/or research
 Technology- product/process/tool
Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Recognize the Problem
Make an educated guess- a hypothesis- about the answer
Predict the consequences of the hypothesis
Perform experiments to test predictions
Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the main ingredients: hypothesis, prediction, and
experimental outcome.
(Note: Hypothesis is an educated guess that can be proven wrong)
Significant Figures
1. All Non Zero Digits are significant.
9829  4 significant figures
2. The zero (0) digit may or may not be significant
101  3 SF, 100  1SF, 100.0  4SF
Scientific Notation
o
o
o
o
A way to write large and small numbers in an easy way
Numbers are written by the powers of A x 10B
Movement to the left signifies a positive exponent. 148,000.0  1.48 x 105
Movement to the right signifies a negative exponent. 0.000683  6.83 x 10-4
Conversion
o
Unit conversion is possible when there is an equivalent ratio of quantities
Example 1
Justin is flying from Hong Kong to London with no stop over‟s. If the duration of the flight is 13.5 hours, what is
that in seconds?
13.5 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑥
= 48, 600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
1 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
Example 2
Kyle measured that the contraption that was given to him generated 99.5 MHz. What is this in kHz?
99.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑥
1 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧
1 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑥
= 99,500 𝑘𝐻𝑧
1 𝑀𝐻𝑧
1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
Example 3
Anthony, an experimental race car driver tested his new alpha 500 race car which had a top speed of 3.25 x 104
km/hr. Convert this into m/s
3.25 𝑥 104
𝑘𝑚 1 𝑥 103 𝑚
1 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
𝑥
𝑥
= 9,027.78
𝑕𝑟
1 𝑘𝑚
3600 𝑠
𝑠
Example 4
Adrian measured a certain figure to have 475 cm3. His teacher then asked him to convert it to m3
475 𝑐𝑚3 𝑥
1𝑚
100 𝑐𝑚
3
−→ 475 𝑐𝑚3 𝑥
1 𝑚3
= 4.75 𝑥 10−4 𝑚3
1,000,000 𝑐𝑚3
Scalars and Vectors
Scalars
l=2 meters
Only the magnitude, “How much”
Represented by a line segment
Vectors
l=3 centimeters, East
Magnitude and Direction, “How much and which direction”
Represented by rays and arrows
Systems of Directions
1. By the X and Y axis‟
2. NSEW and Bearings
Vector A (Violet): 2 cm along the + x axis
Vector B (Green): 3 cm, 800 from the – x axis
Vector C (Red): 2.75cm, Southeast
Vector D (Blue): 5 cm, 600 West of South
Addition of Vectors using the Component Method
Given
Vector A : 10 m, E
Vector B: 5m, 300 N of E
A+B=R
Step 1: Graphical Representation
Step 2: X and Y Components
Given
X
V cos θ
Y
V sin θ
Vector A
mag: 10 m
θ: 00
Vector B
mag: 5m
θ: 300
Vector R
∑
10cos0
10m
10sin0
0m
5cos30
4.33m
(+)5sin30
2.50m
Rx =14.33m
Ry = 2.50m
Step 3: Triangular Representation
Green: Rx and Ry Values
Red: Vector R Value
Step 4: Solving for θ and the magnitude
𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑔 =
𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑔 =
tan−1
𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
Step 5: The Final Vector
Vector R = 14.55m, 9.900 N of E
𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥
(14.33)2 + (2.50)2 = 14.55𝑚
2.50
= 9.900
14.33
Kinematics
o
o
Distance (d)
 Scalar quantity
 “How much earth has an object
covered during its motion”
Displacement ( d )
 Vector quantity
 Object‟s change in position
o
o
Speed (v)
 Scalar quantity
 “How fast an object is moving”
Velocity ( v )
 Vector quantity
 Rate in which an object changes
position
o
o
Average Speed
 Scalar quantity
 Average for all instantaneous speeds

o
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙
Average Velocity
 Vector quantity

𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
o
Instantaneous Speed
 Speed at any given instant in time
Acceleration
 Vector quantity
 The rate in which an object changes
its velocity

∆ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
∆ 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Projectile Motion
o
o
o
2 Dimensional motion concerning vertical and horizontal shifts
Take note of the following
 The horizontal speed is equal to 0
 The horizontal acceleration is equal to 0
 As you go up, the object slows down by 9.8m/s2
 As you go down, the object speeds up by 9.8m/s2
Key Concepts


Projectile: object/variable in projectile motion
Trajectory: path that has been taken by the projectile
Range: max. horizontal distance
o

As the projectile is in motion, the following formulas is applicable
o
𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑔 =
o
𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝜃 = tan−1
o
The Concept of Angular Range
 The maximum range is only achievable at an angle of 450
 As an angle value increases, the max. height will also increase
 Complementary angles have the same/equal range. (300 and 600, 800 and 100)
𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥
C. Algebra
Arithmetic Sequence
o
o
o
o
Geometric Sequence
Terms are computed by adding a common
difference (d) to each term.
Examples of an Arithmetic Sequence
 1,2,3,4,5,... (d=1)
 3,7,11,15,19,23,… (d=4)
 8,8,8,8,8,… (d=0)
 Note that to get d, you subtract a
current term from its previous term
For finding the nth term
 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
For finding the series
𝑛
 𝑠 = 2 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑠=
𝑛
2
o
o
o
o
Terms are computed by multiplying a
common ratio (r) to each term.
Examples of a Geometric Sequence
 2,4,8,16,32,… (r=2)
 5, 85, 1445, 24565, 417605,… (r=17)
 8,8,8,8,8,… (r=1)
 Note that to get r , you divide a
current term from its previous term
For finding the nth term
 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
For finding the series
 For a Finite Geometric Sequence:
𝑠=
𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛

𝑎 1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
1−𝑟
For an Infinite Geometric Sequence:
𝑎1
𝑠∞ = 1−𝑟
Binomial Expansion
Properties of Binomial Expansion using Pascal‟s Triangle
o
o
o
There are n+1 terms in the expansion of (a+b)n
The exponent of the variable a starts from the power of (a+b) and will decrease by 1 every term until it
reaches 0
The exponent of the variable b starts from 0 and increases by 1 every term until it reaches the power of
(a+b)
o
o
o
o
o
The sum of the exponents of the variables a and b is always equal to the power of n of (a+b)
The binomial coefficient of the first and the last terms is equal to one and the binomial coefficient of the
second and the second to the last term is always equal to n
The binomial coefficients of each term can be written in triangular form
To get the binomial coefficients of the terms between the first and
last terms, just add the two numbers above it
The triangle is symmetrical
Finding for the rth term
o
o
o
We can identify any term in the expansion of (a+b)n
The rth term is basically any term in the expansion
𝑛!
𝑛−𝑟+1 ! 𝑟−1 !
The Binomial Theorem
o
Another way of expanding binomials is given by the Binomial Theorem which states that for any binomials
(a+b), and a positive exponent of n
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 − 1 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1 + (𝑛𝐶𝑛)𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛
D. Economics
Economics In A Nutshell
o
o
o
o
o
A social science that deals with the allocation of goods and services to supply the ever increasing human
wants and needs.
Taken from “Oikos” + “Nomos” = House Management
Scarcity: lack of supply and a greater demand
Opportunity Cost: cost of alternative forgone
Allocation: process of distributing goods and services to society
The Scale of Economics
o
o
Macro Economics: large scale enterprises and whole nation states
Micro Economics: small scale enterprises, firms and self proprietary businesses
The Types of Economics
o
o
Positive Economics: deals with raw facts and information
Normative Economics: draws conclusions and judgments based on facts and situations
Economic Resources of the Philippines
o
Resources are classified into three, namely, Natural, Physical and Human Resources
Natural Resources
o
o
Resources from God, God‟s gift for us to use
Divided into 3 main subsets

Land Resources: Resources from the plains and various land forms



Agricultural: Farmlands and Harvesting Zones
Forest: Sanctuaries, National Parks and others alike
Aquatic Resources: Resources from the seas and other water forms. Aquaculture and
Fishery

Mineral Resources: Resources from mines and mineral deposits both metallic or non
metallic
Human Resources
o
Ability of a man to produce goods and services by using his abilities, knowledge, skills and manpower
o
Labor Force: Men and women from the age of 15 and above who are fully employed or looking for
work
o
o
o
Underemployment: A state in which a person takes a job where his skills are underutilized
Unemployment: A state in which a person is without work because of the lack of job opportunities
Labor Participation Rate: The proportion of the population ages 15 and above who are
economically active
Physical Resources
o
Man-made structures and equipment that are used to produce other goods and services.
o
Fixed Capital Assets: assets of durable nature for repeated use over time (e.g. iPad,iPhone, a
building)
o
Infrastructure: capital investment of a country that underlines and makes possible all economic
activity
o
o
Depreciation: the process of wear and tear of a physical resource or a capital
Investment: creation of capital or goods that are capable of producing other goods and services
Note: Investment can also be called capital accumulation.
Needs and Wants of the Modern Consumer
o
Necessities and miscellaneous products and services to satisfy the modern consumer
Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs
Starting with the most important
o
o
o
o
o
Physiological Needs: Basic expenditures and necessities (food, shelter, clothing)
Safety Needs: Insurances, Plans, etc.
Love and Belongingness: To belong in society and to get along with other consumers
Self Esteem: Respect to others and Self Respect
Self Actualization: Life Fulfillment
Factors that Affect our Needs
o
o
o
o
o
Age
Education
Taste & Preference
Income
Profession
Basic Social Concerns for the Filipinos
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Health and Nutrition
Learning
Income and Consumption
Employment
Non-human productive resources
Housing utilities and environment
Public safety and justice system
Political value
Social Mobility
Influencing Consumption
o
Advertisement: convincing consumers to patronize certain products. (Bandwagon, Testimonial,
Branding)
o
o
o
o
Prices: factors that will limit consumption based on the perspective of the consumer
Income: earned cash in selling or producing consumer goods
Occasion: special holidays, events of meaning. (Christmas, Birthdays)
Bandwagon Effect: products patronized by our friends or by celebrities are being consumed more
by the consumers
o
o
Values: we are influenced by our attitudes and our behavioral aspects in making consumer judgments
Seasons: we are influenced depending on the status of the weather or the surroundings
Types of Consumption
o
o
o
o
o
Direct: satisfaction upon buying a certain product. (iPad, iPhone, MacBook Pro)
Wasteful: no satisfaction upon buying a certain product. (Hoarding)
Harmful: goods that endangers self and others. (“Lunatic” gun)
Productive: goods to be used in the production of other goods
Intermediate goods: goods that need to be processed more in order to produce other goods
Laws of Consumption
o
o
o
Law of Economic Order: you must prioritize basic needs like food and clothing over misc. needs
Law of Variety: more satisfaction if the products that you buy have variety
Law of Diminishing Utility: the utility of a certain products will lose its value with the number of
uses or by the pass of time. “Nagsasawa ka na”
High vs. Low Income
o
o
Lower Income families prioritize more on food and other basic expenditures
HigherIncome families spend most of their resources of Miscellaneous Items
Living Standards
o
Poverty Standard: lowest of the low, depends of donations from other people, not able to meet
their needs.
o
Bare Living Standard: satisfaction of the basic needs is hard and they are uncertain of complete
meals. Ergo, income is barely enough to satisfy needs.
o
Decency Standard: chance to choose from a variety of products, thus income is better and giving
assurance of all basic needs and experiences dignified living
o
Comfort Standard: income is enough to enjoy comforts and considered as a living with no
financial scuffle wherein income can be saved
o
Luxury Standard: consumption of high quality products, money, and price are not issues. No limits
in expenditures
Culture and Behaviors of the Filipinos that affect Consumption
o
Indebtedness (“Utang na loob”): form of repaying gifted services, emotions or trust by buying that
person‟s products or services
o
Colonial Mentality: form of wanting foreign goods rather than local goods or regarding them with
a higher quality or standard than what we have here. (iPhone vs. Cherry mobile)
o
o
Regionalism: prioritization of a regions local products
“Pakikisama”(Peer Pressure) : consumption or expending of goods/services to get along with your
social group.
Market Structures
o
Pure Monopoly: only one sole firm is the producer of a certain product with no close substitutes. In
a sense, they are desirable from the point of view of the company but not desirable for consumer since
there is no variety.
1. There is only one sole seller of that product
2. No substitutes are available, ergo, no viable competition or variety
3. No barriers to entry.
o
Oligopoly
1. An industry that is crushed by a few firms. (garnering more than 50% market share)
2. Collusion or Interdependence from firms
3. There are barriers to entry, but substantially less than that of monopoly
4. Advertising is key and you have differentiated market products/innovations
o
Cartel: a group of companies acting in unison. Used to restrict quantities in production by means of
raising prices and raises their profits
o
Collusion: agreement among companies or firms to divide the market, to restrict/set prices or to limit
production/manufacturing. Happens within an industry when rival companies cooperate for mutual
benefit
o
Rival Companies: companies competing for market share of a sole category. (e.g. Samsung vs.
Apple) (iPhone 4s vs. Galaxy SIII)
o
Monopolistic Competition
1. Different ion of products
2. There are many companies/firms involbed
3. Free entry and exit
4. Independence in making decision
5. Have some degree of market power
o
Product Differentiation: process of distinguishing a product or offering from others, to make it
more attractive to the desired market which involves differentiating it from the competitor‟s innovations
as well as their own sole innovations.
E. English
Mythology
o
o
o
o
An organized collection of stories
Explains the origin of humanity and its tradition
The way which the natural in line with human words function at a universal level
Describes the daily happenings amongst deities (gods).
In comparison to
o
Legend: Generally no religious and supernatural structure or upbringing but rather of the story‟s
significance
o
Folklore: Figments of the mind with a possible factual background and is believed by a statistic few in
an area
o
Fables: Stories of animals with a given moral
Purposes of Mythology/Myths
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Grant continuity and stability to a culture
Present guidelines for living
Justify a culture‟s activities
Give meaning to life
Explain the unexplainable
Offer role models
Features
o
o
o
o
o
Creation Mythology
o
o
These are symbolic narrations of the earliest
of times
Elaborates how the world came to be and
what happened to it
Started in the state of Oral Tradition, by the
word of mouth
Types
Deity
Primordial Being
Vast Nothing
Cosmic Egg
Earth Diver
o
o
o
o
o
Ex Nihilo “Out of Nothing”
Creation from Chaos
World Parent
Emergence or Metamorphosis
Earth Diver
The Titans
o
o
o
o
They are also known as the elder gods
The Leader was Cronus who was overthrown by Zeus.
The Titans were banished to Tartarus .
Titans are associated with the various planets
The Titans, the Titanic task made easy (Justin‟s Way)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Cronus
 He “castrated” his father Uranus and ate each of his children as they were born
Rhea
 She was the wife of Cronus and she tricked him to protect Zeus
Oceanus and Thethys
 Unending stream of water was produced because of them. The Wife Tethys produced the nymphs
Hyperion
 Titan of Light, the father of the sun, moon and the dawn
Mnemosyne
 Titan of memory and the mother of the muses
Themis
 Titan of Justice and Orders
Iapetus
 Father of Atlas and Prometheus
Coeus
 Titan of Intelligence
The Olympians
o
o
Reside on Mount Olympus
Think of it as a new generation of gods, from the previous Titans
The Olympians, the Herculean task made easy (Justin's Way)
o
Hephaestus (Vulcan)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
 Master Blacksmith and the god of fire who was crippled and married to Aphrodite
Hermes (Mercury)
 Messenger of the gods with the symbol “caduceus”.
Hestia
 Biological first born of Cronus and Rhea and virgin goddess of the hearth, architecture, and the
right ordering of domesticity.
Hera (Juno)
 Queen of the gods and sister and the wife of Zeus
Athena (Minerva)
 Patron goddess of Athens, wisdom and of arts and crafts
Aphrodite (Venus)
 The primal cause of the Trojan War (see Apple of Discord) and the goddess of beauty, love and
sexuality
Apollo (Phobeus Apollo)
 Uses the lyre and the sun as his symbol and is the god of healing, plague, music and prophecy
Artemis (Diana)
 Twin sister of Apollo and wields the bow and arrow. Symbol includes the moon
Ares (Mars)
 With grief, strife, panic and terror which makes him the god of war and violence
Poseidon (Neptune)
 Wields a trident and the god of the seas, waters, horses and earthquakes
Hades (Pluto)
 Lord of the underworld and ruler of the dead
Zeus (Jupiter)
 Leader of Mount Olympus and the father of all gods and men on Mount Olympus.
For the other creation stories and for the subject verb agreement, please refer to your handouts
Connotative vs. Denotative
o
o
Denotative: this is your dictionary meaning
Connotative: this is your implied/figurative meaning
Types of Conflicts
o
o
o
o
o
o
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Fate
Man vs. Technology
Man vs. Self
Faulty Shifts
o
An inconsistency in any of the following
 Verb Tense
 Voice (Active/Passive Voice)
 Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive)
 Person (Pronouns)
Parallelism
o
Sentences must be parallel together in thought and in form
o
When they are wrong in form, there is faulty parallelism, therefore, apply faulty shifts.
For English Elective
o
o
Defamiliarization: makes us see things in a much different light.
Catharsis: purging of the self through dominant and intense feelings/emotions like aggression, fear,
hatred and anxiety
Having a good beginning
o
o
You need to have a good point of attack
Using the following methods, you can create a brilliant beginning
 Chimay-Chismis Method
 Explanation Method
 Setting Method
 Pure Shock Method
Evil in Fiction
o
o
Evil is now relatable to regular people in modern days because it is not necessarily ugly horrifying
personalities that have the urge to kill you.
Evil now has emotions and undergoes change like most good characters do as well.
Suspension of Disbelief
o
In order to see fundamental human truths in a different light
(NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS WILL BE POSTED LATER)
F. Geometry
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
o
Deductive Reasoning: Logical reasoning using known facts in a step by step process until
arriving at the wanted statement
o
Inductive Reasoning: Logical reasoning using inferences from individual situations to create
principles.
If then Statements
Given the statement “A Pentagon is a five sided polygon”
o
o
o
o
o
o
Conditionals (If p then q) [pq]
 “If the polygon is a pentagon, then it is five sided”
Converse (If q then p)[qp]
 “If the polygon is five sided, then it is a pentagon”
Negation (Not p then q or p then not q) [-pq, p-q]
 “If the polygon is not a pentagon, then it is five sided” or
 “If the polygon is a pentagon, then it is not five sided”
Inverse (negation of both statements)[-p -q]
 “If the polygon is not a pentagon, then it is not five sided”
Contrapositive (Inverse of the converse)[-q-p]
 “If the polygon is not five sided, then it is not a polygon”
Biconditional



Combination of the conditional and the converse statements and uses “if and only if”
True Biconditional: both the conditional and the converse are true/false
“A polygon is a pentagon, if and only if it has five sides”
Undefined Terms
o
Point: no size nor dimension and indicates a positioned represented by a dot and named by a capital
letter
o
Line: set of infinite points that extends in both directions with no width and an infinite length and is
named by any of its two points or an italicized small letter
o
Plane: flat surface with no thickness that extends without end to all directions with no boundaries and is
named by a single capital italicized letter or by three non collinear points. An edge is a line that divides a
plane
F
k
A
o
G
M
C
D
S
Space: set of all points


A plane is called a face and the sides of the plane are half spaces
A face is a plane that divides a space
Postulates and Theorems
The Postulates
1.
2.
3.
4.
Two points identify exactly 1 line (Line Postulate)
Two distinct lines intersect in only 1 point (Line Intersection Postulate)
If 2 distinct planes intersect, then they intersect in a line (Plane Intersection Postulate)
The collinear points are contained in at least 1 plane while three non-collinear points are contained in
exactly 1 plane (Plane Postulate)
5. For any 2 points, there are infinitely many planes that contain them (Two Points Plane Postulate)
6. If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line is in the plane (Two points Line Postulate)
7. Four Non Coplanar points determine a space (Space Postulate)
The Theorems
1. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, then the intersection contains only one point (LinePlane Intersection Theorem)
2. Exactly one plane contains a line and a given point not on a line (Line Point Theorem)
3. Exactly one plane contains 2 intersecting lines (Two Intersecting Lines Plane Theorem)
Subsets of a Line
Ruler Postulate
o
A one to one correspondence between the points of a line and the set of real numbers
Distance between 2 points
o
o
Distance between 2 given points A and B (AB) is the Absolute Value of the difference of the coordinates of
the 2 points
|A-B| or |B-A|
Segment
o
o
Set of points on a line consisting its 2 endpoints and all the points in between
Segment‟s length refers to the distance between its two endpoints
o
Congruent segments are 2
o
o
Set of points on a line having one endpoint and one that extends infinitely in one direction
Opposite Rays are two collinear rays which have a common endpoint that extends in opposite
directions
segments who have the same or equal lengths
Ray
Segment Addition Postulate
o
Given three collinear and distinct points C, H and R; C is between H and R if and only if HC+CR = HR
H
o
C
R
In a sense, if HC = 8; CR = 10; HR = 18
Midpoint of a Segment
o
A is the midpoint of the segment UM only if it lies in between U and M and UA = AM
U
A
M
Midpoint Theorem
o
o
If A is the midpoint of segment UM, then
2 UA = UM; 2AM= UM or UA = ½ UM; AM=1/2 AM
Midpoint Corollary
o
Every segment has exactly one midpoint
Segment Bisector
o
o
A segment, ray, plane or a line that intersects a segment only at its midpoint
Perpendicular Bisector: a segment bisector that is perpendicular to the segment and only intersects at the
midpoint
Angle Pairs
o
Adjacent Angles: 2 angles with a common vertex and a common side but no interior points in
common
o
o
o
o
Complementary Angles: 2 angles whose sum of the measures equal 90
Supplementary Angles: 2 angles whose sum of the measures equal 180
Linear Pair: 2 adjacent angles whose sum of the measures equal 180
Vertical Angles: 2 non-adjacent angles which are formed by intersecting lines
Postulates and Theorems with Corollaries Take 2
The Theorems
o
o
o
o
If 2 angles are supplements of congruent angles, then the angles are congruent (Supplement Theorem)
If 2 angles are both congruent and supplementary, then each is a right angle (Right Supplement Theorem)
If 2 angles are complements of congruent angles, then the angles are congruent (Complement Theorem)
If 2 angles are vertical angles, then the angles are congruent (Vertical Angle Theorem)
The Corollaries
o
o
If 2 angles are supplementary to the same angle, then the angles are congruent (Supplement Corollary)
If 2 angles are complementary to the same angle, then the angles are congruent (Complement Corollary)
The Postulate
o
If 2 angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary (Linear Pair Postulate)
Relationship of Lines
o
o
o
o
Parallel Lines: non-intersecting coplanar lines
Perpendicular Lines: coplanar intersecting lines which form right angle/s
Oblique Lines: coplanar intersecting lines not forming right angle/s, ergo, acute or obtuse
Skew Lines: non-coplanar, non-intersecting lines
Transversal
o
A line that intersects 2 or more coplanar lines at 2 or more points
Angles formed by a Transversal
o
o
o
o
o
Alternate Interior Angles
 Non-adjacent interior angles that lie on the opposite sides of a certain transversal
Alternate Exterior Angles
 Non-adjacent exterior angles that lie on the opposite sides of a certain transversal
Corresponding Angles
 2 non-adjacent angles, an exterior and an interior on the same side of the transversal
Interior Angles on the Same Side of the Transversal (SST)
 2 Interior angles on the same side of the transversal
Exterior on the Same Side of the Transversal (SST)
 2 Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal
G. Filipino (In English)
(Partly based on the reviewer of Kino Sevilla)
History Behind the El Filibusterismo
o
o
o
o
Printed in Ghent, Spain and was an important wepon against the Spaniards.
Considered as the sequel of Noli Me Tangere and was the work of Rizal‟s brain
Money was donated by Valentin Ventura to be able to publish the book
The book is a political book as opposed to a historical book
Brief Descriptions of Each Character
o
o
o
Simoun: was formerly C. Ibarra and is now a jeweler who normally wears shades. (Sort of like Slash)
Isagani: he was the boyfriend of Paulita and a dear friend of Basilio
Basilio: he was adopted by Capitan Tiago and enrolled as a med student and was also the boyfriend of
Juli
o
o
o
o
o
Kabesang Tales: he is the father of Juli and he fights for the rights to his land
Tandang Selo: father of Tales who was shot by his grandchild.
Senyor Pasta: lawyer of the friars in terms of legal issues
Ben Zayb: was a news reporter who only did news reports that were in favor of the friars
Placido Penitente: a student who was very smart but lost care for his own studies. Opposes the
school system
o
o
o
o
o
Padre Carmona: he secretly loves Juli
Padre Fernandez: he was a Dominican priest with a liberal mind
Padre Florentino: he was the adopted father of Isagani and he used to date other people.
Padre Irene: he supported the children and the academy but he left them in the end.
Juanito Pelaez: a student of Spanish blood and was loved by the professors. Only goes to school to
check if there is no school.
o
Maharaig/Macaraig: he was a rich student who fights for the academy. He disappeared at a
difficult time though
o
o
Sandoval: he was Spanish who agreed with the idealism of the children
Donya Victorina: she is actually a Filipino and she tries desperately to be accepted by the Spaniards.
She is the aunt of Paulita Gomez
o
o
o
o
o
Paulita Gomez: girlfriend of Isagani and she married Juanito
Quiroga: was a Chinese merchant who wishes to start an embassy in the Philippines
Juli: she was the daughter of Tales and the girlfriend of Basilio
Hermana Bali: took Juli in who asks help from P. Carmona
Hermana Penchang: lady who prays a lot and Juli hides from her
Kabanata 1: On the Upper Deck
o
The Bapor Tabo
 It is shaped like a circle: no direction
 Dirty: it never changes ergo, it sticks to tradition
 White: pretending to look pretty
o
o
o
 Gives of black smoke: dark intentions/deeds.
 2 decks, upper and lower deck: discrimination
The people on the upper deck were the people who are either Spanish or really rich
Their problem “The Pasig River is exactly the boat‟s size”
Solutions
 Simoun‟s Idea
Widen the river but make the criminals, children, and the old people do it
The idea angered everyone
 Don Custodio‟s Idea
Have the people next to the river take care of ducks. The ducks will look for snails in the river
consequentially widening it. Was disliked by D. Victorina
Kabanata 2: On the Lower Deck
o
o
o
o
The Lower deck was where all the luggage was. It was really crammed up, it was very dirty, smelly, tight
and hot.
Basilio, Capt. Basilio, Isagani and Padre Florentino discussed about the Academy of the Spanish Language
until Simoun interrupted
Simoun criticized Basilio and Isagani for not drinking beer. They respond by saying that they do not need it
He really aimed to anger everyone
Kabanata 3: Legends
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Legend of the Large Rock
Told by the Captain
Message: Catholics should not believe in the existence of spirits
About: A lagre rock which the olden people praised where all the god‟s lived till the day the Spaniards
came and in that rock, all the evil spirits lived
Legend of Donya Geronomia
Told by Padre Florentino
Message: Directed to Padre Salvi towards his abuse of Maria Clara
About: A girl who waited many years for a wedding that was not met when the guy became an arch
bishop
Legend of St. Nicholas
Told by Padre Salvi
Message: Catholicism for the Chinese
About: The prayer and faith of a Chinese to St. Nicholas
Kabanata 4: Cabesang Tales
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
He wanted to take care of a piece of land that the friars claimed to be theirs and they made him pay for it
He became “Cabeza de Barangay”, a tax collector in general and when people did not pay him, he would
have to pay the missing.
Selo reminds him to just pretend that a crocodile had stole all his money
He loses his patience as starts to carry a gun, a bolo and what not
The rebels then pressured him to help them, also and he gets caught and he is sent to jail.
Selo has to work again, while Tano has to become a laborer and Juli becomes a maid
Symbolizes the people who own land and the farmers
Kabanata 6: Si Basilio
o
o
o
He was an educated Filipino who was constantly teased by his fellow classmates and teachers.
He went on to study in Ateneo
Symbolizes people who study well and responsibly
Kabanata 7: Si Simoun
o
o
o
He is part of the Filipinos who are tired of the abuse of the government and would like to bring it down
whatever means necessary.
Colonial Mentality is seen very vividly.
Symbolizes rebels who want to bring down the government
Kabanata 12: Placido Penitente
o
o
o
Placido “quiet” and Penitente “regretful and penitence” = “He quietly regrets”
He believed that education is a weapon is society‟s progression and betterment.
Observe the schools
 Ateneo: smart, wearing European outfits and they bring a lot of books
 Letran: intelligent with only a few books who walk really fast and who wear Filipino outfits
 UST: they have no books who carry around a baston/ a cane and they love to party 
 Paaralang Normal: normally silent with colorful dresses. There are no jokes and they bring their
books often
Kabanata 15: Senyor Pasta
o
o
o
He was a famous lawyer in Manila who protects the people.
He was approached by Isagani who wanted to set up an academy that would teach the Spanish language.
He turned him down because this might lead to Senyor Pasta, him, being fired.
Kabanata 16: Don Quiroga
o
o
o
He was a Chinese businessman
When Simoun came to him and he was demanding Php 9000, he (Don Quiroga) said that he was under the
water already. In a sense, losing money.
Simoun said that Php 2000 would be deducted if he could hide the weapons in his bodega. Quiroga had
no choice but to agree.
End of Reviewer Pro