!
Source/production of Ethylene:
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#
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Polymer: A long chained molecules made up of a linked series of repeated monomers (eg. Polyethylene)
Monomer: Simple compound that join up to form polymers. (eg. Ethylene)
Polymerisation: The process of making polymers by allowing monomers to link up
)
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%
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Additional polymer:
+
Additional polymerisation: ,
%
The steps take to produce polyethylene form ethylene:
- #
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Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Properties: 0
%
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(
01
Uses: 2
%
3
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE!
Properties: 1
&
41
Uses:
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+
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!
+
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!
+
+
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!
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6
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Poly Vinyl Chloride:
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5
Polystyrene:
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1
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#
5
#
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!
0
0
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%
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Sample response: Justify the procedure you used to compare the reactivities of an alkane and its corresponding alkene. Name the
alkane, alkene and any reagents used. (4)
8
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-
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%
3
.
%
%
(
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#
3
%
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9
Sample response: During your study of this module, you carried out an investigation to compare the reactivities of alkanes
and their corresponding alkenes in bromine water.
a. Describe the experiment you performed (2)
b. Explain the results of your investigation
(3)
c. Justify the selection of the chemical substances chosen for this investigation (2)
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Sample response: Justify the appropriateness of using sources such as computer simulations and molecular model kits to
model the polymerization process (6)
General statement:
Main Features:
3
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3
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Discuss the advantages of using models in chemistry. Use examples to illustrate your answer (6) (CSSA 2002)
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General Statement: #
Issue 1: Limited resources
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Issue 2: Environmental issues
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Conclusion:
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Condensation polymer:
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Biomass: (
Recognize:
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Difference between α-glucose monomers and β-glucose"
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Formation of cellulose:
β'
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β
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Recognize:
#
General statement:
7
"
Decomposition
Fermentation
Dehydration
addition
cellulose 
 → glu cos e 

→ ethanol 
 → ethylene 
→ monomers 
→ polymers
Advantage 1: Environmental Impacts
7
0
Advantage 2: Reduces dependence on non-renewable resources
Disadvantage 1: Extraction difficulty
1
4
Disadvantage 2: Environmental impacts
%
3
Conclusion: Judgment
! 4
%
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5
6
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Introduction: 6
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How Biopolymer is produced:
46
%
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46!
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6
46
3
%
46 %
46 6
46
Properties of Biopolymer:
46
&
%
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%
Potential use of Biopolymer:
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46
!
,
46
A
' %
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Judgment/Conclusion:
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4.&$B!
4
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. H 2 SO4 + heat
C 2 H 5OH Conc

 → C 2 H 4 + H 2 O
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6
!
. H 2 SO4 + heat
C 2 H 4 + H 2 O dilute

 → C 2 H 5OH
3
)
3
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General statement:
Uses as solvents: #
Reasons for/explanation:
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%
$4
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− C2 H 5 !
%
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%
C
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%
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Uses as fuels:
Ethanol as renewable resource:
7
%
3
C2 H 5OH (l ) + 3O2 ( g ) 
→ 2CO2 ( g ) + 3H 2O(l )
%
&
)
Enzyme: (
#
Conditions under which fermentation of sugars is promoted
2
(
!
(
E
/F
C
D
"
%
%
!
7
zymase ( catalyst )
C 6 H 12 O6 
  → 2C 2 H 5OH + 2CO2
!
Model response: “Describe conditions under which fermentation of sugars is promoted”
7
% !
/F
!
7
!
%
"
#
!
%
C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O → 2C6 H 12 O6 → 4C 2 H 5OH + 4CO2
&
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%
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7
/F
zymase ( catalyst )
C 6 H 12 O6 
  → 2C 2 H 5OH + 2CO2
Additional information:
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%
3
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)
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Molar heat of combustion: 6
2
! 2
∆H = mC∆T
#
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Introduction: (
%
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4
5
%
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Advantages:
2 SO4
C 2 H 4 ( g ) + H 2 O ( g ) dil
. H
→ C 2 H 5OH (l )
8
4
3
7
C
D
zymase ( catalyst )
C 6 H 12 O6 (aq ) 
  → 2C 2 H 5OH (l ) + 2CO2 ( g )
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CO2
Disadvantages:
$
3
!
#
3
!
3
%
%
Conclusion:
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Additional information:
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#
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#
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0
3
4
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C12 H 22O11 (aq) ( sucrose) + H 2O(l ) 
→ C6 H 12O6 (aq) ( glu cos e ) + C6 H 12O6 (aq) ( fructose )
%
zymase ( catalyst )
C 6 H 12 O6 (aq ) 
  → 2C 2 H 5OH (l ) + 2CO2 ( g )
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General statement:
Main features:
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Judgement: *
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x − di / tri halogen − x − di/tri prefix(thyl) - x - alkanol
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Oxidation: loss of electrons
Reduction: gain of electrons
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!
%
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Zn( s ) + CuSO4 (aq) → Cu ( s ) + ZnSO4 (aq )
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Displacement reaction: G
#
A + BC → AC + B
(
Zn( s ) + CuSO4 (aq) → Cu ( s ) + ZnSO4 (aq )
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Zn( s ) → Zn 2+ (aq ) + 2e −
Cu 2+ (aq ) + 2e − → Cu ( s )
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Oxidation state:
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Oxidant/Oxidizing agent: (
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Reductant/Reducing agent: (
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%
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Galvanic Cell:
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Zn( s ) → Zn 2+ (aq ) + 2e
%
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Cu 2+ (aq ) + 2e → Cu ( s )
#
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#
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KNO3
! &
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(
&
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Physical changes seen in the galvanic cell during reaction:
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more reactive metals → oxidise →∴ anode (negative)
less reactive metals → reduce →∴ cathode (positive)
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Sample response: Electrochemical methods are important in producing materials and making energy available.
Design an investigation to gather first hand data to measure the difference in potential of different combinations of metals
in an electrolyte solution. (STANSW 2001 Trial) (5)
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Zn( s ) → Zn 2+ (aq ) + 2e −
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2MnO2 ( s ) + 2 NH 4 (aq) + 2e → Mn2O3 ( s ) + H 2O(l ) + NH 3 (aq)
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ZnCl2
$
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2Zn( s ) + 2 NH 4 (aq) + 2 MnO2 ( s ) → Zn 2+ (aq) + Mn2O3 ( s ) + H 2O(l ) + 2 NH 3 ( g )
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Ag 2O ( s ) + H 2O (l ) + 2e − → 2 Ag ( s ) + 2OH − (aq )
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Mo + 01n→ 4299 Mo
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Cm + 20
Ca → 292
116 Uuh Ununhexium + 4 0 n
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