How did economics & politics provide the basis for the
Renaissance?

City-State economics



Crusades & trade:Venice, Genoa, Milan
Wool & banking: Florence
Political Change



12th c. communes & republics
14th c. signori/oligarchies
15th /16th c. dominance of merchant-oligarchs
Medici tomb in Medici Chapel
Source: Google Images
How did Italian rivalry lead to weakness &
decentralization?

Balance of power

Shifting alliances


Modern diplomacy
Foreign armies



Florence + Naples v. Milan & France, 1494*
Savonarola’s Florence
Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-59

Sack of Rome, 1527
Source: Google Images
How were these ideas hallmarks of the Renaissance?

Renaissance Humanism: rooted in the Classics



Petrarch
Cicero and the republic
Civic Humanism


Neoplatonism: Florence


Spiritual & eternal > material & transient
Strong Christian perspective


Bruni: serve the state; virtu
Pico: On the Dignity of Man
Achievements of the individual

Alberti: Men can do all things if they will.
Source: Google Images
How were these ideals shaped by the economic
and political conditions of the Renaissance?



Education: New Purpose

Eloquence and action

we call those studies liberal…by which
we attain and practice virtue & wisdom
Men: public sphere

Humanist schools for urban males

Castiglione’s The Courtier
Women: private sphere

Alberti & Castiglione
Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione
Source: Google Images
How did politics and economics shape the discussion of political
thought?

Plato

Bruni

Machiavelli: order and security


virtu v. fortuna
a prince therefore…must learn to be not always good, but
to be so or not as necessity requires.

The Prince
Source: Google Images
Did Christian humanists differ from Italian humanists?

Christian Humanism: synthesis

More


Utopia
Erasmus

Education of a Christian Prince

The Praise of Folly
Sir Thomas More
Erasmus
Source: Google Images
How did printing affect political power & social
groups?

Technology


Type, ink, presses, paper
Impact




Petrarch v. Erasmus
Print shops
Government & Church
Individuals & literacy

invisible public
Source: Google Images
What is the connection between art, creativity, & power?

Patrons & consumption patterns


Corporate & individual
Artistic genius

Workshops

Gendered concepts
Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes
Source: Google Images
What is the significance of changing artistic styles?


Renaissance v medieval
15th c.



16th c.

Andrea Mantegna, Death of the Virgin
Classical (secular) and religious
Italian v northern Europe
Florence to Rome to Venice
Giotto, Flight into Egypt
Source: Google Images
Raphael, School of Athens
Source: Google Images
Botticelli, Birth of Venus Venus
Source: Google Images
Michelangelo
Source: Google Images
Ghiberti, Baptistry Doors
Source: Google Images
Brunelleschi, Cathedral of Florence
Source: Google Images
Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Source: Google Images
Breugel, Peasant Dance
Source: Google Images
Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck
Source: Google Images
How did social hierarchies reflect social reality &
idealizations?
• Race
– Portugal
– Labor & exotica
• Wealth v. orders
– Issues of status & honor
– Sumptuary laws
• Gender
– Debate about women: natural hierarchy?
– Christine de Pizan
– Female monarchs: gender or rank?
– Debate about men
Elizabeth I
Source: Google Images
How successful were western monarchs in creating
strong states?

Goals of the monarchs



Maintain order & secure borders
Establish institutions
The key component for the development of states was a strong monarchy.
Source: Google Images
Did French policies strengthen the state?

Challenges


Charles VII: 1422-61 (Valois)



Brittany
Army v. nobles & Burgundy
Louis XII & Anne of Brittany: 16th c.


New royal council
Taxes and army
Louis XI: 1461-83


Civil wars & English occupation
Marriage as a tool of statecraft
Concordat of Bologna, 1516

Quid pro quo
Source: Google Images
Did English policies strengthen the state?

Challenging legacies



Wars of the Roses
Role of Parliament
Henry VII: 1485-1509




Royal council
Marriages of Arthur & Henry
Star Chamber
Justices of the peace
Henry VII (Tudor)
Battlefields of the War of the Roses
Source: Google Images
Did Spanish policies strengthen the state?

Challenging legacies



Confederation
Religious diversity
F. & I.: 1474-1516




royal council
Role of the Church

Roman law

National Church: bishops & revenue

Anti-Semitism & Inquisition
Conquest of Granada & Navarre
Marriages of Catherine & Joanna
Source: Google Images
16th century religious reform
Causes?
Manifestations?
Consequences?
How did institutional problems undermine Church
legitimacy?

Clerical immorality

Clerical ignorance

Clerical pluralism

Clerical privileges
Source: Google Images
How significant were Luther’s challenges?


Faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone
95 Theses on Indulgences


Latin to German
Written to printed
As soon as coin in coffer rings, a soul from
Purgatory springs.

Where does authority lie?


Scripture, tradition, Pope?
Diet of Worms, 1521

Luther & Charles V
Source: Google Images
How does this statement reveal the
influence of the Northern Renaissance?
I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my
conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and
will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to
go against conscience. God help me. Amen.
Source: Google Images
How did these arguments challenge Church dogma
& practice?

How is a person to be saved?

Faith alone

Where does religious authority lie?

Bible as interpreted by individual conscience


What is the Church?

Entire community
What is the highest form of
Christian life?

All vocations have equal merit
Source: Google Images
Which social groups found Protestant ideas appealing?

City/townspeople


Educated middle class




New control over clergy
Luther’s language
Simpler, personal religion
Marriage & family
Political authorities


Zwingli’s Zurich council
Luther & Frederick of Saxony
Source: Google Images
Why were the radicals feared by Protestants & Catholics?

Religious radicals



Separation of Church & State
Pacifism
Communal property
Anabaptists burned as heretics
Source: Google Images
German Peasants’ War, 1525
Protestantism + pol & soc demands = revolution?

Demands

Luther’s response


What does freedom mean?
Impact of revolt
Was Luther a revolutionary?
Source: Google Images
How did Protestant ideas affect marriage & sexuality?

Marriage as an ideal state; marriage as a contract



Spiritual equality and social inequality
Prostitution condemned
Impact of the Reformation on women?
Source: Google Images
Source: Google Images
Why did Protestantism prove to be a political disaster
for the HRE?

Charles V’s inheritance




Decentralization
Defending both church & empire
Rivalry with French Valois monarchs
religion = public matter determined by the ruler


Minority religions = political threat
Economic & political motivations for conversions

Switzerland

HRE, 1521-55


Catholic Valois king + Lutheran princes + Lutheran cities v. Catholic Habsburg HRE
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Source: Google Images
To what extent was the Reformation a different
phenomenon in England?

Henry VIII, 1509-47

Role of Parliament





Dissolution of the monasteries
Church of Ireland v. RCC
Edward VI, 1547-53


Act in Restraint of Appeals, 1533
Act of Supremacy, 1534
Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer
Mary I, 1553-58


Marriage to Philip II of Spain
Persecution of Protestants
Source: Google Images
How did Elizabeth (1558-1603) handle religion, gender, and statecraft?

Elizabeth and religion


Catholics & Puritans
Elizabethan Settlement

Outward conformity


I do not wish to make windows into men’s souls.
English language & married clergy
Source: Google Images

Elizabeth and gender & statecraft



Female monarchs: gender or rank?
Catholic enemies
Spanish Armada, 1588
Source: Google Images
To what extent was Calvinism more influential than
Lutheranism?

Religious ideas: 1536, 1559



Omnipotence v. grains of sand
Predestination: an energizing dynamic
Political/Social impact

A city that was a Church: Geneva’s Consistory


To keep watch over every man’s life
Scottish Presbyterians

Weak monarchs v. reforming nobles + John Knox

French Huguenots

English Puritans

Heresy?
Source: Google Images
How did ethnicity play a determining role in religious
struggle?

Bohemia

Poland-Lithuania: weak monarchy

Hussite Czechs & Lutheran Germans


Lutheran nobles v. Catholic Habsburg kings



Lutheran German towns
Calvinist Polish nobles
Catholic Polish king and peasants
Jesuits & Counter Reformation
Source: Google Images

Hungary



Lutherans v. Catholics
Turkish victory at Mohacs, 1526
Tripartite division

Turks + Habsburgs + Hungarian nobles
Source: Google Images
Source: Google Images
Did the Catholic Church respond effectively to the
Reformation?

Holy Office

Council of Trent, 1545-63



Doctrinal decisions
Disciplinary reforms
Education and new orders
Source: Google Images
France: What was the impact of religious wars, 1572-89?

Feebleness of the monarchy


Catholic kings v. Catholic nobles v. Huguenot nobles
Iconoclasm of the common people

St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572

Politiques

Paris is well worth a Mass.


Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV: 1589-1610 (Bourbon)
Edict of Nantes, 1598
Source: Google Images
Netherlands: What was the impact of religious wars,
1568-72?

Background of the Netherlands


Phillip II v. Calvinists




Rich, urban, historical liberties
P: Taxes & Inquisition
C: opposition to ungodly authority
C: iconoclasm
Union of Utrecht, 1581

United Provinces = Dutch Republic
Source: Google Images
To what extent did religious struggle encourage witchhunts?

Causes





Changed definition
Ideas about women & women’s social role
Legal change: inquisitorial instead of accusatorial
Panics in smaller territories
Decline


Science & reason?
Changed attitude of authorities
Source: Google Images
Source: Google Images