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JAD
Journal of African Development
Fall 2010 | Volume 12 #2
Guest editors for this issue:
Elizabeth ASIEDU and Mohamed EL-HODIRI
Table of Contents
An Appreciation ............................................................................ 9
The Transition: Africa’s Development and the Journal ........................ 11
E. Wayne NAFZIGER
African Economic Development: An Overview .................................. 13
Elizabeth ASIEDU and Mohamed EL-HODIRI
Harnessing the Power of Globalization for African Development ......... 15
Kwabena GYIMAH-BREMPONG
Trade is Not the Enemy – Nor is it a “Magic Bullet” ........................... 27
Richard E. MSHOMBA
Young Women’s Marital Status and HIV Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa: .... 33
Evidence from Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe
Christobel ASIEDU, Elizabeth ASIEDU, Francis OWUSU
Civil War, Sexual Violence and HIV Infections: ................................ 47
Evidence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Isaac KALONDA-KANYAMA
Why Countries have both Subsidized and Free Condoms .................... 61
to Prevent HIV/AIDS: The Role of Stigma Mitigation
Robert J. BRENT
Agricultural Industrialization and Income Distribution in ................. 73
Developing Countries: A Focus on the Poultry Sector
Nyankomo MARWA
World Bank Participatory Development Approach in Country Assistance .... 85
Strategy: The Cases of Mozambique and of the Republic of Senegal
Mohamed EL-HODIRI and Rokhaya NDIAYE
JAD
Journal of African Development
Fall 2010 | Volume 12 #2
AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
AN OVERVIEW
By ELIZABETH ASIEDU1 and MOHAMED EL-HODIRI2
Abstract
These remarks introduce the special issue of the journal with the core papers selected from
the conference on African Trade and Development held at The University of Kansas from
October 2 to October 3, 2009.
A
FRICA’S economic performance over the past 5 decades has been
abysmal, both in absolute and relative terms. The standard of living
for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been flat. Specifically, the average real
GDP per capita for SSA was about $590 from 1975-81 and about $565
from 2002-2008, which is about a 4 percent decline. This contrasts with
an increase of about 467 percent for East Asia and the Pacific (EAP),
144 percent for South Asia (SA) and about 80 percent for all developing
countries (Table 1). Another important point is that prior to the 1990s, the
GDP per capita for SSA was much higher than that of EAP and SA. For
example, in 1975-81, the average GDP per capita for SSA was about 2.5
times that for EAP and about 2.4 times that of SA. However, as shown in
Figure 1, income levels in EAP out passed that of SSA in 1992; and since
2005 the GDP per capita for SA has been higher than that of SSA. In 2008,
SSA’s income per capita was about 35 percent that of EAP and roughly 91
percent that of SA.
Several reasons have been given for slow growth in SSA (Atradi and Salai-Martin, 2003). These factors include lack of human capital (healthy and
educated labor force), lack of openness to trade, macroeconomic policies,
and weak institutions. Indeed, academics, aid agencies, non-governmental
organizations as well as African leaders have sought ways to increase income
1
2
Department of Economics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; asiedu@ku.edu
Department of Economics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; melhodiri@ku.edu
14
JOURNAL OF AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
levels and reduce poverty in SSA. The papers in this special issue contribute
to this important debate.
Table 1: Average GDP per capita in 2000 Constant US Dollars, 1975-2008
Region
1975-81
1982-86
1987-91
1991-96
1997-01
2002-08
Sub-Saharan Africa
590
559
539
504
509
565
East Asia & Pacific
245
325
440
637
863
1391
South Asia
234
262
304
353
419
571
Developing Countries
811
868
939
1004
1131
1460
Source: Data are from the World Development Indicators, 2010.
Figure 1: GDP per capita by Region, 1975-2008
There are seven papers. The keynote addresses by Gyimah-Brempong
and Mshomba discuss the importance of trade and globalization in Africa
Development; Asiedu et al., Kalonda-Kanyama and Brent examine the
HIV/AIDS situation in SSA, Marwa analyzes the effect of industrialization
in the poultry sector on income distribution, and El-Hodiri and Nadiaye
use Senegal and Mozambique as case studies to examine the World Bank
Participatory Development Approach in Country Assistance Strategy.
References
Atardi, E. V. and X. Sala-i-Martin (2003), “The Economic Tragedy of
the XXth Century: Growth in Africa”, NBER Working Paper N0.
9865, Cambridge, MA.
WDI, 2008. World Development Indicators, Washington D.C.: World
Bank.