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Comment: This section is intended to address a dilemma that can arise in proceedings
under the Adult Guardianship Act. When this act is fully brought into force, it will establish
a court-based procedure for the appointment of a guardian for adults who are mentally
incapable of making decisions about their finances or personal care (or both). The focus
of such proceedings is on the adultʼs mental capacity; this is the very issue that the court
is being asked to determine. Although adults benefit from a presumption of capacity in
proceedings under the act, in practice many adults involved in proceedings in which their
capacity is in issue find it difficult to obtain representation from legal counsel. Legal
counsel are often inhibited from taking on such clients out of sense of caution in applying
the rules governing their profession. This can leave adults with diminished capacity at a
significant disadvantage in the proceedings. The proposed section is intended to allay
legal counselʼs concerns in acting for adults with diminished capacity, which will enhance
proceedings under the Adult Guardianship Act.
Parallel sections are recommended for the Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility
(Admission) Act, the Mental Health Act and the Patients Property Act. See, below, sections 3, 5–6.
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This section is based on section 3 (1) (b) of the Substitute Decisions Act, which has been
in force in Ontario since 1995.
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Comment: This section is intended to unify the law on contracts for necessaries with
persons with diminished capacity. Currently, a rule applying to contracts for necessary
goods is found in section 7 of the Sale of Goods Act, while a broader rule, applying to
contracts for necessary goods and services, continues to exist at common law.
An amendment to section 7 of the Sale of Goods Act, removing the potential redundancy
of two statutory provisions applying to contracts for necessary goods with people with
diminished capacity is set out, below, at section 9.
The section is based on section 7 of the United Kingdomʼs Mental Capacity Act 2005.
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Comment: Section 8 of the Adult Guardianship Act will, when it is brought into force,
carry forward the concept of nominating a committee that is currently found in section 9
of the Patients Property Act. (Under the Adult Guardianship Act a guardian will be the
equivalent of a committee.) This amendment to section 8 will change the common-law
test of capacity to nominate a committee (or guardian), which is understood to be similar
to the test of capacity to make a will. This proposed amendment replaces the commonlaw test of capacity with a test of capacity that is the equivalent of the statutory test of
capacity to make a representation agreement with non-standard provisions. That statutory test of capacity is found in section 10 of the Representation Agreement Act, which
provides that “[a]n adult may authorize a representative to do any or all of the things re-
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ferred to in section 9 unless the adult is incapable of understanding the nature and consequences of the proposed agreement.” The operative language of this test is found in
the reference to being capable of “understanding the nature and consequences of the
proposed agreement,” which sets a much lower threshold than the common-law test of
capacity to make a will. In the committeeʼs view, the proposed amendment will improve
the law by encouraging people to nominate committees or guardians (which is a useful
personal planning device), by making the applicable test of capacity clearer and more
certain, and by harmonizing this test of capacity with the test of capacity for another personal-planning document (a representation agreement).
An equivalent amendment for section 9 of the Patients Property Act is found in section 7,
below.
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Comment: This section will make it clear that a person whose capacity is at issue in
proceedings under the Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act will not
be barred from obtaining legal representation due to the personʼs diminished capacity.
Section 33.4 of the act, which has been in force since 1 September 2011, authorizes an
application to the supreme court for directions and orders. A personʼs capacity may be at
issue in an application under section 33.4. This section parallels the provisions recommended for the Adult Guardianship Act (see, above, section 1), the Mental Health Act
(see, below, section 5), and the Patients Property Act (see, below, section 6).
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Comment: This section is intended to clarify the test of capacity to make an inter vivos
gift. Some cases on this issue have applied a test of capacity that is similar to the contractual test, while others have endorsed a test that is similar to the testamentary test.
This section will make it clear that the test of capacity to make an inter vivos gift should
be similar in nature to the test of capacity to make a will.
Subsection (1) sets out the scope of this section by defining the key term gift to exclude
testamentary gifts. The section is not intended to affect the law relating to capacity to
make a will.
Subsection (2) contains the restated test of capacity to make an inter vivos gift.
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Comment: This section will make it clear that a person whose capacity is at issue in
proceedings under the Mental Health Act will not be barred from obtaining legal representation due to the personʼs diminished capacity. This section parallels the provisions
recommended for the Adult Guardianship Act (see, above, section 1), the Health Care
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(Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act (see, above, section 3), and the Patients
Property Act (see, below, section 6).
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Comment: This section will make it clear that a person whose capacity is at issue in
proceedings under the Patients Property Act will not be barred from obtaining legal representation due to the personʼs diminished capacity. This section parallels the provisions
recommended for the Adult Guardianship Act (see, above, section 1), the Health Care
(Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act (see, above, section 3), and the Mental
Health Act (see, above, section 5).
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Comment: This amendment is a parallel provision to the amendment recommended for
the Adult Guardianship Act, which is discussed at section 1, above.
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Comment: An adult may make a representation agreement with standard provisions under section 7 of the Representation Agreement Act if the adult meets the “test of incapability for standard provisions” set out in section 8 of the act. It is generally accepted that
section 8 sets a very low threshold of mental capacity: an adult may meet its test of capacity even if, for example, the adult is “incapable of making a contract.” This low threshold of capacity has created an anomaly in the law, where an adult may have the mental
capacity needed to make a representation agreement with standard provisions, but may
be unable to obtain legal advice on and assistance to prepare the agreement, because
the adultʼs diminished capacity makes it unclear whether the adult has the capacity to retain and instruct legal counsel. This section will alleviate this anomaly, by making it clear
that that the adult has the capacity to retain and instruct legal counsel for the purpose of
advising on and drafting the representation agreement. The section should enhance access to representation agreements, a valuable personal-planning document, and
strengthen the safeguards in place around the creation of those agreements.
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Comment: This amendment is necessary to remove a potential redundancy in British
Columbiaʼs statutory law. The committee has recommended unifying the two rules regarding contracts for necessaries with a person who has diminished capacity. These
rules are a common-law rule that applies to contracts for necessary goods or services
and a narrower statutory rule—currently found in the Sale of Goods Act—that applies
only to contracts for necessary goods. The committeeʼs proposed unified rule is set out,
above, at section 1. This unified rule is to be located in the Adult Guardianship Act, which
is a more logical place to find provisions dealing with mental capacity. But its enactment
would raise the question of what to do with the existing statutory rule in section 7 of the
Sale of Goods Act. It would obviously be undesirable to have two statutes addressing the
same subject. But section 7 addresses a broader range of topics than contracts for necessary goods with a person who has diminished capacity, so it canʼt simply be repealed.
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Subsection (3)—the provision in the section dealing with necessaries—also has a
broader reach than contracts involving a person with diminished capacity. In addition to
dealing with this topic, the subsection also states a rule for contracts for necessary goods
with a person who is intoxicated. As it would be anomalous for a rule on intoxication to
be located in the Adult Guardianship Act, the committee recommends striking out the
reference to mental capacity in subsection (3) and leaving the rest of the subsection in
place to deal with the intoxication issue. After it is amended by this section of the draft
legislation, subsection (3) will read as follows: “[d]espite subsection (2), if necessaries
are sold and delivered to a person who because of drunkenness is incompetent to contract, that person must pay a reasonable price for them.”
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Comment: Subsections (1) and (3) of this section add a presumption of capacity to the
Wills, Estates and Succession Act that is similar to the presumptions of capacity found in
section 11 of the Power of Attorney Act and section 3 of the Representation Agreement
Act. Subsection (2) relates to an issue that is unique to wills. Under section 58 of the
Wills, Estates and Succession Act a court is empowered to admit to probate a record that
does not meet all the formalities required of a will. This power is new to British Columbia
law, so the committee decided that the presumption of capacity should not immediately
be extended to records that are the subject of an order under section 58. This decision
should be revisited once the courts have had some time to apply this power.
This section is not intended to affect the common-law presumption of capacity to make a
will or the common-law doctrine of suspicious circumstances.
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Introductory comment: This new division will implement the committeeʼs proposal to
create a court-based system that would allow the creation of a will for a person who lacks
testamentary capacity. The provisions that follow are largely based on Australian legislation, particularly sections 21–28 of Queenslandʼs Succession Act 1981 and sections 39–
48 of Western Australiaʼs Wills Act 1970. But this division does not follow the Australian
legislation in providing for a two-stage application, so it departs significantly from its
models in certain areas. Note also that this division is drafted in an inclusive manner, to
give a full picture of the committeeʼs proposals. There may be some scope to implement
some of its provisions as regulations or rules of court, rather than as legislation.
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Comment: This definition is included to allow for a relatively simple way to refer to the
person without testamentary capacity who is the subject of a court application under this
division.
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Comment: This section is the heart of the division. It authorizes, in subsection (1), the
British Columbia Supreme Court to order the making, alteration, or revocation of a will for
a person who lacks testamentary capacity. (“Court” is defined in section 1 of the Wills,
Estates and Succession Act to mean the supreme court.) Subsection (2) restricts the operation of this division to persons who lack testamentary and who are older than 16 years
(the age at which the Wills, Estates and Succession Act allows a person to make a valid
will). Subsections (3), (4), and (5) provide the court with additional powers in carrying out
its jurisdiction under this section.
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Comment: This section represents a significant departure from the Australian legislation
that serves a model for much of this division. The section sets out an expansive list of
persons who are entitled to apply for an order from the court making, altering, or revoking
a will for a person who does not have testamentary capacity. This is in contrast to the
Australian approach, which places no limits on who may apply for such an order. The
benefit of restricting the pool of potential applicants is that it allows this proposed division
to avoid the need for a two-step court application, which is used in Australian legislation
as a means to weed out frivolous or vexatious applications. Note that “Division 6” concerns variation of wills. A person with a claim under that division is a spouse or child of a
will-maker, who asserts that the will fails to make adequate provision for his or her proper
maintenance and support.
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<01-0=!8-=01!&!M10/.38'!O.**!31!.4!(60!M01'3-!O010!(3!=.0!.-F
(0'(&(0+! &-=! &-2! 0/.=0-<0! 34! (63'0! .-(010'('! '3! 4&1! &'! (602!
&10!\-3O-!(3!(60!&MM*.<&-(T!
B6E! 0/.=0-<0!(6&(!(60!&MM*.<&-(!6&'!9&=0!&!10&'3-&:*0!.-f8.12!
<3-<01-.-K! (60! *.\0*.633=! 34! &-! &MM*.<&(.3-! 8-=01! V./.F
'.3-!>+!&-=!0/.=0-<0!34!&-2!4&<('!\-3O-!(3!(60!&MM*.<&-(!.-F
=.<&(.-K!'8<6!&!*.\0*.633=T!
B.E! 0/.=0-<0!(6&(!(60!&MM*.<&-(!6&'!9&=0!&!10&'3-&:*0!.-f8.12!
<3-<01-.-K!(60!<.1<89'(&-<0'!34!&-2!M01'3-!431!O639!(60!
M01'3-! <3-<01-0=! 9.K6(! 10&'3-&:*2! :0! 0HM0<(0=! (3! 9&\0!
M13/.'.3-! 8-=01! &! O.**+! &-=! &-2! 0/.=0-<0! 34! (63'0! <.1<89F
'(&-<0'!'3!4&1!&'!(602!&10!\-3O-!(3!(60!&MM*.<&-(T!
BcE! &-2!0/.=0-<0!&/&.*&:*0!(3!(60!&MM*.<&-(!34!&!K.4(!431!&!<6&1.F
(&:*0!31!3(601!M81M3'0!(6&(!(60!M01'3-!9.K6(!10&'3-&:*2!:0!
0HM0<(0=!(3!K./0!:2!O.**T!
!
B\E! 0/.=0-<0! 34! &-2! 3(601! 4&<('! (6&(! (60! &MM*.<&-(! <3-'.=01'! (3!
:0!10*0/&-(!(3!(60!&MM*.<&(.3-J!
Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($(7*$
!
Comment: The court must have as full a picture as possible of the person who is the
subject of an application under this division and that personʼs property, if the court is to
be in a position to make an order under this division. This section requires an applicant to
provide the court with a comprehensive set of information about the person, the personʼs
property and relationships, and the application itself.
!
6"%0$(0'.8$'*;0&'%"2"3I"'($&32"'$1'-##:32-&3$('
c\9W! ?60! 43**3O.-K! M01'3-'! 98'(! 10<0./0! -3(.<0! 34+! &-=! :0! &**3O0=! (3! :0!
10M10'0-(0=!.-+!&-!&MM*.<&(.3-!8-=01!'0<(.3-!#bJ$!k#"5-&(C,'(,5&A"-O
$H%( ,( >$00( &"( 4%( C,2%/( ,0&%-%2( "-( -%F"Z%2( @"-( ,( +%-<".( >$&A"5&( &%<&,O
C%.&,-'(#,+,#$&'lA!
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B&E! &-2! :0-04.<.&12! 8-=01! &-! 0H.'(.-K! O.**! 34! (60! M01'3-! <3-F
<01-0=!31!8-=01!(60!M13M3'0=!O.**!O63!.'!*.\0*2!(3!:0!9&(0F
1.&**2!31!&=/01'0*2!&440<(0=!:2!(60!&MM*.<&(.3-T!
'
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(./0! .-(0'(&(0! '8<<0''31! 34! (60! M01'3-! .-! 0H.'(0-<0! &(! (60!
(.90!34!(60!&MM*.<&(.3-!O63!.'!*.\0*2!(3!:0!9&(01.&**2!31!&=F
/01'0*2!&440<(0=!:2!(60!&MM*.<&(.3-T!
B<E! &-23-0! O639! (60! M01'3-! <3-<01-0=! 9.K6(! :0! 0HM0<(0=! (3!
:0-04.(!.4!(60!M01'3-!6&=!(0'(&90-(&12!<&M&<.(2+!.-<*8=.-K!&!
M01'3-!O.(6!&!<*&.9!8-=01!V./.'.3-!>T!
B=E! .4!(60!M01'3-!<3-<01-0=!6&'!&!*.40!.-'81&-<0!M3*.<2!31!:0-0F
4.(!M*&-+!&-2!:0-04.<.&12!8-=01!(60!M3*.<2!31!M*&-T!
B0E! (60!M01'3-!<3-<01-0=T!
B4E! (60!W8:*.<!]8&1=.&-!&-=!?18'(00T!
BKE! &-2!3(601!M01'3-!&'!(60!<381(!=.10<('J!
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!
Comment: This section is intended as an additional safeguard for applications under this
division. The section provides an extensive list of persons who must be notified of an application and given a right to participate in it. As with the previous section, the goal is to
ensure that the court has as full and complete a picture of the circumstances surrounding
the person before making an order under this division. But there may be practical difficulties in some cases in locating all the people embraced by this section. For example,
some applicants (particularly those who do not have authority over the personʼs financial
affairs) might find it difficult to determine the identity of a beneficiary under a lifeinsurance policy. In other cases, it might be difficult to locate a prospective intestate successor. Subsection 83.7 (1) (a), which gives the court a wide jurisdiction to give directions on an application under this division, may be a source of relief for applicants who
encounter such practical problems.
!
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c\9b! B"E! Q-! 0H01<.'.-K! .('! M3O01'! 8-=01! (6.'! V./.'.3-+! (60! <381(! 98'(! 10F
48'0!&-!&MM*.<&(.3-!.4!.(!.'!-3(!'&(.'4.0=!(6&(!
B&E! (60!M01'3-!<3-<01-0=!.'!.-<&M&:*0!34!9&\.-K!&!/&*.=!O.**!31!
34!&*(01.-K!31!10/3\.-K!(60!M01'3-d'!O.**+!&'!(60!<&'0!9&2!:0+!
B:E! (60!'8KK0'(0=!O.**+!&*(01&(.3-!31!10/3<&(.3-+!31!(6&(!O.**+!&*F
(01&(.3-!31!10/3<&(.3-!&'!10/.'0=!8-=01!'0<(.3-!#bJS!B"E!B<E!
k@5-&A%-( +">%-<( "@( #"5-&l+! .'! 3-0! (6&(! M01'3-! <3-<01-0=!
O38*=!9&\0!.4!(60!M01'3-!O010!(3!6&/0!(0'(&90-(&12!<&M&<F
.(2+!
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(.3-+!&-=!
B=E! &=0f8&(0!'(0M'!6&/0!:00-!(&\0-!(3!&**3O!&**!M01'3-'!*.'(0=!
.-! '0<(.3-! #bJj! k+%-<".<( >A"( C5<&( -%#%$F%( ."&$#%( "@( &A%( ,+O
+0$#,&$".l!(3!:0!10M10'0-(0=!.-!(60!M13<00=.-KJ!
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&MM*.<&(.3-!431!&-2!3(601!10&'3-J!
!
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!
Comment: The key provision in this section is found in paragraph (1) (b). This paragraph
calls on the court to take a substituted-judgment approach to decision-making under this
division. This means that the court, in crafting its order, should aim to adopt the subjective wishes of the person who is the subject of the application, to the extent that those
wishes are known.
!
L;%&8"%'#$."%0'$1'2$;%&'
c\9[! B"E! Q-!M13<00=.-K'!8-=01!(6.'!V./.'.3-+!(60!<381(!9&2!
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."&$#%("@(,++0$#,&$".l!&-=!(60!&((0-=&-<0!34!&-2!M01'3-!&'!&!
O.(-0''+! &-=+! .4! .(! (6.-\'! 4.(+! (60! &((0-=&-<0! 34! (60! M01'3-!
<3-<01-0=+!
B:E! 10/.'0!(60!(019'!34!(60!'8KK0'(0=!=1&4(!34!(60!M13M3'0=!O.**+!
&*(01&(.3-! 31! 10/3<&(.3-! 481-.'60=! (3! (60! <381(! 8-=01! '0<F
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(3!(60!M13<00=.-K'+!.-<*8=.-K!10f8.1.-K!(60!4.*.-K!34!&!-3(.<0!
34!&!O.**+!31!&!-3(.<0!34!10/3<&(.3-!34!&!O.**+!9&=0!M81'8&-(!
(3!&-!31=01!8-=01!(6.'!V./.'.3-J!
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8-=01!(6.'!V./.'.3-J!
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'
'
Comment: This section is meant to support the broadly remedial purpose of the division.
It gives the court a flexible array of powers and relaxes some of the stricter aspects of
civil procedure and evidence. Subsection (1) (d) refers to notices of wills and revocations
of wills, which are enabled under division 7 of part 4 of the Wills, Estates and Succession
Act. Such notices are useful safeguards. This reference confirms that the court may direct such a filing for a will, or a revocation of a will, made by way of an order under this
division.
!
JM"2;&3$('$1'.3::'
c\9c! Z!O.**+!31!&-!.-'(1890-(!&*(01.-K!31!10/3\.-K!&!O.**+!9&=0!M81'8&-(!(3!
&-!31=01!8-=01!(6.'!V./.'.3-!98'(!:0!'.K-0=!:2!(60!&MM*.<&-(!3-!:0F
6&*4!34!(60!M01'3-!<3-<01-0=J!
!
Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($("9$_UVa$
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Comment: This section is intended to make it clear that the applicant is the proper person to execute a will (or other instrument) made under this division.
!
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V./.'.3-!6&'!(60!'&90!0440<(!431!&**!M81M3'0'!&'!.4!(60!M01'3-!<3-F
<01-0=!
B&E! O010!<&M&:*0!34!/&*.=*2!10/3\.-K!&!O.**!31!M&1(!34!&!O.**+!&-=!
B:E! 6&=!0H0<8(0=!(60!.-'(1890-(!8-=01!'0<(.3-!jj!B"E!B:E!kA">(
&"(-%F"Z%(>$00lJ!
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B:E! 6&=!0H0<8(0=!(60!.-'(1890-(!8-=01!'0<(.3-!jD!B"E!kA">(&"(
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'
!
Comment: This section is included to remove any doubts as to the status of a will—or a
revocation or an alteration of a will—made under this division. They are to have the same
effect under the law as a will or an instrument executed by a will-maker with testamentary capacity.
!
5:&"%-&3$('$%'%"I$2-&3$('$1'.3::'*-7"';(7"%'&830'P3I303$('
c\9U]! B"E! ?6.'!'0<(.3-!&MM*.0'!.4!
B&E! &!O.**!6&'!:00-!9&=0!3-!:06&*4!34!&!M01'3-!8-=01!(6.'!V./.F
'.3-+!&-=!
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(.3-!jD!B"E!kA">(&"(,0&%-(>$00l+!&-=!
B:E! 9&2!:0!10/3\0=!.-!O63*0!31!.-!M&1(!:2!(60!M01'3-!.-!&<<31F
=&-<0!O.(6!'0<(.3-!jj!B"E!B:E!kA">(&"(-%F"Z%(>$00l+!
&'!.4!.(!O010!&!O.**!0H0<8(0=!.-!&<<31=&-<0!O.(6!'0<(.3-!bS!kA">(&"(
C,Z%(,(F,0$2(>$00lJ!
!
Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($(7*$
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Comment: This section is included to make it clear that a will made under this division
may be altered or revoked by the person for whom it has been made, if that person subsequently regains or acquires testamentary capacity. An alteration or a revocation in
these circumstances does not require a further application to court.
!
T-%3-&3$('$1'.3::'*-7"';(7"%'&830'P3I303$('
c\9UU! Z!O.**+!31!&-!.-'(1890-(!&*(01.-K!&!O.**+!9&=0!8-=01!(6.'!V./.'.3-!9&2!
:0!/&1.0=!8-=01!V./.'.3-!>J!
!
Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($("9$_U\a$
!
Comment: This section is included to confirm that wills (or instruments altering wills)
made under this division may be the subject of an application for variation on the basis
that the will fails to make adequate provision for the maintenance and support of a
spouse or child of the person concerned. This is consistent with the point made expressly in section 83.9, above, that a will made under this division is in all respects the
same as a will made in other circumstances.
!
'
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c\9UV! B"E! Q-!(6.'!'0<(.3-+!d.+*+/+"#?$8'22e!90&-'!&!O.**!0H0<8(0=!:2!/.1(80!
34!&!'(&(8(312!M13/.'.3-!3-!:06&*4!34!&!M01'3-!O63+!&(!(60!(.90!34!
0H0<8(.3-+!*&<\0=!(0'(&90-(&12!<&M&<.(2+!&-=!.-<*8=0'!&-!&*(01&F
(.3-!(3!&-=!&!10/3<&(.3-!34!&!'(&(8(312!31!3(601!O.**J!
!B$E!Z!'(&(8(312!O.**!9&=0!&<<31=.-K!(3!(60!*&O!34!&!M*&<0!O6010!(60!
=0<0&'0=!O&'!10'.=0-(!&(!(60!(.90!34!0H0<8(.3-!.'!(3!:0!10K&1=0=!
&'!&!/&*.=!O.**!34!(60!=0<0&'0=!31!&!/&*.=!&*(01&(.3-!31!10/3<&(.3-!
34!&!O.**+!&'!(60!<&'0!9&2!:0+!431!(60!M81M3'0'!34!(60!*&O!34!(6.'!
W13/.-<0J!
!
Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($(7*$
!
Comment: This section applies the principle that statutory wills are to be recognized under the law of British Columbia as being the equivalent to any other will to statutory wills
that are created outside this province. At this time, such a provision is forward looking: although statutory wills have been on the scene in Australia and the United Kingdom for
some time, only one Canadian province (New Brunswick) has legislation in place authorizing them. Nevertheless, it is useful to state this reciprocal principal in the legislation, in
the hope that in the future more provinces will take up this type of legislation.
!
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!
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!
Comment: This section allows the Lieutenant Governor in Council (i.e., the executive
arm of the government) to bring the legislation into force at some time after it is enacted
by the legislature. It is a standard provision, commonly found in British Columbia legislation.
!
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