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AUTHOR
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: April 22, 2014

Chapter 1. Beta Decay Basics www.
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• Explain how and why beta decay occurs.
• Contrast beta-minus and beta-plus decay.
• Show how to write a balanced nuclear equation for beta decay.
• Describe dangers of beta decay.
If you hear the word decay while your dentist is checking your teeth, it’s probably bad news. But if you’re an unstable atomic nucleus, decay is good news. When the nucleus of an atom decays, it becomes more stable.
Which Nuclei Decay
Atoms with unstable nuclei are radioactive. To become more stable, the nuclei undergo radioactive decay. In radioactive decay, the nuclei emit energy and usually particles of matter as well. There are several types of radioactive decay, including alpha, and beta decay. Energy and particles are emitted during both alpha and beta decay.
What Is Beta Decay?
Beta decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits an electron and energy.
An electron is a negatively charged particle. Beta-minus decay occurs when a nucleus has too many neutrons compared to protons.
Q: Nuclei contain only protons and neutrons, so how can a nucleus emit an electron?
A: In beta decay, an atom with too many neutrons can transform a neutron into a proton by ejecting an electron. You can see how in the Figure below.
Extended
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FIGURE 1.1
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Equations for Beta Decay
In beta decay an atom gains a proton. The atom becomes a different element because it has a different number of protons.
Radioactive nuclei and particles are represented by nuclear symbols. For example, an electron is represented by the symbol
0
− 1 e. The subscript -1 represents the particle’s charge, and the superscript 0 shows that the particle has virtually no mass (no protons or neutrons). Another example is the radioactive nucleus of thorium-234. It is represented by the symbol
234
90
Th, where the subscript 90 stands for the number of protons and the superscript 234 for the mass, which is the number of protons plus neutrons.
Nuclear symbols are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Let’s consider the example of the betaminus decay of thorium-234 to protactinium-234. This reaction is represented by the equation:
234
90
Th → 234
91
Pa +
0
− 1 e + energy
The equation shows that thorium-234 becomes protactinium-234 and loses an electron and energy. The protactinium-
234 produced in the reaction is also radioactive, so it will decay as well.
A nuclear equation is balanced if the total numbers of protons and neutrons are the same on both sides of the arrow.
If you compare the subscripts and superscripts on both sides of the equation above, you’ll see that they are the same.
Q: What happens to the electron produced in the reaction above?
A: Along with another electron, it can combine with an alpha particle to form a helium atom. An alpha particle, which is emitted during alpha decay, consists of two protons and two neutrons.
Q: Try to balance the following nuclear equation by filling in the missing subscript and superscript.
131
53
I → ?
?
Xe +
0
− 1 e + energy
A: The subscript of Xe is 54, and the superscript is 131.
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Chapter 1. Beta Decay Basics
Dangers of Beta Decay
Electrons emitted by beta decay can travel about a meter through air. They can pass through a sheet of paper or a layer of cloth but not through a sheet of aluminum or a few centimeters of wood. They can also penetrate the skin and damage underlying tissues. They are even more harmful if the radioactive isoptope that produces them is ingested or inhaled.
Summary
• Beta decay occurs when a nucleus is unstable because it has too many or too few neutrons relative to protons.
The nucleus emits an electron and energy.
• a neutron breaks down to a proton and an electron, and the electron is emitted from the nucleus.
• Balanced nuclear equations show how the numbers of protons and neutrons change in beta decay.
• Beta radiation is harmful to living things.
Vocabulary
• beta decay : Type of radioactive decay in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits an electron and energy.
Review
1. Fill in the missing subscript and superscript in this nuclear equation to balance it:
14
?
C → ?
7
N +
0
− 1 e + energy
3