Summary - Climate Mitigation Services
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Summary A B C D E F G H I J K L 1 2 3 Milton Hershey School Summary Last Modified: 9 September 2008 MHS Campus Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, 2006/2007 Rick Heede Climate Mitigation Services, 970-927-9511 4 Physical Units 5 6 7 Buildings: electricity 8 Electricity (PPL) 9 Electricity (fugitive methane - coal mines) Total electricity 10 11 12 13 Buildings: natural gas and propane 14 Natural Gas (UGI GasMark & Center Point) 15 Natural Gas (natural gas - fugitive methane) 16 Propane (AmeriGas) 17 31,228,766 25 31,228,766 Energy Units GHG Emissions CO2-equivalent Percent of Total 318,533 10^6 Btu 19,199 tons CO2 19,199 1,211 10^6 Btu 25 tons CH4 634 tons CO2e 1.5% kWh 318,533 10^6 Btu na tons CO2e 19,833 tons CO2e 46.7% Mcf tons CO2 24.3% kWh tons CH4 tons CO2 45.2% 176,922 10^6 Btu 10,340 tons CO2 10,340 tons CH4 2,806 10^6 Btu 59 tons CH4 1,468 tons CO2e 3.5% 41,001 gallons 3,754 10^6 Btu 260 tons CO2 273 tons CO2e 0.6% Propane (Patriot Propane) 10,284 gallons 941 10^6 Btu 65 tons CO2 69 tons CO2e 0.2% 18 Heating oil (Leffler Energy: regular heating oil) 73,126 gallons 10,143 10^6 Btu 818 tons CO2 818 tons CO2 1.9% 19 Heating oil (Leffler Energy: B5 biodiesel heating oil) 12,062 gallons 1,673 10^6 Btu 135 tons CO2 135 tons CO2 20 21 22 Total natural gas & propane 136,472 gallons 196,239 10^6 Btu na 23 Buildings: other 24 Refrigerant leakage (fridges, freezers, AC units) in MHS homes 155 lb refrigerant 25 Chillers in MHS campus buildings 829 lb refrigerant 26 27 28 Total refrigerant leakage, MHS appliances and chillers 984 lb refrigerant 29 30 31 Total buildings 32 33 34 35 36 Transportation: MHS diesel & gasoline, commuting, air travel 172,271 59 - 13,104 tons CO2e 30.8% 10^6 Btu tons CO2e 143 tons CO2e 0.3% 10^6 Btu tons CO2e 593 tons CO2e 1.4% tons CO2e 736 tons CO2e 1.7% 33,673 tons CO2e 79.2% 10^6 Btu - na gallons 514,772 Diesel fuel Gasoline Staff & Faculty commuting Air travel 36,570 188,297 329,853 15,234 gallons gallons gallons gallons 5,072 23,551 41,255 1,905 10^6 10^6 10^6 10^6 Btu Btu Btu Btu 409 1,845 3,232 159 tons tons tons tons CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 409 1,845 3,232 300 37 38 39 Total highway vehicles, around town, buses, & misc 569,954 gallons 85,111 10^6 Btu 5,645 tons CO2 40 Transportation: other 41 42 43 Refrigerant leakage from vehicle air conditioners 44 45 46 Total transportation 47 Food & livestock 48 49 Selected food & drink: beef, chicken, & milk Livestock: enteric fermentation & manure (CH4 & N2O) 50 51 52 Total Food & Livestock 53 54 55 56 Waste incineration, wastewater, & water (MHS share) 57 58 Landfill & Materials Recovery: electricity Landfill & Materials Recovery: diesel, gasoline, and propane Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste (MHS) Hershey water treatment plant, attributed to MHS Wastewater treatment plant 283 24 10^6 Btu na tons tons tons tons CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2e 1.0% 4.3% 7.6% 0.7% 5,786 tons CO2e 13.6% tons CO2e 225 tons CO2e 0.53% 85,111 10^6 Btu 5,645 tons CO2e 6,011 tons CO2e 14.1% 1,221 652 tons CO2e 2.9% tons CO2e 1.5% 1,873 tons CO2e 4.4% tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% tons CO2e tons CO2e 0.2% 0.6% 935 tons CO2e 2.2% tons CH4 1,160 10^6 Btu 1,221 10^6 Btu 24 1,160 10^6 Btu kWh gallons 119,196 229,194 tons CO2 na 10^6 Btu lb refrigerant 569,954 gallons 0.3% tons CO2e kWh kWh - 10^6 Btu 10^6 Btu 10^6 Btu 1,216 2,338 10^6 Btu 10^6 Btu tons CO2e tons CH4 tons CO2e 610 tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2e tons CO2e 610 76 250 59 60 61 Total waste incineration, wastewater, and water supply 62 63 64 65 Nitrous Oxide sources Agricultural fields & leased ag lands Campus ballfields and turf areas Other campus turf areas na 790 none kg N kg N kg N na na na 34 kg N2O kg N2O kg N2O 8 tons CO2e tons CO2e tons CO2e 0.0% 0.02% 0.0% 66 67 68 Total nitrous oxide sources 790 kg N na 34 kg N2O 8 tons CO2e 0.0% 69 70 71 72 MHS Trust Lands: assessment not made tons CO2 tons CO2e tons CO2e 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 73 74 75 Total net CO2 & CH4 sources & sinks tons CO2e 0.0% 76 77 78 Total Milton Hershey School emissions 42,500 tons CO2e 100.0% 79 Estimated “savings” (not deducted from emissions) 80 “Savings” from materials recycling 81 “Savings” from electricity generated at Harrisburg Incinerator 82 83 84 Total “savings” (not deducted from emissions) 85 Methane and nitrous oxide of total emissions 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Carbon dioxide of total emissions various Forest carbon uptake Wetlands methane Other sources 3,554 10^6 Btu na na na na kg C/ha kg CH4/ha kg C/ha - kg N various units tons CO2 tons CH4 tons CO2 - 604,598 10^6 Btu - kWh na 10^6 Btu (581,664) kWh (5,933) 10^6 Btu (581,664) kWh (5,933) 10^6 Btu kg N2O various units (1,849) tons CO2e (369) tons CO2e (2,218) tons CO2e 268 tons non-CO2 - (1,849) tons CO2e (369) tons CO2e (2,218) tons CO2e 2,636 tons CO2e 39,864 tons CO2 6.2% 93.8% 1 ton CH4 = 47.792 million Btu (EPA “Natural Gas Methane Units Converter”) Summary of physical units 706,426 gallons fuel 172,530,978 cubic feet gas 31,577,156 kWh 1,267 lbs refrigerant HersheySumSep08.xls Summary of Emissions Intensities for Milton Hershey School Total MHS floor area 3,951,971 sf Building-related emissions/sf-yr 17.04 lb CO2e/sf-yr Total MHS emissions/sf-yr 21.51 lb CO2e/sf-yr Student population, 2006/07 Total MHS emissions/student 1,509 28.16 students tons CO2e/student M Summary Cell: L2 Comment: Rick Heede: This worksheet summarizes all sources of greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the Milton Hershey School, Hershey, PA, academic year 2006-2007. See the boundary definition in the Summary Report and the set of worksheets for details. All relevant sums -- physical units, energy units, GHG emissions, and CO2e equivalent -- are linked to their respective worksheets and thus automatically updated whenever any changes are made. Cell: F5 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA (undated) “Natural Gas Methane Units Converter,” 2 pp., www.epa.gov/gasstar; PDF in Climate / Emissions / Emissions Factors. 1 ton CH4 = 47.792 million Btu Cell: H5 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS adopts the Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Third Assessment Report of methane equals 23xCO2 (100 year horizon), and nitrous oxide of 296xCO2 (100 year time horizon). CMS uses the TAR convention, although some national inventories still use the SAR convention of 21xCO2 (and N2O of 310xCO2). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (e.g., in the 2006 emissions inventory) adopts the TAR values. Cell: E26 Comment: Rick Heede: Estimated leakage of all refrigerant species in academic and other buildings and student homes, in lb per year. Note: CMS has deducted refrigerants in storage from leakage calculations. See “refrigerants” worksheets for details. Cell: B79 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS has calculated saved emissions from Milton Hershey School’s materials recycling (glass, newsprint, beverage containers, carboard) as well as MHS’ share of the electricity generated at the Harrisburg Incinerator (proportional to MHS waste flow). However, such “savings” are not deducted from the School’s emissions inasmuch as emissions from the supply chains of materials recycled are not included in the inventory, and it MHS cannot be credited with emissions reduction from electricity it neither generates, finances, or purchases. Cell: K94 Comment: Rick Heede: Data from Dr. Brechbill; computed in October of each academic year. HersheySumSep08.xls Summary White Milton Hershey School Summary Last Modified: 9 September 2008 MHS Campus Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, 2006/2007 Physical Units Rick Heede Climate Mitigation Services, 970-927-9511 Energy Units GHG Emissions CO2-equivalent Percent of Total Buildings: electricity Electricity (PPL) Electricity (fugitive methane - coal mines) Total electricity 31,228,766 25 31,228,766 318,533 10^6 Btu 19,199 tons CO2 19,199 1,211 10^6 Btu 25 tons CH4 634 tons CO2e 1.5% kWh 318,533 10^6 Btu na tons CO2e 19,833 tons CO2e 46.7% Mcf tons CO2 24.3% kWh tons CH4 tons CO2 45.2% Buildings: natural gas and propane Natural Gas (UGI GasMark & Center Point) 172,271 Natural Gas (natural gas - fugitive methane) 59 176,922 10^6 Btu 10,340 tons CO2 10,340 tons CH4 2,806 10^6 Btu 59 tons CH4 1,468 tons CO2e 3.5% Propane (AmeriGas) 41,001 gallons 3,754 10^6 Btu 260 tons CO2 273 tons CO2e 0.6% Propane (Patriot Propane) 10,284 gallons 941 10^6 Btu 65 tons CO2 69 tons CO2e 0.2% Heating oil (Leffler Energy: regular heating oil) 73,126 gallons 10,143 10^6 Btu 818 tons CO2 818 tons CO2 1.9% Heating oil (Leffler Energy: B5 biodiesel heating oil) 12,062 gallons 1,673 10^6 Btu 135 tons CO2 135 tons CO2 136,472 gallons 196,239 10^6 Btu na Total natural gas & propane 0.3% tons CO2e 13,104 tons CO2e 30.8% Buildings: other Refrigerant leakage (fridges, freezers, AC units) in MHS homes 155 lb refrigerant 10^6 Btu tons CO2e 143 tons CO2e 0.3% Chillers in MHS campus buildings 829 lb refrigerant 10^6 Btu tons CO2e 593 tons CO2e 1.4% Total refrigerant leakage, MHS appliances and chillers 984 lb refrigerant tons CO2e 736 tons CO2e 1.7% tons CO2e 79.2% Total buildings - 10^6 Btu - na gallons 514,772 10^6 Btu na tons CO2 33,673 Diesel fuel Gasoline Staff & Faculty commuting Air travel 36,570 188,297 329,853 gallons gallons gallons 5,072 23,551 41,255 10^6 Btu 10^6 Btu 10^6 Btu 409 1,845 3,232 tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2 15,234 gallons 1,905 10^6 Btu 159 tons CO2 409 1,845 3,232 300 tons CO2e 0.7% Total highway vehicles, around town, buses, & misc 569,954 gallons 85,111 10^6 Btu 5,645 tons CO2 5,786 tons CO2e 13.6% Transportation: MHS diesel & gasoline, commuting, air travel 1.0% 4.3% 7.6% Transportation: other Refrigerant leakage from vehicle air conditioners Total transportation 283 na 10^6 Btu tons CO2e 225 tons CO2e 0.53% 85,111 10^6 Btu 5,645 tons CO2e 6,011 tons CO2e 14.1% tons CO2e tons CH4 1,221 652 tons CO2e tons CO2e 2.9% 1.5% tons CO2e 1,873 tons CO2e 4.4% 610 76 250 tons tons tons tons tons CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2e CO2e 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.2% 0.6% 935 tons CO2e 2.2% lb refrigerant 569,954 gallons Food & livestock Selected food & drink: beef, chicken, & milk Livestock: enteric fermentation & manure (CH4 & N2O) 24 tons CH4 Total Food & Livestock 1,160 10^6 Btu 10^6 Btu 1,221 24 1,160 10^6 Btu Waste incineration, wastewater, & water (MHS share) Landfill & Materials Recovery: electricity Landfill & Materials Recovery: diesel, gasoline, and propane Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste (MHS) Hershey water treatment plant, attributed to MHS Wastewater treatment plant Total waste incineration, wastewater, and water supply kWh gallons 119,196 229,194 kWh kWh various 1,216 2,338 10^6 10^6 10^6 10^6 10^6 Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu 610 3,554 10^6 Btu tons tons tons tons tons CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2e CO2e na Nitrous Oxide sources Agricultural fields & leased ag lands Campus ballfields and turf areas Other campus turf areas na 790 none kg N kg N kg N na na na 34 kg N2O kg N2O kg N2O 8 tons CO2e tons CO2e tons CO2e 0.0% 0.02% 0.0% Total nitrous oxide sources 790 kg N na 34 kg N2O 8 tons CO2e 0.0% tons CO2 tons CO2e tons CO2e 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% tons CO2e 0.0% 42,500 tons CO2e 100.0% MHS Trust Lands: assessment not made Forest carbon uptake Wetlands methane Other sources Total net CO2 & CH4 sources & sinks Total na na na na kg C/ha kg CH4/ha kg C/ha - kg N various units tons CO2 tons CH4 tons CO2 - 604,598 10^6 Btu kg N2O various units - Estimated “savings” (not deducted from emissions) “Savings” from materials recycling “Savings” from electricity generated at Harrisburg Incinerator Total “savings” (not deducted from emissions) kWh - 10^6 Btu (581,664) kWh (5,933) 10^6 Btu (581,664) kWh (5,933) 10^6 Btu Methane and nitrous oxide of total emissions (1,849) tons CO2e (369) tons CO2e (2,218) tons CO2e 268 tons non-CO2 Carbon dioxide of total emissions (1,849) tons CO2e (369) tons CO2e (2,218) tons CO2e 2,636 tons CO2e 39,864 tons CO2 6.2% 93.8% 1 ton CH4 = 47.792 million Btu (EPA “Natural Gas Methane Units Converter”) Summary of physical units 706,426 gallons fuel 172,530,978 cubic feet gas 31,577,156 kWh 1,267 lbs refrigerant HersheySumSep08.xls Summary of Emissions Intensities for Milton Hershey School Total MHS floor area 3,951,971 sf Building-related emissions/sf-yr 17.04 lb CO2e/sf-yr Total MHS emissions/sf-yr 21.51 lb CO2e/sf-yr Student population, 2006/07 Total MHS emissions/student 1,509 28.16 students tons CO2e/student Summary White Cell: L2 Comment: Rick Heede: This worksheet summarizes all sources of greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the Milton Hershey School, Hershey, PA, academic year 2006-2007. See the boundary definition in the Summary Report and the set of worksheets for details. All relevant sums -- physical units, energy units, GHG emissions, and CO2e equivalent -- are linked to their respective worksheets and thus automatically updated whenever any changes are made. Cell: F5 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA (undated) “Natural Gas Methane Units Converter,” 2 pp., www.epa.gov/gasstar; PDF in Climate / Emissions / Emissions Factors. 1 ton CH4 = 47.792 million Btu Cell: H5 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS adopts the Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Third Assessment Report of methane equals 23xCO2 (100 year horizon), and nitrous oxide of 296xCO2 (100 year time horizon). CMS uses the TAR convention, although some national inventories still use the SAR convention of 21xCO2 (and N2O of 310xCO2). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (e.g., in the 2006 emissions inventory) adopts the TAR values. Cell: E26 Comment: Rick Heede: Estimated leakage of all refrigerant species in academic and other buildings and student homes, in lb per year. Note: CMS has deducted refrigerants in storage from leakage calculations. See “refrigerants” worksheets for details. Cell: B78 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS has calculated saved emissions from Milton Hershey School’s materials recycling (glass, newsprint, beverage containers, carboard) as well as MHS’ share of the electricity generated at the Harrisburg Incinerator (proportional to MHS waste flow). However, such “savings” are not deducted from the School’s emissions inasmuch as emissions from the supply chains of materials recycled are not included in the inventory, and it MHS cannot be credited with emissions reduction from electricity it neither generates, finances, or purchases. Cell: K93 Comment: Rick Heede: Data from Dr. Brechbill; computed in October of each academic year. HersheySumSep08.xls Electricity A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Electricity 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Snowmass, Colorado Future inventorists must request updated electricity usaeg data from Milton Hershey School utility operations staff. Verify or update PPL’s carbon intensity factor (calculated in Table 2). Also enter cost data in Table 3. File Started 29 April 2008 Last Modified: 23 July 2008 Table 1 2006/2007 Data supplied by: George Lewis PPL Corp Comm Allentown, PA gclewis@pplweb.com Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations Milton Hershey School 717-520-3424 myerss@mhs-pa.org Emissions Electricity usage kWh Building floor area sf Electric intensity kWh/sf-yr Heat content Million Btu Electricity vendor (PPL) Site Utilities Town Center * Student Housing Staff Housing Supply Center Central Operations Campus Buildings Data supplied by: Carbon Factor lb CO2 per kWh Methane Carbon Dioxide tons CO2 tons CH4 1.230 1,331,191 12,290,400 9,610,462 320,992 1,458,600 1,683,200 4,533,921 n/a 959,822 1,347,619 30,189 90,935 92,362 1,431,044 12.8 7.1 10.6 16.0 18.2 3.2 4,545 41,959 32,810 1,096 4,980 5,746 15,479 31,228,766 3,951,971 7.9 106,615 Methane tons CO2e Total Total tons CO2e tonnes C-eq Emissions intensity lb CO2/sf-yr lb CH4/kWh 0.0016 lb CO2e/kWh 0.0406 CO2 x 25 lb CO2e/kWh 1.270 kg C-e/kWh 0.314 818 7,556 5,909 197 897 1,035 2,787 1 10 8 0 1 1 4 27 249 195 7 30 34 92 845 7,806 6,104 204 926 1,069 2,879 209 1,933 1,511 50 229 265 713 16.3 9.1 13.5 20.4 23.1 4.0 19,199 25 634 19,833 4,910 10.0 $ 2,579,728 $ per million Btu $ 567.64 $ 2,579,728 $ 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 * Includes Memorial Hall Total or average Heat content if based on primary input (10,200 Btu/kWh): 318,533 Table 3 PPL Table 2a Total, 2006/2007 Emissions factors (CO2e per kWh consumed) PPL CO2 and US average methane CO2 (generation) CO2 (T&D losses: 6 percent) Total CO2 Average U.S. methane from coal mining Methane (kg CH4/MWh) from Table 2b Methane (lb CH4/kWh) Methane (as CO2e) (lb CO2e/kWh) Total CO2e/kWh CO2e/kWh 1.160 0.070 1.230 0.736 0.0016 0.041 1.270 Table 4 Cost, $ 24.20 Number of metered locations na meters CMS note: PPL only reports carbon intensity for all PPL generation; not PA-specific Table 2b U.S. 2006 3,820 TWh total end use, AER Table 8.1 3,820,000,000 MWh 64.7 million tonnes CO2e (all coal mining) 23 GWP of methane, per EPA & IPCC TAR 2,813,043,478 kg CH4 0.7364 kg CH4 per MWh (US ave) HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Table 5 Pennsylvania methane emissions from coal mining 1999 data, PSU PA coal prod’n (tons) 76,399,000 PA coal mining CH4 (cf) 20,675,265,900 CH4 emitted, cf/ton 270.6 Methane, ton CO2e/ton 3.4 Electricity Cell: C15 Comment: Rick Heede: Carbon emission factor per MWh is calculated in Table 2, below, and includes a grid loss factor of 6 percent. Cell: D15 Comment: Rick Heede: Data from Steve Myers, “MHS billing history 2006-2007.xls” Cell: I15 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS lacks data on PPL resource mix or coal-generation percentage. Thus CMS applies the U.S. average methane rate per MWh of end use electricity shown in Tables 2a and 2b below. Cell: J15 Comment: Rick Heede: Fugitive methane emissions of coals mined for each utility’s coal-fired power plants diluted by coal-fired percentage of total generation and specific to each utility’s coal-mining regions. This column converts tons of methane into tons of CO2-equivalent by multiplying by methane’s conversion factor of 25xCO2 (100 hundred year horizon, mole basis), per IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of 2007. CMS uses the FAR convention, although some national inventories still use the SAR convention of 21xCO2 (and N2O of 310xCO2). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (e.g., in the 2006 emissions inventory) adopts the TAR values. Cell: K17 Comment: Rick Heede: This value calculates the CO2-equivalent factor for each utility’s carbon dioxide and methane emissions per average kWh and accounts for all carbon and non-carbon inputs to its resource mix. This factor also accounts for T&D losses from generation to delivery. While the factor has accounted for fugitive methane from coal mining, this estimate stops at the mine and power plant gates and does not include the energy and emissions arising from transportation of coal, nor the manufacture of loaders and draglines and excavators, nor the diesel fuel to run the mining and transportation modes. See the Boundary definition in the final report for details. Cell: I35 Comment: Rick Heede: Data from Steve Myers, 21Apr08. See MHS2006-2007 billing history.xls Cell: C40 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS note of 27Dec07: PPL Corporate Responsibility Report 2007, p. 44 reports “one number for emissions from all PPL-owned generating facilities in six states (Pennsylvania, Montana, Maine, Connecticut, New York and Illinois)” as 0.58 tons CO2 per MWh, or 1,160 lb CO2 per MWh. PPL does not report carbon intensity for Pennsylvania; CMS has inquired with George Lewis at PPL (gclewis@pplweb.com) regarding their PA resource mix. CMS will use PPL’s system-wide carbon intensity until more detailed data becomes available. Cell: B42 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS applies a value of 6 percent to account for T&D losses as a conservatism, although the U.S. “transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer) are estimated as 9 percent of gross generation.” Energy Information Administration (2007) Annual Energy Review 2006, page 221. This does not account for “electric energy used in the operation of power plants, estimated as 5 percent of gross generation.” (ibid). Thermal conversion losses are accounted for. Cell: K45 Comment: Rick Heede: Pennsylvania State University (2003) “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for Pennsylvania, Phase 1 Report,” authors: Adam Rose, Brent Yarnal, Robert Neff, Howard Greenberg, Mohammed Kharbach, and Cheng-Hau Peng, Center for Integrated Regional Assessment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 120 pp., www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/inventory.pdf This 2003 draft inventory sum of 1999 emissions: 79.79 MtCe, of which 72.73 MtCe as CO2 from fossil fuels, 1.47 MtCe as methane from oil & gas industry, and 2.27 MtCe from coal mining, and 1.16 MtCe from muni waste. Uses GWP for CH4 of 21xCO2. Table B.4-1 shows 1999 stats (mislabeled as 1990): 17.19 million tons surface, 59.21 million sh tons underground prod; 20.675 Bcf total CH4 emissions (incl 3.58 Bcf post-mining) = 2.274 million tonnes Carbon-eq. Thus 271 cf CH4 per sh ton mined, equals 3.38 tons CO2e per ton mined. Cell: G46 Comment: Rick Heede: EIA (2007) US emissions, 2006, Table 15: US methane emissions from energy sources: Coal mining totaled 64.7 million tonnes CO2e (14.2 surface, and 50.5 million tonnes udnergraon mining). Note: EIA uses GWP of 23xCO2, which is used below to convert to kg of methane gas. HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Electricity Cell: B47 Comment: Rick Heede: This column converts tons of methane into tons of CO2-equivalent by multiplying by methane’s conversion factor of 25xCO2 (100 hundred year horizon, mole basis), per IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of 2007. CMS uses the FAR convention, although some national inventories still use the SAR convention of 21xCO2 (and N2O of 310xCO2). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (e.g., in the 2006 emissions inventory) adopts the TAR values. Cell: G47 Comment: Rick Heede: EIA (2007) AER 2006, page 10: “Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured (for example, methane) by its estimated GWP (which is 23 for methane). In 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I released its Third Assessment Report, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis.16 Among other things, the Third Assessment Report updated a number of the GWP estimates that appeared in the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report.17 The GWPs published in the Third Assessment Report were used for the calculation of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions for this report. Generally, the level of total U.S. carbon dioxide equivalent emissions is 0.6 percent higher when the GWPs from the Third Assessment Report are used; however, the trends in growth of greenhouse gas emissions are similar for the two sets of GWP values. GWPs from the Second Assessment Report still are used for comparisons among countries.” HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Notes Natural Gas A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Emissions intensity 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Natural Gas 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Future inventorists must request updated natural gas usage data from Milton Hershey School utility operations staff. The emission factors shown in Table 2 below are based on average U.S. methane rates from natural gas supply, processing, and transportation, and are unlikely to change in the short term. Also enter cost data in Table 4. Snowmass, Colorado File Started 29 April 2008 Last Modified: 23 July 2008 Data supplied by: Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations 717-520-3424 myerss@mhs-pa.org Table 1 2006/2007 Emissions Natural gas usage Thousand cf (Mcf) Building floor Heat content area Million Btu sf Natural gas intensity Btu/sf-yr Natural gas Emissions factor tonnes C/billion Btu Carbon Dioxide Methane Methane Total Total short tons CO2 short tons CH4 tons CO2e tons CO2e tonnes C-e lb CO2/sf-yr 14.47 tons CO2/billion Btu tons CH4/ton CO2 tons CO2e/ton CO2 tons CO2e/billlion Btu tonnes Ce/billlion Btu 58.44 0.00568 0.14197 66.74 16.52 tons CO2/billion Btu 25xCO2 21 Town Center * 72,365 74,319 989,655 75,096 58.44 4,344 25 617 4,960 1,228 10.0 22 Central Operations 4,275 4,390 130,383 33,673 58.44 257 1 36 293 73 4.5 23 Supply Center 6,523 6,699 90,935 73,669 58.44 392 2 56 447 111 9.8 24 Housing (specific meter) 44,980 46,194 794,729 58,126 58.44 2,700 15 383 3,083 763 7.8 25 26 27 28 29 Campus Buildings (all remaining) ** 44,128 45,319 1,762,856 25,708 58.44 2,649 15 376 3,025 749 3.4 2,924 6.3 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 * Includes Memorial Hall and Hershey Field ** Excludes Old Senior Hall and buildings on propane or oil Total, natural gas & emissions 172,271 CMS note: US average methane system emission rate applied 176,922 3,768,558 Table 2 Methane leakage only Carbon + methane emissions rate (metric) Standard conversions 1 tonne = 1.1023 tons 1 tonne = 1,000 kg 1 kg = 2.2046 lb na 10,340 Table 3 Calculation of methane emissions rate for the natural gas industry Methane from natural gas industry CO2 from natural gas consumption Methane emissions rate as CH4 Methane emissions rate as CO2e CO2 plus methane emissions rate (tons) Methane leakage only 46,947 6.7 1,178 0.00568 0.14197 66.742 8.297 0.332 16.524 million tonnes CH4 million tonnes CO2 kg CH4/kg CO2 kg CO2e/kg CO2 (percent adder) tons CO2e/billion Btu tons CO2e/billion Btu tons CH4/billion Btu tonnes Ce/billlion Btu 120.593 137.713 0.1206 974 1,027 58.44 116.89 133.48 13.35 1 lb 1 cf 1 lb 1 ton 1 ton 59 1,468 11,808 Table 4 Carbon factors Natural gas Total, 2006/2007 Table 5 lb CO2e per million Btu lb CO2e per therm EPA Methane Converter CH4 23.552 cf CH4 0.0425 lb Ch4 CH4 23,896 Btu CH4 47,792,000 Btu CH4 47.792 million Btu HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Cost data Cost, $ lb CO2/thousand cf (Mcf) lb CO2e/Mcf lb CO2 per cubic foot cubic feet / million Btu Btu per cubic foot tons CO2 per billion Btu lb CO2 per million Btu $ $ 2,731,432 2,731,432 $ per million Btu $ 0.02 $ 0.02 Number of delivery locations # of deliveries na deliveries EPA AP42 App A 1985 1 1 1 1 cf (dry gas) lb (compressed gas) ton (compressed gas) tonne (compr gas) 1,027 20,551 41,102,000 45,306,735 Btu Btu Btu Btu Natural Gas Cell: C15 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS: Is PPL MHS’s gas vendor? Myers: “No, Center Point is our marketer for our DS accounts and UGI GasMark is our marketer for our LFD accounts...or in other words Centerpoint provides gas from Louisiana to the henry hub for our Direct Service accounts and UGI GasMark is the provider for our large firm delivery accounts from Louisiana to the henry hub. Now from there the gas flows to the burner tip via pipeline owned by UGI...who charges a transportation fee. We also buy gas directly from UGI on their tariff.” Cell: D15 Comment: Rick Heede: It is unclear why the 1985 datum for 1 lb of compressed gas differs from the more recent Methane Converter sheet. The latter reports units of CH4, whereas AP42 is probably natural gas, albeit chiefly methane (CH4). Cell: E15 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA (undated) “Natural Gas Methane Units Converter,” 2 pp., www.epa.gov/gasstar; PDF in Climate / Emissions / Emissions Factors. Cell: G15 Comment: Rick Heede: Factors reported in this column include: 14.47 kg C per million Btu. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Inventory of U.S. Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2003, Annex B: Methodology for Estimating the Carbon Content of Fossil Fuels, http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmissionsUSEmissionsInventory2003.html Tonnes CO2 per billion Btu simply multiplies C by 3.664191 -- the isotopically accurate conversion factor -- to convert carbon to CO2, assuming full combustion of the natural gas. * While the energy content of a cubic foot of natural gas is highly dependent on the pressure altitude at which it is delivered, the carbon content per million Btu, which is the method we employ here, only varies slightly, as mentioned above. At normal sea level pressure and energy value, one cubic foot of natural gas has a heating value of 1,027 Btu (but can vary from 950 - 1,100 Btu/cf). At sea level, one hundred cubic feet (ccf) emits 12.0953 lb CO2 upon combustion. At altitude, both the energy content and the carbon emissions will far less per ccf. Cell: H15 Comment: Rick Heede: Carbon dioxide emissions are a product of natural gas sales in billion Btu times the carbon emissions factor in column “E.” Cell: I15 Comment: Rick Heede: See notes in Table 2 below for methodology used to estimate fugitive methane emissions rate. Cell: C21 Comment: Kurt.Homan: includes memorial hall, stadium and founders hall Cell: C22 Comment: Kurt.Homan: includes COF, LMSC, bonniemeade and fosterleigh Cell: D37 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS estimates the upstream fugitive emissions of methane from the natural gas system from production through delivery. In 2005 (the most recent data available), U.S. methane emissions from natural gas systems totaled 6.70 million (metric) tonnes; in the same year, natural gas consumption was 21.981 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), which equals 0.0657 lb of methane per hundred cubic feet (ccf) of gas consumed. Thus, (0.067198 lb CH4/ccf) / 0.04228 lb/cf (standard conversion factor) = 1.58936 cf of methane lost per ccf of delivered natural gas = 1.589 percent fugitive emission rate; that is, a system loss rate relative to delivered natural gas. * We are NOT attributing this additional emissions source to Milton Hershey School, but are accounting for upstream emissions that can be atributed to consumption of natural gas. We are therefore allocating such additional systemic emissions to consumers for whose benefit the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas occurs. The result is that an amount equivalent to 11.925 percent of the CO2 emitted by burning natural gas is emitted as fugitive methane by the natural gas industry, here expressed by CMS in units of CO2e. The 11.925 percent factor is used by CMS to estimate emissions of methane from the natural gas system as a source of emissions added to combustion of the delivered natural gas. Note: This emissions estimate does NOT include system upsets or unintended pipeline breaks or other leakage events that -- on occasion -- release unreported quantiites of natural gas to the atmosphere. HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Natural Gas * Production (1.87 million tonnes CH4), Gas Processing (0.63 million tonnes), Transmission and Storage (2.34 million tonnes), Distribution (1.85 million tonnes CH4), Total (6.70 million tonnes CH4). We are not including the small quantities of methane released from end-use equipment in the residential and commercial sectors (0.01 million tonnes CH4). Note: Updated to 2005 data 1Aug07, CMS. Sources: Energy Information Administration (2006) Annual Energy Review 2005, Table 6.1 (2005p data); Energy Information Administration (2006) Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005, Table 17. See also Kirchgessner, David A., Robert A. Lott, R. Michael Cowgill, Matthew R. Harrison, & Theresa M. Shires (~2000) Estimate Of Methane Emissions From The U.S. Natural Gas Industry, US EPA: AP 42, Fifth Edition, vol. 1 chapter 14, www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html Cell: B41 Comment: Rick Heede: This column converts tons of methane into tons of CO2-equivalent by multiplying by methane’s conversion factor of 25xCO2 (100 hundred year horizon, mole basis), per IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of 2007. CMS uses the FAR convention, although some national inventories still use the SAR convention of 21xCO2 (and N2O of 310xCO2). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (e.g., in the 2006 emissions inventory) adopts the TAR values. HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Notes Heating Oil A B C D E F G H I J 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Heating Oil 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Future inventorists must request updated heating oil purchasing data for Leffler Energy from Milton Hershey School utility operations staff. Verify quantity of biodiesel delivery, and biodiesel content, and calculate emissions savings from use of biodiesel. Snowmass, Colorado File Started 29 April 2008 Data supplied by: Last Modified: 23 July 2008 Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations 717-520-3424 myerss@mhs-pa.org Table 1 2006/2007 Heating Oil delivery Approximate heat content Carbon Factor Carbon Dioxide Methane Total Emissions Total Emissions gallons Million Btu lb CO2/gallon tons CO2 tons CO2e tons CO2e tonnes C-eq Heating oil vendor tons CO2-e/ton CO2 22.384 lb CO2/gallon for B5 fuel 21.506 21 22 Leffler Energy delivery of regular heating oil 73,126 10,143 22.384 818.4 na 818.4 202.6 23 24 25 Leffler Energy delivery of B5 heating oil (5 percent) 12,062 1,673 21.506 135.0 na 135.0 33.4 26 27 28 Total heating oil delivered to MHS 85,188 11,816 953.4 na 953.4 236.1 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Net savings from MHS use of B5 biodiesel 5.3 na 5.3 1.3 na na Annual biodiesel rate: 0.71% Average lb CO2/gallon: Table 2 Leffler Energy Total, 2006/2007 Cost, $ $ $ 166,454 166,454 $ per million Btu $ 16.41 HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls 22.26 Table 3 # of deliveries # of truck trips Number of delivery locations (2006/2007) 181 deliveries 63 truck trips Heating Oil Cell: D16 Comment: Rick Heede: Standard emission and energy factors for heatng oil: Heating oil (#1,2, 4) 138,700 Btu/gallon 22.384 lb CO2 per gallon 161.39 lb CO2 per million Btu. Cell: E16 Comment: Rick Heede: Carbon factor from Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Inventory of U.S. Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2001 Annex B: Methodology for Estimating the Carbon Content of Fossil Fuels, http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmissionsUSEmissionsInventory2003.html Cell: F16 Comment: Rick Heede: Heating oil deliveries times carbon factor of 22.384 lb CO2 per gallon at full combustion / 2000 lb per ton. B5 emission factor is slightly lower. Cell: G16 Comment: Rick Heede: A fugitive methane rate is not applied to use and combustion of heating oil. Cell: E19 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS, as noted under “Carbon Factor” above, uses carbon savings from the NREL study on biofuels. The formula used is “=22.384*(1-(0.05*0.7845))”, which yields emissions from B5 fuel of 21.506 lb CO2 per gallon. Note: the EIA emission factor for B5 fuel is slightly lower at 21.04 lb CO2 per gallon, i.e., credits slightly higher savings per gallon of B5 fuel. Cell: B21 Comment: Rick Heede: Leffler Energy delivered 85,188 gallons of heting oil to dozens of locations at MHS (sample below) at a cost of $166,454 (average $1.95 per gallon). Biodiesel (B5) is credited below. As a sample of locations, the 18,300 gallons delivered in Jan07 were to: 735 Brook Dr, 2261 Gates Rd, Art Barn, Dearden House, Trailway, Silverbrook, 735 Brook Dr, Horticulture Bldg, 505 Meadow Ln, 465 Meadow Ln, 405 Meadow Ln, Art Barn, Dearden House, Willow Wood-Barn, Clearview, Edgewood, Bonniemead, GroMor, Brookside, 841 Governor Rd, Willow Wood-Barn, Horticulture Bldg, 2261 Gates Rd, 10 Boathouse Rd, 405 Meadow Ln, 465 Meadow Ln, 505 Meadow Ln, 735 Brook Dr, Willow Wood-Barn, Valley View, Art Barn, Old Maintenance Warehouse, Spring Creek House, and Animal Center. Cell: B23 Comment: Rick Heede: Carbon emissions per gallon of diesel and gasoline from EIA data. Diesel emissions are reduced by the fuel’s biodiesel component. At Milton Hershey School (2006/2007), Leffler Energy delivered 12,062 gallons of B5 (5 percent bio) in June and July to 19 locations (e.g, Spring Creek House, Swatara, Thorpe, Deardon). While life-cycle net carbon savings estimates vary widely (see below), we use a net savings of 78.45 percent based on the NREL report cited below. The emissions coefficient for biodiesel is thus 4.824 lb CO2 per gallon (22.384 lb CO2 per gallon for petrodiesel * (1-0.7845)). CMS estimates average fuel emissions coefficient of 20.768 lb CO2 per gallon. Note: this is estimate is specific to 2006, since it is based on consumption of fuel by type. See Table 2 for details. The upstream carbon emissions from biodiesel production are not analyzed here but are well-documented in the NREL study. Such an analysis would include fuel inputs to growing, fertlizing, harvesting, transporting soy or other organic feedstocks, processing electricity and fuels, and storage and delivery fuel inputs. The net carbon savings from biodiesel is certainly less than the carbon absorbed from the atmosphere in the carbon fixation phase of the feedstock. Note that upstream emissions from conventional fuels are not attributed to diesel and gasoline consumption by vehicle owners in Frisco. Estimates of “wells-to-tank” energy inputs range from 20 to 30+ percent above the emissions from the fuels’ combustion, depending on the bondary definitions used. See Wang (2001). Net carbon savings estimates vary widely: from zero to 80+ percent; some organizations assume 100 percent carbon neutrality. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (1998) “Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus,” May1998, 314 pp., which concluded that biodiesel reduces net emissions of CO2 by 78.45% compared to petroleum diesel. Mark Delucchi of Institute for Transportation Studies University of California, Davis suggests that the use of biofuels would increase greenhouse gas emissions as land is converted from forests, wetland and conservation reserve acres to grow more corn and soybeans. European research suggests a range of 40 to 56 percent carbon savings. 13aug07 Note: US DOE (2006) Technical Guidelines: Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605(b)) Program, p. 64, shows diesel fuel #2 as 21.15 lb CO2 per gallon. This factor is not corrected in the 2004 inventory, but should be corrected in the 2006 emissions inventory. CMS has not reviewed DOE’s net carbon calculations in detail, but DOE’s calculations presumably use a lower net carbon savings factor, as illustrated by their datum of 21.04 lb CO2 per gallon of B20 vs CMS’ 21.506 lb CO2 per gallon (DOE does not appear to account for carbon inputs to the biodiesel cycle, as CMS does by using NREL’s estimates). DOE’s 1605 factors: B100: zero carbon, B20: 17.71 lb CO2, B10: 19.93, B5: 21.04. E100: zero carbon, E85: 2.9 lb CO2 per gallon, E10 (Gasohol): 17.41 lb CO2. HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Heating Oil Cell: G40 Comment: Rick Heede: Simple count of deliveries in 2006/2007, from Myers data of heating oil deliveries by Leffler Energy. By rough count, ~two-thirds of deliveries are made on the same days, hence significant route or scheduling efficiency is done. Cell: G41 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS counts each date of delivery. However, some dates clearly require several vehicle trips (heating oil only), which has not been estimated. HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Notes Propane A B C D E F G H I J 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Propane 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Snowmass, Colorado Future inventorists must request updated propane purchasing data for AmeriGas and Patriot Propane from Milton Hershey School utility operations staff. If cost data is available, enter in Table 3. File Started 29 April 2008 Last Modified: 23 July 2008 Data supplied by: Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations 717-520-3424 myerss@mhs-pa.org Table 1 2006/2007 Propane Delivery gallons Approximate heat content Million Btu Propane vendor Carbon Factor Carbon Dioxide Methane Total Emissions Total Emissions lb CO2/gallon tons CO2 tons CO2e tons CO2e tonnes C-eq tons CO2e/ton CO2 12.669 0.0531 22 23 AmeriGas propane deliveries to MHS 41,001 3,754 12.7 259.7 13.8 273.5 67.7 24 25 26 Patriot Propane deliveries to MHS 10,284 941 12.7 65.1 3.5 68.6 17.0 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Total propane deliveries to MHS 51,285 4,695 324.9 17.2 342.1 84.7 Table 2 Calculation of methane emissions rate for propane Methane from propane (gas prod’n + processing): CO2 from natural gas consumption: Methane emissions rate as CH4 Methane emissions rate as CO2e Note: CMS has not estimated emissions from diesel fuel consumed by LP delivery vehicles. 2.5 1,178 0.00212 0.05305 million tonnes CH4 million tonnes CO2 kg CH4/kg CO2 kg CO2-e/kg CO2 Table 3 AmeriGas Patriot Propane Total, 2006/2007 Table 4 # of deliveries # of truck trips HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Cost, $ $ $ $ 56,871 10,284 67,155 $ $ $ $ per million Btu 15.15 10.92 14.30 Number of delivery locations (2006/2007) 54 deliveries 52 truck trips Cell: E17 Comment: Rick Heede: Propane Carbon factor from Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Inventory of U.S. Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2001 Annex B: Methodology for Estimating the Carbon Content of Fossil Fuels, http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmissionsUSEmissionsInventory2003.html Cell: F17 Comment: Rick Heede: Propane sales times carbon factor of 12.669 lb CO2 per gallon at full combustion / 2000 lb per ton. Cell: G17 Comment: Rick Heede: A fugitive methane rate is applied to the propane production and processing infrastructure. See “methane” comments on the “Natural Gas” worksheet, in which methane emissions from the production through delivery of natural gas are allocated to Frisco’s consumption of natural gas. CMS applies the same ancillary emissions factor for propane -- a sub-set of the natural gas industry. The result is that an amount equivalent to 11.925 percent of the CO2 emitted by burning natural gas is emitted as fugitive methane by the natural gas industry. CMS applies the same percentage factor to consumption of propane. In the case of propane, therefore, CMS allocates the US national fugitive emissions rate for natural gas (from which most propane is processed) in the production and gas processing stages: 1.87 million tonnes CH4 plus 0.63 million tonnes CH4 of total natural gas system methane emissions of 6.70 million tonnes CH4, or 2.50 of 6.70 million tonnes CH4, or 37.31 percent of the natural gas rate (0.00568 kg CH4/kg CO2 from combustion), which converts to 0.00568 * 0.3731 = 0.0021221 kg CH4 / kg CO2 from propane combustion. At methane GWP of 21xCO2: 0.0021221x21 = 0.044564 kg CO2-e per kg CO2 from propane combustion. This, in simple terms, means a methane factor of 4.4564 percent above emissions from propane combustion. Sources used to estimate the fugitive methane emission rate for natural gas and propane: Energy Information Administration (2006) Annual Energy Review 2005; Energy Information Administration (2006) Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005. Cell: B22 Comment: Rick Heede: AmeriGas sold 41,001 gallons to various locations at MHS (e.g., Central Ops, New Supply Center, Horticulture Center, Camp Milton, etc). 2006/2007 cost: $56,571, average cost of $1.38 per gallon. Data from Steve Myers, 21Apr08. CMS corrected two entries in the list of purchases by converting what was entered as 6 gallons and 12 gallons into “six 35.5-lb cylinders” and “twelve 20-lb cylinders” into 50.24 and 56.6 gallons, respectively. 1 gallon of propane weighs 4.24 lb. Chemical formula, C3H8. Specific gravity, liquid, 0.509. Specific gravity, vapor, 1.52. Weight per gallon, 4.24 pounds. Heat value per gallon of liquid 91,547 Btu. National Gas Propane Association: www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=633 Cell: B24 Comment: Rick Heede: AmeriGas sold 10,284 gallons to “Purcell Friendship.” 2006/2007 cost: $16,160, average cost of $1.57 per gallon. Cell: E34 Comment: Rick Heede: Calculations are shown under “Methane,” and is based on methane emissions from the natural gas industry (CH4 from production and processing, and thus excluding CH4 from pipelines and distribution). Emissions from the production and delivery of both natural gas and propane thus exclude emissions from energy used to transport and deliver each fuel: energy for natural gas pipeline compressor stations, for example, and, for propane, the diesel fuel consumed in transporting propane from processing plants and in trucks delivering propane to ultimate consumers. Cell: B38 Comment: Rick Heede: This column converts tons of methane into tons of CO2-equivalent by multiplying by methane’s conversion factor of 25xCO2 (100 hundred year horizon, mole basis), per IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. CMS uses the FAR convention, although some national inventories still use the SAR convention of 21xCO2 (and N2O of 310xCO2). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (e.g., in the 2006 emissions inventory) adopts the TAR values. Cell: G42 Comment: Rick Heede: Simple count of deliveries in 2006/2007, from Myers data of propane deliveries by AmeriGas (39) and Patriot Propane (15). Nearly all deliveries are made on different days, hence no route or scheduling efficiency is done. Cell: G43 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS counts each date of delivery. However, some dates clearly require several vehicle trips (heating oil only), which has not been estimated. HersheyElectricityGasPropaneOil.xls Refrigerants - homes A B C D E F G H I J K L M 1 2 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: MHS housing & appliance refrigerants Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Update data on the refrigerant charge in MHS housing units, and, if warranted, update leakage rates of refrigerants in various equipment types. All other computations are carried through to the sum below. Table 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Student homes (occupied) Snowmass, Colorado Data from File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 23 July 2008 Michal Ptak Pennsylvania State University mptak@engr.psu.edu Table 2 MHS housing Number of units Average floor area R12 R22 R134a R410A R404A square feet # sq.ft per unit R12 GWP R22 GWP R134a GWP R410a GWP R404a GWP 1,458,334 133 10,965 GWP factor FAR 10,900 1,810 1,430 Student homes (un-occupied) 90,285 8 11,286 GWP factor SAR 8,100 1,500 1,300 Staff homes 32,228 18 1,790 1,580,847 159 9,942 Total and average Table 3a Estimated refrigerant charge, by species, student & staff homes R12 charge R22 charge R134a charge R410A charge 25 26 27 Milk dispensers AC & dehumid Fridges & frzrs chillers lbs R12 lbs R22 lbs R134a lbs R410A 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Student & Staff home refrigerant charge, total Table 3b 1,725 Note: CMS uses the IPCC’s FAR GWP values 24 28 29 30 Global Warming Potential (GWP), by refrigerant species Floor area 81 5,144 220 Sum lbs all species 666 6,111 Estimated leakage rates, by species & equipment type Milk dispensers AC & dehumid Fridges & frzrs chillers annual leakage rate annual leakage rate annual leakage rate annual leakage rate IPCC Good Practice Guidelines: low leakage rate 0.1% 1.0% 0.1% 0.1% IPCC Good Practice Guidelines: high leakage rate 0.5% 5.0% 0.5% 0.5% CMS has not verified typical home AC unit refrigerant leakage rate. Table 3c Estimated leakage quantities, by species & equipment type Milk dispensers AC & dehumid Fridges & frzrs chillers lbs R12 lbs R22 lbs R134a lbs R410A Refrigerant leakage, low 0.08 51.44 0.22 0.67 average refrigerant leakage, all species 155.2 lb refrigerant Refrigerant leakage, high 0.40 257.22 1.10 3.33 average leakage rate, all species Average GWP 2.54% percent per annum 1,845 x CO2 Table 4 CMS applies FAR GWP values below Low refrigerant emissions, in CO2e/yr High refrigerant emissions, in CO2e/yr Average of low & high estimates, in CO2e/yr Table 5b Table 5 Estimated refrigerant emissions, by species Average leakage rate calculation Total refrigerant emissions R12 emissions R22 emissions R134a emissions R410A emissions Sum Sum lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr tons CO2e/yr 878 1,150 314 4,391 465,566 1,570 5,748 477,275 238.6 2,634 279,340 942 3,449 286,365 143.2 HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls 95,455 47.7 93,113 3,260 3,260 Refrigerants - homes Cell: E12 Comment: Rick Heede: MHS Statistical Review 2006/2007 lists 133 occupied student homes totalling 1,458,334 sq.ft., plus 8 unoccupied student homes totalling 90,285 sq.ft. Also lists 18 staff homes totaling 32,228 sq.ft. Cell: G16 Comment: Rick Heede: IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report, Physical Science Basis, p. 212. Cell: L16 Comment: Rick Heede: IPCC FAR does not list R404a GWP. ICLEI (2008), p. 151 shows SAR GWP value as 3,260xCO2 (100-year time horizon). SAR values for R12: 8,100xCO2, R22: 1,500xCO2, and R134a: 1,300xCO2. Cell: F23 Comment: Rick Heede: Ptak’s & Homan’s data details refrigerant type and charge quantity by type of equipment (including manufacturer, model, and serial #). Since we do not have service records for these homes and refrigerated equipment, CMS uses IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000); see below for specifics. Cell: B28 Comment: Rick Heede: Michal Ptak and Kurt Homan of Pennsylvania State University Dept of Engineering have assembled a detailed inventory of refrigerant charges in all student homes and staff homes by type of equipment. Most homes have five outside AC units, charged chiefly with R-22 refrigerant, a milk dispenser, electric water cooler, two refrigerators and one freezer (these are typically charged with HCF-134a. CMS listed summed total MHS refrigerant charge by type: 72 lbs of R-12, 4,950 lbs of R-22, and 195 lbs of HFC-134a. Cell: B35 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses the IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000), which shows annual leakage rates of 0.1 to 0.5 percent for domestic refrigeration, 1 to 5 percent for residential AC, 2 to 15 percent for chillers, and 10 to 20 percent for mobile air conditioners. CMS applies these ranges to each equipment type in lieu of having actual leakage rates for each equipment type. CMS applies the “domestic refrigeration” leakage rate to milk dispensers and water coolers. While a mass balance approach is the preferred methodology, CMS does not have service records and uses the IPCC default values instead. Other sources (e.g. CCAR, ICLEI, EPA) have listed much higher leakage rates, but these higher numbers appear to be for screening for emission source materiality or de minimus calculations. Cell: C38 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA: “The leak repair requirements, promulgated under Section 608 of the Clean Air Act, require that when an owner or operator of an appliance that normally contains a refrigerant charge of more than 50 pounds discovers that refrigerant is leaking at a rate that would exceed the applicable trigger rate during a 12-month period, the owner or operator must take corrective action.” Must repair within 30 days, etc. No mention of range of “typical” leakage rates. www.epa.gov/Ozone/title6/608/leak.html Appliance Type Trigger Leak Rate Commercial refrigeration 35% Industrial process refrigeration 35% Comfort cooling 15% All other appliances 15% HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls Refrigerants - campus chillers A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 1 2 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: MHS campus building refrigerants Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Update data on the refrigerant charge, refrigerant re-charge rates, and/or refrigerant procurement intended for use in MHS campus chillers (excluding the ice rink, which uses an ammonia-cycle). All other computations are carried through to the sum below. 9Sep08: regarding recharge and leakage rates in central campus chillers, see cell note at F31. Table 2 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Data from Michal Ptak Pennsylvania State University mptak@engr.psu.edu Steve Myers 717-520-3424 myerss@mhs-pa.org Global Warming Potential (GWP), by refrigerant species R12 R22 R134a R404A R401A R717 R502 R500 R406A R114 R410A R12 GWP R22 GWP R134a GWP R404a GWP R401a GWP R717 GWP R502 GWP R500 GWP R406a GWP R114 GWP R410a GWP (ammonia) GWP factor FAR 10,900 1,810 1,430 3,260 GWP factor SAR 8,100 1,500 1,300 3,260 Table 3a 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Snowmass, Colorado File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 9 September 2008 18 0 0 37 0 4 Estimated refrigerant charge, by species, academic buildings R12 R22 Refrigerators AC lbs R12 lbs R22 R134a R404A Chillers, fridges, water coolers lbs R134a Condensers, ice machines lbs R404A R401A R717 R502 R500 R406A R114 R410A Storage Ice arena Storage Storage Storage Storage Spot coolers All uses lbs R401A lbs R717 lbs R502 lbs R500 lbs R406A lbs R114 lbs R410A total lbs refrig Acad bldgs, chillers, walk-ins, etc 645 609 19,380 238 60 550 520 52 50 900 Storage in Central Inventory, COF 632 378 139 93 60 0 520 52 50 900 13 231 19,241 145 0 550 0 0 0 0 Net charge installed in buildings Table 3b 1,725 ASHRAE Standard 34 (GWP factors cited in WRI’s GHG Protocol HFC Tool (version 1) see cell note below for central campus chiller re-charge note IPCC Guidelines: low leakage rate 0.2% 1.0% IPCC Guidelines: high leakage rate 1.0% 5.0% Table 5b 23,016 12 20,193 2,823 0.2% Average GWP 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 4.11% percent per yr 1,430 x CO2 note Power plant chillers rows 377-379: 8663 lbs 134a 7.5% 1.0% 1.0% CMS has not verified typical home AC unit refrigerant leakage rate. Table 3c Estimated leakage quantities, by species & equipment type Milk AC & dehumid Chillers fridges lbs R12 lbs R22 lbs R134a R404A R401A R717 R502 R500 R406A R114 R410A All species lbs R404A lbs R404A lbs R404A lbs R404A lbs R404A lbs R404A lbs R404A lbs R404A total lbs refrig Refrigerant leakage, low 0.03 2.3 192.4 0.3 - 1.1 - - - - 0.02 196 Refrigerant leakage, high 0.13 11.6 1,443.1 1.5 - 5.5 - - - - 0.12 1,462 Table 5 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 829 lb refrigerant Average leakage rate calculation average leakage rate, all species leakage rate/yr leakage rate/yr 1.0% 12 average refrigerant leakage, all species Estimated leakage rates, by species & equipment type Milk AC & dehumid Chillers fridges leakage rate/yr leakage rate/yr All species Table 4 CMS applies FAR GWP values below Estimated refrigerant emissions, by species Total refrigerant emissions R12 R22 R134a R404A R401A R717 R502 R500 R406A R114 R410A Sum Sum lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr tons CO2e/yr Low emissions, in CO2e/yr 293 4,188 275,148 947 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 280,617 140.3 High emissions, in CO2e/yr 1,464 20,940 2,063,609 4,735 0 0 0 0 0 0 205 2,090,953 1,045.5 879 12,564 1,169,378 2,841 0 0 0 0 0 0 123 1,185,785 592.9 Average of low & high HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls Q Refrigerants - campus chillers Cell: H14 Comment: Rick Heede: BOC Gases, www.boc-gases.com/products_and_services/by_product/refrigerants/index.asp Ammonia (R717) Ammonia has a low boiling point and is favoured because it is a highly energy efficient refrigerant which also has minimal environmental impact. Our R717 refrigerant: • Is environmentally friendly, being classified as: Zero ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), Zero GWP (Global Warming Potential) Cell: L14 Comment: Rick Heede: www.engineeringtoolbox.com/Refrigerants-Environment-Properties-d_1220.html R-114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane: GWP of 3.9 x CO2 Cell: B17 Comment: Rick Heede: IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report, Physical Science Basis, p. 212. Cell: F17 Comment: Rick Heede: IPCC FAR does not list R404a GWP. ICLEI (2008), p. 151 shows SAR GWP value as 3,260xCO2 (100-year time horizon). SAR values for R12: 8,100xCO2, R22: 1,500xCO2, and R134a: 1,300xCO2. Cell: F21 Comment: Rick Heede: Ptak’s & Homan’s data details refrigerant type and charge quantity by type of equipment (including manufacturer, model, and serial #). Since we do not have service records for these homes and refrigerated equipment, CMS uses IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000); see below for specifics. Cell: B26 Comment: Rick Heede: Michal Ptak and Kurt Homan of Pennsylvania State University Dept of Engineering have assembled a detailed inventory of refrigerant charges in all student homes and staff homes by type of equipment. Most homes have five outside AC units, charged chiefly with R-22 refrigerant, a milk dispenser, electric water cooler, two refrigerators and one freezer (these are typically charged with HCF-134a. CMS listed summed total MHS refrigerant charge by type: 72 lbs of R-12, 4,950 lbs of R-22, and 195 lbs of HFC-134a. Cell: B28 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS deducts refrigerants in MHS storage at Central Inventory, COF, from the refrigerant leakage calculations, asuming that leakage from storage containers is zero or negligible. Cell: F31 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS applies the relatively conservative values below, except we reduce the leakage rate for chillers from 2 to 15 percent pa to 1 to 7.5 percent per year, as a conservatism. GHG Protocol HFC Tool (Version 1.0) Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing, Installation, Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 1.0) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005); page 15 Table 2 shows “values are from IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000)” and annual leakage rates of 0.1 to 0.5 percent for domestic refrigeration, 1 to 5 percent for residential AC, 2 to 15 percent for chillers, and 10 to 20 percent for mobile air conditioners. CMS note 9Sep08: It came to light late in the inventory process that central campus chillers have not been re-charged in the last year or more. CMS was unable to confirm this statement, and the lack of re-charge may indicate but not confirm zero refrigerant leakage. CMS retains the leakage calculations in this inventory. Future inventorists should review this issue, adjust future calculations as needed, and revise emissions for 2006/2007 if necessary. Cell: B35 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses the IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000), which shows annual leakage rates of 0.1 to 0.5 percent for domestic refrigeration, 1 to 5 percent for residential AC, 2 to 15 percent for chillers, and 10 to 20 percent for mobile air conditioners. CMS applies these ranges to each equipmetn type in lieu of having actual leakage rates for each equipment type. CMS applies the “domestic refrigeration” leakage rate to milk dispensers and water coolers. While a mass balance approach is the preferred methodology, CMS does not have service records and uses the IPCC default values instead. Other sources (e.g. CCAR, ICLEI, EPA) have listed much higher leakage rates, but these higher numbers appear to be for screening for emission source materiality or de minimus calculations. Cell: C38 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA: “The leak repair requirements, promulgated under Section 608 of the Clean Air Act, require that when an owner or operator of an appliance that normally contains a refrigerant charge of more than 50 pounds discovers that refrigerant is leaking at a rate that would exceed the applicable trigger rate during a 12-month period, the owner or operator must take corrective action.” Must repair within 30 days, etc. No mention of range of “typical” leakage rates. www.epa.gov/Ozone/title6/608/leak.html Appliance Type Trigger Leak Rate Commercial refrigeration 35% Industrial process refrigeration 35% Comfort cooling 15% All other appliances 15% HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls Gasoline & Diesel A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 1 Milton Hershey School GHG inventory: gasoline and diesel fuel (MHS-owned vehicles) 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Table 1 Data provided by: Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations Milton Hershey School 717-520-3424 myerss@msh-pa.org File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 19 July 2008 Fuel usage and direct CO2 emissions attributed to MHS Fuel usage Emission factor Emissions Emissions gallons lb CO2 per gallon lb CO2 tons CO2 1Sep06 to 31Aug07 20 21 Gasoline 22 23 Diesel fuel 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Total fuel and emissions 44 45 46 47 48 Snowmass, Colorado Future inventorists must update fuel consumption by fuel type for all MHS-owned vehicles. Steve Myers provided a summary of fuel consumption dispensed through MHS fuel pumps. Fuel consumption for all MHS buses, vans, trucks, service vehicles, plows, tractors, and combines are included. 188,297 19.594 3,689,501 1,845 36,570 22.384 818,589 409 4,508,090 2,254 224,868 CMS calculates (for illustrative purposes) ancillary emissions from upstream crude oil production, transportation, refining, and distribution to service stations. As noted below, ancillary emissions differ by fuel: diesel fuel is heavier and requires less refinery input and thus emissions, whereas gasoline is a lighter fuel and requires more energy input and emissions. Energy inputs include natuarl gas liquids, steam, natural gas, electricity; vented CO2 and methane are also included (TK). CMS does NOT add these upstream emissions to MHS direct emissions from on-site combustion of transportation fuels, in accordance with inventory protocols, including the WRI GHG Protocol. Table 3 Table 2 Estimated refinery or fuel cycle energy inputs and emission factors UCS/Wang 22.8 5.4 Heede (2003) ANL GREET model 5,156 1,245 FEIR cites GM averages FEIR citation: 13 to 17% Delucchi (2003) Simple average of above upstream estimates 23.7% 15.5% 24.1% 15.0% 25.0% 20.7% Table 4 Upstream emissions (not added to direct MHS) Total direct & upstream (not used) Upstream factor Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions percent adder lb CO2e tons CO2e lb CO2e tons CO2e 27% 996,165 498 19% 155,532 78 Total (if used) HersheyTransportation.xls 576 gasoline diesel 4,685,666 2,343 974,121 487 Total (if used) 2,830 Gasoline & Diesel Cell: C16 Comment: Rick Heede: Fuel data from Steve Myers. Cell: J37 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS calculates ancillary emissions from upstream crude oil production, transportation, refining, and distribution to service stations. As noted below, ancillary emissions differ by fuel: diesel fuel is heavier and requires less refinery input and thus emissions, whereas gasoline is a lighter fuel and requires more energy input. However, CMS does NOT add these upstream emissions to MHS direct emissions from on-site combustion of transportation fuels, in accordance with inventory protocols, including the WRI GHG Protocol. Cell: M37 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS does NOT add these upstream emissions to MHS direct emissions from on-site combustion of transportation fuels, in accordance with inventory protocols, including the WRI GHG Protocol. This sum is shown for illustration only. The summary worksheet is instead linked to Table 1, emissions in tons CO2. Cell: H38 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses Delucchi’s factors for upstream emissions by fuel. Delucchi (2003) Lifecycle emissions model (LEM), table 56 “Upstream fuel cycle emissions as a percentage of end use emissions, by pollutant and feedstock/fuel combination,” shows 27 percent for conventional gasoline and 19 percent for diesel. Cell: C39 Comment: Rick Heede: UCS (2007) “Rolling Smokestacks: Cleaning Up America’s Trucks and Buses” Ch 1: “Each gallon of diesel fuel burned in a diesel truck engine results in emissions of 22.8 pounds of carbon and other heat-trapping gases. An additional 5.4 pounds of heat-trapping gases result from the production and delivery of each gallon (Wang and Huang 1999). The units are lb CO2 per gallon of diesel at combustion, lb CO2 per gallon from production to fuel delivery (well to tank), and percentage adder. Cell: C40 Comment: Rick Heede: Heede (2003) ExxonMobil Corporation Emissions Inventory 1882-2002: Methods and Results, page 23. Cell: C41 Comment: Rick Heede: Wang, Michael Q. (2001) Well-to-Tank Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels: North American Analysis, Vol. 3, results summarized in Heede (2003). Units are Btu per mile for driving typical car, and Btu per mile for “wells to wheels,” and full fuel cycle percent adder. Cell: C42 Comment: Rick Heede: FEIR, page 4.2-52: “GHG emissions associated with refining would increase these emissions by an estimated 13-17 %.”). CMS averages this range to 15 percent, even though the datum cited (may) only include refinery inputs and excludes pipeline transportation to refineries and transportation by tanker trucks and product pielines to distribution centers and gasoline stations. Cell: C43 Comment: Rick Heede: Delucchi (2003) Lifecycle emissions model (LEM), table 56 “Upstream fuel cycle emissions as a percentage of end use emissions, by pollutant and feedstock/fuel combination,” shows 27 percent for conventional gasoline and 19 percent for diesel. Since the gasoline/diesel output ratio is roughly 6.7 million bbl per week (gasoline) and 2.3 million bbl per week (diesel), CMS uses this blended average to estimate average fuel cycle emissions per gallon, i.e., (27 percent * 6.7 + 19 percent * 2.3) / (6.7 + 2.3) = (180.9 + 43.7) / 9.0 = 24.96 percent on average. Cal gasoline and diesel refining data: www.energy.ca.gov/gasoline/quarterly/index.html Delucchi (2003), page 95: “In Table H.6 of DeLuchi (1993), refineries consumed 0.145 BTUs of process energy to produce 1.0 BTU of conventional gasoline.” Note: gasoline requires much higher refinery energy inputs than does diesel fuel (0.039 to 0.072). Note: refinery inputs only, excluding production, pipeline, and distribution energy and emissions. Since this does not include other refinery emissions sources, CMS uses above emissions calculations instead. HersheyTransportation.xls Commuting survey A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Commuting Survey Responses, & Fuel and Emissions Calculation 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Snowmass, Colorado Table 1 Surve y# 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Survey conducted by: Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations Milton Hershey School 717-520-3424 myerss@msh-pa.org Respondent’s email (hidden as white text) Question #1 Q #1 times 2 Question #6 Weekly MHSOne-way Two-way related distance distance driving (if noted) Q #1 times Question 10 #3a Question #3d Est. weekly Drives X commuting days per (if Q#6 not week answered) Carpooling? Bike Walk? Note days per week Question #4 Question #4 Question #4 Make Model Year Question #5 CMS lookup Question #7 Question #8 CMS calc fueleconom Miles/year Stated fuel Car also Full-time y.gov for (assumes 48 economy, used for employee make & weeks per mpg MHS driving ? model, mpg year) CMS calc CMS calc Question #10 Fuel per year (gallons) CO2 per year (lbs) Commuting suggestions MHS entries by Michal Ptak, PSU, from paper survey responses 1 hoovert@mhs-pa.org 25 50.0 350 250 5.0 Toyota Prius 2005 45 46 no yes 16,800 365 7,156 2 backs@mhs-pa.org 30 60.0 300 300 5.0 Ford Focus 2000 26 26 no yes 14,400 554 10,852 3 4 5 6 26 12.2 8 15 52.0 24.4 16.0 30.0 156 122 32 120 260 122 32 150 5.0 5.0 2.0 5.0 Nissan GMC Ford Honda 2006 2003 1986 2004 25 15 23 28 25 16 22 28 no no yes yes no no 7,488 5,856 1,536 5,760 300 366 70 206 5,869 7,171 1,368 4,031 7 buckwaltern@mhs-pa.org Altima Envoy Ranger Accord Explorer XLT Grand Caravan yes klockd@mhs-pa.org Robert Patton (838-7967) 1998 19 18 no yes 1,200 67 1,306 1996 22 17 yes no 1,920 113 2,213 yes 3,360 187 3,658 8 9 26 27 Data supplied by: 182 MHS surveys faculty & staff May-08 Last Modified: 18 July 2008 www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm 14 15 16 17 18 File Started 19 May 2008 Future inventorists may -- but not required to -- update the survey of Milton Hershey School faculty and staff commuting characteristics, such as vehicle types (and fuel economy), frequency of car pooling, distance from work, and so forth. Unless these factors have changed substantially, an extrapolation based on the total staff and faculty may, therefore, suffice. 10 bobanj@mhs-pa.org Nancy DeLiberty 11 2.5 5.0 25 25 5.0 Ford 5 10.0 40 40 4.0 Dodge 5 10.0 70 50 5.0 Ford Freestar 2004 25 18 yes Windstar Pickup Truck 1995 19 19 no no 1,152 61 1,188 1994 23 21 no yes 2,160 103 2,015 3 10 6.0 24 24 4.0 Ford 20.0 45 100 5.0 Toyota 12 Koonsa@mhs-pa.org 2 4.0 20 20 5.0 Mercury Mountaineer 2006 18 16 yes yes 960 60 1,176 13 Herseym@mhs-pa.org 2 4.0 11 20 5.0 Honda CRV 1997 26 20 yes yes 528 26 517 6 13 2 4 13 12.0 26.0 4.0 8.0 26.0 100 130 15 50 130 72 130 20 96 130 6.0 5.0 5.0 12.0 5.0 Chevrolet Honda Chevrolet Plymouth Subaru Colorado Civic Avalanche Voyager Outback 2004 1997 2005 1994 1997 17 30 12 22 24 20 30 13 20 24 yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes yes 4,800 6,240 720 2,400 6,240 240 208 55 120 260 4,703 4,076 1,085 2,351 5,094 7 14.0 110 56 4.0 Honda Accord 1990 20 23 yes yes 5,280 230 4,498 Hurricane Ford Jeep GMC Buick Keeway Explorer Cherokee Sierra Le Sabre 2007 2001 1999 2001 1995 70 18 20 14 23 100 17 18 17 20 672 8,640 5,760 1,440 5,760 7 508 320 85 288 132 9,958 6,270 1,660 5,643 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 scordor@mhs.org Adam Althouse whittakerj@mhs-pa.org Ed Boyer 18 24 3 12 36.0 48.0 6.0 24.0 180 120 30 120 180 240 30 120 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 moped - 5 (when it’s nice) HersheyCommuting.xls no no no no yes yes yes yes Support a rail service that will get me to within a mile or two of campus Help pay for gas, have a shuttle service… this is difficult issue especially with gas prices on such a rise. Anything that MHS can do to assist employees with this would be appreciated tremendously. I would love to purchase a hybrid car, unfortunately I am unable to afford it at this time. If MHS could make deals with car companies that have hybrids such as the Offer gas @ school’s cost; give gas cost allowance Lower gas prices Some type of shuttle service from Catherine Hall to main campus to reibursment for mileage 1. MHS vehicle transport between buildings on campus, or pay mileage when on work time for necessary meetings, etc. between HC on Governor Rd & CH building on Hersheypark Drive. 2. Local shuttle between buildings. 3. St. home vans brings students to CH in AM - HP return together in 1 share van and return together in afternoon to pickup students (leaving SH vans parked @ CH for day, saving 1 trip a day). 4. Purchase gas on campus - @ set price - for # gallons of gas needed for work commute (adjust # gallons by distance from work on week/monthly basis). 5. Publishing a list of employees willing to participate in car parking to work - ? adjusting hours to match when possible. 6. 2 HLA staff in my neighborhood with 2 MHS vehicles - permission to ride to work with one of them in MHS vehicle. 7. Monitor spped of MHS vehicles driven - to keep to None - I hope to walk to work when it is not raining A line off of Church Road & would like to walk to work but ….. Comfortable … high volume & fast traffic on 743 - Bachmanville Rd & Homestead during rush hour. Could put in bike/walking path from 743 through fields to avoid pedestrians having to use Cost of living adjustment to salary/income (?!?) Start a carpool Provide an employee bonus or rebate for purchasing a road bike Sell gas at MHS Price / Provide transportation U V Commuting survey A 42 43 44 45 46 B 24 C Raymond Brace, 2383 D 2 E F G H 4.0 40 20 5.0 I motorcycle (if nice - 5) J K L O P Jeep Grand Cherokee 2004 M 19 N 17 yes yes Q 1,920 R 113 S 2,213 Watch scheduling of meetins that require movement between buildings T Ford F150 1998 15 17 no yes 6,000 353 6,916 Change the weather so it’s nice - 70-80 degrees during the day, only raining @ night 4-10 hour days in place of 5-8 hour days would create a $13.60 weekly fuel savings or a total yearly savings of $707.20. Based on $5.00 a gallons and 52 weeks. 25 12 24.0 125 120 5.0 26 30 60.0 300 300 5.0 Dodge 3500 Diesel 2007 11 15 no yes 14,400 960 18,810 27 Michelle Sallrun (?), 2695 28 frankb@mhs-pa.org 29 18 36.0 180 180 5.0 Chevrolet Trailblazer 2004 17 16 yes yes 8,640 540 10,581 17.5 35.0 175 175 5.0 Ford Escape 2004 20 23 no yes 8,400 365 7,156 8 16.0 80 80 5.0 Honda Civic 30 30 no yes 3,840 128 2,508 26 52.0 260 208 4.0 motorcycle Mercedes 1 300D 1983 33 25 yes yes 12,480 499 9,781 8.0 40 40 5.0 Chevrolet Cavalier ?? 22 25 no yes 1,920 77 1,505 20.0 100 100 5.0 Ford Windstar 1996 20 19 no yes 4,800 253 4,950 Chevrolet Express 2005 18 16 no yes 480 30 588 Ford Expedition 1997 12 16 yes yes 3,360 210 4,115 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 30 Mike DeAcosta 31 4 32 Erica Myers x2202 33 Rickerc@mhs-pa.org 2 4.0 10 20 5.0 34 Kathy Forney 14 28.0 70 112 4.0 10 bike - 1 (summer) carpooling try to once a week 35 leppendk@mhs-pa.org 11 22.0 110 110 5.0 Chevrolet Equinox 2006 24 19 yes yes 5,280 278 5,445 54 55 56 36 cookk@mhs-pa.org 3.3 6.6 33 33 5.0 Ford Taurus 1993 18 22 no yes 1,584 72 1,411 37 38 M. Seymour 2 13 4.0 26.0 20 65 20 130 5.0 5.0 Ford Lincoln Expedition Town Car 1999 2007 13 21 14 21 yes no yes yes 960 3,120 69 149 1,344 2,911 57 39 41 82.0 410 410 5.0 Saturn Vue 2004 27 24 no yes 19,680 820 16,067 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 40 Barb Malecki x3535 6 12.0 60 60 5.0 Nissan Altima 2002 30 25 yes yes 2,880 115 2,257 ramsbottomh@mhs-pa.org parisec@mhs-pa.org Kim Snyder (x2161) 520-2161 Harold Sensenig 15 44 14 14 4.5 7 30.0 88.0 28.0 28.0 9.0 14.0 150 352 160 140 9 70 150 352 140 140 70 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 Toyota Honda Subaru Kia Toyota Ford Camry Odyssey Outback Sportage Tundra Explorer 1997 2007 2003 2006 2006 2005 25 20 25 19 17 14 25 21 23 23 18 16 no yes no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes 7,200 16,896 7,680 6,720 432 3,360 288 805 334 292 24 210 5,643 15,765 6,543 5,725 470 4,115 47 Ouane R Martin 10 20.0 60 60 3.0 Dodge Ram 1500 2002 17 14 no yes 2,880 206 4,031 48 49 50 51 Jessica Herzog x3450 Steve Pylypiak x3573 staubb@mhs-pa.org Haw Ru Lin 30 6 50 5 60.0 12.0 100.0 10.0 300 72 500 180 300 60 500 60 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 Honda Dodge Toyota Honda 2004 1998 2007 2000 32 18 40 18 27 23 37 19 yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes 14,400 3,456 24,000 8,640 533 150 649 455 10,450 2,944 12,710 8,910 52 knaurbr@mhs-pa.org 17 34.0 170 170 5.0 Toyota Accord Stratus Yaris Odyssey Highlinder Hybrid 2006 25 27 no yes 8,160 302 5,922 53 algers@mhs-pa.org 54 55 56 fogartyb@mhs-pa.org stoufferj@mhs-pa.org tesked@mhs-pa.org 41 42 43 44 45 46 57 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 3 13 15.8 7 2 Bozekt@mhs-pa.org Maribeth Bradley x2500 Tracy Fellin robinsonj@mhs-pa.org millerdavid396@aol.com garettd@mhs-pa.org Subtotal, 65 vehicles: Average, 65 vehicles 10 8 14 25 5 9.2 15 15 826 12.7 5.0 motorcycle 2 6.0 30 30 5.0 Ford Escape 2006 24 25 yes yes 1,440 58 1,129 26.0 31.6 14.0 125 120 70 130 126 70 5.0 4.0 5.0 Volvo Honda Saturn S80 Civic SL1 2004 2007 2002 22 33 34 21 31 31 yes yes yes yes yes yes 6,000 5,760 3,360 286 186 108 5,598 3,641 2,124 4.0 40 20 5.0 Honda Accord 2007 25 27 yes yes 1,920 71 1,393 20.0 16.0 28.0 50.0 10.0 18.4 30.0 30.0 100 80 150 200 50 75 150 150 120 80 140 200 50 74 150 150 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 Honda Toyota Nissan Honda Toyota Ford Ford Civic Sienna Sentra Accord Corolla Ranger Windstar 2004 2005 2007 2003 2006 2002 2001 33 22 27 26 27 18 20 27 32 19 30 25 31 17 18 27 no no no no no no no yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 4,800 3,840 7,200 9,600 2,400 3,600 7,200 7,200 150 202 240 384 77 212 400 267 2,939 3,960 4,703 7,524 1,517 4,149 7,838 5,225 1,652 25.4 7,881 121.2 7,927 122.0 316 4.86 378,960 5,830 16,715 257 1,542 23.4 1,545 23.4 this one’s accurate HersheyCommuting.xls 327,514 5,039 Make working from home 1 or 2 days a week possible for those who have jobs where they could do that. Hybrid automobiles are much more expensive than conventional automobiles. If MHS would give employees some type of incentive(s) to purchase hybrid automobiles there would be many people interested in purchasing a hybrid automobile. Sure, pay for my fuel, lol! Seriously, I don’t know of how you could?, Possibly by using your fuel buying power, MHS could allow employees to fill @ that rate and then deduct the amount Pave the dirt road connecting 743 to Paint Shop/COF or build connecting road that’s more direct from MHS to 743 towards Etown During summer, go to a 4-day work week. Provide a as allowance and/or cost of living increase 4 day work weeks, cost of living increase Provide gas at cost tax exempt. Give each employee personal vehicle use reimbursment 0.27 C/mile or whatever the current Bus transportation or van carpool to neighboring counties. Or teleportation would be awesome. Carpooling is a good idea but my schedule is a little unpredictable, so carpooling doesn’t really work for me. Move me closer. Plus. I pay turnpike tolls $1.25/turnpike use. Pay mileage How about 4 - 10hr days - one day less you have to drive your car to work 4 - 10 hr days How about a cost of living increase? use of a company vehicle Have shuttle buses to work and home, have less meetings, less driving Build a jogging trail to Palmyra pay for the fuel Incentives for hybrids or fuel alternative cars, incentives for carpooling, mileage $$ Other than having trolleys run from Palmyra and Campbelltown and installing a real bypass around Campbelltown? No, probably 10 hour / 4 day work week; 1 day/week at home on the laptop working Is there any carpooling available? Not for me but a few suggestions - encourage employees using school cars to carpool - Leadership Forum has MANY school cars where people could ride together. An award for those that reduce their school mileage - could include student homes. An Unless MHS can provide periodic pick-ups at selected spots, probably not. Telecommuting option or compressed work week to reduce days of travel Cost of living Car pool, or some form of compensation, or help with gas Cost of living U V Commuting survey A 89 90 91 92 93 B 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 E F G H I J K L M cranstonl@mhs-pa.org 2.0 4.0 35 20 Subaru 5.0 Impreza? 2005 2 brownk@mhs-pa-org 1.5 3.0 15 15 5.0 Nissan Pathfinder 1997 3 wellsk@mhs-pa.org 4.0 8.0 10 40 5.0 Pontiac G6 2007 richardson@mhs-pa.org 5 6 7 79 mcculloughq@mhs-pa.org whitesh@mha-pa.org zellr@mhs-pa.org gebhardj@mhs-pa.org 48 KLINE@mhs-pa.org 100 hitza@mhs-pa.org 12 champmorerac@mhs-pa.org 15 millerr@mhs-pa.org 8.0 16.0 75 80 5.0 25.0 0.1 16.0 5.2 50.0 0.2 32.0 10.4 280 0 160 52 250 0 160 52 5.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 N O P Q R S T 12 24.0 120 120 10 2.0 15.0 20.0 4.0 30.0 100 15 155 30.0 no idea 25.0 22.0 no 16.0 25.0 Yes Yes 1,680 76 1,496 720 45 882 480 19 376 Jeep G Cherokee 2004 16.0 17.0 yes Yes 3,600 212 4,149 Plymouth Neon Yes Yes Yes Yes 13,440 0 7,680 2,496 507 480 106 9,937 9,405 2,081 1997 27.0 26.5 No Ford Toyota Explorer Camry 1995 2009 16.0 23.0 16.0 23.5 Yes 5.0 VW Jetta 2008 27.0 25.5 Yes Yes 5,760 226 4,426 100 20 150 5.0 5.0 5.0 Toyota Volvo Nissan Rav4 S40 Versa 2008 2007 2007 23.0 32.0 33.5 22.5 24.0 29.5 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4,800 720 7,440 213 30 252 4,180 588 4,942 17 williamsonj@mhs-pa.org 8.0 16.0 112 80 5.0 23 24 52 63 64 95 96 105 106 22 25 27 28 29 34 strawserp@mhs-pa.org millerj@mhs-pa.org sheafferc@mhs-pa.org PannoniR@mhs-pa.org brownd@mhs-pa.org entrekinf@mhs-pa.org bowenb@mhs-pa.org mosiers@mhs-pa.org swansonl@mhs-pa.org Iversonc@mhs-pa.org stephant@mhs-pa.org wallacek@mhs-pa.org cullotas@mhs-pa.org bennerm@mhs-pa.org TracyM@mhs-pa.org 5.0 5.0 9 5 22 30 35 6 8 27.0 29.0 3.0 0.5 23.0 45.0 10.0 10.0 18.0 10.0 44.0 60.0 70.0 12.0 16.0 54.0 58.0 6.0 1.0 46.0 90.0 50 35 150 50 220 300 350 70 96 270 360 30 15 230 490 50 70 90 50 220 300 350 60 80 270 348 30 5 230 450 5.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 38 ADAMSH@mhs-pa.org 10.0 45 66 stanitisa@mhs-pa.org reitnouer@mhs-pa.org 75 91 Walk Hyundai will walk Sonata 2007 26.0 26.0 Yes Yes 5,376 207 4,051 Honda KIA Ford Ford Honda SAAB Honda Acura Nissan MINI Honda Toyota Buick Ford VW Odyssey Spectra Freestyle Edge Civic Accord RDX Quest CooperS CR-V Highlander Redezvous Ranger Jetta TDI 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 22.5 27.0 20.0 17.0 31.0 34.0 28.0 21.0 17.0 27.0 18.0 30.0 21.0 18.0 43.0 19.5 27.5 19.0 18.0 30.0 23.0 27.0 19.0 19.0 25.5 23.0 22.0 19.5 21.5 33.5 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes no 2,400 1,680 7,200 2,400 10,560 14,400 16,800 3,360 4,608 12,960 17,280 1,440 720 11,040 23,520 123 61 379 133 352 626 622 177 243 508 751 65 37 513 702 2,412 1,197 7,425 2,613 6,897 12,268 12,192 3,465 4,752 9,958 14,721 1,283 723 10,061 13,757 Discounted gas on campus Increase salary Carpool program? Employee Discounts on gas Carpool database Buy gas from MHS Coutesy fill up/day care Pay us mileage Shuttle service of some sort to north campus compressed work week for administrative and/or clerical staff Lets make Bio Diesel from crops grown on campus or allow me to recyle fryer oil used on campus 150 100 5.0 Honda Civic 2006 40.0 31.0 Yes Yes 7,200 232 4,551 12.0 20.0 48 100 48 100 4.0 Carpool 5.0 Buick Honda Lucerne Odyssey 2006 2006 17.5 24.0 21.5 21.5 No No Yes Yes 2,304 4,800 107 223 2,100 4,374 troutmanja@mhs-pa.org 12 24.0 120 120 5.0 Ford Focus 2006 32.0 27.0 No Yes 5,760 213 4,180 barbozac@mhs-pa.org 10 20.0 28 100 5.0 VW Beetle 2006 33.0 24.5 No no 1,344 55 1,075 102 carrollk@mhs-pa.org 13 26.0 130 130 5.0 Ford Escape 2006 26.0 22.0 Yes Yes 6,240 284 5,558 104 fehrsr@mhs-pa.org 5.5 11.0 70 55 5.0 Mazda M-3 2006 28.0 28.0 Yes Yes 3,360 120 2,351 List of people to carpoołcompilation of times that people travel to work 5 10.0 50 50 5.0 Mazda Mazda6 2006 27.0 25.0 No Yes 2,400 96 1,881 Carpooling 5.0 10.0 40 50 5.0 Yes 1,920 101 1,980 Solve the Campbelltown late afternoon traffic jam on 322 spend a lot of time idling on the way home everyday! Yes 107 pritchardc@mhs-pa.org adamsb@mhs-pa.org Chevy Equinox 2005 S40 no idea 19.0 No Huntzingerr@mhs-pa.org 26.0 52.0 260 260 5.0 Volvo 2005 30.0 21.5 Yes 12,480 580 11,374 36 gregorys@mhs-pa.org 12.0 24.0 500 120 5.0 Chevy Uplander 2005 20.0 18.0 No Yes 24,000 1,333 26,125 61 62 69 stewart-keaned@mhs-pa.org smithk@mhs-pa.org skenac@mhs-pa.org 3 6.3 20 6.0 12.6 40.0 30 65 210 30 63 200 5.0 5.0 5.0 Chevy Chrysler Mazda Avalanche Pacifica Mazda3 2005 2005 2005 15.0 18.0 26.0 15.0 19.5 27.0 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1,440 3,120 10,080 96 160 373 1,881 3,135 7,315 133 70 cookc@mhs-pa.org 6 12.0 70 60 5.0 Chrysler Town Country 2005 15.0 20.5 Yes Yes 3,360 164 3,212 134 135 136 137 77 dougherty@mhs-pa.org 12 24.0 120 120 5.0 Honda Pilot 2005 20.0 17.0 No Yes 5,760 339 6,639 16 14 7.0 32.0 28.0 14.0 160 140 100 160 140 98 5.0 5.0 7.0 Toyota SAAB Honda Highlander 95Aero Element 2005 2005 2004 23.0 21.0 22.0 21.0 23.0 22.0 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 7,680 6,720 4,800 366 292 218 7,166 5,725 4,275 26.0 130 130 5.0 Saturn 2004 32.0 25.5 No Yes 6,240 245 4,795 138 The selfish thing would be to say that MHS needs to provide me with a vehicle. I use my car while on-call and to travel from Springboard to campus. Given the nature of our program and if my on-call time is busy it can rack up the miles. I am not quite sure how else to do this. The school does reimburse me for mileage and I am very appreciative of that. 20.0 10 129 130 131 132 no My commute could not be easier or shorter, but MHS could work to allow/encourage telecommuting for certain positions a few days a week 6.0 10 9 127 128 D CMS entries by Lina Lesmes from digital survey responses 1 4 94 95 96 97 98 C 98 ALLENC@mhs-pa.org 103 Tamara Willis 18 Huffc@mhs-pa.org 19 weaverp@mhs-pa.org 13.0 Ion HersheyCommuting.xls Get us tax exempt status I could bring E-town area folks on days that I’m in the office work from home work longer days, 1 less per wk Follow area school districts with snow/weather delays and cancellations. Salary adjustment See if car dealer will give price break on good gas mileage car or hybrids to MHS employees Carpool bulletin board MHS Could send out a survey to see who would be willing to carpool and where they are coming from at the beginning of U V Commuting survey A 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 B C 20 32 35 43 55 56 58 80 83 84 93 108 8 42 44 47 50 54 57 59 81 CSC@mhs-pa.org albusl@mhs-pa.org youngebergj@mhs-pa.org spittleac@mhs-pa.org menefeer@mhs-pa.org fisherc@mhs-pa.org brehmr@mhs-pa.org brownellr@mhs-pa.org rickensr@mhs-pa.org shaeffert@mhs-pa.org crusej@mhs-pa.org teterh@mhs-pa.org troutmanj@mhs-pa.org poper@mhs-pa.org Proctorj@mhs-pa.org bowrap@mhs-pa.org garosik@mhs-pa.org mcdonoughw@mhs-pa.org moyerb@mhs-pa.org lehmannh@mhs-pa.org FinefrockD@mhs-pa.org 97 malickl@mhs-pa.org D E 12.0 2.0 11.0 25.0 22 8 4 2 35 12 10 17 7.0 10.0 15.0 11 3 6 18 2 30 24.0 4.0 22.0 50.0 44.0 16.0 8.0 4.0 70.0 24.0 20.0 34.0 14.0 20.0 30.0 22.0 6.0 12.0 36.0 4.0 60.0 F 125 25 110 250 210 50 40 20 210 100 100 85 56 100 150 110 30 60 180 40 300 G 120 20 110 250 220 80 40 20 210 120 100 170 70 100 150 110 30 60 180 20 300 H 5 10.0 50 I J K L M N O P 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 Carpool 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Honda Honda Honda Honda Chevy Toyota Nissan BMW Toyota Toyota Saturn Nissan Chrysler Toyota Ford Nissan Chevy Dodge Chrysler Honda Honda Accord Pilot Element Civic Colorado Camry Maxima 325ti Camry Highlander Vue Pathfinder PTCruiser Rav4 Explorer Maxima Trailblazer G. Caravan PTCruiser Odyssey CR-V 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 27.0 22.0 25.0 31.0 22.0 20.0 22.0 25.0 31.0 18.0 20.0 17.0 24.0 28.0 30.0 27.0 19.0 20.0 22.0 26.0 28.0 26.0 17.0 22.0 30.5 19.5 24.5 22.0 22.5 25.5 22.0 23.5 15.0 21.5 22.5 15.0 20.5 15.0 18.0 21.5 19.0 21.5 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes no Yes no Yes 50 5.0 Ford Explorer 2003 16.0 15.0 No no Accord R S T 6,000 1,200 5,280 12,000 10,080 2,400 1,920 960 10,080 4,800 4,800 4,080 2,688 4,800 7,200 5,280 1,440 2,880 8,640 1,920 14,400 231 71 240 393 517 98 87 43 395 218 204 272 125 213 480 258 96 160 402 101 670 4,522 1,383 4,703 7,709 10,129 1,919 1,710 836 7,745 4,275 4,002 5,330 2,450 4,180 9,405 5,047 1,881 3,135 7,874 1,980 13,123 2,400 160 3,135 30 sudersm@mhs-pa.org 10.0 20.0 100 100 5.0 2002 27.5 24.0 No Yes 4,800 200 3,919 162 163 164 37 CUDWORTH@mhs-pa.org 34.0 68.0 340 340 5.0 Saturn SL1 2002 37.0 30.5 Yes Yes 16,320 535 10,484 40 41 wallisc@mhs-pa.org toweri@mhs-pa.org 2.5 36.0 5.0 72.0 25 252 25 252 5.0 3.5 Honda VW CR-V Passat 2002 2002 27.0 30.0 22.0 23.5 Yes No Yes No 1,200 12,096 55 515 1,069 10,085 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 82 weimerc@mhs-pa.org 15 30.0 160 150 5.0 Hyundai SantaFe 2002 18.0 18.0 Yes Yes 7,680 427 8,360 13 10 11 30 6.5 32 4 12 3.5 12 3.0 1.0 15 5.0 8 25 30 13 26.0 20.0 22.0 60.0 13.0 64.0 8.0 24.0 7.0 24.0 6.0 2.0 30.0 10.0 16.0 50.0 60.0 26.0 130 100 110 350 65 192 40 125 41 160 30 6 210 20 80 250 300 135 130 100 110 300 65 192 40 120 35 120 30 6 150 30 80 250 300 130 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Honda Dodge Chevy VW Dodge Toyota Toyota Pontiac Chevy Jeep Isuzu Chevy Toyota Ford Toyota Ford Volvo Ford Civic Stratus Cavalier Jetta VR6 GrandCaravan Camry Camry Grand AM Camaro Cherokee Rodeo Suburban Camry Explorer 4Runner Explorer Wagon Escort 2002 2001 2001 2001 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 23.0 24.0 22.5 22.0 18.0 26.0 21.0 no idea 19.0 15.0 no idea 20.0 21.0 18.0 12.0 17.0 18.0 26.0 32.0 21.5 25.0 21.5 18.0 24.0 24.0 23.5 21.5 17.5 17.5 14.0 24.0 16.0 18.5 26.5 18.0 26.5 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes no Yes no Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 6,240 4,800 5,280 16,800 3,120 9,216 1,920 6,000 1,968 7,680 1,440 288 10,080 960 3,840 12,000 14,400 6,480 195 223 211 781 173 384 80 255 92 439 82 21 420 60 208 453 800 245 3,821 4,374 4,138 15,311 3,396 7,524 1,568 5,003 1,794 8,599 1,612 403 8,229 1,176 4,067 8,873 15,675 4,791 Honda Accord 1998 22.0 23.5 Yes Yes 1,056 45 880 1997 1997 18.0 30.0 18.0 24.5 No Yes Yes Yes 3,360 8,640 187 353 3,658 6,910 88 68 85 101 31 51 67 78 90 92 11 16 53 13 46 60 72 94 colonv@mhs-pa.org williamsJM@mhs-pa.org bogdanj@mhs-pa.org marottaj@mhs-pa.org farstd@mhs-pa.org maddox@mhs-pa.org lemkea@mhs-pa.org sharpm@mhs-pa.org fullers@mhs-pa.org flemingv@mhs-pa.org Nichols@mhs-pa.org rutzt@mhs-pa.org Eifert@mhs-pa.org johnston@mhs-pa.org BECKERJ@mhs-pa.org Sharon Henry breechm@mhs-pa.org shelahamerp@mhs-pa.org Bike Bike 184 185 186 99 moored@mhs-pa.org 6.4 22 26 21 33 fouchej@mhs-pa.org johnsonm@mhs-pa.org 7.0 12.0 14.0 24.0 70 180 70 120 5.0 5.0 187 188 39 andersonp@mhs-pa.org 18.0 36.0 180 180 5.0 Honda CR-V 1997 25.0 16.0 No Yes 8,640 540 10,581 49 GUIMONDJ@mhs-pa.org 25 50.0 250 250 5.0 Geo Prism 1996 26.5 28.0 Yes Yes 12,000 429 8,397 74 garcial@mhs-pa.org 20 40.0 200 200 5.0 Honda Civic 1996 25.0 29.0 No no 9,600 331 6,486 89 73 86 65 seiberts@mhs-pa.org craigw@mhs-pa.org gatesd@mhs-pa.org hanzelmans@mhs-pa.org 10 26 13 25 20.0 52.0 26.0 50.0 100 260 130 250 100 260 130 250 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Chevy Honda Ford Toyota Tracker Accord Explorer Corolla 1996 1995 1995 1994 27.0 26.0 20.0 30.0 22.5 24.0 16.5 26.0 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 4,800 12,480 6,240 12,000 213 520 378 462 4,180 10,189 7,410 9,043 87 armstrongl@mhs-pa.org 17 34.0 170 170 5.0 SAAB 9000 1994 28.0 22.0 Yes Yes 8,160 371 7,268 71 26 76 14 Daphne Hunt bowenj@mhs-pa.org morganc@mhs-pa.org lemkec@mhs-pa.org 5 17.0 9 25.0 10.0 34.0 18.0 50.0 50 170 50 250 50 170 90 250 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Chevy Saturn Buick Chevy Astro Van SL1 Regal Corsica 1992 1991 1989 1988 19.0 30.0 22.0 23.0 16.0 27.5 22.5 27.0 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 2,400 8,160 2,400 12,000 150 297 107 444 2,939 5,814 2,090 8,708 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 3.2 Honda Q 4.0 Bike Toyota Honda 4Runner Accord HersheyCommuting.xls How do you plan to use the results of this survey? encourage car-pooling by allowing flexibility in work schedules. 4 day work week, company car, shuttle when it is needed List of people to carpool financial incentives to employees who purchase fuel efficient autos Option to work from home Combine trips with errands Contact carpoolers 4 day work week/telecommute If MHS would pave the south entrance of 743 so cars could enter campus from the south, it would cut 2 miles off A regular shuttle between CH and Main Campus Consider fuel prices when determining wages Gas Cards for excellent attendance, monetary incentives for hybrid cars, purchase gas from MHS at reduced price, video Stop buidling on Route 39 JK! Greater housing options/campus housing for a few nights Buy a hybrid car complimentary gas/1 fill per pay period Give us mileage for commuting from Rosemont to MH for lunch. Work with Derry Township to make bike routes, lanes, and paths available Gas Card to help defray costs Provide satellite radio and gas card Bike path from end of Crest Ln or bike path on 322 that would begin near Founder’s Hall and extend past Men-O for safety Adjust summer hours - maybe four 10 hr days. Provide list of employees who may like to carpool. Post a share ride listing with staff hometown on our Intranet so people can carpool. I would like to see our vehicle maintenance department investigate the unique concept of using water to Carpool program Rideshare Program, 10 hr days Incentives to carpool; make carpooling easier to do by having more people work regular days and hours. Have a bus, I can’t take CAT bus because hours are not compatible with school U V Commuting survey A B C D E 30.0 60.0 300 5.0 Toyota Prius 2008 44.0 46.0 Yes Yes 14,400 313 6,134 110 Emily DiFebo <difeboe@mhs-pa.org> 35.0 70.0 420 6.0 Acura 3.2 TL 2000 29.0 20.0 Yes Yes 20,160 1,008 19,751 111 Anne Howard <howarda@mhs-pa.org> 15.0 30.0 195 5.0 Honda Civic 2005 30.0 30.5 Yes Yes 9,360 307 6,013 112 113 114 115 24.0 26.0 6.0 44.0 270 175 30 220 5.0 5.5 5.0 5.3 Nissan Dodge Chevy Ford Maxima Ram 4 cyl truck Focus 2003 1994 2003 2000 20.0 14.0 20.0 28.0 20.5 14.0 22.0 25.0 Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes 12,960 8,400 1,440 10,560 632 600 65 422 12,387 11,756 1,283 8,277 116 Matthew Peterson <petersonm@mhs-pa.org> 13.2 26.4 70 132 5.0 Pontiac Grand Am 2003 23.0 22.5 No Yes 3,360 149 2,926 Perhaps compile a list of staff who are willing to carpool to work from certain areas - this could be cross-referenced by location and by shift. Then we could start a ride-sharing program (if there isn’t one hiding out there already!). 400 260 5.0 Honda Odyssey 2008 19.0 19.5 Yes Yes 19,200 985 19,293 I have tried to get a car pool from the West Shore, however, individuals are reluctant to participate. With gas prices increasing, perhaps others will want to car pool even one day would help. Perhaps MHS can encourage with a list of people who are willing to car pool from various areas. Model Year 109 bernierf@mhs-pa.org 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 Clements-JenkinsC@mhs-pa.org12.0 Kenneth Fultz <FultzK@mhs-pa.org> 13.0 Jack Storm <STORM@mhs-pa.org> 3.0 Donna Haugh <haughd@mhs-pa.org> 22.0 F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S 206 117 Linda Rooney Davis, davisl@mhs-pa.org 26.0 52.0 207 208 209 210 211 One-way Two-way distance distance 212 213 214 215 Subtotal, 117 vehicles: 216 217 218 219 220 Average, 117 vehicles 221 Est. weekly Drives X commuting days per (if Q#6 not week answered) Carpooling? Bike Walk? Note days per week Make Stated fuel economy, mpg fueleconom Miles/year Car also Full-time y.gov for (assumes 48 used for employee make & weeks per MHS driving ? model, mpg year) Fuel per year (gallons) CO2 per year (lbs) 1,573 3,146 16,400 14,117 575 9,000 2,703 2,600 787,200 34,860 683,046 13.4 26.9 140.2 120.7 4.9 76.9 23.9 22.2 6,728 298 5,838 Table 2 Total, 182 vehicles: 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 Average, 182 vehicles 231 Weekly MHSrelated driving (if noted) ave excludes 4 “no idea” entries this one’s accurate 222 Not in my case - but I’ll bet we can with school vehicles. blank form 118 DUNKLEBERGERP@mhs-pa.org Surve Respondent’s email (may y# be hidden later) T 1. Purchase gas at MHS - at a lower price. 2. If an employee’s attendance is commendable, and drives to work - that employee can be awarded with special gas cards. 3. IT labs and conference rooms can be furnished with video conference equipment that we can access remotely via our desktop computers. That will save the gas and travel time to meetings and trainings. 4. We can get a raise every time the gas price goes. Payroll can be adjusted by how ever much the price of gas increases or decreases. 5. Get a rebate bonus check to cover the increase of gas - this can be done quarterly or annually. 6. Allow for 4 daywork-week during long student breaks - summer, winter, spring. Work 10 hr. days -- 4 days a week. Employees can opt for Monday to Thursday or Tuesday to Friday weeks. Making it possible for work stations to be covered for the 5 days. Similar A “park & ride” near Harrisburg would be GREAT! I work across all division so I do a lot of traveling across campus. With Catherine Hall and Springboard being so far away from my office, it has become especially time consuming and taxing on my fuel efficiency. I would prefer to not have to use my own car to drive between buildings. I appreciate the fuel reimbursement, but the wear and tear from so many short trips can’t be Not at this time Total of 181 vehicles cited in survey responses & computed average fuel economy, fuel consumption, and emissions 2,399 4,798 24,281 22,044 891 4,245 4,145 1,166,160 51,575 1,010,560 13.2 26.4 133.4 121.1 4.9 23.85 22.77 6,407 283 5,553 ave excludes 4 “no idea” entries this one’s accurate Table 3 Total fuel consumption and CO2 emissions related to employee commuting and MHS-related driving 232 233 234 Commuters Miles per year # miles Fuel per year gallons CO2 per year tons CO2 235 Estimated total for Full-Time Employees (FTEs), less H/Ps 732 4,690,270 207,433 236 Estimated total for Part-Time Employees (PTEs) 432 2,768,028 122,420 1,199 237 238 Total MHS commuting 1,164 7,458,298 329,853 3,232 HersheyCommuting.xls 2,032 Commuting suggestions U V Commuting survey Cell: F15 Comment: Rick Heede: Cell data in red indicates survey response not completed, or is given as a range, and CMS estimates weekly distance driven. Cell: N15 Comment: Rick Heede: Find a vehicle by model year, make, and model: www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm CMS uses EPA’s City/Highway blended fuel economy (if given); in some cases the EPA does not compute blended fuel economy (which accounts for average miles driven in each mode), and CMS simply averages the two figures. CMS did not request specifics on engine size, transmission type, two-wheel or four-wheel drive, or other variables in the survey of MHS commuters (nor would it have been productive to do so: many car owners do not know). CMS thus had to make a reasonable assumption about such variables and select appropriate fuel economy average. Cell: N83 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS averages EPA mpg City and Highway mgp estimates. Cell: K91 Comment: Rick Heede: Survey says “Subaru Intrepid.” Cell: N94 Comment: lml: Cell: N97 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes 4WD automatic at 14/18 mpg. The 4WD manual 15/20 mpg, and automatic 2WD gets 14/19 mpg Cell: F106 Comment: Rick Heede: Respondent adds other MHS driving and estimates 140-160 miles per week, which CMS averages to 150 miles. Cell: N106 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA gives combined fuel economy for the Ford Freestyle and (below) the Ford Edge. Cell: N109 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes a 2007 Saab 9-5 Sedan, 18/24 mpg. For the sake of consistency, CMS averages City/Hwy, even though this person’s commute indicates mostly highway driving. Cell: N110 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes 4 cylinder 2.4 L, manual 5-speed at 23/31 mpg; “offical EPA mpg is 26/34 mpg; other models, such as the 6 cyl 3 L automatic 5-speed gets 18/26 mpg. Cell: N111 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA gives combined mpg. Also 17/22 mpg. Cell: N112 Comment: Rick Heede: EPA gives combined mpg. Also 16/23 mpg. Cell: N115 Comment: lml: 4 cyl, 2.4 L, Automatic 4 spd, regular Cell: N116 Comment: Lina: 6 cyl, 3.6L, Automatic 4 spd, regular Cell: N117 HersheyCommuting.xls Commuting survey Comment: MicroCenter: 4 cyl, 2.3 L, Automatic 5 sp regular Cell: N118 Comment: MicroCenter: 4 cyl, 1.9 L, Manual 5 spd, diesel Cell: N119 Comment: MicroCenter: 4 cyl, 1.8 L, Automatic 5 spd, regular Cell: G120 Comment: Rick Heede: Given that “carpool” was entered, yet a 12-mile per day commute and 100 miles per week, CMS uses 12 miles times 4 days/week = 48 miles. Cell: N121 Comment: MicroCenter: 6 cyl, 3.5 L, automatic 5-spd, VCM, regular Cell: N122 Comment: MicroCenter: 4Cyl, 2L, Manual 5 spd, regular Cell: N123 Comment: MicroCenter: 5 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic S6, regular Cell: N124 Comment: MicroCenter: FWD, 4 cyl, 2.3 L, Automatic 4-spd, regular Cell: N125 Comment: MicroCenter: Mazda 3, 4 cyl, 2L, Manual 5 spd, regular Cell: N126 Comment: MicroCenter: (tons/yr of CO2) Air Pollution Score All states except CA and NE states Estimated New MPG Annual 4 cyl, 2.3L, manual 5 spd, regular Cell: N127 Comment: MicroCenter: AWD Cell: N128 Comment: MicroCenter: AWD, 5 Cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (S5) premium Cell: N129 Comment: MicroCenter: FWD Cell: N130 Comment: MicroCenter: 1500. 2WD Cell: N131 Comment: MicroCenter: HersheyCommuting.xls Commuting survey 6 cyl, 3.8L, Automatic 4 spd, regular Cell: N132 Comment: MicroCenter: 4Cyl, 2L, Automatic S4, Regular Cell: N133 Comment: MicroCenter: 6 cyl, 3.3 L, Automatic 4 spd, Regular Cell: N134 Comment: MicroCenter: 4WD Cell: N135 Comment: MicroCenter: 4WD, 4cyl, 2.4 L, Automatic 4 spd, regular Cell: N136 Comment: MicroCenter: Saab 9-5, 4 cyl, 2.3 L, Manual 5 spd, Premium Cell: N137 Comment: MicroCenter: 4cyl, 2.4L, Automatic 4 spd, Regular Cell: N138 Comment: MicroCenter: 4cyl, 2.2L, Automatic, Regular Cell: N141 Comment: MicroCenter: 2WD, 4cyl, 2.4L, Automatic 4 spd, Regular Cell: N142 Comment: MicroCenter: 4 cyl, 1.7L, Manual 5 spd, Regular Cell: N143 Comment: MicroCenter: 4 cyl, 2.8L, Manual 5 spd, Regular Cell: N144 Comment: MicroCenter: 4cyl, 2.4L, Automatic 4 spd, Regular Cell: N146 Comment: MicroCenter: 6 cyl, 2.5L, Manuarl 5 spd, Premium Cell: F147 Comment: Rick Heede: Given as “140-280” miles. Considering the person also carpools, CMS has entered 3 days per week for driving. Cell: N148 Comment: MicroCenter: 2WD Cell: N149 Comment: MicroCenter: 4cyl, 2.2L, Manual 5 spd, Regular Cell: N150 Comment: MicroCenter: HersheyCommuting.xls Commuting survey 4WD Cell: N152 Comment: MicroCenter: 4WD Cell: F153 Comment: Rick Heede: Given as “150-200” miles. Cell: N154 Comment: MicroCenter: 6 cyl, 3.5L, Automatic, 4 spd, Regular Cell: N161 Comment: MicroCenter: 4cyl, 2.3L, Automatic 4 spd, SOHC, Regular Cell: N165 Comment: MicroCenter: 4WD Cell: N167 Comment: MicroCenter: 4 cyl, 2.4L, Automatic 4spd, Regular Cell: N169 Comment: MicroCenter: 6 cyl, 2.8 L, Manual, 5 spd, Regular Cell: N187 Comment: lml: CRV not listed. Assumed Passport 4WD. Cell: N188 Comment: lml: 4cyl, 1.8L, Manual 5spd, FFS, Regular Cell: N189 Comment: lml: 4 cyl, 1.6L, Automatic 4 spd Cell: N190 Comment: lml: There is no 1996 Tracker. Only 1999. Assumed 1999 for this cell. 2WD Hardtop. Cell: N192 Comment: lml: Assumed 2WD, Automatic 4 spd Cell: N195 Comment: lml: Passenger Van, AWD Cell: N205 Comment: Rick Heede: Ford Focus 4 cyl, 2 L, Manual 5-spd, 2.0L CVH, 24/32 mpg. Ford Focus 4 cyl, 2 L, Automatic 4-spd, 2.0Z, 22/28 mpg. CMS uses the latter model. Cell: N206 Comment: Rick Heede: Pontiac Grand Am 4 cyl, 2.2 L, Manual 5-spd, 22/30 mpg. Pontiac Grand Am 6 cyl, 3.4 L, Automatic 4-spd, 18/27 mpg. CMS assumes the latter model. Cell: F207 HersheyCommuting.xls Commuting survey Comment: Rick Heede: Somewhat ambibuous reply: 26 mile commute each way, tehn 140 miles used for work per week. CMS added 140 miles to commute. Cell: Q232 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes that employees work 48 weeks per year, and the data below sums every respondent’s “weekly MHS-related driving” times “number of days per week they drive.” Cell: R232 Comment: Rick Heede: Sum of each commuter’s miles per year divided by their vehicle’s fuel economy. Cell: S232 Comment: Rick Heede: Sum of total gallons of fuel per year times the carbon emission factor of gasoline, 19.594 lb CO2 per gallon. CMS did ask for fuel type used, and some vehicles probably use diesel fuel with an EF of 22.384 lb CO2 per gallon. Cell: O235 Comment: Rick Heede: Steve Myers, 9Jul08: “For item #3 I would take 1,032 FTE + 540 PTE = Total # of employees 1,572 minus 300 for H/P’s (who do not have to commute) = 1,272 Total number of people who commute.” Cell: O236 Comment: Rick Heede: Re: MHS employs 540 part-time equivalents (PTEs): Myers: “Tough one...most of our PTE work 5 days / week just less hours per day.” CMS will use four days per week for each PTE, on average, which, for commuting purposes means that 1 PTE = 0.8 FTE, or 540*0.8 = 432 FTE. HersheyCommuting.xls Commuting A B C D E F G H I J K 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Commuting Summary 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Snowmass, Colorado Future inventories may wish to re-survey MHS commuters in order to evaluate changes in average vehicle fuel economy, distance driven, increased car-pooling, use of low-carbon fuels, four-day work-weeks, tele-commuting, public transportation, and so forth. Milton Hershey School 717-520-3424 myerss@msh-pa.org Fuel and emissions from MHS employee commuting Table 1 14 Two-way commuting distance miles 15 16 17 Weekly MHS-related Drives X days per driving week miles days/week 18 19 Total, 182 vehicles: 4,798 24,281 20 21 22 23 24 25 Average, 182 vehicles 26.36 133.41 Table 2 26 27 28 29 Data provided by: Steve Myers Manager, Utility Operations File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 19 July 2008 4.90 Stated fuel economy, mpg EPA-estimated mpg Miles per year Fuel per year CO2 per year mpg mpg miles gallons lbs CO2 23.85 1,166,160 51,575 1,010,560 6,407 283 5,553 22.77 Total fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from employee commuting and MHS-related driving Commuters # Miles per year miles Fuel per year gallons CO2 per year tons CO2 30 Estimated total for Full-Time Employees (FTEs), excluding Houseparents 732 4,690,270 207,433 31 Estimated total for Part-Time Employees (PTEs) 432 2,768,028 122,420 1,199 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Total MHS commuting 1,164 7,458,298 329,853 3,232 CMS, in coordination with Steve Myers and Jeff Madison (MHS Customer Service), sent commuting survey forms to ~1,000 MHS staff and employees. In all, 182 survey responses were received, and data was entered and analyzed in a worksheet (HersheyCommuting.xls). The sums and averages are linked to the present summary worksheet, which also extrapolates fuel consumption and CO2 emissions to all commuting employees of the Milton Hershey School. 2,032 Table 3 Gasoline HersheyTransportation.xls Upstream emissions (example only ) Ancillary factor Emissions percent adder tons CO2e 27% 873 Commuting Cell: C15 Comment: Rick Heede: Respondents were explicitly asked to estimate their one-way commuting distance. CMS simply multiplies these figures by 2x. Cell: D15 Comment: Rick Heede: Many MHS employees drive their personal vehicles on School business during their work day. On average, according to our survey, MHS employees drive 4.3 miles on campus per week on School business. This is probably an underestimate. Cell: E15 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS also asked respondents if they were full-time employees and how many days per week they drove to work. The result, although not particularly reliable since many responses were as ambiguous as our flawed question, suggests that on average MHS employees drive 4.9 times per week in their own vehicle. CMS asked about car-pooling, but responses were imprecise. Cell: F15 Comment: Rick Heede: The survey asked respondents about their vehicle’s fuel economy. While most answered this question, some responded with a reasonable mpg range, while a few declared they had no idea. Cell: G15 Comment: Rick Heede: Find a vehicle by model year, make, and model: www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm CMS uses EPA’s City/Highway blended fuel economy (if given); in some cases the EPA does not compute blended fuel economy (which accounts for average miles driven in each mode), and CMS simply averages the two figures. CMS did not request specifics on engine size, transmission type, two-wheel or four-wheel drive, or other variables in the survey of MHS commuters (nor would it have been productive to do so: many car owners do not know). CMS thus had to make a reasonable assumption about such variables and select appropriate fuel economy average. Cell: H15 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes that employees work 48 weeks per year, and the data below sums every respondent’s “weekly MHS-related driving” times “number of days per week they drive.” Cell: I15 Comment: Rick Heede: Sum of each commuter’s miles per year divided by their vehicle’s fuel economy. Cell: J15 Comment: Rick Heede: Sum of total gallons of fuel per year times the carbon emission factor of gasoline, 19.594 lb CO2 per gallon. CMS did ask for fuel type used, and some vehicles probably use diesel fuel with an EF of 22.384 lb CO2 per gallon. Cell: F27 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes that employees work 48 weeks per year, and the data below sums every respondent’s “weekly MHS-related driving” times “number of days per week they drive.” Cell: G27 Comment: Rick Heede: Sum of each commuter’s miles per year divided by their vehicle’s fuel economy. Cell: H27 Comment: Rick Heede: Sum of total gallons of fuel per year times the carbon emission factor of gasoline, 19.594 lb CO2 per gallon. CMS did ask for fuel type used, and some vehicles probably use diesel fuel with an EF of 22.384 lb CO2 per gallon. Cell: D30 Comment: Rick Heede: Steve Myers, 9Jul08: “For item #3 I would take 1,032 FTE + 540 PTE = Total # of employees 1,572 minus 300 for H/P’s (who do not have to commute) = 1,272 Total number of people who commute.” Cell: D31 Comment: Rick Heede: HersheyTransportation.xls Commuting Re: MHS employs 540 part-time equivalents (PTEs): Myers: “Tough one...most of our PTE work 5 days / week just less hours per day.” CMS will use four days per week fro each PTE, on average, which, for commuting purposes means that 1 PTE = 0.8 FTE, or 540*0.8 = 432 FTE. Cell: J39 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS calculates ancillary emissions from upstream crude oil production, transportation, refining, and distribution to service stations. As noted below, ancillary emissions differ by fuel: diesel fuel is heavier and requires less refinery input and thus emissions, whereas gasoline is a lighter fuel and requires more energy input. However, CMS does NOT add these upstream emissions to MHS direct emissions from on-site combustion of transportation fuels, in accordance with inventory protocols, including the WRI GHG Protocol. Cell: I40 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses Delucchi’s factors for upstream emissions by fuel. Delucchi (2003) Lifecycle emissions model (LEM), table 56 “Upstream fuel cycle emissions as a percentage of end use emissions, by pollutant and feedstock/fuel combination,” shows 27 percent for conventional gasoline and 19 percent for diesel. HersheyTransportation.xls Notes Air Travel A B C D E F G H I J 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Air Travel 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Snowmass, Colorado Update total air miles traveled by MHS faculty and staff. The rest of the calculations are automatically calculated and linked to the summary worksheet. Data provided by: Bob Peterson PetersonR@mhs-pa.org 717-520-2341 Deborah J Rosato Client Gen Mngr AmEx Bus Travel 724-294-2345 deborah.j.rosato@aexp.com File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 24 July 2008 CO2 emissions from commercial air travel 16 Total Passenger Miles Flown Table 1 17 Jet fuel “consumed” Carbon Dioxide 18 passenger-miles gallons tons CO2 19 AmEx air travel booking data 0.024 gallons / passenger-mile 0.505 lb CO2 / passenger-mile 20 21 22 Total miles of MHS air travel from 1Aug06 to 31Jul07 on AmEx acct: 630,063 Carbon Radiative Forcing factor Sum of jet-fuel CO2 and non-CO2 RFF metric tonnes C tons CO2e tons CO2e 0.2476 tonne C / Additional RFF non-CO2 short ton CO2 ancillary “emissions” 0.024 0.505 0.8893 15,234 159.0 141.4 300.5 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Calculation of US air carriers’ average fuel consumption and emissions per passenger-mile Calculation of US domestic air carriers: TEBD, 26th edition, May07 use datum 1,862 373 204 1,839 323 145 548,629 90.4 3,959 3,339 3,264 trillion Btu, 2005, Domestic air carriers, TEBD Table 2.5 trillion btu, 2005, international air carriers, 2005 trillion btu, general aviation, 2005 (jet fuel only) trillion Btu, 2004, Domestic air carriers, TEBD Table 2.4 trillion btu, 2004, international air carriers trillion btu, general aviation, 2004 (jet fuel only) million pax-miles, 2004, TEBD table 2.12 pax/aircraft, 2004, TEBD table 2.12 Btu/pax-mile, 2004, TEBD table 2.12 Btu/pax-mile, 2004, TEBD table 2.14 Btu/pax-mile, 2005, TEBD table 2.14 13,779 Million gallons, Domestic carriers, TEBD, Table A.8 Air Carrier Fuel Use 5,521 Million gallons, all international carriers, TEBD, Table A.8 Air Carrier Fuel Use 135,000 Btu per gallon conversion factor, TEBD A.8 hence TEBD: US average, 2005 0.02418 Gallons/pax-mile if convert 3,264 Btu/pax-mile to gallons/pax-mile 20.9 lbs CO2 per gallon of jet fuel 0.50483 US average lb CO2/pax-mile, 2005 HersheyTransportation.xls Calculation of radiative forcing factor CO2 25.30 Total RF 47.80 Ratio 1.8893 K Cell: I9 Comment: Rick Heede: Air Travel Data from Deborah J Rosato, CTC Client General Manager, American Express Business Travel Client Management Phone: 724-294-2345 Fax: 724-294-2389 Cellular: 412-310-1778 Email: deborah.j.rosato@aexp.com www.americanexpress.com/businesstravel Cell: D17 Comment: Rick Heede: Annual passenger miles flown according to AmEx accounts for MHS for Aug06-Jul07. Cell: E17 Comment: Rick Heede: 2002 data shows average fuel consumption on all Certificated Air Carriers (Domestic and International) was 0.0272 gallons per passenger-mile. This mixes all routes, carriers, aircraft types, distances, and load factors (72 percent in 2002). While the type of equipment and numbers of passengers by carrier flying into Aspen is known (e.g., 74.3 percent of deplanements arrived on United Air-Wisconsin in 2004), we have chosen to use the national average fuel and carbon emissions per passenger-mile across all domestic and international routes rather than estimating emissions for the Denver to Aspen leg of the numerous flight visitors and residents take. Source for fuel consumption and passenger-mile data: Davis, Stacy C. (2004) Transportation Energy Data Book 2004, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Table 9.2. Total air carrier fuel consumption in 2002: 2.408 Q (~17.84 billion gallons). Total General aviation energy use: 0.142 Q (~1.05 billion gallons). Cell: F17 Comment: Rick Heede: Using the ORNL data cited in the comment I15, we calculate emissions as 0.5740 lb CO2 per passenger-mile. As stated above, this is an average for all routes, equipment types, distances, and load factors for all domestic and international carriers flying in the US in 2002. Cell: H17 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses data from: Sausen, R., I. Isaksen, V. Grewe, D. Hauglustaine, D.S. Lee, G. Myhre, M.O. Köhler, G. Pitari, U. Schumann, F. Stordal and C. Zerefos (2005) “Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: An update on IPCC (1999),” Meteorol. Z., vol. 14:555-561, and Wuebbles, Donald (editor) (2006) Workshop on the Impacts of Aviation on Climate Change: A Report of Findings and Recommendations, Jun06, Cambridge, MA, 64 pp. See notes on methodology at the CMS-developed air travel calculator (www.aspenzgreen.com/offsets_calculator_air.cfm) for either commercial aviation or personałbusiness jets and turboprops. Calculation of the RF CO2-equivalent emissions is optional. Cell: B22 Comment: Rick Heede: Cell: B28 Comment: Rick Heede: Based on data from varies original sources cited in ORNL’s TEBD edition 26; specifics below. Cell: D28 Comment: Rick Heede: Domestic air carriers’ domestic consumption only; see below for international air carriers and general aviation. Cell: D31 Comment: Rick Heede: Domestic air carriers’ domestic consumption only; see below for international air carriers and general aviation. Cell: C38 Comment: Rick Heede: TEBD, Table 2.14: “These data differ from the data on Table 2.12 because they do not include any international services. These energy intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to passengers -– cargo energy use is not taken into account.” Cell: C42 Comment: Rick Heede: TEBD uses 135,000 Btu per gallon in Table A.8, but also cites jet fuel (kerosene) at 128,100 Btu/gal (net) in Table B.4. Cell: C45 Comment: Rick Heede: Changed from Aspen Inventory’s 21.1 lb CO2 per gallon to the coefficient used by Bjorn Fischer, Climate Trust, 30Jul07 -- 20.88 lb CO2 per gallon. HersheyTransportation.xls Refrigerants - vehicles A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 1 2 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: MHS-owned vehicle refrigerants Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Update data on the number of vehicles in the MHS vehicle fleet with air conditioning units installed, and, if warranted, update leakage rates of refrigerants in various equipment types. All other computations are carried through to the sums below.All other computations are carried through to the sum below, which is linked to HersheySum.xls. Table 1 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 26 July 2008 Sources on leakage rates US EPA Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership www.epa.gov/cppd/mac/ World Resources Institute GHG Protocol HFC Tool (version 1.0) Table 2 MHS vehicles # 381 Table 3a 28 29 30 31 32 33 Michal Ptak Pennsylvania State University mptak@engr.psu.edu Glenn Schneck VEM Garage, MHS schneckg@mhs-pa.org Trucks, vans, buses, tractors, combines, plows, pickups, utility trucks, mowers, etc. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Data from Snowmass, Colorado Estimated refrigerant charge, by species, MHS-owned vehicles R22 charge R134a charge R404A charge Total lbs R12 lbs R22 lbs R134a lbs R404A lb, all species 31 42 1,481 R22 R134a R404A R12 GWP R22 GWP R134a GWP R404a GWP GWP factor FAR 10,900 1,810 1,430 3,260 GWP factor SAR 8,100 1,500 1,300 3,260 Approximation of car and truck AC refrigerant leakage rate R12 charge Refrigerant charge in MHS-owned vehicles Global Warming Potential (GWP), by refrigerant species R12 35 HFC-134a leakage HFC-134a leakage MtCe 1,589 kg HFC-134a 8.7 24,540,692 Car & Truck registrations million units Emissions (leakage, disposal) g HFC134a/vehicle 231.9 105.8 Reduction for other uses, vehicle disposal (50%), net attributed to vehicle 52.9 AC leakage: Average refrigerant charge per vehicle, in grams: 800.0 Table 3b Refrigerant emissions, at 8 percent per year Refrigerant emissions, at 16%/yr (except R134a) Percent annual leakage rate (preliminary): Estimated leakage quantities, by species & equipment type R12 emissions R22 emissions R134a emissions R404A emissions Total lbs R12 lbs R22 lbs R134a lbs R404A lb, all species 2.48 3.36 180.00 2.80 189 283 ave 4.96 6.72 360.00 5.60 377 CMS applies EPA & IPCC leakage rates range from low (8 percent/yr) to high (16 percent/yr) CARB data suggests average leakage rate of 10 percent per annum The actual re-charge rate at MHS (see cell note) is 360 lb / 1481 lb = 24.3 percent/yr. CMS note: this appears very high, but CMS has no basis for adjusting the calculation HFC-134a leakage rate using Cal Air Resources Board data Cal Air Resources Board, HFC-134a loss per vehicle, grams/yr: Average refrigerant charge per vehicle: Average leakage rate per light-duty vehicle per annum: Refrigerant leakage, all species CMS applies FAR GWP values below Estimated refrigerant emissions, by species Average leakage rate calculation Table 5 Total refrigerant emissions R12 emissions R22 emissions R134a emissions R404A emissions Sum Sum lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr lbs CO2e/yr tons CO2e/yr 27,032 6,082 257,400 9,128 299,642 149.8 High refrigerant emissions, in CO2e/yr 54,064 12,163 514,800 18,256 599,283 299.6 40,548 9,122 386,100 13,692 449,462 224.7 HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls 800.0 10.00% 17.81% percent per annum 1,588 x CO2 Low refrigerant emissions, in CO2e/yr Average of low & high estimates, in CO2e/yr 80.00 283.0 lb refrigerant Table 5b average leakage rate, all species Average GWP Table 4 6.61% Mobile AC refrigerant & vehicle stock background data Refrigerants - vehicles Cell: C19 Comment: Rick Heede: MHS owns 381 vehicles, trucks, mowers, tractors, buses, and vans -- all with air conditioning equipment. Michal Ptak (Pennsylvania State University Dept of Engineering) assembled a list of AC units by type of vehicle and estimated refrigerant -- typically 2 lbs of R134a each -- charge per vehicle. Of the 381 total vehicles, nearly 200 are Chevrolet 10-passenger vans. Except for larger trucks, each vehicle is assumed to contain 2 lbs of R134a each. Total MHS refrigerant charge: 910 lbs. Cell: I22 Comment: Rick Heede: IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report, Physical Science Basis, p. 212. Cell: M22 Comment: Rick Heede: IPCC FAR does not list R404a GWP. ICLEI (2008), p. 151 shows SAR GWP value as 3,260xCO2 (100-year time horizon). SAR values for R12: 8,100xCO2, R22: 1,500xCO2, and R134a: 1,300xCO2. Cell: G27 Comment: Rick Heede: An EPA refrigerant specialist (Dave Godwin) verifed mobile AC leakage rate of 10 to 20 percent as a “reasonable range for annual mobile AC emission rates. I am assuming “emission rate” includes both “leakage” from the system as well as emissions during service. The number used would vary quite a bit depending on typical service practices, for example if recovery were required (as it is in the U.S.) and/or if do-it-yourselfers using small cans were common (as it is in the U.S.).” GHG Protocol HFC Tool (Version 1.0) Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing, Installation, Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 1.0) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005); page 15 Table 2 shows “values are from IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000)” and annual leakage rates of 0.1 to 0.5 percent for domestic refrigeration, 1 to 5 percent for residential AC, 2 to 15 percent for chillers, and 10 to 20 percent for mobile air conditioners. CMS, however, uses the re-charge rate for MHS-owned vehicles that use HCF-134a (see below) as the 134a high rate (which translates to an annual re-charge rate of 26 percent [390/1481]), and from 10 to 20 percent per year for the other species. Cell: M27 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses data from EPA’s Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership, which states: www.epa.gov/cppd/mac/ In the United States alone, vehicle air conditioners consume 7 billion gallons of gasoline every year, equivalent to over 16 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE). Refrigerant leakage adds another 8.7 MMTCE to atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases. HFC-134a 1300xCO2 Stephen O. Andersen, Phone: 202-343-9069 Email: andersen.stephen@epa.gov Kristen Taddonio, Phone: 202-343-9234 Email: taddonio.kristen@epa.gov Cell: B31 Comment: Rick Heede: Michal Ptak and Kurt Homan of Pennsylvania State University Dept of Engineering have assembled a detailed inventory of refrigerant charges in all MHS-owned vehicles, 381 in all, and every vehicle is air conditioned. CMS listed summed total MHS refrigerant charge by type: 31 lbs of R-12, 42 lbs of R-22, 1,481 lbs of HFC-134a, and 35 lbs of R-404a.. Cell: L32 Comment: Rick Heede: A cpmprehensive list of HFC-134a uses and leakage (or other emission pathways, such as refrigerant canisters, owner-recharge, and vehicle disposal frm incomplete refrigerant recovery) has not been found by CMS. Conservatively, CMS assumes that fully half of computed HFC-134a leakage is from sources other than routine leakage from vehicle AC units. Further research may well narrow this uncertainty. Cell: J35 Comment: Rick Heede: Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership, EPA Hotline 800-296-1996 www.epa.gov/cppd/mac/ In the United States alone, vehicle air conditioners consume 7 billion gallons of gasoline every year, equivalent to over 16 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE). Refrigerant leakage adds another 8.7 MMTCE to atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases. HFC-134a 1300xCO2. Contacts: Stephen O. Andersen, Phone: 202-343-9069 Email: andersen.stephen@epa.gov, and Kristen Taddonio, Phone: 202-343-9234 Email: taddonio.kristen@epa.gov EIA US Emissions, Table 25, page 34: HFC-134a leakage in 2006: 66.1 MtCO2e TEDB table 4.1: US car registrations (2005): 136.57 million, Two-axle four-tire trucks: 95.34 million. HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls Refrigerants - vehicles Average engine size, cars: ~~ 3.0 L, Wagons: ~~3.2 L, pick-ups: ~~3.6 L, vans: ~~3.8 L, SUVs: ~~3.8 L. TEBD Table 4.10 and 4.11 (interpolated). Cell: E36 Comment: Rick Heede: Glenn Schneck (VEM Garage) provided 2007/08 refrigerant purchase data: 390 lb HCF-134a, all re-charged into vehicles. GS: “Yes, this includes all MHS vehicles and equipment. About 30 lbs remain in machine. Not sure of amount used in 06/07, but would assume about the same.” CMS accounts for the 30 lb not used for re-charging, thus 360 lbs per year. CMS tried to determine longer term refill rates by asking “It sounds like MHS re-charges its vehicles yearly. Does that sound right?” Schneck replied: “Yes, if needed.” This leaves the long term average re-charge rate uncertain; nonetheless, CMS applies the 2007 re-charge quantity (390 minus 30 lbs in canister). Thus, 360 lb re-charge / 1,481 lb total vehicle AC charge = 24.3 percent re-charge rate per annum. Cell: E38 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses 50 percent of the actual re-charge rate as the low estimate and as a conservatism. Future verification of annual re-charge quantities may result in adjusting this low estimate upward, as long as re-charge is done every year, and other considerations. Cell: J39 Comment: Rick Heede: Vincent, Richard C., Kevin William Cleary, Alberto Ayala, & Richard Corey (2004) “Emissions of Hfc-134a From Light-Duty Vehicles in California,” California Air Resources Board, Society of Automotive Engineers, May04, SAE # 200401-2256. Abstract: The current refrigerant in mobile air conditioning (AC) systems, HFC-134a (also known as R134a), is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global-warming potential (GWP) of 1300. Its emissions from 2009 and subsequent model-year (MY) light-duty vehicles may be regulated under the terms of a law (Sec. 43108.5, Health and Safety Code) adopted in California in 2002. To support regulation development, we have estimated direct emissions of HFC134a from vehicular AC systems in California by a novel, three-prong method that uses: 1) data on the consumption of HFC-134a by California commercial fleets, 2) surveys of vehicle owners on AC system repair incidence, and 3) data on repair incidence among California commercial fleet vehicles. Although these sources do not report direct emission rates of HFC-134a, the data reflect actual leakage integrated over long periods from vehicles in all stages of useful life. Results from the analysis suggest that in California, the typical light-duty vehicle loses approximately 1.4 kg of HFC-134a over a 16-year average lifetime, and HFC-134a emissions in 2003 were approximately 80 grams per vehicle. These results are consistent with the limited data available from emission measurements but less than the estimates annually published by U.S. EPA. HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls Notes Food & Dining A B C D E F G H I J K 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Food & Dining 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CMS estimates CO2 and methane emissions from MHS consumption of chicken, beef, and milk products only. MHS food- and dining-related emissions are likely much higher if produce, other meats (pork, fish), fruits, snacks, and so forth all are included. Total food-related emissions are indicated in Table 5. However, for the sake of simplicity and veracity, CMS only adds the quantities in Table 1 to the overall MHS inventory estimate. Consumption of chicken, beef, and milk is provided by Brad Hajek of Sodexo, and is easily updated in future inventories. Table 1 17 18 19 Food item Supply chain emission factor lbs or gallons lb CO2/lb 20 Chicken 95,952 21 Beef 71,959 22 23 Milk 62,333 24 25 26 27 28 29 Total emissions (selected food items) 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Data provided by: Brad Hajek MHS/Sodexo 717-520-2157 hajekb@mhs-pa.org MHS Food-related emissions (Selected items) 16 30 31 32 33 34 35 Snowmass, Colorado File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 28 July 2008 Units 6.08 lb CO2e/lb chicken 22.10 lb CO2e/lb beef 4.31 lb CO2e/gallon milk Data source Emissions Emissions Item cost Item cost lb CO2e tons CO2e $ per lb or gallon $ Weber (2008) 583,148 292 $2.50 $239,880 Weber (2008) 1,590,294 795 $2.25 $161,908 Heede (2007) 268,789 134 $3.36 $209,439 2,442,231 1,221 537,373 lb of milk 705,284 $611,227 total lb of chicken, beef, and milk 353 tons Table 2 MHS Statistcal Review 2006/2007 Meals Served 2,139,676 Table 3 Cost per meal $1.62 (excl labor) Table 5 Total meal cost $3,466,275 Nature Conservancy “Food Calculator” Emissions per year Emissions per day Emissions per meal tons CO2e/yr lb CO2e/d lb CO2/meal Meat most days 4.10 22.47 7.49 Meat most meals 5.80 31.78 10.59 Meat rarely 1.50 8.22 2.74 Meat, never 0.90 4.93 1.64 all data for single-occupant household, or “self” assumes 3 meals/day MHS food & dining emissions (scoping estimate only) Meat most days Meat most meals Meat rarely Emissions per meal lb CO2/meal 7.49 10.59 2.74 MHS total, 2006-07 lb CO2e 16,023,144 22,666,887 5,862,126 MHS total tons CO2e 8,012 11,333 2,931 Meat, never 1.64 3,517,276 1,759 UK Carbon Trust 2.77 5,931,455 2,966 Average of all above 5.05 10,800,178 5,400 www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/ Table 4 UK Carbon Trust (2005) “The carbon emissions in all that we consume” www.carbontrust.co.uk/News/presscentre/2006/06_01_31.htm Food and catering: UK data (CO2 only) MtC million tons CO2 lb CO2/cap/day lb CO2/meal 90.54 8.32 2.77 60,776,238 assumes 3 meals/day UK population, 2002 59,657,000 WRI World Resources 22.40 source: UK Carbon Attribution Model, Centre for Env Strategy, Univ Surrey, 2005 UK population, 2007 HersheyFoodAgAnimals.xls MHS data 2006/07: Meals 2.14 million meals @ $1.62 Food & Dining Cell: D17 Comment: Rick Heede: Weber, Christopher L., & H. Scott Matthews (2008) “Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 42:3508-3513, 6 pp. Used 22.1 kg CO2 per kg red meat, Weber Fig. 2 caption. CMS inferred total supply chain emissions of chicken from Figure 2. Their estimates are based on a comprehensive input/output model of the U.S., and includes meat production, fertilizer inputs, transportation, processing, refrigeration, methane from eructation and manure, and N2O from fertilizer. The milk emission rate is from Heede (2007). Note: Weber and Matthews’s emission factor for dairy products is approximately 4.18 kg CO2e per kg of milk, or, ~16.3 kg CO2e per gallon of milk, or roughly 8 times the CMS estimate. Cell: I17 Comment: Rick Heede: Inquired with Brad Hajek on average cost per lb of chicken and beef and per gallon of milk, 23Jul08. “Here are some current prices on some items we use - does this work? 8 cut chicken 1.63 lb, Chicken Wing 2.09 lb, Chicken Tender 2.95 lb, Chicken Breast 2.99 lb. Milk 3.36 gallon Beef - Top Round 3.01 lb, Ground Beef 1.99 lb, Ground Beef patties 1.84 lb. Brad Hajek Director of Food Services (717) 520 -2157” CMS uses average cost of chicken at $2.50/lb, beef at $2.25/lb, and milk at $3.36 per gallon Cell: D23 Comment: Rick Heede: One gallon of milk weighs 8.621 lb. Cell: J30 Comment: Rick Heede: Table 5 presents a scoping calculation using the sources in Tables 3 and 4, from which average emissions per meal are estimated. CMS has NOT verified these emissions estimates, and the indicated MHS emissions are not used in the MHS overall emissions summary. Cell: E36 Comment: Rick Heede: See www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/ CMS entered data for “one person household.” Details on this calculator’s methodology was not reviewed or evaluated for completeness, scope, boundary, and reasonableness. Hence, these numbers are only used for scoping purposes only, and are not entered as the Hershey School’s food-related emissions, although calculated in Table 5. Cell: E46 Comment: Rick Heede: UK Carbon Trust (2005) “The carbon emissions in all that we consume” www.carbontrust.co.uk/News/presscentre/2006/06_01_31.htm source: UK Carbon Attribution Model, Centre for Env Strategy, Univ Surrey, 2005 HersheyFoodAgAnimals.xls HersheyFoodAgAnimals.xls A B C D E F G H I J K 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Livestock 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Update livestock inventory of Milton Hershey School’s Animal Center and Dairy and Foods Processing Center in column C. All calculations are automatically made and linked to summary worksheet. Snowmass, Colorado Livestock emissions 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Table 1 Number of animals (May08) Enteric fermentation Manure management Manure management kg CH4 kg CH4 kg N2O Enteric fermentation Manure management Manure management kg CO2e kg CO2e kg CO2e GWP IPCC FAR xCO2 GWP IPCC FAR xCO2 GWP IPCC FAR xCO2 25 25 298 Carbon dioxideequivalent emissions tons CO2e Horses, geldings, mares 8 144.0 45.3 0.8 3,600 1,132 238 5.5 Donkey 1 9.0 2.8 0.1 225 71 15 0.3 Rams, ewes 24 192.0 6.9 0.3 4,800 172 103 5.6 Rabbits, guinea pigs, etc 18 na 0 na Poultry Goats 23 115.0 11.6 1.2 2,875 289 344 3.9 Hereford cows, calves, steers, and Heifers 12 533.1 21.0 2.7 13,328 525 795 16.1 136 13,416.9 7,524.7 131.9 335,421 188,119 39,296 620.4 222 14,410 7,612 137 360,249 190,307 40,792 651.8 Dairy cows, calves, and bulls Total MHS livestock Table 2 Emissions Table 3 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Data provided by: Mike Benner Dir. Ag Env Horticulture BennerM@mhs-pa.org 717-215- File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 28 July 2008 Livestock emission in tons, by gas Enteric Manure Manure Total tons CH4 tons CH4 tons N2O tons CH4 + N2O 24.43 15.88 8.39 0.15 Livestock emission factors Clean Air - Cool Planet calculator: “EF-Animals” worksheet Enteric fermentation Manure management Manure management Table 4 CO2e emissions Percent tons CO2e percent kg CH4/head/yr kg CH4/head/yr kg N2O /head/yr Dairy cows 98.65 55.33 0.97 Methane: enteric 397 60.9% beef cows 44.43 1.75 0.22 Methane: manure 210 32.2% Swine 1.50 13.82 0.02 Subtotal: methane 607 93.1% goats 5.00 0.50 0.05 Nitrous oxide sheep 8.00 0.29 0.01 Total 18.00 5.66 0.10 0.06 0.01 horses poultry 0.00 www.cleanair-coolplanet.org Livestock 45 6.9% 652 100.0% L Cell: C13 Comment: Rick Heede: HersheyFoodAgAnimals.xls data from Mike Benner, May08: AEE Animal / Livestock inventory, May 2008 (lists both Animal Center and Dairy & Foods Processing Center. Total animals: 231; total value: $223,545. Cell: D13 Comment: Rick Heede: Ruminant animals emit considerable quantities of methane through enteric fermentation in their anearobic stomachs and released as eructation and flatulence. Cell: E13 Comment: Rick Heede: Manure also released methane gas. Cell: F13 Comment: Rick Heede: Manure also releases nitrous oxide in small quantitiies. However, N2O has a large GWP factor -- 298 times that of CO2 in the latest IPCC report (2007). Cell: H15 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS applies global warming potential (GWP) factors from the IPCC Fourth Assessment report (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Table 2.14, page, 212. This report estimates the 100-year time horizon GWP at 25xCO2 for methane and 298xCO2 for nitrous oxide. Cell: F38 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS applies the emission factors for livestock from Clean Air - Cool Planet (2006) emissions calculator: EF-Animals worksheet. This calculator is available at www.cleanair-coolplanet.org Livestock HersheyLandfillWaterSanitation.xls 1 A B C D E Future inventorists must update electricity and diesel fuel purchased by the WMI incinerator site in Harrisburg. Also update MHS waste flows and recycled materials flows. K L Table 3 Harrisburg incinerator site electricity generated per ton processed Electricity Fuel consumption (diesel) Fuel consumption (gasoline) Propane Fugitive methane (not applicable) Data provided by Michael Breslin Waste Management, Inc. MBreslin@wm.com 717-730-5531 Table 2 MHS proportion of total incinerated waste Waste flow 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 157,750 Originating at MHS tons MHS Student + Staff Percent MHS percent 1,547 type of person students staff FTE house parents Total MHS 0.98% Table 4 Fuel consumed kWh gallons Emission factor Units Total Emissions tons CO2 376 (59,314,000) not available not available not applicable not applicable Waste Total waste tons Incinerated Solid Waste population 1,509 1,164 300 2,973 Estimated emissions from waste incineration proportion attributed to Milton Hershey School Electricity 1.270 22.38 19.59 12.67 per per per per kWh gallon diesel gallon gasoline gallon propane Attributed to MHS Attributed to MHS Percent (37,670) tons CO2 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% Total attributed to Milton Hershey School 34 Emissions from incinerator Total: low Total: high tons CO2/ton waste tons CO2/ton waste tons CO2/ton waste 0.70 1.20 0.95 1,547 1,083 1,856 tonnes C (369.4) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (91.5) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (369) (91) Proportion considered “climate-relevant” Total: average Emissions: low Emissions: high tons CO2 tons CO2 1,470 33% 50% 485 735 Carbon (metric) Sum tons CO2 41.5% 609.9 tons CO2 609.9 Saved emissions from MHS recycled materials Recycled MHS recycling rates Total MHS recycling savings Note: Note: Note: Note: Carbon (metric) tonnes C 151.0 610 Table 5 Office paper Newsprint Cardboard Commingled recyclables: aluminum, glass, plastics Plastics (25.3 percent) Aluminum (6.8 percent) Glass (56.2 percent) Steel 11.7 percent) Sum Emissions: average Attributed to MHS Total attributed to Milton Hershey School 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 J Snowmass, Colorado WMI Harrisburg tons 20 41 42 43 44 I File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 29 July 2008 Table 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 35 36 37 38 39 40 H Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 30 31 32 33 G Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Waste Incineration (Waste Management) 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 F Savings per ton tons Total savings Recycling rate Total savings MHS recycling rate 145 54 tons CO2e/ton 5.4 2.5 3.0 tons CO2e 784.9 162.4 tonnes Ce 194.3 0.0 40.2 lb per capita per yr 528 0 109 436.1 110.3 29.7 245.1 51.0 110.3 29.7 245.1 51.0 2.0 15.7 0.4 2.3 220.7 465.5 98.0 117.3 54.6 115.3 24.3 29.1 148 313 66 79 436.1 636 no data na (1,849) This savings estimate is generic and does not necessarily reflect local collection or disposal energy expenditures vs savings. Emissions from diesel fuel used by waste and recycled materials haulers are included in the transportation worksheets as a percentage of “3-axle trucks”. While materials recycling typically saves energy and emissions, it must be made clear that the high emissions “savings” ignore substantial emissions from pick-up, hauling, From and energy and emissions perspective, recycling aluminum has by far the highest GHG savings per ton. Waste Incineration & Recycling 458 (1,244) 2,973 students + staff tonne = 1,000 kg ton = 2000 lb 1 tonne = 1.1023 ton 1 kg = 2.2046 lb Cell: F12 Comment: Rick Heede: HersheyLandfillWaterSanitation.xls Breslin response, 23Jul08: All numbers are based upon disposal during the period of January 1, 2007 - December 31, 2007 - Truck hours to collect all waste / recy = approx. 878 Hrs - Fuel used to collect all waste / recy = 295 Gallons (approx. 3 gallons per hour, including idling while picking up, etc..) - Front Load fuel economy = 5 MPG - Rear Load fuel economy = 5 MPG - Roll-Off Load fuel economy = 3 MPG - Total incinerated waste in 2007 = Unknown at this point - Diesel fuel and electricity and natural gas (if any) on-site = Unknown (do use natural gas to fire burners, have 2 heavy equipment pieces onsite 12hrs day operating, unknown of electricity) - Site location of MSW disposal = Harrisburg Incinerator 1670 S 19th St, Harrisburg, PA 17104 - Site location of Recycle disposal = WM Recycle America Mt. Pisgah Road, York, PA & Palmyra Transfer Station 123 E High St, Palmyra, PA - Waste composition (summary data will be fine) = mostly food waste and general household trash. - Recycled composition = 40% Glass, 40% Plastics and 20% misc recycle (cardboard, wood, metal, etc..) - Approximate distance from incinerator to Hershey campus = 16 miles one way Approximate distance from recycling center to Hershey campus = 5 miles one way (Palmyra), 40 miles one way (WM Recycle America in York) - (I can assume that each waste hauler going to MHS campus is filled at MHS or makes non-MHS stops) = Thursdays for Trash with rear load truck we make 2 trips to the Incinerator, Front load service is in the middle of a regular route (not much of this at the school) - Some idea of how many truck trips are made between MHS and your site for both waste and recycled pick-up per week or month = 4 trucks for MSW 1 x a week or approximately 208 Annual trips. Cell: C21 Comment: Rick Heede: Breslin provided data from Harrisburg Incinerator: 376 kWh generated per ton incinerated, and 157,780 tons of waste “processed.”28Jul08. Cell: F34 Comment: Rick Heede: Milton Hershey School’s’s aluminum recycling rate is unknown (commingled data). By way of comparison: The aluminum recycling rate in Aspen is ~11.2 lb/cap-yr (76 tonnes/yr in commingled recyclables divided by Aspen’s population within the UGB of 8,993 = 5.1 kg/cap-yr). Seattle’s is 4.1 kg/cap-yr, Bergen County 6.8 kg/cap-yr. The U.S. average is 3.5 kg/cap-yr; 1996 data from EPA/Ackerman; www.tufts.edu/tuftsrecycles/energy.htm, Table 2. Cell: E46 Comment: Rick Heede: Waste, Recycling, and Climate Change Frank Ackerman, Director or the Research and Policy Division of GDAE, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA. See www.tufts.edu/tuftsrecycles/energy.htm Abstract: Waste management has at least five types of impacts on climate change, attributable to (1) landfill methane emissions, (2) reduction in industrial energy use and emissions due to recycling and waste reduction, (3) energy recovery from waste, (4) carbon sequestration in forests due to decreased demand for virgin paper, and (5) energy used in long-distance transport of waste. A recent U.S. EPA study provides estimates of overall per-ton greenhouse gas reductions due to recycling. Calculations using these estimates suggest that the U.S. could realize substantial greenhouse gas reductions through increased recycling, particularly of paper. Ackerman estimates savings for HDPE as 1.5 tonne CO2-eq saved per tonne recycled, LDPE as 2.0 tonne CO2-eq saved per tonne recycled, and PET as 2.5 tonne CO2-eq saved per tonne recycled. CMS averages this to 2.0 tonne CO2-eq saved per tonne recycled. Cell: B47 Comment: Rick Heede: Steve Myers supplied waste & recycling report for 2007 for Waste Management Inc (4300 Industrial Park Road, Camp Hill PA, 232-0878), listing recyclables below, and “Municipal Solid Waste” flow of 1,546.98 tons. A second page lists 27.8 tons of recycled motor oil, and 50 gallons of antifreeze. Cell: I47 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS assumes that students, houseparents, and both and part-time personnel all have access to recycling containers. The MHS population estimate is from Table 2 above. Cell: B51 Comment: Rick Heede: MHS did not provide a composition analysis of recycled commingled materials. CMS used composition data from Pennsylvania Dept of Environmental Protection (2005) Pennsylvania Recovered Material Composition Study, by R.W. Beck, Feb05, 149 pp. Percent of “containers” by percent weight is listed below, from PDEP, Table ES-2. Since this an analysis of residential waste and recycling streams, CMS thinks it is likely that MHS recycled commingled materials are somewhat lower in steel and glass. Mike Breslin, Waste Management, 23Jul08: “- Recycled composition = 40% Glass, 40% Plastics and 20% misc recycle (cardboard, wood, metal, etc..)” Waste Incineration & Recycling HersheyLandfillWaterSanitation.xls A B C D E F G H I J K 1 2 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Wastewater Treatment Plant (DTMA) Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Snowmass, Colorado Future inventorists must update Derry Township Municipal Authority’s Wastewater Treatment Plant operations data (chiefly electricity, natural gas, and flared or wasted methane). Data provided by Wayne Schutz Assistant Mngr wschutz@DTMA.com 717-566-7935 x312 File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 8 July 2008 Note: DTMA is assessing the feasibility of using waste gas in a new co-generation facility, which will reduce or eliminate purchased gas and flared gas, ass well as reduce pruchased electricity. Note also that 2007 gas consumption was unusually high due to “start-up issues with dryer; after co-gen installation, this number should go down to <5,000 ccf. Emissions calculation for Derry Township Municipal Authority’s Wastewater Treatment Plant Table 1 Electricity consumption kWh Electricity emissions Natural gas consumption tons CO2e ccf lb CO2e/kWh 1.2702 Emissions from DTMA wastewater treatment plant 4,819,200 Natural gas emissions Flared methane Flared methane Flared methane emissions tons CO2e cf CH4/hr ccf CH4/yr tons CO2e/yr assumed equiv to natural gas lb CO2e/ccf 13.7713 3,061 54,665 376 3,000 262,800 lb CO2e/ccf 13.7713 1,810 Total DTMA emissions tons CO2e/yr “=D18+F18+I18” 5,247 DTMA’s WWTP emissions attributed to Mliton Hershey School Table 2 MHS wastewater outflows million gallons DTMA emissions attributed to MHS DTMA wastewater inflows MHS fraction of DTMA inflows million gallons 64.9 DTMA emissions attributed to MHS percent 1,365 tons CO2e/yr 4.76% 250 CMS preliminary total Aug06-Jul07 Month Year Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 Cost $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Disposal Gallons 42,001 52,378 45,435 49,878 40,316 35,279 47,322 39,748 44,490 46,879 67,025 73,962 4,769,500 6,872,200 5,026,000 6,008,200 4,126,600 3,142,300 4,586,200 3,824,700 3,824,700 4,980,800 9,064,500 8,691,600 Year totals $ 584,713 64,917,300 Source: Derry Township Municipal Authority: utility bills 2006/2007 from Steve Myers, MHS Wastewater Treatment Emissions rate Cost $/gallon 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.009 0.0090 Emissions rate tons CO2e/million gals kg CO2e/cubic meter 3.84 0.921 liters per gallon gallons per cubic meter tonnes CO2e, MHS 3.785 264.172 226 kg CO2e, MHS MHS m^3 kg CO2e/m^3 226,363 245,739 0.921 HersheyLandfillWaterSanitation.xls Cell: G19 Comment: Rick Heede: Data on DTMA Herhsey plant operation from Wayne Schutz, 8Jul08: “Here is the data you requested (all for DTMA Clearwater Road WWTP during CY 2007): WWTP Flow: 1,365,630,000 gallons. Solids Production: ~1,300 dry tons of anaerobically digested sludge. 63% to farmland application via Contractor. 37% to farmland application via DTMA. Anaerobic Digester: Produce ~ 6,000 CF/hr of methane generated. Utilize ~ 50% to generate steam to dry biosolids from 16% cake to >98% granules. A study to utilize remainder in electric co-generation just being completed. Power Consumption: 4,819,200 kWh. Natural Gas Consumption: 54,665 CCF (way, way high in 2007 due to start up issues with dryer, after co-gen installation, this number should go down to <5,000 CCF).” Cell: G20 Comment: Rick Heede: Schutz, DTMA, 8Jul08: “Anaerobic Digester: Produce ~ 6,000 CF/hr of methane generated. Utilize ~ 50% to generate steam to dry biosolids from 16% cake to >98% granules.” Schutz confirmed that the 50 percent remainder is flared, which DTMA hopes to make zero by 2009. CMS uses the figure of 3,000 sf of methane per hour as flared. Wastewater Treatment HersheyLandfillWaterSanitation.xls A B C D E F G H I J K 1 2 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Water Supply (PAW) Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Snowmass, Colorado Table 1 Emissions from water supply plant attributed to MHS Data provided by Gary Witmeyer Production Supervisor Pennsylvania American Water 717-534-1066 gary.witmeyer@amwater.com File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 16 August 2008 Future inventorists must update annual water supplied to MHS, and total PAW system delivery volume (million gallons), and total consumption of electricity by Pennsylvania American Water. MHS water consumption PennAmWater system delivery million gallons million gallons 55.9 2,348 MHS fraction of PAW delivery PAW electricity consumption kWh 2.38% Total PAW emissions (tons CO2e) lb CO2e/kWh 1.2702 5,006,500 3,180 Emissions attributed to MHS Emissions rate Emissions rate tons CO2e tons CO2e/million gals kg CO2e/cubic meter 75.7 1.35 Conversions Table 2 Pennsylvania American Water: annual statistics Electricity Apr07-Mar08 Cost of electricity System delivery, million gallons Cost per million gallons 5,006,500 $369,076 $2,348 $158 liters per gallon kWh $ million gallons $ per million gallons gallons per cubic meter tonnes CO2e, MHS kg CO2e, MHS MHS m^3 kg CO2e/m^3 CMS preliminary total Aug06-Jul07 Table 3 Month Year Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 Cost $ 19,936 17,838 27,180 19,155 21,819 15,787 13,523 21,316 16,766 21,091 22,041 36,846 Cost $/gallon 4,474,000 3,964,900 6,235,600 4,276,400 4,923,800 3,460,600 2,898,400 4,802,400 3,500,100 4,499,700 4,716,500 8,156,400 0.0045 0.0045 0.0044 0.0045 0.0044 0.0046 0.0047 0.0044 0.0048 0.0047 0.0047 0.0045 Year totals $ 253,297 55,908,800 Source: Pennsylvania American Water: utility bills 2006/2007 from Steve Myers, MHS 0.0045 Water Supply $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Consumption Gallons 3.785 264.2 69 68,675 211,638 0.324 0.324 HersheyLandfillWaterSanitation.xls Cell: F24 Comment: Rick Heede: Data from Gary Witmeyer, Pennsylvania American Water, 24Jun08. Electricity consumption for Hershey/Palmyra plant includes Smith Water Filtration Intake pumps and Facility. Cost includes capacity (kW) charges. Water Supply HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls A B C D E F G H I J 1 2 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: Fertilizers & Nitrogen Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Update data on fertilizer applications rates at Milton Hershey School, green spaces, athletic fields, and agricultural lands. The only data required can be entered in column “C” Table 1: Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizers 14 15 Data provided by: Snowmass, Colorado Phil Shirk MHS Grounds Mngr shirkp@mhs-pa.org 717-215-3111 File Started 22 May 2008 Last Modified: 9 July 2008 Nitrogen in fertilizer applied Direct N2O Indirect N2O (volatilized) Indirect N2O (runoff & leaching) Total Nitrous Oxide kg Nitrogen/yr kg N2O kg N2O kg N2O kg N2O Carbon dioxideequivalent emissions sh tons CO2e Carbon-equivalent emissions tonnes C-eq 298 x CO2 16 Ball fields and selected turf areas 790 12.65 2.53 9.48 8.1 2.0 17 Other campus turf areas (none applied in 2006/2007) - 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - - 18 Ag lands, orchards, vegetable production acreage - 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - - 19 Leased agricultural lands (not estimated) - 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - - 20 21 22 23 24 Total nitrous oxide from fertilizers 790 13 3 9 Table 2: 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 24.7 25 Table 3: Indirect emission calculation: Volatilization N2O = N applied (kg N) * fraction volatilized * 0.016 kg N2O /kg N Run-off/leaching N2O = N applied (kg N) * fraction runoff * 0.04 kg N2O /kg N Table 1.H.16. Fractions by nitrogen source Synthetic commercial fertilizers Organic commercial fertilizers and manure fraction-direct 0.9 0.8 fraction-volatilized 0.1 0.2 fraction-runoff 0.3 0.3 Fertilizers N2O fixed factor 0.020 0.016 0.040 kg N2O fixed factor 0.020 0.016 0.040 kg N2O 16 3 12 31.2 Synthetic fertilizer application: kg N variable Direct: 1,000 0.9 Indirect (volat.) 1,000 0.1 Indirect (leach) 1,000 0.3 Total N2O emissions for a 1,000 kg N application (example): Direct N2O emissions = N applied (kg N) * fractiondirect * 0.02 kg N2O /kg N 2 Organic fertilizer application: kg N variable Direct: 1,000 0.8 Indirect (volat.) 1,000 0.2 Indirect (leach) 1,000 0.3 Total N2O emissions for a 1,000 kg N application (example): Direct emission calculation: 8.1 18 2 12 31.6 K Cell: D13 Comment: Rick Heede: HersheyFertilizerHalocarbons.xls Direct emission calculation: Direct N2O emissions (kg N2O) = N applied (kg N) * fraction(direct) * 0.02 kg N2O /kg N U.S. Dept of Energy (2005) Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605b) Program: Draft Technical Guidelines, DOE Office of Policy and International Affairs, pp. 191-92. Cell: E13 Comment: Rick Heede: Indirect emission calculation: Volatilization N2O (kg N2O) = N applied (kg N) * fraction(volatilized) * 0.016 kg N2Økg N U.S. Dept of Energy (2005) Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605b) Program: Draft Technical Guidelines, DOE Office of Policy and International Affairs, pp. 191-92. Cell: F13 Comment: Rick Heede: Indirect emission calculation: Run-off/leaching N2O (kg N2O) = N applied (kg N) * fraction(runoff) * 0.04 kg N2Økg N U.S. Dept of Energy (2005) Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605b) Program: Draft Technical Guidelines, DOE Office of Policy and International Affairs, pp. 191-92. Cell: H13 Comment: Rick Heede: The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of nitrous oxide is 298 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year time horizon. IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Table 2.14, p. 212. Cell: B16 Comment: Rick Heede: Phil Shirk, personal communication, 27May08: “We applied about 2 pounds of Nitrogen per 1000 sq. ft. to about 20 acres of Turf. If my math is correct that would be around 1,742 pounds of N. We have not applied any N. to the general campus since I started in 2002, as we discussed on the phone last week.” CMS math: 20 acres = 43,560 sf * 20 = 871,200 sf; times 2 lbs per 1,000 sf = 2 * 8,721.2 = 1,742.4 lbs N. Cell: B17 Comment: Rick Heede: As Phil Shirk notes above, no other turf areas were fertilized. Cell: B18 Comment: Rick Heede: Ask Mike Benner re: fertilizer application on ag and related lands. Cell: E25 Comment: Rick Heede: These tables are taken from U.S. Dept of Energy (2005) Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605b) Program: Draft Technical Guidelines, DOE Office of Policy and International Affairs, pp. 191-92. The DOE/EIA methodology is generally consistent with the IPCC Guidelines and the US EPA’s Annex 3: Methdological Descriptions for Additional Source or Sink Categories (Annex 3 to EPA’s (2005) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2003), yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmissionsUSEmissionsInventory2005.html Fertilizers N2O Scenarios A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Emissions if Emissions if 1 Milton Hershey School emissions scenarios 1990 to 2050 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Snowmass, Colorado File Started 13 July 2008 Last modified: 6 September 2008 12 13 Year Student Electricity Electricity Electricity Emissions Natural gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Percent 14 (Acad) enrollment kWh/yr % of 2006 kWh/student (2006 factor) mcf/yr % of 2006 Mcf/student (2006 factor) Elec + Gas Elec + Gas CO2e/student relative to 1.2702 lb CO2e/kWh FY01-FY06 137.7 lb CO2e/Mcf tons CO2e % of 2006 tons CO2e elec + gas only 2006 15 16 17 FY01-FY06 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1,083 1,083 1,104 1,127 1,108 1,082 1,083 1,034 1,037 1,077 1,172 1,216 1,299 1,298 1,273 1,365 34,900,802 33,808,236 35,990,133 33,280,997 29,161,601 111.8% 108.3% 115.2% 106.6% 93.4% 28,701 26,026 27,727 26,144 21,364 22,165 21,471 22,857 21,137 18,520 162,950 218,398 196,167 172,146 126,043 94.6% 126.8% 113.9% 99.9% 73.2% 134 168 151 135 92 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 2006 1,509 31,228,766 100.0% 20,695 19,833 172,271 100.0% 114 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 1,703 80 81 2052 2053 82 83 2054 2055 11,220 15,038 13,507 11,853 8,679 24,969 25,402 26,336 27,336 27,318 27,110 27,568 26,734 27,227 28,708 31,709 33,385 36,510 36,364 32,990 27,199 11,862 31,695 variable CO2/stud constant CO2/stud all sources all sources 105.3% 115.2% 114.7% 104.1% 85.8% 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.46 28.11 28.02 25.92 19.93 109.8% 111.7% 113.6% 115.5% 117.4% 119.3% 121.2% 123.1% 125.0% 126.9% 128.8% 130.7% 133.8% 133.4% 123.4% 94.9% 46,650 47,459 48,269 49,078 49,887 50,697 51,506 52,316 53,125 53,934 54,744 55,553 56,870 56,687 52,437 40,319 30,502 30,502 31,093 31,741 31,206 30,474 30,502 29,122 29,206 30,333 33,009 34,248 36,585 36,557 35,853 38,444 100.0% 21.00 100.0% 42,500 42,500 47,964 2006 of 1990 91.1% HersheySumSep08.xls 2006 of 1990 139.3% Notes Scenarios X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT 1 Milton Hershey School emissions scenarios 1990 to 2050 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Snowmass, Colorado File Started 13 July 2008 Last modified: 6 September 2008 MHS indexed to A1 scenario MHS: 80% below 2006 by 2050 MHS: 7% below 1990 by 2012 (A) MHS: 7% below 1990 by 2012 (B) B1 Scenario A1 scenario 80% below 2006 7% below 1990 7% below 1990 13 tons CO2e Growth rate Emissions if Reference MHS indexed to B1 scenario 124% of 2006 in 2050 187% of 2006 in 2050 by 2050 by 2012 (A) by 2012 (B) 14 per student ave 1990-06 ave growth rate 2006 emissions Hershey Hershey Hershey Hershey Hershey all sources 1.02094842 Year B1 1990-2050 indexed to MHS 2006 A1 1990-2050 indexed to MHS 2006 B1 1990-2005 indexed to MHS 2006 A1 1990-2005 from variable MHS (column U) 12 15 16 17 Year 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 30,502 31,141 31,793 32,459 33,139 33,833 34,542 35,266 36,005 36,759 37,529 38,315 39,118 39,937 40,774 41,628 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 35,492 35,857 36,221 36,585 36,950 37,314 37,678 38,043 38,407 38,771 39,136 39,696 40,257 40,818 41,379 41,939 29,724 30,173 30,622 31,071 31,520 31,969 32,419 32,868 33,317 33,766 34,215 35,596 36,977 38,357 39,738 41,119 35,492 35,857 36,221 36,585 36,950 37,314 37,678 38,043 38,407 38,771 39,136 39,696 40,257 40,818 41,379 41,939 35,492 35,857 36,221 36,585 36,950 37,314 37,678 38,043 38,407 38,771 39,136 39,696 40,257 40,818 41,379 41,939 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 2006 28.2 1.021 42,500 42,500 2006 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 2007 2008 2009 2010 28.2 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021 43,390 44,299 45,227 46,175 47,142 48,129 49,138 50,167 51,218 52,291 53,386 54,505 55,646 56,812 58,002 59,217 60,458 61,724 63,017 64,337 65,685 67,061 68,466 69,900 71,365 72,860 74,386 75,944 77,535 79,159 80,818 82,511 84,239 86,004 87,805 89,645 91,523 93,440 95,397 97,396 99,436 101,519 103,646 105,817 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 42,500 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 43,061 43,621 44,182 44,743 45,325 45,907 46,489 47,071 47,653 48,235 48,817 49,399 49,981 50,563 50,762 50,961 51,159 51,358 51,557 51,756 51,954 52,153 52,352 52,550 52,770 52,990 53,210 53,430 53,650 53,871 54,091 54,311 54,531 54,751 54,540 54,330 54,119 53,909 53,699 53,488 53,278 53,067 52,857 52,646 43,881 45,262 46,642 48,023 49,235 50,447 51,659 52,870 54,082 55,294 56,506 57,717 58,929 60,141 61,078 62,016 62,953 63,890 64,828 65,765 66,703 67,640 68,577 69,515 69,978 70,441 70,904 71,368 71,831 72,294 72,757 73,221 73,684 74,147 74,675 75,203 75,731 76,259 76,787 77,316 77,844 78,372 78,900 79,428 40,973 39,502 38,083 36,715 35,396 34,125 32,899 31,718 30,579 29,480 28,421 27,401 26,416 25,468 24,553 23,671 22,821 22,001 21,211 20,449 19,715 19,007 18,324 17,666 17,031 16,420 15,830 15,261 14,713 14,185 13,675 13,184 12,710 12,254 11,814 11,389 10,980 10,586 10,206 9,839 9,486 9,145 8,817 8,500 40,747 39,066 37,454 35,909 34,428 33,008 80 81 82 83 MHS 42,500 2050 of 2006: 123.9% 186.9% to 0.93 of 1990 33,008 95.875% 4.125% reduction/year 2007-2012 2006 above 1990: 19.74% 2,902,190 HersheySumSep08.xls 3,460,742 46,650 47,459 48,269 49,078 49,887 50,697 51,506 52,316 53,125 53,934 54,744 55,553 56,870 56,687 52,437 40,319 1,569,661 877,654 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 42,500 95.87% 95.87% 95.87% 95.87% 95.87% 95.87% 42,646 42,793 42,940 43,088 43,236 43,385 to 0.93 of 1990 43,385 100.344% -0.344% reduction/year 2007-2012 2006 below 1990: -8.90% 20.0% 1990-2012 Cumulative tons CO2e, 1990-2050: Year 1990-2012 1,120,118 2006 100.34% 100.34% 100.34% 100.34% 100.34% 100.34% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 AU Scenarios Cell: AI12 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS has indexed actual MHS emissions for 2006 to the IPCC B1 scenario, which is characterized as a slower growth scenario than its A1 high-fossil-fuel growth scenario. CMS uses B1’s estimates of fossil fossil combustion plus industrial carbon plus net forest carbon plus methane plus nitrous oxide emissions, in which 2050 emissions are 24 percent higher than in 2006 (and 48 percent higher than 1990 emissions. (Note: THe B1 scenario for fossil carbon and industrial carbon emissions rise steeper than the whole basket of sources and sinks, rising 49 percent above 2006 by 2050.) The B1 scenario declines globally after 2050. This B1 emissions scenario was downloaded from Columbia University’s CIESIN website 9Aug06. The scenario estimates future emissions by decades; CMS has interpolated between ten-year periods. Cell: AK12 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS has indexed actual MHS emissions for 2006 to the IPCC A1 scenario, which is characterized as a higher growth scenario than its B1 moderate-fossil-fuel growth scenario. This B1 emissions scenario was downloaded from Columbia University’s CIESIN website 9Aug06. The scenario estimates future emissions by decades; CMS has interpolated between ten-year periods. Cell: AM12 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses IPCC’s results for its B1 scenario, indexed to actual MHS emissions in 2006, for the period from 1990 to 2005, then a gradual decline to the 2050 emission target to reduce emissions by 80 percent below 2006 by 2050. Cell: AO12 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS here assumes that Hershey’s emissions in 1990 follows the path of IPCC’s moderate-growth B1 scenario, indexed to MHS actual emissions in 2006. Then CMS models the emissions in 2012 if the Hershey School embraced the Kyoto Protocol target that the U.S. adopted at Kyoto in 1997: total U.S. emissions seven percent lower in 2012 than in 1990. Starting from modeled 1990 emissions at MHS of 35,492 tons CO2e, and 2006 emissions of 42,500 tons CO2e, then MHS’s target for 2012 is 33,008 tons CO2e. The annual emission reduction rate is therefore 4.125 percent per year 2007-2012. Cell: AQ12 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS developed a scenario for MHS emissions back to 1990 based on several partial factors, such as: # student population, for which we have data back to 1990, at 1,083 students, and 1,509 students in 2006; # actual consumption of electricity and natural gas, but we only have data for 2001-2006, which suggests declining energy use and thus emissions; # electricity, natural gas, and resulting emissions per student per year. CMS had assumed that MHS emissions have probably risen since 1990, considering the new buildings and added services, additional student population, presumably also a larger faculty and administrative staffs. But the scant data we do have -- actual gas and electricity consumption -- does not support this view. Hence, CMS has developed a scenario in which MHS emissions were higher in 1990 (by 10 percent) than in 2006, with an upward trend peaking 2002, then declining to our inventory result of 42,500 tons CO2e in 2006. Since electricity and natural gas comprise 78 percent of total MHS emissions in 2006, it is reasonable to index past (and future) emissions to building energy use. We used actual energy data for 2001-2006, calculated tons CO2e per student for those years, then assumed a gradual increase in emissions per student from 1990 to 2000. CMS considers this scenario a high estimate of 1990-2000 emissions, but in truth is not made with a high degree of confidence (we simply don’t have data either way). Still, CMS posits this scenario as the high range compared to the much lower estimate based on IPCC’s B1 scenario on which the other Kyoto emission path is based. CMS then modeled emissions redutions required to meet the Kyoto target of seven percent below 1990 by 2012 as follows: 1990 emissions of 46,650 tons CO2e, 42,500 tons CO2e in 2006, then emissions must “decline” to 43,385 tons CO2e by 2012. Since the 1990 emissions are higher than 2006 by 9.8 percent, and the goal is a 7.0 percent reduction, the Milton Hershey School is “permitted” to slightly increase its emissions over the period between 2007 and 2012. Cell: D13 Comment: Rick Heede: James McMahon, MHS, mcmahonj@mhs-pa.org, 22Jun08: “I can help you with the question of student population. Because the number fluctuates from month to month, Dr. Brechbill made an independent decision to considered the figure from October of each year to be indicative of the enrollment for that year since it was well into the start of the academic year. For purposes of our School Chronology, we have continued that tradition.” Data below. HersheySumSep08.xls Scenarios Cell: F13 Comment: Rick Heede: MHS electricity consumption data for FY 2001-2002 to FY 2006-2007 from Michal Ptak, PSU Dept of Engineering, Jul08. Cell: K13 Comment: Rick Heede: MHS natural gas consumption data for FY 2001-2002 to FY 2006-2007 from Michal Ptak, PSU Dept of Engineering, Jul08. Cell: U13 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS developed a scenario for MHS emissions back to 1990 based on several partial factors, such as: # student population, for which we have data back to 1990, at 1,083 students, and 1,509 students in 2006; # actual consumption of electricity and natural gas, but we only have data for 2001-2006, which suggests declining energy use and thus emissions; # electricity, natural gas, and resulting emissions per student per year. CMS had assumed that MHS emissions have probably risen since 1990, considering the new buildings and added services, additional student population, presumably also a larger faculty and administrative staffs. But the scant data we do have -- actual gas and electricity consumption -- does not support this view. Hence, CMS has developed a scenario in which MHS emissions were higher in 1990 (by 10 percent) than in 2006, with an upward trend peaking 2002, then declining to our inventory result of 42,500 tons CO2e in 2006. Since electricity and natural gas comprise 78 percent of total MHS emissions in 2006, it is reasonable to index past (and future) emissions to building energy use. We used actual energy data for 2001-2006, calculated tons CO2e per student for those years, then assumed a gradual increase in emissions per student from 1990 to 2000. Cell: R18 Comment: Rick Heede: Since CO2e per student (electricity plus natural gas emissions only) is known for 2001-2006, CMS assumes that emissions per increased by 0.4 tons CO2e per student per year from 1990 to 2000. CMS has no data to base this upon, other than relatively stable student population. Cell: AM18 Comment: Rick Heede: CMS uses the estimated emissions for MHS generated by multiplying the B1 scenario indexed to MHS actual emissions in 2006. HersheySumSep08.xls Notes MHS emissions by Gas A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q 1 Milton Hershey School emissions by greenhouse gas, FY2007 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 Snowmass, Colorado File Started: 21 July 2008 Last Modified: 6 September 2008 8 9 10 11 12 13 Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous Halocarbons Radiative forcing Total Non-CO2 tons CO2 tons CO2e tons CO2e tons CO2e tons CO2e tons CO2e Percent Emissions source 14 15 16 17 Electricity (PPL) 19,199 634 - 19,833 3.2% 18 19 Natural Gas (UGI GasMark & Center Point) 10,340 1,468 - 11,808 12.4% 20 21 Propane 325 17 - 342 5.0% 22 23 Heating oil 953 - 953 0.0% 24 25 Refrigerant leakage: fridges, appliances, chillers 736 736 100.0% 26 27 Refrigerant leakage: vehicle ACs 225 225 100.0% 28 29 Diesel fuel 409 0.0% 30 31 Gasoline 1,845 1,845 0.0% 32 33 Staff & Faculty commuting 3,232 3,232 0.0% 34 35 Air travel 159 - 300 47.1% 36 37 Selected food & drink: beef, chicken, & milk 977 195 49 1,221 20.0% 38 39 Livestock: CH4 & N2O 607 45 652 100.0% 40 41 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste (MHS) 610 610 0.0% 42 43 Hershey water treatment plant, attributed to MHS 76 76 0.0% 44 45 Wastewater treatment plant 250 250 0.0% 46 47 Campus ballfields and turf areas 8 100.0% 48 49 50 51 52 409 - - - 141 8 Total of all sources, tons CO2e 38,375 2,921 Percent, by GHG gas 90.29% 6.87% 102 961 141 42,500 9.71% 0.24% 2.26% 0.33% 100.00% 9.71% HersheySumSep08.xls Notes Campus indicators A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 1 2 Comparing academic institutions’ emissions indicators 3 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 University and college inventories vary greatly in scope. Milton Hershey School and Oberlin College inventories -- both conducted by CMS -- are comprehensive in scope (including, for example, commuting and air travel, halocarbons, wastewater, fertilizers, and methane sources). PennState’s and Yale’s are also comprehensive. Princeton’s, in contrast, only includes campus energy and fuel used in university-owned vehicles. Such variables make a fair comparison between academic institutions impossible. The results below should be considered merely indicative in lieu of comprehensive comparisons. General sources: American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment has 558 signatories from college and university presidents who have committed to zero net emissions of greenhouse gases, www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education website has links to ~40 campus inventories: www.aashe.org/resources/ghg_inventories.php Snowmass, Colorado File Started: 16 July 2008 Last Modified: 6 September 2008 Comparing emissions, floor area, student populations, and performance indicators of selected academic institutions 15 16 17 Inventory Emissions Student pop. Conditioned area Emissions/student Emissions/sf-yr 18 19 year tons CO2e/yr # sf tons CO2e/st-yr lb CO2e/sf-yr 20 21 Milton Hershey School 22 23 Yale University 24 25 2006/2007 Notes on emissions targets 42,500 1,509 3,951,971 28.2 21.5 2005 313,748 11,244 12,630,455 27.9 49.7 U.S. 2006 7,800,000,000 298,444,200 337,190,000,000 26.1 26 27 Princeton 2007 145,452 6,773 8,757,811 21.5 33.2 CO2 to 1990 levels by 2020, no offsets 28 29 Oberlin College 2001 50,417 2,905 2,168,407 17.4 46.5 climate neutral by 2020 30 31 Penn State University 2004 450,104 37,779 14,653,000 11.9 61.4 32 33 Tufts University 2000 71,881 8,157 3,885,459 8.8 37.0 7 percent below 1990 by 2012 34 35 University of Colorado 126,757 25,109 9,061,000 5.0 28.0 7 percent below 1990 by 2010 36 37 Lewis & Clark ~2000 12,338 3,055 987,000 4.0 25.0 38 39 Tulane 2000 38,566 10,123 3,299,000 3.8 23.4 40 Berkshire School 2007 4,409 372 1999/2000 /cap 14.7 11.9 na 41 42 43 Emissions in U.S. residential and commercial buildings 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Residential 51 52 Commercial 53 54 55 Total or average Floor area Emissions Emissions Emission rate # of households Emission/household million SF million tonnes CO2 million tons CO2 lb CO2/sf-yr millions tons CO2/yr 265,530 1,204 1,327 10.00 71,660 1,045 1,152 32.16 337,190 2,249 2,480 14.71 HersheySumSep08.xls 111.1 na 11.9 TBA lb CO2/sf-yr (average U.S. residential & commercial buildings) Q Campus indicators Cell: B22 Comment: Rick Heede: Buttazzoni, Marco, Kathleen Campbell, Brandon Carter, Seth Dunn, Trish Eyler, Woon Kwong Liew, Elizabeth Martin, Nalin Sahni, & Kate Zyla (2005) Inventory and Analysis of Yale University’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions, The Yale Climate Initiative,, 110 pp., http://environment.yale.edu/documents/downloads/v-z/wp_7_yale_ghg.pdf page 22: “12,630,455 ft2 of floor area”; p 64: 11,244 students. Cell: K22 Comment: Rick Heede: Gloria, Thomas (2001), Tufts University’s Green House Gas Emissions Inventory for 1990 and 1998, Tufts Institute for the Environment, Medford MA, January 2001. Tufts University Greenhouse Gas Inventory (2006) Tufts Emissions Inventory Update for 2005, Tufts Climate Initiative, shows emissions increased to 24,252 tonnesCe (= 98,030 tons CO2e). CMS does not have updated building area and enrollment data, and thus calculates indicators on the 2000 data. Cell: B24 Comment: Rick Heede: U.S. 2006 emissions: 7,800 million tons carbon dioxide-eq (7,076 MtCO2e); EIA (2007) Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 2006, www.eia.doe.gov; U.S. 2006 pop: 298.4 million; ® 26.13 tons CO2e/capita (26.58 tons CO2e 2005). This works out to 26.1 tons CO2e per capita. But let’s take a look at total sf in res and coml buildings: 71.66 and 265.53 billion square feet. Ignoring industrial buildings, resl and coml buildings total 337.19 billion sf. See calculations below. Cell: B26 Comment: Rick Heede: Princeton University (2006) Princeton University Report for FY 2007 to New Jersey Higher Education Partnership for Sustainability Ted Borer, PU Energy Plant Manager, 2 pp. NJHEPS requests and uses data on total student FTE plus total faculty and staff FTE as an emissions indicator. CMS uses student population only, and googled Princeton student enrollment of undergrads and grads at 6,773 for 2006. 25Jul08: Borer sent background worksheet for FY2007, which (unlike theiir NJHEPS rpt), calculates emissions per gross floor area, not “conditioned space” (85 percent of gross). FY 2006: 138,952 tons (32.9 lb CO2/gsf-yr), FY 1990: 121,005 tons (36.5 lb CO2/gsf-yr). FY 2007: 145,452 tons CO2 (33.2 lb CO2/gsf-yr). CMS uses the FY 2007 data. Cell: J26 Comment: Rick Heede: Princeton gross floor area. Princeton estimates 85 percent of gross area is conditioned space for the NJHEPS report. Cell: P26 Comment: Rick Heede: The Princeton University Sustainability Plan (2008), p. 3: Goal: “Decrease campus carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. This goal is fully in alignment with the State of New Jersey’s energy master plan and is both principled and ambitious. First, Princeton aspires to achieve the reduction to 1990 emissions levels through activities on our campus rather than through off-campus “offsets.” Second, we propose to achieve this goal after having added approximately 1.5 million square feet to the campus since 1990 and even as we now add approximately 2 million gross square feet of new construction over the next ten years. Finally, our emissions goal has an end date of 2020. We have not set an additional goal for 2050. Given the likelihood that unforeseen technologies will emerge over the next 20 years that will have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emission, and with this new information, our successors will be able to determine a new goal that continues our aggressive approach to a sustainable future.” Cell: B28 Comment: Rick Heede: Oberlin College’s enrollment was 2,905 in academic year 2000-2001. Its building floor area totaled 2,168,407 square feet, not counting the 138,677 square foot Kettering Science Center then under construction. Heede & Swisher (2002) Oberlin College: Climate Neutral by 2020. Cell: F30 Comment: Rick Heede: Lachmann, Stephen Frederick (1999), A Greenhouse Gas Inventory of the University Park Campus of the Pennsylvania State University, Geography MS thesis, August 1999. CO2e per square foot is calculated by including total campus greenhouse gas emissions and converting to CO2e emissions per square foot. Pennsylvania State University Physical Plant Website. http://www.opp.psu.edu/fact/fact.htm 5Jul01. MacDonald, Michael (2000), Higher Education Energy Performance Indicators 1997-98, Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers: http://eber.ed.ornl.gov/commercialproducts/CCAS9798.htm. PennState is listed as having 37,779 students and 14.653 million sq. ft. Steuer, Christopher John (2004) estimates total emissions of 408,332 tonnes CO2e (450,104 tons CO2e) in 1999. CMS uses this datum and the previous building area and student enrollment figures. Cell: B34 Comment: Rick Heede: Based on CU’s limited GHG inventory (buildings and campus vehicles only): 34,567 tons C (=126,757 tons CO2). APPA survey: CU has 25,109 students and 9.061 million sqft = 10,097 lbs CO2/student-yr, and 28.0 lbs CO2/sf-yr. Cell: B36 Comment: Rick Heede: HersheySumSep08.xls Campus indicators Lewis & Clark College enrollment 1999-2000 totalled 3,055 students (undergraduate A&S, Grad School, and Law School). www.lclark.edu/generałglanc/. L&CC’s building floor area total 987,000 sq. ft. and 3,200 students, according to the listing in MacDonald, Michael (2000), Higher Education Energy Performance Indicators 1997-98, Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers. Cell: B38 Comment: Rick Heede: Davey, Elizabeth, and Shelley Kahler (2001), Tulane University Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2000. www.tulane.edu/~eaffairs/energy.html. Email from Davey: Prelim inventory for Uptown campus only shows 34,987 metric tonnes of CO2 (= 38,566 tons CO2); Uptown students = 10,123; Uptown building area = 3.299 million sq. ft. Cell: B40 Comment: Rick Heede: Berkshire School emissions inventory (sum chart only): www.bsn.net/home/content.asp?id=401&zZsec=about%20berkshire&mid=401&mSec=about%20berkshire. Contact: Frank Barros fbarros@berkshireschool.org. CMS did not inquire about total conditioned floor area. “Home to 372 students” from website. Located in Sheffield, MA HersheySumSep08.xls Notes Building energy data A B C D E F G H I J K L M 1 Milton Hershey School Emissions Inventory: building energy data 2 Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Snowmass, Colorado File Started: 1 May 2008 Last Modified: 2 May 2008 Electricity Site Utilities Town Center * Student Housing Staff Housing Supply Center Central Operations Campus Buildings * Includes Memorial Hall 23 24 25 26 Total, electricity 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Natural Gas Town Center * Housing (specific meter) Supply Center Central Operations Campus Buildings (all remaining) ** * Includes Memorial Hall and Hershey Field Floor area Data supplied by: Steve Myers Manager, Utility Ops 717-520-3424 myerss@msh-pa.org Electricity Electricity rate Emissions Emissions rate Cost Cost rate End use Btu Primary Btu End use Btu rate Sq. Ft. sf n/a 959,822 1,347,619 30,189 90,935 92,362 1,431,044 kWh usage kWh/sf-yr CO2e per sf-yr lb CO2e/sf-yr $ $ per sf-yr Million btu Million btu Btu per sf-yr 1,331,191 12,290,400 9,610,462 320,992 1,458,600 1,683,200 4,533,921 CO2 & methane tons CO2e 845 7,806 6,104 204 926 1,069 2,879 3,951,971 31,228,766 19,833 Floor area Natural gas Natural gas rate Sq. Ft. Thousand cf (Mcf) cf/sf-yr sf 989,655 72,365 73.12 794,729 44,980 56.60 90,935 6,523 71.73 130,383 4,275 32.79 1,762,856 44,128 25.03 ** Excludes Old Senior Hall and buildings on propane or oil 3,768,558 172271 45.71 Emissions 16.26 9.06 13.51 20.37 23.15 4.02 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 142,323 928,769 842,012 28,803 118,233 137,042 382,546 $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.97 0.62 0.95 1.30 1.48 0.27 4,545 41,959 32,810 1,096 4,980 5,746 15,479 13,578 125,362 98,027 3,274 14,878 17,169 46,246 10.04 $ 2,579,728 $ 0.65 106,615 318,533 Emissions rate 26,978 Cost Cost rate End use Btu Primary Btu End use Btu rate $ $ per sf-yr Million btu Million btu Btu per sf-yr CO2 & methane tons CO2e 4,960 3,083 447 293 3,025 CO2e per sf-yr lb CO2e/sf-yr 10.02 7.76 9.83 4.49 3.43 $ $ $ $ $ 1,147,379 713,178 103,425 67,782 699,669 $ $ $ $ $ 1.16 0.90 1.14 0.52 0.40 74,319 46,194 6,699 4,390 45,319 85,467 53,124 7,704 5,049 52,117 11,808 6.27 $ 2,731,432 $ 0.72 176,922 203,461 15% upstream adder 36 37 38 39 Total, natural gas 46,947 40 41 42 43 Propane 44 45 46 47 Total, propane not known 48 49 50 51 Heating Oil Floor area Heating oil Heating oil rate Emissions Emissions rate Cost Cost rate End use Btu Primary Btu End use Btu rate Sq. Ft. sf Gallons Gallons/sf-yr CO2 & methane tons CO2e CO2e per sf-yr lb CO2e/sf-yr $ $ per sf-yr Million btu Million btu Btu per sf-yr 52 53 54 55 Total, heating oil not known 56 57 58 59 All Energy Floor area All energy Energy rate Emissions Emissions rate Cost Cost rate End use Btu Primary Btu End use Btu rate Sq. Ft. sf Million btu Btu per sf-yr CO2 & methane tons CO2e CO2e per sf-yr lb CO2e/sf-yr $ $ per sf-yr Million btu Million btu Btu per sf-yr 60 61 62 Total, all energy Floor area Propane Propane rate Emissions Emissions rate Cost Cost rate End use Btu Primary Btu End use Btu rate Sq. Ft. sf Gallons Gallons/sf-yr CO2 & methane tons CO2e CO2e per sf-yr lb CO2e/sf-yr $ $ per sf-yr Million btu Million btu Btu per sf-yr 3,951,971 51,285 85,188 na na na na 342 953 na $ na 32,937 HersheySumSep08.xls 15% upstream adder na 4,695 5,399 na 20% upstream adder $ 16.67 67,155 166,454 na 11,816 14,179 na 15% upstream adder $ 5,544,769 $ 1.40 300,048 541,572 75,924 Notes
