Reference Tables
Metric System Prefixes and Relationships
Abbreviations of Some Units
of Measurement
acre
centigram
centiliter
centimeter
cubic centimeter
decigram
deciliter
decimeter
dekagram
dekaliter
dekameter
foot
gallon
gram
hectare
hectogram
hectoliter
hectometer
A
cg
cl
cm
cc
dg
dl
dm
dkg
dkl
dkm
ft
gal
g
ha
hg
hl
hm
inch
kilogram
kiloliter
kilometer
liter
meter
mile
milligram
milliliter
millimeter
nanometer
ounce
parts per million
pound
tablespoon
teaspoon
yard
Prefix
in
kg
kl
km
l
m
mi
mg
ml
mm
nm
oz
ppm
lb
tbsp
tsp
yd
Meaning
Decimal
kilo-
one thousand
1000.
hecto-
one hundred
100.
deka-
ten
10.
…
one
Power
of 10
Fraction
103
1,000
1
102
100
1
1.
10
1
101
1
10
10-1
…
deci-
one-tenth
0.1
centi-
one-hundredth
0.01
milli-
one-thousandth
0.001
…
1
100
10-2
1
1,000,000
10-6
1
1,000,000,000,000
10-12
10-3
1
1,000
micro- one-millionth
0.000001
nano-
one-billionth
0.000000001
pico-
one-trillionth
0.000000000001
1
1,000,000,000
10-9
Weight of Powder Required to Prepare a Given Amount of Spray Mixture at a Given Dosage
Recommended
Dosage/100 gal
lb
oz
g
0.25
0.5
4
4
24
681
12
136
224
2270
40
2
32
3
5
2
227
16
4
113
8
1
1.5
oz
48
64
80
50 gal
454
908
1816
Weight of Powder Required to Prepare Spray Mixture
20 gal
10 gal
5 gal
oz
g
oz
g
oz
g
g
56
23
3.2
91
1.6
340
4.8
8
227
16
454
32
0.8
113
681
908
1135
6.4
9.6
12.8
16
0.4
11
0.2
45
45
0.8
23
136
2.4
68
182
272
363
454
1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8
136
1
0.8
23
0.16
5
1.6
45
2.4
3.2
227
g
0.04
1.2
182
1 gal
6
0.4
91
oz
4
11
0.08
34
0.24
0.32
68
0.48
91
0.64
113
0.8
2
7
9
14
18
23
Volume of Liquid Required to Prepare a Given Amount of Spray Mixture at a Given Dilution
Dilution
of Spray
Required
Recommended
Dosage/100 gal
cup
pint
quart
50 gal
pint
cc
1:3200
0.5
0.125
1:1600
1:800
1:400
1:200
1
2
4
2
0.25
0.5
1
0.25
0.5
1
4
2
2
32
16
8
8
16
1:25
64
7-6
0.5
1
0.12
8
1:100
1:50
0.25
8
32
4
16
59.15
118.3
Volume of Liquid Required to Prepare Spray Mixture
20 gal
10 gal
5 gal
1 gal
pint
cc
cc
tsp
cc
tsp
cc
tsp
0.05
0.1
236.6
0.2
946.4
3785.6
473.2
4
1892.8
16
7571.2
23.7
47.7
11.8
23.7
94.6
47.3
0.8
378.6
189.3
3.2
1514.2
757.2
0.4
1.6
6.4
189.3
757.1
3028.5
94.6
378.6
1514.2
2.4
4.8
9.6
5.9
11.9
23.7
19.2
47.3
76.6
189.3
38.3
153.2
306.4
1.2
2.4
4.8
9.6
1.18
2.37
4.73
9.46
94.6
19.2
18.93
378.6
76.6
75.71
38.3
757.1 153.7
37.86
151.42
0.2
0.5
1
1.9
3.8
7.7
15.3
30.6
2015 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook
Reference Tables—continued
Constants and Conversions
Used in Spray Applications
Use the following formula, sometimes called the criss-cross
dilution method, to dilute concentrate material to a given degree.
Let:
A = percentage strength of solution to be diluted
B = percentage strength of solution used for diluting
(water = zero)
W = percentage strength desired
X = W minus B
Y = A minus W
The formula is:
W = X parts of A + Y parts of B
Example 1
A surface disinfectant concentrate contains 89% active ingredient,
but the recommendation for a particular use is for a 30% solution.
W = 30 and B = 0;
thus X (which is W – B) = 30 parts of the concentrate
and
A = 89 and W = 30;
thus Y (which is A – W) = 59 parts of the dilutant
Spray Concentration Conversions
oz/100 gal
0.66
1
1.33
2 (0.125 lb)
2.66
3.33
4 (0.25 lb)
5.33
6.66
8 (0.5 lb)
9.33
10.66
12 (0.75 lb)
13.33
16 (1 lb)
20 (1.25 lb)
24 (1.5 lb)
ppm
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,200
1,500
1,800
% Solution
0.005
0.0075
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.12
0.15
0.18
g/100 l
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
180
Answer: Mix 30 parts of concentrate with 59 parts of dilutant.
Example 2
A grower has some soil drench containing 27% active ingredient
and some concentrate containing 93%. The need at the moment,
however, is for a 45% solution.
W = 45 and B = 27;
thus X (W – B) = 18 parts of the 93% concentrate
and
A = 93 and W = 45;
thus Y (A – W) = 48 parts of the 27% diluted drench
Answer: Mix 18 parts of concentrate with 48 parts of dilute drench.
Approximately Equivalent Application Rates
(U.S. measures)
1 oz/sq ft
1 oz/sq yd
1 oz/100 sq ft
1 lb/100 sq ft
1 lb/1,000 sq ft
1 lb/A
5 gal/A
100 gal/A
100 gal/A
100 gal/A
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2,722.5 lb/A
302.5 lb/A
27.2 lb/A
435.6 lb/A
43.6 lb/A
0.33 oz/1,000 sq ft
1 pint/1,000 sq ft
2.5 gal/1,000 sq ft
1 quart/100 sq ft
2.5 lb/1,000 sq ft
2015 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook
Weight–Volume Conversions
1 g per
= Parts per
Million (ppm)
1,000 ml (1 liter)
10 l
100 l
1,000 l
10,000 l
100,000 l
1,000,000 l
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001 (= 1 ppb)
% Dilution
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
Conversion Rates for Small Areas
Rate/A
Rate/1,000 sq ft
Liquid Materials
Rate/100 sq ft
1 pint
1 quart
1 gal
25 gal
50 gal
75 gal
100 gal
0.75 tbsp
1.5 tbsp
6 tbsp
4.5 pints
4.5 quarts
6.5 quarts
9 quarts
0.25 tsp
0.5 tsp
2 tsp
1 cup
1 pint
1.5 pints
1 quart
1 lb
3 lb
4 lb
5 lb
6 lb
8 lb
10 lb
100 lb
Dry Materials
2.5 tsp
2.25 tbsp
3 tbsp
0.25 cup
4.5 tbsp
6 tbsp
0.5 cup
2.25 lb
0.25 tsp
0.75 tsp
1 tsp
1.25 tsp
1.5 tsp
1.75 tsp
2 tsp
0.25 lb
7-7
Reference Tables—continued
Volume Equivalents
Measuring
Unit Used
Number of Units Needed to Fill Measure in Column 1
tbsp
cup
pint
cc
tsp
1 tsp
1 tbsp
1 fl oz
1 cup
1 pint
1 quart
1 gal
1 liter
1 ml (1 cc)
1
3
6
48
96
192
768
202.88
0.2
0.33
1
2
16
32
64
256
67.63
0.068
0.021
0.663
0.125
1
2
4
16
4.328
0.0042
0.01
0.031
0.062
0.5
1
2
8
2.164
0.0021
liter
4.9
14.8
29.6
236.6
473.2
946.3
3785.3
1000
1
0.0049
0.0148
0.0296
0.2366
0.4732
0.9463
3.7853
1
0.001
Other Equivalents
1 cm
1m
1m
1m
1m
1 in
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
1 yd
1 yd
1 yd
1 yd
1 rod
1 rod
1 rod
1 km
1 km
1 mi
1 mi
1 mi
1 mi
Linear
0.3937 in
100 cm
39.37 in
3.28 ft
1.094 yd
2.54 cm
30.48 cm
12 in
0.333 yd
36 in
3 ft
91.44 cm
9.14 m
5.029 m
5.5 yd
16.5 ft
1,000 m
0.621 mi
1.609 km
1,760 yd
5,280 ft
329 rods
1 sq cm
1 sq m
1 sq m
1 sq m
1 sq in
1 sq ft
1 sq yd
1 sq yd
1 sq yd
1 sq yd
1 ha
1 ha
1 ha
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1 sq mi
1 sq mi
Area
0.155 sq in
10,000 sq cm
10.764 sq ft
1.196 sq yd
6.451 sq cm
929.01 sq cm
8,361.3 sq cm
0.836 sq m
9 sq ft
1,296 sq in
2.471 A
10,000 sq m
107,640 sq ft
0.405 ha
4,046.8 sq m
4,840 sq yd
43,560 sq ft
160 sq rods
259.2 ha
640 A
Mass
0.0353 oz
1,000 m
0.001 kg
35.274 oz
2.2046 lb
28.349 g
453.59 g
16 oz
0.4535 kg
2,000 lb
906.8 kgrams
1g
1g
1g
1 kg
1 kg
1 oz
1 lb
1 lb
1 lb
1 ton
1 ton
Trees per Acre and Trees Passed per Minute
G.E. PAGE, Agricultural Engineering Department, OSU
Tree Spacing (ft)
Trees/A
Trees/min at
1 mph
1.5 mph
2 mph
2.5 mph
3 mph
7-8
10
12
435.2
302.5
8.8
13.2
17.6
22
26.4
7.3
11
14.6
18.3
22
16
170
5.5
8.2
11
13.7
16.5
20
25
30
35
40
108.9
69.7
48.4
35.6
27.2
4.4
6.6
8.8
11
13.2
3.5
5.3
7
8.8
10.6
2.9
4.4
5.9
7.3
8.8
2.5
3.8
5
6.3
7.5
2.2
3.3
4.4
5.5
6.6
2015 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook
Reference Tables—continued
Conversion Factors
To Change
bushels per acre
cubic centimeters
cubic centimeters
cubic inches
cubic meters
cubic yards
feet
fluid ounces
gallons per acre
grains
grams
inches
kilograms
kilometers
kilometers per hour
liters
meters
miles
miles per hour
ounces (apothecary)
ounces (avdp) per acre
ounces (avdp) per gallon
ounces (avoirdupois)
ounces (fl) per acre
ounces (fl) per gallon
pounds (apothecary)
pounds (avoirdupois)
pounds per acre
pounds per gallon
quarts
square centimeters
square inches
square meters
square yards
To
hectoliters per hectare
cubic inches
fluid ounces
cubic centimeters
cubic yards
cubic meters
meters
cubic centimeters
liters per hectare
milligrams
grains
centimeters
pounds
miles
miles per hour
quarts
inches
kilometers
kilometers per hour
grams
grams per hectare
grams per liter
grams
milliliters per hectare
milliliters per liter
kilograms
kilograms
kilograms per hectare
kilograms per liter
liters
square inches
square centimeters
square yards
square meters
Multiply by
0.87077
0.061
0.034
16.387
1.308
0.765
0.305
29.57
9.3538
64.799
15.432
2.54
2.205
0.621
0.62137
1.057
39.37
1.609
1.6093
31.103
70.054
7.4892
28.35
73.079
7.8125
0.373
0.454
1.1209
0.11983
0.946
0.155
6.452
1.196
0.836
Equivalents in Applying Soil Fumigants
Approximate Number of Row Feet/Acre
at Given Distances between Rows
Distance
between
Rows (in)
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Row
Feet
29,040
21,780
17,424
14,520
12,446
10,890
9,680
2015 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook
Percentage Solution
Percent
Dilution
or Rate
ppm
Grams/
liter
1
1:100
10,000
10
0.1
1:1,000
1,000
1
0.01
1:10,000
100
0.1
0.001
1:100,000
10
0.01
0.0001
1:1,000,000
1
0.001
1 part per million = by weight 1 milligram per kilogram, or by
volume 1 microliter per liter
1 ounce in 7,500 gallons or 1 pound in 120,000 gallons is
approximately 1 part per million by weight in water.
7-9
Reference Tables—continued
Rules of the Circle
Square
A side multiplied by 1.4142 equals the diameter of its circumscribing circle.
A side multiplied by 4.443 equals the circumference of its circumscribing circle.
A side multiplied by 1.128 equals the diameter of an equal circle.
A side multiplied by 3.547 equals the circumference of an equal circle.
Square inches multiplied by 1.273 equal circle inches of an equal circle.
To find circumference:
Multiply diameter by 3.1416
or
Divide diameter by 0.3183.
To find diameter:
Multiply circumference by 0.3183
or
Divide circumference by 3.1416.
To find the area of a circle:
Multiply circumference by one-quarter of the diameter
or
Multiply the square of the diameter by 0.7854
or
Multiply the square of the circumference by 0.07958
or
Multiply the suqare of one-half the diameter by 3.1416.
To find radius:
Multiply circumference by 0.15915
or
Divide circumference by 6.28318.
To find the side of an inscribed square:
Multiply diameter by 0.7071
or
Multiply circumference by 0.2251
or
Divide circumference by 4.4428.
To find the surface of a sphere or globe:
Multiply the diameter by the circumference
or
Multiply the square of the diameter by 3.1416
or
Multiply 4 times the square of the radius by 3.1416.
To find the side of an equal square:
Multiply diameter by 0.8862
or
Divide diameter by 1.1284
or
Multiply circumference by 0.2821
or
Divide circumference by 3.546.
Temperature Conversions and Equivalents
°F
°C
°F
°C
0
-17.78
80
26.67
10
-12.22
86
30
14
-10
90
32.22
20
-6.67
100
37.78
30
-1.11
104
40
32
0
110
43.33
40
4.44
120
48.89
50
10
122
50
60
15.56
130
54.44
68
20
140
60
70
21.11
150
65.56
To change degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius:
(Fahrenheit – 32) x 0.555.
Example: 86°F – 32 = 54 x 0.555 = 30°C.
°F
158
160
170
176
180
190
194
200
210
212
°C
70
71.11
76.67
80
82.22
87.78
90
93.33
98.89
100
Rate of Travel
Time to Travel
200 ft
(sec)
136
91
68
55
46
39
34
30
27
7-10
Travel Rate
(mi/hr)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Time to Travel
100 m
(sec)
360
240
180
144
120
103
90
80
72
Travel Rate
(km/hr)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
2015 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook