Shays's Rebellion Timeline
Date
November 1785
Event
I Massachusetts General Court rejects proposa1 for paper money by 93-23
margin & a few days later rejects proposed tender law by 89-35 vote.
Government insists on paying off war bonds at par (100%)
Taxes increased to do so; taxes p1imarily on realty (land) (2/3) rather than
personalty (wealth) (1/3)- call for payment in specie
May 1786
Massachusetts legislature meets at Boston
51% of western towns send delegates
72% of eastern towns send delegates
Property qualifications for holding office increased
Property qualifications for voting decreased
(Note: During 1780s both the speakers ofthe House and Senate and the Governor were frbm the eastern commercial class)
Summer 1786
Farmers hold county conventions to petition government. Among their grievances:
(1) Revise tax system to help poor-shift burden
from land to wealth
(2) Cut taxes
(3) Reduce salaries of state -officials
(4) Institute stay laws (moratorium) on payment
of debts
(5) Issue paper money & make it legal tender
(6) Accept payment in kind (i.e., farm goods
rather than specie)
(7) Court and lawyer fees too high
(8) State capital should be moved inland so rural areas could afford to
send delegates and government no longer under control of Eastern
commercial elite
(
August 29, 1786 11,500 farmers (Regulators) prevent meeting of the Court of Common Pleas at
Northampton
September 5
1
300 farmers prevent debtor court from convening in. Worcester under Jtldge
Artemus Ward, Revolutionary hero who had commanded at Bunker Hill
Government calls out Worcester Militia, but militiamen refuse to fight
against the Regulators
Sept. 20
200 militants in New Hampshire surround state bouse & hold governor &
assembly prisoners for over 5 hours
(
1
Shays's Rebellion Timelin·e
.)
September 25-29
..
Sept. 28
September 30
1,500 Regulators occupy courthouse in Svringfield-. Daniel Shays from
Pelham emerges as one of the leaders of the. rebellion-39 years oldRevolutionary War veteran who had fought at Lexington, Bunker Hill, Ticonderoga, Saratoga and Stony Point . . .
Convention of"embattled fanners" from 41 towns in Worcester·County join
together ~ draw up petition enumerating distress of "good people" of the
county. Call for a convention to draft a new state .constitution that would
provide machinery for the relief of debtors & a reform of the financial practices of th~ state.
200 farmers close ;Berkshire County Court
!50 farmers close Taunton County Court
Farmers believe that by not allowing court to be held they c<?uld prevent loss
of their f~ms through foreclosure
October, 1786
Things quiet in Massachusetts, as farmers harvest their co!n
2,000 volunteers from urban areas protect Cambridge from Regulators
Protests spread t.o Vermont & Connecticut
Confederation Congress, fearing insurre~tion, votes to establish a national
army ·and requests $530,000 from the states to do so. Every state, with exception of Virginia, rejected the requisition I .
October 24
Massachusetts legislature passes repressive mea~ures ~gainst the rebels
Militia Act- declares rebels (Regulators) in a state of war
Riot Act_:_(}eclares 12 men or more gathered with guns as committing treason
-
I
I
November 1786
November 10 .
November 16
President of Congress sends letter to Prince Henry of Prussia asking if he
would be interested in being King of America. Offer refused.
{ A/gf" 11 Ct~NRtz t¥1 1::-/J L,erblv')
·
·
Massachusetts suspends Habeas Corpus
I
Massachusetts passes Sedition Act (unlawful to spread false reports against
.the government or officials
I
Also pass Indemnity Act, pardoning all participants if they agree to take ~ath
of allegiance
November21
15 0 fanners prevent seating of Court of Common Appeals in Worcester
Nov-Dec
Government initiates private raids against Regulator lea~ers
ji
(_-..
By end of year, an uprising involving almost 9,000 militants (about onequarter of all "fighting men" in rural areas, had surfaced in every New England state, except .Rhode Island (the only New England state to issue paper
money & pass a tender law in 1786-referred to as "Rogue Island"
2
.
.
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....<::::'-
~a.m..c
Date
I .Type of DQcumcn_t · I
~
Point of View.
J
Abigail Adams, writing to Jefferson
With regard to the tumults in my native
state which you inquire about, I wish I could
say that report had exaggerated them. It is
too true Sir, that they have been carried to so
alarming a height as to stop the courts of justice in several counties. Ignorant, restless
desperados, without conscience or principles,
have ied a deluded multitude to follow their
standard, under pretense of grievances which
have no existence but in their imaginations.
Some of them were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property. Some were for annihilating all debts,
others complaining that the Senate was a useless bran ch of government, that the court of
common pleas was unnecessary, and that the
sitting of the General Court in Boston was a
grievance. By this list you will' see the materials which compose this rebellion, and the J;lecessity there is of the wisest and most vigorous
measures to quell and suppress it. Instead of
that laudable spirit which you approve, which
makes a people watchful over their liberties
and alert in the defense of them, these mobbish insurgents are for sapping the foundation ,
and destroying the whole fabric at once.
But as these people make up only a small
part of the state, when compared to the more
sensible and judkious . . . I cannot help
fl attering myself that they will prove salutary
to the state at large, by leading to an investigation of the causes which have produced these
commotions. Luxury and extravagance both
in furniture and dress had pervaded all orders
. . . and was hastening fast to sap their independence by involving every class of citizens
in distress, and accumulating debts upon them
which they were unable to discharge. . . .
Viewpoints: USA. Bernard Feder, ed. (New York: American Book Company, 1972), p. 44.
..
Jefferson writing to Madison, January 30, 1787
I am impatient to learn your sentiments on
the late troubles in the Eastern states. So far
as I have seen, they do not appear to threaten
serious consequences. Those states have suffered by the stoppage of the channels of tl1eir
commerce ... this must render money scarce
and make the people uneasy. This uneasiness
has produced acts absolutely unjustifiable: but
I hope they will provoke no severities from
their governments . . . [Those in power]
may conclude too hastily tl1at nature has
formed man insusceptible of any other government but that of force, a conclusion not
founded in truth, nor experience . . . Malo
periculosam libertatem quam quietam servitutem. [I prefer perilous liberty to quiet servitude.] Even tl1is evil is productive of good.
It prevents a degeneracy of government and
nourishes a general attention to tl1e public a£-·
fairs. I hold it that a little rebellion now and
then is a good thing, and as necessary in the
political world as storms in the physical . . .
It is a medicine necessary for tlle sound health
of government . . .
Letter to Madison, January 30, 1787 .
Jefferson, Papers, XI, 92-93.
Jefferson writing to WilliamS. Smith, November 13,1787
God forbid we should ever be 2 o years
without such a rebellion . . . What country
can preserve its liberties, if their rulers are not
warned from time to time that this people
preserve the spirit of resistance? .Let tllem
take arms ! . . . What signify a few lives lost
in a century or two? The tree of liberty must
be refresh ed from time to time with the blood
of patriots and t)'rants.
Letter to William S. Smith, November
1787. Jefferson, Papers, XII, 356.
1 3,
Viewpoints: USA. Bernard Feder, ed. (New York: American Book Company, 1972), p. 45.
.
'1i "
Sh~ys's
"
Rebellion
Leher.from Thomas Jefferson to Edward Carrington, January,.l787:
The tumult in America [Shays's Rebellion], I expected would have produced
in .Europe an unfavorable opinion of our political state. But 'it ·has not. On the contrary, the small effect of those tumults seems to have given more confidence in the
· firmness of our governments. The interposition of the people themselves on the
side of the government has had a great effec~ on the opinic>'n over here. I am persuaded myself that the good sense of the people wili always be found to be the best
army. They may be led. astray for a moment but will soon correct themselves~ The
people are the only censors of their governors; and even their errors will tend to ,
keep these .(the governors·or officeholders] to the true principles of their institution.
To punish. these errors too severely wouldJ>e to suppress the the only saf~guard of
the public liberty. The way to prevent these [reb~llions] .. . of the people is t9 give
them full information. . . ~ The basis of our government being the opinion of the
people . . . and were it left to me to decide whethei· we should have a government
without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I shol;lld not hesitate for ·
a moment to prefer the latter.
5
Member of Congress from Virginia
3
'i
To ] anies Madison
622
b
fth
·
·
e numers o
esc: people amo~~ in Massachusetts to about one
fifth Pat:t of several populous Counti~s, and to them .may be
collected, people of similar sentiments from the States of
~ode Isla.nd, Connectic~t, &;. New Hampshire so as to cop-.
sntu~e ~ body of twelve .or fifteen thousand desperate and
unp~ctpled .qiC:?·· Th~y are chiefly of the·young & activ~ part
of the Comrnuruty.
.
· _
so
How: melancholy is P1e ~etl.ection that in so ·s hort a space
we should have mad~ such .l:l,rrrre strides· towards fulfilli · ~i. '
'
f
9
.
ng VJC
. ~re dicti~n o ?U.C tra.psatlanfic foesJ--.:."Jeave them to th~m·
se.Ives, and thetr ~overnll1ent will soon disso!ve., Will not the · .
":tse & good s~ve hard to avert this evil? Or Will their su~me.ness ~uffer rgno~ce, an.d the· arts of selfinterestcd dGs~~mg di~~cct~d & ·desperate characters,, to invoj_ve this
~smg empiie m. wretchedness & contempt? What str~nger'e_v­
Ide~ce can be. gJ.Ven of the want of energy in our governments
than these _disor~ers? If there exists not a power to . chec~
_them, what secunty has a man of life; libc;rty, or property? To
you,. I am sure I need not add . aught _on this -subject, thi:
c?nsequences of a Ja,x, or inefficient_governrrien't , are too ob·
· VIous to be dwelt on.: T~irteen Sovereignties pulling again~t
· ea~h o~er, and all , tuggmg at the fo:deral head, will sooJt
b~S: rum on th~ whole; whereas a liberal, and energetic Constitution, well ~ard~d B!;: closely watched, to prevent -in,
croadu~ents, zrught restore us to that degree; of respectability
· & consequence? .~o which we ~ad a fair claim, ·& the brighte~t
prospect of atta.Irung-~t!Hentiments of the sincerest esteem
· & regard I am-Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt & Mfecte ·Hblc .
· · Servt
~-~.:
/79?
.
.
is;
· Mount Vernon sth Novr 1786.
I thank you for the .cammun.ic-ations. in your letter of the
licst instt. The decision of the House on die question respecting a paper emission, is ·portentous I hope, of an auspicious
Session. It may certainly be classed among the important
questi~ns qf the present day; and merited the serious consideration of the Assembly. Fain wou,ld I hope, t;hat the great, &
most important ·of all objects-the feeder-a! go~er~~-may·
be considered with that-calm & del,i.berate attennon which the
magni~de of it loudly calls for at this critical moment. .
Let prejudices, unreasonable jealousies, and lc;>c~ ~terest ·
yield to reason and libe~ality. _L et us look to our National cha,r.. acter, and·to things beyond the·prese~t period. No Morn ever
dawned more favourable than ours did-and no day was· ever
more clouded than the present! Wisdom, & good examples
are necessary at' this time to resc~e the politic.al machine from
the impending storm. Virginia has now an opportunity to set
the latter, arid has enough of the former, ~ hope, to ·take the ·.
Je.ad in promoting -this great & arduous work. ~thout some
alteration in our political creed, the_superstructUre ?'e have
been seven years raising "at 'the expence of much blood and
treasure, must fall. We are fast verging to anarchy & confusion! A Jetter which I have just received from Genl Knox, who
had just returned from Massachusetts (whither he had been
sent by cpngress consequent of the commotion in ~at State)
is replete with melancholy information of the temper &. designs ofa considerable part-of that people. among o~er things
he says, "there creed is, that the p~operty of~~ Uruted St~t~,
has been protected from confiscation of Bntam by the JOIDt
exertions of a]l, and therefore ought to be the comm~1J prop-
-·
l'..IHUuv J.fuv
-erty of all. An~ he ~at ~ttempts opposition to ·thls creed
~ne~y to eqwty ~ JUSti.ce-, &; ought tp ~e swept from off ths
· ~ce Qf t;h_e E~th. ag3.111 "They are ·determined to anihil
all deb.ts public & private, and'liave Agrarian Laws which a.re
il effc · d b
.
,
are
e~ . Y ec~e y:the means of.unfunded paper mQnc:y which .
shall be a tender m all cases whatever., He adds · "Th
My dear Sir,
-
CONFBJ?B~'l'lU!'J
Student at Brown University i~ Rhode Island, 1786
It is agreed by all good Politicians that no form
of government was ever better calculated to
preserve the rights of mankind and make the
· subjects happy than that of Great Britain.
It joins the two extremes of Monarchy and
Democracy and forms that Glorious balance of
Power which checks Usurpation !unlawful seizure of power! and Tyranny in the throne and
equally checks the Power in the hands of the
people.
It appears evident from the nature of governm ents that Republics can flourish or answer
the end of Society only in Countries of Small
size.
We have heard much said in favor of the Glorious Liberty we have obtained by independence. But let us stop a moment and count the
Cost . Before the American Revolution England
stood in the same Relationship t o u s as a Parent
does to his child. She was hon orable amoung
the nations. Like the Lionness in the forest her
voice protected her young wherever it went.
Her Arm·she extended over these Colonies.
When our enemies invaded us She sent her veteran troops Commanded by some of the greatest Generals Europe ever boasted. They United
with Americas Sons to Drive our enemies from
our borders. With their blood they bought us
the victory! These were the most flourishing
most happy days America ever saw.
But in that fatal hour in which the Sword of
the American Revolution was drawn, this
pleasing Scene was changed. Worry and distress
sat on· every face. Fifty thousand souls fell victims to this Cruel war. Our Towns and lands
were laid waste.
Our Fathers, Brothers, and Children in thousands fell around us. Our Breavest youth in the
gay mom of Life were cut off by untimely
Death. Where ere we turned our Eyes we saw
the breathless corpse. Mourning and sorrow
Continually sounded in our Ears. To these we
must now add the flood of Luxury and vice
introduced by this unnatural war. The vices
have Corrupted our former honest simple
manners and will soon fix us down in abject
Slavery and ripen u s for heaven's severest Judgment. Add to these an immense debt foreign
and domestic.
Here then is a Sacrifice of Life, Virtue, and
property. To gain what? An imaginary Liberty!
Are we more free than we used to be? We
enjoyed under Great Britain all the Liberty
Consistent with good government. What has
since been added is but immoral behavior.
Thus we are without money, Trade, and permanent Alliances. Our repeated Attempts to
supply the Defficiency of money by a paper
Currency have destroyed our national Faith at
home and abroad.
The large size of each State together with
their Different manners and Customs fills
them with Jealousies and animosities towards
each other and prevent their giving to Congress
that Power which is absolutely necessary in aU
governments. Our public officials are more
numerous now than ever they were under the
British Administration.
Adapted from. "Oratorical Afterthoughts on American lndepen·
dence," New England Quarterly, Vlll (September, 1935), 415417,
edited by Robert E. Moody. Reprinted by permissicn of the New
EngW.nd Quarterly.
Lewis P aul Todd and Merle Curti. The American Nation: Beginnings Through
Reconstruction. (Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), pp. 568-569.
'--"'
........
A convention of delegates in Hampshire
Cozmty, Massachusetts, ad071ts a "Schedule of
Grievances," in I 786.
At a meeting of the delegates from fifty
towns in the county of Hampshire . . . the
convention from a thorough conviction of great
uneasiness . . . upon mature consideration,
deliberation and debate, were of opinion, that
many grievances and unnecessary burdens
now lying upon the people, are the source of
. . . discontent. Among which the following articles were voted as such, viz.
1st. The existence of the Senate [whose
membership was restricted to large propertyowners). ·
2d. The present mode of representation.
3d. The officers of government not being annually dependent on the representatives of the
people, in General Court assembled, for their
salaries.
4th. All the civil officers of government, not
being annualJy elected . . .
8th. The unreasonable grants made to some
of the officers of government.
12th. The present mode of taxation, as it operates unequally between the polls and estates,
and between landed and mercantile interests.
An Address to the People of the several
towns in the county of Hampshire, now at
arms.
Gentlemen,
We have thought proper to inform you of
some of the principal causes of the late risings
of the people . . .
_
r st. The present . . . mode of collecting
debts, which by reason of the great scarcit-y of
cash, will of necessity fill our gaols [jails] with
unhappy debtors . . .
3d. A suspension of the writ of Habeas Corpus, by which those persons who have stepped
forth t.o assert and maintain the rights of the
people, are .liable to oe taken and conveyed
even to the most distant part of the Commonwealth, and thereby subjected to an unjust
punishment.
4th. The unlimited power granted to Justices
of the Peace and Sheriffs, Deputy Sheriffs, and
constables, by the Riot Act . . .
Furthermore, Be assured that this body, now
at arms, despise the idea of being instigated by
British emissaries, which is so strenuously
propagated by the enemies of our liberties:
And also wish the most proper and speedy
measures may be taken, to discharge both our
foreign and domestick debt.
Per Order,
DANIEL GRAY,
George R. Minot, History of the Insurrections in M,assachusetts. Boston. W. J.
Burditt, I 8 I o, 34-37.
Chairman of the Committee
Minot, History of the Tnstp"Tections in
Massachusetts, 82.
Viewpoints: USA. Bernard Feder, ed. (New York: American Book Company, 1972), p. 43.
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In .t~.~ Backcountry .The·Massach.usetts Supreme Court sen- · ·
:, tenced S~ays to death for his part in the uprising,.
then par.
·. do ned him.in 1.788. He is shown here With Jacob. Shattuck,
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another. leader in the farmers' rebellion.
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E.XC~·LLE.NCY
JAMES BOWDOIN,
Efquire,
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C...,.._ of dJr CommoAwalth ol Malfac:lmf.etts.
A Proclamation.
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