Unit 5- States of Consciousness
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activation-information-mode model: Information that is
accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the
synthesis of dreams
Adaptive theory of sleep: Proposes that animals and humans
evolved different sleep patterns to avoid being present during
their predator's normal hunting times
agonist: drugs that mimic neurotransmitters
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alpha waves: awake but relaxed
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activation-synthesis theory: dreams are interpretations of
physiological things and have no meaning
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Altered state of consciousness: occurs when their is a shift in
the quality or pattern of your mental activity
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antagonists: drugs that block neurotransmitters
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beta waves: Very small and fast brain waves that shows a
person is wide awake and mentally active
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circadian rhythm: a daily cycle of activity observed in many
living organisms
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consciousness: the information about yourself and your
environment you are currently aware of
delta sleep/slow-wave sleep: stages 3 and 4's other names
due to the delta waves that exist during these stages
replenishes the body's chemical supplies, releasing growth
hormones in children and fortifying the immune system
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depressants: drugs that slow down body processes
examples: alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics
(tranquilizers/antianxiety drugs ex: Valium)
dissociation theory: created by Ernest Hilgard
hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily; one
part stays tuned to reality, another part to the hypnotist
effects of alcohol: slowed down reactions and judgment,
impaired motor coordination
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Ernest Hilgard: dissociation theory
examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics: LSD, peyote,
psilocybin mushrooms, marajuana
examples of opiates: morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine
examples of stimulants: caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and
nicotine
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Freud's Interpretation of Dreams: Dreams as wish fulfillment
hallucinogens/psychedelics: drugs that cause changes in
perceptions of reality, including sensory hallucinations, loss of
identity, and vivid fantasies
stay in body for a long time
effects are less predictable
hypnotic suggestibility: some people are more easily
hypnotized than others
richer fantasy life, follow directions well, and able to focus
intensely on a single task for a long period of time
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insomnia: problems getting to sleep/staying asleep at night
affects up to 10% of people
latent content: the unconscious meaning of the manifest
content
compare: manifest content
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manifest content: literal content of dreams
compare: latent content
narcolepsy: periods of intense sleepiness and falling asleep at
unpredictable and inappropriate times
affects less than 0.001% of people
night terrors: feelings of terror or dread usually affecting
children
occurs during stage 4 sleep
opiates: drugs that act as agonists for endorphins and reduce
pain and elevate mood
posthypnotic amnesia: people forget events that occurred
during hypnosis
posthypnotic suggestion: a suggestion that a hypnotized
person have a certain way after hypnosis
preconscious: information abut yourself or your environment
that you are not currently thinking about, but could be
priming: exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later
stimulus
psychoactive drugs: chemicals that change the chemistry of
the brain and induce an altered state of consciousness
rapid eye movement (REM) (paradoxical sleep): period of
intense brain activity, eyes dart back and forth, many muscles
twitch repeatedly, dreams
occurs when going from delta sleep back to stage 1 sleep
lack of REM sleep --> memory issues
more stress --> more REM sleep
REM behavior disorder: rare disorder in which the brain
mechanisms that normally inhibit the voluntary muscles
fail,allowing the person to thrash around and even act out
dreams
REM rebound: individuals deprived of REM sleep will
experience more and longer periods of REM sleep the next time
they are allowed to sleep normally
Restorative theory of sleep: sleep is necessary to the physical
health of the body
reverse tolerance: the first dose lingers in the body and
enhances the effect of the second dose although it may be
smaller
compare: tolerance
role theory: hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness;
hypnotized people are just filling out the "role" of a hypnotized
person
side effects of opiates: drowsiness, euphoria, physically
addictive because they change brain chemistry quickly
side effects of stimulants: disturbed sleep, reduced appetite,
increased anxiety, heart problems
sleep apnea: when a person stops breathing for short periods
of time during the night
- robs the person of deep sleep
- causes attention and memory problems
- treated with respiration machine
sleep paralysis: muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep
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sleep spindles: short bursts of rapid brain waves that start to appear in stage 2 sleep
somnambulism: sleep walking usually occurring in children
occurs during stage 4 sleep
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state theory: theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
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stimulants: drugs that speed up body processes
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theta waves: present during stage 1 and 2
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tolerance: a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect
compare: reverse tolerance
treatment of insomnia: treated with changes of behavior:
- reduction of caffeine/ other stimulants
- exercise at appropriate times
treatment of narcolepsy: treated with medication and changing sleep patterns (naps at certain times of the day)
unconscious: psychoanalyst idea-- some unacceptable events and feelings are repressed from conscious mind to unconscious
difficult to prove