Greater insight. Greater confidence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Further Along the Road to 4G:
An update on LTE and LTE-Advanced
Presented by: Moray Rumney, Agilent Technologies
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Wireless evolution 1990 – 2012
Confused by the term 4G?
Understanding 3GPP’s release structure
UMTS Long Term Evolution
LTE Frequency bands
Release 9 summary
Rel-10 LTE-Advanced radio features
Other key radio features in Rel-10 and beyond
Summary of Release 11
Summary of Release 12
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
2
Wireless Evolution 1990 - 2012
Technology evolution
W-LAN
Market evolution
Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates
2G
2.5G
PDC
GSM
IS-136
IS-95A
(Japan)
(Europe)
(US TDMA)
(US CDMA)
iMODE
HSCSD
802.11b
802.11a/g
IS-95B
GPRS
(US CDMA)
802.11h
3G
3.5G
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
E-GPRS
cdma2000
(FDD & TDD)
(China)
(EDGE)
(1x RTT)
HSDPA
HSUPA
EDGE
Evolution
1x EV-DO
0AB
802.11n
802.16d
(Fixed WiMAX)
WiBRO
3.9G/
4G
4G / IMTAdvanced
HSPA+ /
E-HSPA
LTE
802.16e
(R8/9 FDD & TDD)
(Mobile WiMAX)
(Korea)
LTE-Advanced
802.16m / WiMAX2
(R10 & beyond)
WirelessMAN-Advanced
802.11ac
802.11ad
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
3
ITU – The Source of the “G” in Wireless?
International Telecommunications Union
ITU-Radio Working Party 8F (now WP 5D)
International Mobile Telephony
IMT-2000 “aka 3G”
IMT-Advanced “aka 4G”
All “IMT” technologies have access to designated IMT spectrum
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
4
Confused by the Term 4G?
So You Should Be!
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• The ITU’s “3G” program was officially called IMT-2000
• The ITU’s “4G” program is officially called IMT-Advanced
• The term 3.9G was widely used to describe LTE since it was developed prior to the
ITU defining IMT-Advanced (aka 4G)
• LTE-A was intended to be 3GPP’s “official” 4G technology
• The term 4G was informally used to describe WiMAXTM (802.16e)
• More recently, some operators describe the evolution of HSPA as 4G
• The ITU initially stuck to an interpretation of 4G as being just for IMT-Advanced but
have recently stepped back from this and recently stated
-“IMT-Advanced is considered as “4G”, although it is recognized that this term, while
undefined, may also be applied to the forerunners of these technologies, LTE and WiMAX
and other evolved 3G technologies providing a substantial level of improvement in
performance.”
• In summary “4G” has lost any useful meaning so beware when using it!
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
5
Understanding 3GPP Release Structure
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• The official scope of each 3GPP release is documented at:
www.3gpp.org/releases
• Each release has dates for the three main development stages
– Stage 1: Service description from a service-user’s point of view.
– Stage 2: Logical analysis, breaking the problem down into functional elements
and the information flows amongst them across reference points between
functional entities.
– Stage 3: is the concrete implementation of the protocols appearing at physical
interfaces between physical elements onto which the functional elements have
been mapped.
• And some less formal stages
– Stage 0: Used to describe 3GPP feasibility studies (study items)
– Stage 4: Used to describe the development of test specifications
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
6
UMTS Long-Term Evolution
1999
2013
Release
Stage 3: Core
specs complete
Main feature of Release
Rel-99
March 2000
UMTS 3.84 Mcps (W-CDMA FDD & TDD)
Rel-4
March 2001
1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)
Rel-5
June 2002
HSDPA
Rel-6
March 2005
HSUPA (E-DCH)
Rel-7
Dec 2007
HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL). LTE & SAE
Feasibility Study, Edge Evolution
Rel-8
Dec 2008
LTE Work item – OFDMA air interface
SAE Work item – New IP core network
UMTS Femtocells, Dual Carrier HSDPA
Rel-9
Dec 2009
Multi-standard Radio (MSR), Dual Carrier HSUPA,
Dual Band HSDPA, SON, LTE Femtocells (HeNB)
LTE-Advanced feasibility study
Rel-10
March 2011
LTE-Advanced (4G) work item, CoMP Study
Four carrier HSDPA
Rel-11
Sept 2012
CoMP, eDL MIMO, eCA, MIMO OTA, HSUPA TxD &
64QAM MIMO, HSDPA 8C & 4x4 MIMO, MB MSR
Rel-12
March 2013 stage 1
RAN features being decided Jun 2012
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
7
LTE Timeline
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Rel-7 Feasibility study
Rel-8 Specification development
Rel-8 Test development
GCF Test validation
LSTI Proof of Concept
LSTI IODT
First GCF UE
certification
LSTI IOT
LSTI Friendly
Customer Trials
First Trial
Networks
First
Commercial
Networks
Further
Commercial
Networks
LSTI = LTE/SAE Trial Initiative GCF = Global Certification Forum
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
8
Status of LTE network launches – March 2012
Source: Global Suppliers Association report www.gsacom.com
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301operators in 95
countries investing in
deployment / trials
242 Network planned
in 81countries
57commercial FDD
networks already
launched
59 pre-commercial
trials
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
9
LTE1800 Initiative: Refarming Under-Used
GSM Spectrum
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14 Networks Launched and 36 in Deployment/Trials
Source: Global Suppliers Association
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
10
TD-LTE status
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5 network launches – 20 other major plans
Source: Global Suppliers Association
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
11
Frequency Bands
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•An important aspect of frequency bands when it comes to the 3GPP
releases is that they are “release independent”
•This means that a band defined in a later release can be applied to
an earlier release.
•This significantly simplifies the specifications
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
12
Duplex spacing
LTE FDD Frequency Bands
Width
Based on 36.101 Table 5.5-1 (March 2012)
Band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15*
16*
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Uplink MHz
1920
1850
1710
1710
824
830
2500
880
1749.9
1710
1427.9
698
777
788
1900
2010
704
815
830
832
1447.9
3410
2000
1626.5
1850
814
1980
1910
1785
1755
849
840
2570
915
1784.9
1770
1447.9
716
787
798
1920
2025
716
830
845
862
1462.9
3490
2020
1660.5
1915
849
Downlink MHz
2110
1930
1805
2110
869
865
2620
925
1844.9
2110
1475.9
728
746
758
2600
2585
734
860
875
791
1495.9
3510
2180
1525
1930
859
2170
1990
1880
2155
894
8752690
960
1879.9
2170
1495.9
746
756
768
2620
2600
746
875
890
821
1510.9
3590
2200
1559
1995
894
Width
Duplex
Gap
60
60
75
45
25
10
70
35
35
60
20
18
10
10
20
15
12
15
15
30
15
80
20
34
65
35
190
80
95
400
45
35
120
45
95
400
48
30
-31
-30
700
575
30
45
45
-41
48
100
180
-101.5
80
45
130
20
20
355
20
25
50
10
60
340
28
12
41
40
680
560
18
30
30
71
33
20
160
135.5
15
10
Uplink
Width
Gap
Downlink
Greater
insight. Greater confidence.
Band
Band
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Frequency
Points of note
• There is a lot of overlap between
band definitions for regional reasons
• The Duplex spacing varies from 30
MHz to 799 MHz
• The gap between downlink and uplink
varies from 10 MHz to 680 MHz
• Narrow duplex spacing and gaps
make it hard to design filters to
prevent the transmitter spectral
regrowth leaking into the receiver
(self-blocking)
• Bands 13, 14, 20 and 24 are reversed
from normal by having the uplink
higher in frequency than the downlink
• Bands 15 and 16 are defined by ETSI
(not 3GPP) for Europe only – these
bands combine two nominally TDD
bands to create one FDD band
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
13
LTE TDD Frequency Bands
Based on 36.101 Table 5.5-1 (March 2012)
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Width
Transceive
Band
Band
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Uplink MHz
1900
2010
1850
1930
1910
2570
1880
2300
2496
3400
3600
1920
2025
1910
1990
1930
2620
1920
2400
2690
3600
3800
Downlink MHz
1900
2010
1850
1930
1910
2570
1880
2300
2496
3400
3600
1920
2025
1910
1990
1930
2620
1920
2400
2690
3600
3800
Width
20
15
60
60
20
50
40
100
194
200
200
Frequency
Points of note
• For TDD there is no concept of duplex
spacing or gap since the downlink and uplink
frequencies are the same
• As such, the challenge of separating transmit
from receive does not require a duplex filter
for the frequency domain but a switch for the
time domain
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
14
Future LTE/UTRA Frequency Bands
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• The work on defining new frequency bands continues. Currently being
considered by 3GPP:
• Band 27
806/824 + 851/869 – Extended 850 lower band
• Other possibilities identified by the ITU:
• 3.6-4.2 GHz
• 450−470 MHz
• 698−862 MHz
• 790−862 MHz band (European digital dividend)
• 4.4-4.99 GHz band
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
15
Release 9 Summary
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• Release 9 adds many small features to UMTS and LTE e.g.:
– Completion of MBSFN
– New frequency bands
– Transmission mode 8 (dual stream beamforming)
– Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) for Observed Time Difference Of Arrival
(OTDOA) positioning
• The most significant radio feature is Multi-Standard Radio (MSR) for BS that
support more than one radio format
• MSR is a don’t care for the UE but is a big deal for the BS
• The work involved harmonizing the GERAN and 3GPP specifications then
specifying common requirements and conformance tests
• Multi-band MSR is being added in Release 11
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
16
Update on LTE-Advanced
Overall Aspects
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•LTE-Advanced is a subset of Release 10
•A comprehensive summary of the entire LTE-Advanced proposals
including radio, network and system can be found in the 3GPP
submissions to the first IMT-Advanced evaluation workshop.
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/workshop/2009-12-17_ITU-R_IMT-Adv_eval/docs/
• The remainder of this presentation will focus on the key radio aspects
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
17
LTE-Advanced Timeline
ITU-R Submission Sept 2009
TR36.912 v 2.2.0
R1-093731, Characteristic template
R1-093682, Compliance template
R1-093741, Link Budget template
ITU-R Approval Jan 2012
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
18
Release 10 LTE-Advanced Documents
- And Where to Find Them
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Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• Historical documents:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Study Item RP-080599
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/TSG_RAN/TSGR_41/Docs/RP-080599.zip
Requirements TR 36.913 v9.0.0 (2009-12)
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/html-info/36913.htm
Study Phase Technical Report TR 36.912 v9.3.0 (2010-06)
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/html-info/36912.htm
• The LTE-A specifications are now drafted in the
Release 10 specifications
• ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-10/
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
19
LTE-Advanced Requirements & Proposals
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• LTE-A requirements are documented in TR 36.913, V9.0.0 (2009-03)
(Requirements for Further Advancements of E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)
• 3GPP stated intention is to meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements
• LTE-A must support IMT-A requirements with same or better performance
than LTE
• LTE-A solution proposals can be found in TR 36.814 – “Further
Advancements for E-UTRA Physical Layer Aspects”
• Specific targets exist for average and cell-edge spectral efficiency (see next
slide)
• Similar requirements as LTE for synchronization, latency, coverage,
mobility…
• LTE-A candidate was submitted to ITU September 2009 and formally
approved in Jan 2012
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
20
LTE-Advanced Spectral Efficiency Requirements
Item
Subcategory
LTE (3.9G)
target
LTE-Advanced
(4G) target
IMT-Advanced
(4G) target
Peak Spectral
Efficiency
(b/s/Hz)
Downlink
16.3 (4x4 MIMO)
30
(up to 8x8 MIMO)
15 (4x4 MIMO)
Uplink
4.32
(64QAM SISO)
15
(up to 4x4 MIMO)
6.75
(2x4 MIMO)
Downlink cell
spectral efficiency
b/s/Hz 3km/h
500m ISD
2x2 MIMO
1.69
2.4
4x2 MIMO
1.87
2.6
4x4 MIMO
2.67
3.7
Downlink cell-edge
user spectral
efficiency b/s/Hz 5
percentile 10 users
500M ISD
2x2 MIMO
0.05
0.07
4x2 MIMO
0.06
0.09
4x4 MIMO
0.08
0.12
ISD is Inter Site Distance
2.6
0.075
2x to 4x efficiency of Rel-6 HSPA
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
21
New LTE-A UE Categories
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Accelerate next-generation wireless.
To accommodate the higher data rates of LTE-A, three new UE
categories have been defined
Downlink
Uplink
UE category
Max. Data
rate
(DL / UL)
(Mbps)
Max. # DLSCH TB bits /
TTI
Max. # DLSCH bits
/ TB / TTI
Total. soft
channel
bits
Max. #.
spatial
layers
Max.# ULSCH TB bits /
TTI
Max. # ULSCH bits
/ TB / TTI
Support
for
64QAM
Category 1
10 / 5
10296
10296
250368
1
5160
5160
No
Category 2
50 / 25
51024
51024
1237248
2
25456
25456
No
Category 3
100 / 50
102048
75376
1237248
2
51024
51024
No
Category 4
150 / 50
150752
75376
1827072
2
51024
51024
No
Category 5
300 / 75
299552
149776
3667200
4
75376
75376
Yes
Category 6
300 / 50
[299552]
[TBD]
[3667200]
[51024 ]
[TBD]
No
[TBD]
Yes/No
(Up-to
RAN4)
[TBD]
Yes
Category 7
300 / 150
[299552]
[TBD]
[TBD]
[150752/
102048 (Upto RAN4)]
Category 8
1200 / 600
[1200000]
[TBD]
[TBD]
[600000]
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
22
Release 10 and Beyond Proposals
Radio Aspects
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1. Carrier aggregation
2. Enhanced uplink multiple access
a) Clustered SC-FDMA
b) Simultaneous Control and Data
Rel-10 LTE-A
proposed to ITU
3. Enhanced multiple antenna transmission
a) Downlink 8 antennas, 8 streams
b) Uplink 4 antennas, 4 streams
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)
Relaying
Home eNB mobility enhancements
Customer Premises Equipment
Heterogeneous network support
Self Optimizing networks (SON)
Other Rel-10
and beyond
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
23
Release 10 LTE-Advanced Radio Features
2
1
Enhanced uplink
Carrier Aggregation
3
Enhanced multiple
antenna transmission
New for LTE-A
SC-FDMA with
clustering!
MHz
1.4MHz
3 1.4
MHz
5 3
1.4MHz
10 5
3 1.4
MHz
15 10
5 3
1.4
20 15
10 5
3
20 15
10 5
20 15
10
20 15
1, 2 or 4
transmitters
and 2, 4 or 8
receivers
UE
2, 4 or 8
transmitters
and 2, 4 or 8
receivers
Simultaneous
PUCCH/PUSCH
20
eNodeB
Support for up to 5 Aggregated Carriers
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
24
Other Radio Features Being Specified for
Release 10 and Beyond
5
4
Relaying
Coordinated
Multipoint
6
HeNB mobility
enhancements
7
Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE)
CPE
LTE
LTE
CPE
Outdoor CPE scenario
Indoor CPE scenario
8
Heterogeneous Networks
9
Self Optimizing Networks (SON)
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
25
1. Carrier Aggregation
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Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•Lack of sufficient contiguous spectrum up to 100 MHz forces use of
carrier aggregation to meet peak data rate targets
•Able to be implemented with a mix of terminals
•Backward compatibility with legacy system (LTE)
•System scheduler operating across multiple bands
•Component carriers (CC) - Max 110 RB (TBD)
•May be able to mix different CC types
•Contiguous and non-contiguous CC is allowed
PUCCH
PUSCH
PUSCH
Contiguous aggregation of
two uplink component
carriers
Frequency
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
26
1. Carrier Aggregation
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Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• One of RAN WG4’s most intense activities is in the area of creating RF
requirements for specific band combinations.
• In theory there could be as many as 5 carriers but so far all the activity is
around dual carrier combinations
• The original CA work in Rel-10 was limited to three combinations
Uplink (UL) band
Band
CA_40
CA_1-5
CA_3-7
E-UTRA
operatin
g Band
40
1
5
3
7
UE transmit / BS receive
FUL_low (MHz) – FUL_high
(MHz)
2300 – 2400
Downlink (DL) band
Duple
UE receive / BS
Channel
Channel
x
transmit
BW
BW
mode
FDL_low (MHz) – FDL_high
MHz
MHz
(MHz)
[TBD]
2300 – 2400
[TBD]
TDD
1920 – 1980
824 – 849
[TBD]
[TBD]
2110
869
–
–
2170
894
[TBD]
[TBD]
FDD
1710 – 1788
2500 – 2570
20
20
1805
2620
–
–
1880
2690
20
20
FDD
• In Rel-11 there are now up to 18 CA combinations being specified
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
27
1. Rel-11 Carrier Aggregation Combinations
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Band
Lead company
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Mode
CA-B3_B7*
TeliaSonera
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B4_B17
AT&T
1710 – 1755
2110 - 2155
704 – 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B4_B13
Ericsson (Verizon)
1710 – 1755
2110 - 2155
777 - 787
746 - 756
FDD
CA-B4_B12
Cox Communications
1710 – 1755
2110 - 2155
698 – 716
728 - 746
FDD
CA-B20_B7
Huawei (Orange)
832 – 862
791 - 821
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B2_B17
AT&T
1850 – 1910
1930 - 1990
704 – 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B4_B5
AT&T
1710 – 1755
2110 - 2155
824 – 849
869 - 894
FDD
CA-B5_B12
US Cellular
824 – 849
869 - 894
698 – 716
728 - 746
FDD
CA-B5_B17
AT&T
824 – 849
869 - 894
704 – 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B20_B3
Vodafone
832 – 862
791 - 821
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
FDD
CA-B20_B8
Vodafone
832 – 862
791 - 821
880 – 915
925 - 960
FDD
CA-B3_B5
SK Telecom
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
824 – 849
869 - 894
FDD
CA-B7
China Unicom
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B1_B7
China Telecomm
1920 - 1980
2110 - 2170
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B4_B7
Rogers Wireless
1710 – 1755
2110 - 2155
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B25_25
Sprint
1850 - 1915
1930 - 1995
1850 - 1915
1930 - 1995
FDD
CA-B38
Huawei (CMCC)
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
TDD
CA-B41
Clearwire
3600 - 3800
3600 - 3800
3600 - 3800
3600 - 3800
TDD
* Carried forwards from Rel-10
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
28
1. Combinations of Carrier Aggregation
and Layers
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•There are multiple combinations of CA and layers that can meet the
data rates for the new and existing UE categories
•The following tables define the most probable cases for which
performance requirements will be developed
Downlink
UE category
Category 6
capability
[#CCs/BW(MHz)]
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
Category 7
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
Category 8
[2 / 20+20MHz]
Uplink
DL layers
[max #layers]
4
4
2
4 (10MHz)
2(20MHz)
4
4
2
4 (10MHz)
2(20MHz)
[8]
UE category
Category 6
Category 7
Category 8
capability
[#CCs/BW(MHz)]
UL layers
[max #layers]
1 / 20MHz
1
2 / 10+10MHz
1
1 / 10MHz
2
2 / 20+20MHz
1
1 / 20MHz
2
2 / 10+20MHz
2 (10MHz)
1 ( 20MHz)
[2 / 20+20MHz]
[4]
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
29
1. Carrier Aggregation Design and Test
Challenges
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•Not such an issue for the eNB
•Major challenge for the UE
– Multiple simultaneous receive chains
– Multiple simultaneous transmit chains
•Simultaneous non-contiguous transmitters creates a very challenging
radio environment in terms of spur management and self-blocking
•Simultaneous transmit or receive with mandatory MIMO support add
significantly to the challenge of antenna design
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
30
2. Enhanced Uplink Multiple Access
Clustered SC-FDMA and PUCCH with PUSCH
Release 8: SC-FDMA with
alternating PUSCH/PUCCH
(Inherently single carrier)
Frequency
Release 10: Clustered SC-FDMA with
simultaneous PUSCH/PUCCH
(Potentially in-channel multi-carrier)
Partially allocated
PUSCH
Partially allocated
PUSCH + PUCCH
Partially allocated
PUSCH
Partially allocated
PUSCH + PUCCH
Lower PUCCH
Partially allocated
PUSCH + 2 PUCCH
Upper PUCCH
Partially allocated
PUSCH only
Fully allocated
PUSCH
Fully allocated
PUSCH + PUCCH
Frequency
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
31
Agilent SystemVue LTE-Advanced Uplink TX
Cluster 1
PUSCH
PUCCH
Cluster 2
PUSCH
CCDF ~ 8dB
At 0.001%
The use of clustered SC-FDMA increases the PAPR above
non-clustered SC-FDMA, but not as much as full OFDM
which can exceed the PAPR of Gaussian noise
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
32
2. Enhanced Uplink Multiple Access
Design and Test Challenges
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•Clustered SC-FDMA increases PAR by a few dB adding to
transmitter linearity challenges
•Simultaneous PUCCH and PUSCH also increases PAR
•Both feature create multi-carrier signals within the channel bandwidth
•High power narrow PUCCH plus single or clustered SC-FDMA
creates large opportunity for in-channel and adjacent channel spur
generation
– May require 3 to 4 dB power amp backoff for Rel-8 PA
– Some scenarios may require 10 dB backoff
•Due to the spur issues the status of the enhanced uplink is still to be
decided for Release 10
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
33
2. Enhanced Uplink Multiple Access
Design and Test Challenges
Wanted signal:
Two RB at
channel edge
+30
+20
Spectrum RBW = 100 kHz
+10
LO Feedthrough
Image
Mag (dBm)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-3
Spurs
-2
Spurs
-1
0
1
2
3
This is a typical spectrum of a single carrier signal
Derived from R4-100427 ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG4_Radio/TSGR4_54/Documents/R4-100427.zip
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
34
2. Enhanced Uplink Multiple Access
Design and Test Challenges
Wanted
signal: One
RB at each
channel edge
+30
+20
Spectrum RBW = 100 kHz
+10
Mag (dBm)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-3
Spurs
-2
Spurs
-1
0
1
2
3
The presence of two in-channel carriers creates 25 to 50 dB worse spurs
Derived from R4-100427 ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG4_Radio/TSGR4_54/Documents/R4-100427.zip
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
35
3. Enhanced Multiple Antenna Transmission
• From 4 antennas/streams to 8 antennas/streams
– Baseline being 4x4 with 4 UE Receive Antennas
– Peak data rate reached with 8x8 SU-MIMO
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
New for LTE-A
• From 1 antenna/stream to 4 antennas/streams
1, 2 or 4
transmitters
and 2, 4 or 8
receivers
– Baseline being 2x2 with 2 UE Transmit Antennae
– Peak data rate reached with 4x4 SU-MIMO
• Focus is initially on downlink beamforming
up to 4x2 antennas – SM is less attractive
UE
• Challenges of higher order antenna transmission
– Creates need for tower-mounted remote radio
heads
– Increased power consumption
– Increased product costs
– Physical space for the antennae at both eNB and UE
2, 4 or 8
transmitters
and 2, 4 or 8
receivers
eNodeB
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
36
3. Enhanced Multiple Antenna Transmission
New CSI Reference Symbols (CSI-RS)
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• Rel-8/9 cell-specific RS (CRS) exist in every subframe and are used by the
UE for CSI feedback (CQI/PMI/RI) and demod for up to 4 layers
• CSI-RS (ports 15 to 22) support CSI feedback for up to 8 layers but not
used for demod. They are scheduled as required (less often than CRS)
• The mapping and RE per port depend on the number of ports
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
19 20
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
19 20
19 20
19 20
15 16
15 16
15 16
15 16
19 20
15 16
17 18
17 18
15 16
15 16
15 16
17 18
15 16
15 16
17 18
15 16
15 16
17 18
21 22
17 18
17 18
17 18
17 18
17 18
21 22
17 18
17 18
21 22
21 22
15 16
17 18
17 18
15 16
17 18
21 22
CSI-RS (Rel-10)
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
37
3. Enhanced Multiple Antenna Transmission
Design and Test Challenges
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•Higher order MIMO has a similar impact on the need for
simultaneous transceivers as does carrier aggregation
•However, there is an additional challenge in that the antennas also
have to multiply in number
•MIMO antennas also require to be de-correlated
•It is very hard to design a multi-band, MIMO antenna in a small
space with good de-correlation
•This makes conducted testing of higher order MIMO terminals largely
irrelevant in predicting the actual radiated performance in an
operational network
•There is a work item in Rel-11 looking at MIMO Over the Air (OTA)
testing which will address antenna performance
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
38
4. Coordinated Multi-Point – (CoMP)
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Traditional MIMO – co-located transmission
Coordinated Multipoint
eNB 1
eNB
UE
eNB 2
UE
Downlink
• Coordinated scheduling / beamforming
– Payload Data is required only at the serving cell
• Coherent combining (also known as cooperative MIMO) / fast switching
– Payload data is required at all transmitting eNB
– Requires high speed symbol-level backhaul between eNB
Uplink
• Simultaneous reception requires coordinated scheduling
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
39
4. CoMP Status
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• Recent simulation by RAN WG1 has shown initial CoMP performance
improvement to be in the 5% to 15% range
• This is not considered sufficient to progress this aspect of the proposals
within the Rel-10 timeframe
• Recent results from the EASY-C testbed also show limited performance
gains in lightly loaded networks with minimal or no interference
• CoMP is now being studied further for Release 11
• It remains unclear what eNB testing of CoMP might entail since it is very
much a system level performance gain and very difficult to emulate
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
40
5. In-Channel Relay and Backhaul
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• Basic in-channel relaying uses a relay node (RN) that receives, amplifies
and then retransmits DL and UL signals to improve coverage
• Advanced relaying performs L2 or L3 decoding of transmissions before
transmitting only what is required for the local UE
eNB
Over The Air
backhaul
eNB
RN
Cell Edge
RN
• OFDMA makes it possible to
split a channel into UE and
backhaul traffic
• The link budget between the
eNB and relay station can
be engineered to be good
enough to allow MBSFN
subframes to be used for
backhaul of the relay traffic
• Main use cases:
– Urban/indoor for throughput
or dead zone
– Rural for coverage
RN
Multi-hop relaying
Area of poor coverage with
no cabled backhaul
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
41
5. In-Channel Relay and Backhaul
Design and Test Challenges
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• From the UE perspective, Relaying is completely transparent
• The challenge is all on the network side
• For the system to work, the link budget from the relay node to the macro
eNB must be good
– This implies line of sight positioning
• The main operational challenge with getting relaying to work will be in the
management of the UE
– The UE has to hand over to the relay node when in range
– It must release the relay node when out of range
• If this process is not well-managed, the performance of the cell could go
down not up
• Multi-hop relaying for coverage should be easier
– e.g. a valley with no cabled backhaul
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
42
6. Home eNB Mobility Enhancements
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•The concept of Home eNB (femtocells) is not new to LTE-A
•In Release 8 femtocells were
introduced for UMTS
•In Release 9 they were
introduced for LTE (HeNB)
•In Release 9 only inbound mobility
(macro to HeNB) was fully specified
•In Release 10 there will be further
enhancements to enable
HeNB to HeNB mobility
•This is very important for
enterprise deployments
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
43
7. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•The CPE is a “mobile” intended for fixed (indoor) operation
•The antenna may be internal (omni) or external (directional)
•The max output power is increased to 27 dBm
•Lack of concern for power consumption and a better radio link
budget mean the CPE can deliver much higher performance e.g. For
rural broadband applications
LTE
CPE
Indoor CPE scenario
LTE
CPE
Outdoor CPE scenario
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
44
8. Heterogeneous Network Support
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•LTE-Advanced intends to address the support needs of
heterogeneous networks that combine low power nodes (such as
picocells, femtocells, repeaters, and relay nodes) within a macrocell.
•Deployment scenarios under evaluation are detailed in TR 36.814
Annex A.
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
45
9. Self Optimizing Networks (SON)
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•Today’s cellular systems are very much centrally planned, and the
addition of new nodes to the network involves expensive and timeconsuming work, site visits for optimization, and other deployment
challenges.
•One of the enhancements being considered for LTE-Advanced is the
self-optimizing network (SON).
•The intent is to substantially reduce the effort required to introduce
new nodes to the network. There are implications for radio planning
as well as for the operations and maintenance (O&M) interface to the
base station.
•Some limited SON capability was introduced in Release 8 and is
being further elaborated in Release 9 and Release 10.
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
46
Looking at the Cost/Benefits of LTE-Advanced
Radio Aspects
Carrier
Aggregation
Enhanced Uplink
Higher order MIMO
CoMP
(Rel-11)
Relaying
Peak data
rates
Cell spectral
efficiency
(Downlink)
(Uplink)
Cell edge
performance
Coverage
UE cost
Network cost
UE Complexity
Network
Complexity
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
47
LTE-A Deployment
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
•The first question to ask when people are looking form information on
LTE-A timing is “which feature”
•LTE-A, Release 10 etc. Is a large grouping of backwards-compatible
features, none of which are mandatory
•The most likely contenders for early LTE-A deployment are:
• Some limited form of carrier aggregation to increase instantaneous
bandwidth is particular local operator areas
– E.g. US operator combining 10 MHz at 700 with 10 MHz at 1700
– Expensive requires two transceivers unless adjacent
• Uplink MIMO
– Requires two UE transmitters – expensive, battery issues
• Enhanced downlink e.g. 8x2
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
48
LTE-Advanced Summary
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• LTE-A is 3GPP’s submission to ITU-R IMT-Advanced “4G” program
• LTE-A is an evolution of LTE and is about two years behind LTE in
standards
• Rel-8 LTE almost meets the IMT-Advanced requirements except for UL
spectral efficiency and peak rates requiring wider bandwidths.
• Bandwidth up to 100MHz through aggregation of 20 MHz carriers
• Up to 1 Gbps (low mobility) with 8x8 MIMO
• Key new technologies include : carrier aggregation, enhanced uplink and
advanced MIMO
• Spectral efficiency performance targets are a step up from the already very
challenging Rel-8 LTE targets
• LTE-A Deployment timing is hard to predict and will depend heavily on the
rollout of LTE
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
49
Release 11 Radio Summary
Work Items (Excluding Carrier Aggregation)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
50
Extending 850 MHz Upper Band (814 – 849 MHz)
E-UTRA medium range and MSR medium range/local area BS class requirements
New Band LTE Downlink FDD 716-728 MHz
LTE for 700 MHz Digital Dividend
Relays for LTE (part 2)
UE Over The Air (Antenna) conformance testing methodology - Laptop mounted equipment
Free Space test
UE demodulation performance requirements under multiple-cell scenario for 1.28Mcps TDD
Introduction of New Configuration for 4C-HSDPA
Non-contiguous 4C-HSDPA operation
HSDPA Dual-Band Multi-Carrier combinations
Public Safety Broadband High Power UE for Band 14 for Region 2
Improved Minimum Performance Requirements for E-UTRA: Interference Rejection
Additional special subframe configuration for LTE TDD
RF Requirements for Multi-Band and Multi-Standard Radio (MB-MSR) Base Station
Verification of radiated multi-antenna reception performance of UEs in LTE/UMTS
LTE in the 1670-1675 MHz Band for US
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Release 11 Radio Summary
Study Items
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Study on Inclusion of RF Pattern Matching Technologies as a positioning method in the EUTRAN
Study on Interference analysis between 800~900 MHz bands
Study on Enhanced performance requirement for LTE UE
Study on Measurement of Radiated Performance for MIMO and multi-antenna reception
for HSPA and LTE terminals
Study on Extending 850 MHz
Study on UMTS/LTE in 900 MHz band (Japan, Korea)
Study on RF and EMC requirements for active Antenna Array System (AAS) Base Station
Study on UE Over The Air (OTA) test method with Head and Hand Phantoms
Study on Passive InterModulation (PIM) handling for UTRA and LTE Base Stations
Study on Measurements of radio performances for LTE terminals - Total Radiated Power
(TRP) and Total Radiated Sensitivity (TRS) test methodology
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
51
Release 12 Summary – System Level Features
Radio Features Not Yet Identified – Workshop in June
2012
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
• Interworking between Mobile Operators using the Evolved Packet System and
Data Application Providers (MOSAP) UID_500031 (Was Rel-11)
• IMS-based Telepresence (IMS_TELEP)
• Service and Media Reachability for Users over Restrictive Firewalls (SMURFs)
• Advanced IP Interconnection of Services (IPXS) for national interconnect
(IPXSNAT)
• Integration of Single Sign-On (SSO) frameworks with 3GPP networks (SSO_Int)
• LIPA Mobility and SIPTO at the Local Network (LIMONET)
• Operator Policies for IP Interface Selection (OPIIS) (Was Rel-11)
• SMS submit and delivery without MSISDN in IMS (SMSMI) (Was Rel-11)
• Security aspects of Public Warning System (PWS_Sec) (Was Rel-11)
• Codec for Enhanced Voice Services (EVS_codec)
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
52
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Questions?
Wireless Communications
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
53