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Last Update: 12/13/14
Our Father’s Design through
The Human Body
Student Materials Notebook
This notebook contains thirty-two links to web-based RWT1 video lessons content.
Additionally, over 500 pages of excellent supplement materials are provided. Also
included are over 500 links to extended course materials. Finally, sixteen module tests
and five exams are integrated for student content assessment. This product is
designed to be used with The Human Body: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made, 1st Edition,
(ECHB) Apologia textbook and its Solutions Manual.
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The notebook is licensed to you, the enrolled student. You may not use it for other students in
your family unit or outside your family. You are paying tuition to use this notebook. The
notebook is yours to keep. You may not share its contents. Your brothers and sisters are not
covered under your family license, nor are your friends, co-op group, classmates, etc. Every
person using the materials needs to pay the required tuition. The items in the notebook are
copyrighted and may not be distributed to or reproduced for those not covered under your
license. By payment of your tuition, you acknowledge that Red Wagon Tutorials owns all rights,
titles, and interests in and to all video lectures and course materials - all of which are protected
by copyright laws and shall not be resold, shared, copied, recorded, or reproduced by any means
for any purpose.
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Our Father’s Design through The Human Body:
Student Materials Notebook
By Steven M. Rosenoff
We would like to acknowledge the inspiration of Dr. Jay L. Wile in the production
of this product. As my former employer and longtime friend, his encouragement
and mentorship helped make this publication possible. Although he did not
directly contribute to this work, nor has he received any financial reward from it,
we feel that his influence in our lives is worthy of mention and that he deserves our
utmost respect as a co-laborer in Christ.
Table of Contents
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Our Father’s Design through The Human Body:
Student Materials Notebook
Published by
Red Wagon Tutorials, Inc.
9316 Lewis Dr. NE
Lacey, WA. 98516
www.redwagontutorials.com
Copyright © 2014 Red Wagon Tutorials, Inc. All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First Printing 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4675-6490-8
Printed by Red Wagon Tutorials, Inc., Lacey WA.
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Our Father’s Design through The Human Body:
Student Materials Notebook
Table of Contents
Assignment Supplement ..............................................................................................................9
Course Schedule........................................................................................................................ 24
Parent Agreement ...................................................................................................................... 33
Module 1................................................................................................................................... 37
Lesson 1: ............................................................................................................................... 37
Answers & Links:.............................................................................................................. 43
Lesson 2: ............................................................................................................................... 57
Answers & Links:.............................................................................................................. 63
Formal Report Example #1:................................................................................................... 75
Module 1 Test Review: ......................................................................................................... 79
Module 2..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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2nd Semester Exam Review: .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Comprehensive Exam Review: ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table of Contents
Start
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RED WAGON TUTORIALS
Assignment Supplement
A. Steps for Success
These are the steps taken by successful students last year for completing the required Module
work. Please note: these are the steps I am suggesting you take also!
As per stated policy, any assignment submitted is assumed to be supervised and proctored by the
student's parent.
First Week:
1. Read the assigned reading indicated in your syllabus, including labs, before coming to class.
2. Answer the On Your Own questions when you come to them. (These are not turned in. They
are for your benefit. The answers are at the end of your Module.)
3. Attend Class: ask questions about reading assignment and labs. Participate, listen and learn.
4. Perform the labs included in the week’s reading. Write the required informal lab report for
each lab completed. Place them in your notebook for safe keeping. (If you are doing the
optional microscope experiments these should be completed also.)
Second Week:
1. Read the assigned second reading, including labs, before coming to class.
2. Answer the On Your Own questions when you come to them. (Again, do not turn these in.)
3. Attend Class: ask questions about reading assignment and labs. Participate, listen, and learn.
4. Perform labs included in the week’s reading. Write the required informal lab reports. (If you
are doing the optional microscope experiments these should be completed also.)
5. Answer the Study Guide questions at the end of the module. (This is an open book
assignment. I have provided you an example of a completed assignment below.)
6. Parents use your Solutions Manual to correct your student’s Study Guide answers.
7. Have the student correct any error they may have made in the Study Guide assignment.
Third Week:
1. Overlap week. You will need to begin the next Module in your book during this week.
Follow the steps above.
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2. Ask questions in class about your Study Guide grade. I will give you a review for your
Module Test during class this week. If you miss class this week, you will need to listen to the
class recording for Test prep assistance.
3. Take the online Module Test by the date indicated in your syllabus. This assignment is closed
book and closed notes. The Module Test will be forwarded to me automatically once you click
on “Finished” on the Student Portal site.
4. Parents MUST sign the bottom of the test and be present during the testing session.
Fourth Week:
1. Ask questions in class about your Module Test grade and your finished experiment reports.
2. Continue on with next Module work.
B. Assignment Guidelines
1. Formal Experiment Reports MUST BE TYPED (MS Word 2010 docx or Adobe PDF, Times
New Roman, 12 font, black print on a white background, 1” margins, single-spaced) AND
SPELL CHECKED before the report is forwarded to me as an e-mail attachment: the e-mail
address for submission is ccr101@comcast.net. The document file size cannot exceed 1 MB.
The subject line of the e-mail MUST read Human Anatomy Draft Report for a draft paper and
Human Anatomy Final Report for a final assignment. There is one formal report required per
quarter.
2. Formal Experiment Report assignment requirements are outlined in detail in your Assignment
Supplement. Remember, I expect honors biology students to have had two years prior practice
writing experiment reports. I do allow revisions of the experiment report and will tell your
student how to improve their assignment before final report submission. If you plan to use
graphs or other graphics as part of your report Observations section, YOU MUST E-MAIL these
to me as an e-mail attachment: MS Word 2010 docx format, Rich Text Format, Adobe PDF, or
as a whiteboard presentation. As stated in the Assignment Supplement, when seeking help from
someone or quoting facts from a book, internet source, or other media, you must include them in
your bibliography in the required format.
3. Module Tests are taken online through the Student Portal site:
http://www.redwagontutorials.com/php/.
Module Test assignments ARE CLOSED BOOK AND CLOSED NOTES assignments. As per
stated policy, any assignment submitted is assumed to be supervised and proctored by the
student's parent. A parent’s digit signature is required on the bottom of the Test and Exam. I
have has a zero tolerance policy toward cheating or plagiarism. Vocabulary words for the
Module (e.g. those found in question #1 of the Study Guide) MUST BE SPELLED
CORRECTLY if used to answer a test question. USING SPELL CHECK DURING A TEST IS
NOT ALLOWED.
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4. All Test assignments, except your semester exams, must be completed within 60 minutes of
logging onto the Student Portal site. Semester exams must be completed within 90 minutes.
After 60 or 90 minutes, depending on the assignment, the Student Portal WILL DISCONNECT
YOU AND NOT FORWARD your assignment, which could result in a zero being given on an
assignment.
5. Upon submission of any assignment through the Student Portal, the Portal site will forward a
copy to my e-mail address and forward a receipt copy to your e-mail address of record on the
site. IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO OBTAIN A RECEIPT FROM THE PORTAL
COMPUTER AND TO MAINTAIN THE CORRECT E-MAIL ADDRESS on the Portal
computer. The assignment receipt is your proof that the assignment was submitted on time and
in good order. I will ask to see the receipt copy for any assignment when there is a question
about the timely submission of the assignment: NO RECEIPT COPY MEANS NO CREDIT
GIVEN.
6. Students must be disciplined enough to submit required work on time. As per Stated policy, I
will deduct 10% per day from the score received on the assignment on all late work, including
the Parent Notebook Report, unless the lateness results from personal illness, family emergency,
or computer problem of a non-reoccurring nature. In these instances, I will grant full points. A
schedule for the course, providing due dates for all assignments for the entire year, has been
forwarded to you. If you are leaving on vacation or some other personal choice holiday, please
adjust your study schedule to submit the assigned work before leaving. I will always accept an
assignment early. I am available during my office hours to help you complete assignments
before the due date, when and if necessary, during the school year.
7. All class assignments are due by 6:00 PM, Eastern Time, on the date indicated in the Course
Schedule. The Student Portal time stamp on your work is the final authority on whether
something is submitted on time or not. NOTE: 6:01 PM, Eastern Time, starts a new day, and I
will subtract 10% if your work arrives at or after that time.
8. Students should keep hard copies of all their work (labs, study guides, tests, etc.), not just
computer saved work. Doing so will allow the student to keep a good portfolio of their class
assignments should they be asked to demonstrate their work at some later date. Please note, I do
not maintain copies of a student's work beyond the end of the school year. I will maintain a copy
of a student's final semester grades for seven years beyond the end of our class together.
C. Study Guide Assignment
The following is an example of the completed Study Guide assignment. The completed
assignment is parent corrected or student self-correct by the due date indicated in your Course
Schedule. Your student’s completed assignment document should be handwritten or typed and
saved in your student’s notebook. The Study Guide assignment, the On Your Own questions, the
practice test that is the Solutions Manual, the lecture notes, and the text itself are all sources of
Module Test and Exam questions.
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As per stated policy, any assignment submitted is assumed to be supervised and proctored by the
student's parent.
Mr. Adam Apple
Advanced Biology
Module 1 Study Guide
Answers to #1: Please be sure to answer all the study guide questions as complete sentences.
a. Gross anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structures of an organism.
b. Microscopic anatomy is the study of the microscopic structures of an organism.
c. Physiology is the study of the functions of an organism and its parts.
d. Histology is the study of tissues.
e. An organ is a group of tissues specialized for a particular function.
f. Tissues are groups of cells specialized for a particular function.
g. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions, chemical
levels, and tissues.
h. An effector is a structure in the body that can change the value of a variable.
i. Selective permeability is the ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others.
j. Endocytosis is the process by which large molecules are taken into the cell.
k. Exocytosis is transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell.
2. If this course taught only the name of each organ, it would be an anatomy course. Anatomy
concentrates on the structures of an organism. Physiology studies how an organism and its parts
function.
3. An organism has the following organization: organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells,
organelles, and molecules.
4. When an organ is put under a microscope, tissues, cells, and organelles are seen. You cannot
see chemicals with a 40x,100x, 400x, 1000x microscope. You can see organisms and organ
systems without the aid of a microscope.
5. The four types of tissue are nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial
tissue.
6. The types of tissues are identified below:
a. Epithelial tissue makes up the lining of many organs, including blood vessels.
b. Muscles, like the trapezius muscle, are made of muscle tissue.
c. Joint cartilage is an example of connective tissue.
d. The brain, spinal cord, etc. are made of nervous tissue.
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7. Homeostasis is threatened by stress.
8. A negative feedback system would cause the heart rate to decrease, because negative
feedback systems produce effects that are the opposite of the stress. A positive feedback system
would cause the heart rate to increase, because positive feedback systems produce effects that are
the same as that of the stress.
9. The nervous system and endocrine system are the organ systems most involved with negative
feedback. The nervous system sends the messages to the control center, which is also often a
part of the nervous system. The endocrine system also functions as a control center.
10. When one exercises, the following happens:
a. The stress is a decrease in blood glucose level. Remember, stress is what takes us away from
homeostasis. The drop in blood glucose level was a departure from homeostasis.
b. The control center is the pancreas. It is the one that monitors blood glucose level and
determines whether or not something should be done.
c. The effector is the liver. The liver caused more glucose to be released in the blood, which
was the negative response to the blood glucose level decrease.
d. The endocrine system is involved, because hormones were released. Those hormones caused
the effector to do its job.
11. The organelles and their main function are given below:
ORGANELLE
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicle
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Cilia
Centrioles
FUNCTION
Contains DNA
Holds the cell together and controls entry and exit of substances
Synthesize proteins
Intercellular transport and synthesis of proteins
Intercellular transport and synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
Packages chemicals for secretion
Secretion
Breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids
Produce energy for the cell
Movement
Spindle formation for mitosis and meiosis
12. There are three nucleotides in a codon.
13. An anticodon must bind to a codon. Thus, the first nucleotide on the anticodon must be able
to bind to the nucleotide on the codon. Only thymine or uracil bind to adenine. RNA does not
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have thymine, and an anticodon is on tRNA. Thus, it must be uracil. In order for a nucleotide to
have been in the codon, mRNA must have been able to bind to DNA at that point. Once again,
only thymine and uracil bind to adenine. DNA does not have uracil. Thus, thymine must have
been on the DNA at that point.
14. Mitosis occurs in this order: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
15. The “X” shape occurs only when the chromosomes have been duplicated and the duplicates
have not been separated from each other. This is only during prophase and metaphase. In
anaphase and telophase, the chromosomes have been separated from their duplicates.
16. The fact that phospholipids have a polar head and a nonpolar tail keeps them oriented
properly. Even if disturbed, they will reorganize themselves so that the heads are pointed either
into the cell or towards the outside, and the tails are pointed towards each other.
17. A glycoprotein allows for identification.
18. A receptor protein takes in messages from other cells.
19. The “fluid” is the fatty part of the membrane, which is composed of phospholipids. Mosaic
refers to the fact that there are several different proteins scattered throughout.
20. A substance can dissolve through the phospholipids, it can enter through a channel protein, it
can enter using a carrier protein, or it can enter through endocytosis. You could have listed
charged channel proteins, but that’s just a variation on channel proteins. Also, you could have
listed both pinocytosis and phagocytosis, but endocytosis covers them both. That’s how we can
cram six methods of entering the cell down into just four.
21. The substances would get through the plasma membrane in the following ways:
a. Water is small enough to enter the cell through a channel protein.
b. A protein can only enter through pinocytosis.
c. Ions are small enough to go enter through channel proteins, but they use charged channel
proteins.
d. A monosaccharide is like glucose. Thus, it will need a carrier protein because of its size.
e. An invading bacterium must be engulfed using phagocytosis.
f. A lipid is a fat, which will dissolve through the phospholipids.
22. Regardless of concentrations, pinocytosis is always an active transport process.
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23. The glucose moved according to the dictates of diffusion. Thus, this is passive transport,
and no ATP was expended.
D. Informal Laboratory Report Format
The experiments in this course are designed to be done as you are reading the text. I recommend
that you keep a notebook of these experiments. This notebook serves two purposes. First, as you
write about the experiment in the notebook, you will be forced to think through all of the
concepts that were explored in the experiment. This will help you cement them into your mind.
Second, certain colleges might actually ask for some evidence that you did, indeed, have a
laboratory component to your advanced biology course. The notebook will not only provide such
evidence but will also show the college administrator the quality of your advanced biology
instruction. I recommend that you perform the experiments in the following way:
When you get to an experiment, read through it in its entirety. This will allow you to gain a
quick understanding of what you are to do.
Once you have read the experiment, start a new page in your laboratory notebook. The first
page should be used to write down all of the data taken during the experiment. What do I
mean by “data”? Any observations or measurements you make during the experiment are
considered data. Thus, if you see an organism during an experiment, you need to either
describe it or draw it. If you measure the length of something during the experiment, that is
part of the experiment's data and should be written down. In addition, any data analysis that
you are asked to do as a part of the experiment should be done on this page.
When you have finished the experiment and any necessary analysis, write a brief report in
your notebook, right after the page where the data and calculations were written. The report
should be a brief discussion of what was done and what was learned. You should not write a
step-by-step procedure. Instead, write a brief summary that will allow someone who has
never read the text to understand what you did and what you learned.
PLEASE OBSERVE COMMON SENSE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS! The experiments in this
course are no more dangerous than most normal, household activity. Remember, however, that
the vast majority of accidents do happen in the home. Chemicals used in the experiments should
never be ingested; hot beakers and flames should be regarded with care; and all experiments
should be performed while wearing eye protection such as safety glasses or goggles.
E. Formal Laboratory Report Format
Standard six-step, typewritten formal laboratory write-up should include the following: (You do
not have to follow this format for your penciled, handwritten, laboratory notebook. There is
information on how to prepare an informal lab notebook report included above.) You are
required to produce one formal report per quarter. Formal Experiment Reports MUST BE
TYPED (MS Word 2010 docx or Adobe PDF, Times New Roman, 12 font, black print on a
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white background, 1” margins, single-spaced) AND SPELL CHECKED before the report is
forwarded to me as an e-mail attachment: the e-mail address for submission is
ccr101@comcast.net. The document file size cannot exceed 1 MB. The subject line of the email MUST read Human Anatomy Draft Report for a draft paper and Human Anatomy Final
Report for a final assignment. There is one formal report required per quarter. Your formal
report must be formatted as follows and included the following sections:
Name
Date
Title of the Experiment
A. Purpose
You must tell what the experiment is about and what area it will test. Background on the area is
expected. (In other words, provide details about what is being experimented on.) You must use
your textbook and two outside resources preparing your report background. You must also
include a statement of what the experiment hope to show and why this topic is of interest. You
must also include a hypothesis statement in the standard “If, then” format for scientific research
work. First person pronouns are not used in scientific writing.
B. Equipment
Provide a complete list of equipment necessary to conduct the experiment. Equipment should be
listed in a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., fashion down the page.
C. Procedure
Provide a complete list of the procedure used. Procedure should be written in a cookbook
fashion and be numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., fashion down the page.
D. Observations
Provide a detailed, objective report of observations -- what was seen, heard, felt, tasted, smelled - when the experiment was performed. Charts and graphs which provide detail are encouraged,
but these do not take the place of the narrative observations.
E. Conclusions
Provide analysis of the experiment: try to explain what was seen, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled
while the experiment was happening. Be sure to provide ways that the experiment could be
improved if the experiment was done again and any ideas for further research the experiment
might have generated. Note: there are ALWAYS ways to improve how an experiment is done
and ideas further research generated.
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F. Bibliography
If you seek help from someone or quote facts from a book, internet source, or other media you
should include them in bibliography in using the format I provide. You are required to research
two outside resources other than your textbook and use them in the background of your report.
Additionally, you must cite your textbook and me as a “class source” or “personal interview” on
every lab report.
The completed Word 2010 docx or Adobe PDF document of the formal experiment report should
be printed and saved to your student’s notebook. The completed and spell-checked Experiment
Report is then forwarded to me as an e-mailed attachment. An example of a completed advanced
biology experiment follows. Please note -- I expect you as incoming advanced biology students
to be able to produce a quality lab report similar to the one below:
Mr. ID
10/24/14
Human Skin Examination
A. Purpose:
The object of this experiment is to examine in greater detail the layers that make up the skin on
our bodies. The experiment involves examining a prepared slide of the human skin, drawing and
documenting what was seen, and distinguishing and identifying the five layers of the epidermis.
It will show the physical differences between those layers in the epidermis in a way that will not
quickly be forgotten. It will provide a better understanding of the layering of the skin in our
bodies.
The skin on a human body is composed of two major layers: the dermis and the epidermis. The
dermis is made up of dense irregular connective tissue while the epidermis is composed of four
or five layers of epithelial tissue (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum found only in thick skin, and stratum corneum) (Wile). However, even though there is
such complexity and design in the epidermis including 4 or 5 distinct layers, the epidermis is
extremely thin and ranges in thickness from 1.4 mm to .07 mm (Saunders). The thickest skin is
usually found on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands while the thinnest skin can be found
on the eyelids (Brannon). This is the result of the wonderful design of God. The skin is designed
to be thicker where it is rubbed and used most often and thinner where it does not experience
such treatment.
This experiment hopes to show the physical and visible differences between the different layers
in the epidermis. Each layer of the epidermis has unique qualities and capabilities that set it
apart from the rest of the layers. Layers range in thickness from one cell to many cells, they
range from alive cells that constantly reproduce to dead cells that flake off. In one layer the
epithelial cells gobble up parts of other cells because they contain specific chemicals, in another
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they “commit suicide” to help protect the human body as a whole. By examining in detail a slide
of actual human skin this experiment hopes to discover the physical attributes of each layer that
enable it to perform its duties.
This topic is very important to science for many reasons. First of all the skin provides a huge
amount of protection to our bodies from the hordes of harmful invaders (e.g. viruses, radiation,
and bacteria) that would love to get in and destroy us. The better scientists can understand the
individual layers of the skin and how they function separately as individual layers the better they
can understand how the skin functions as a whole. Additionally, the more scientists discover
about the functions of the skin the better people will know how to take care of their bodies.
Hypothesis: If the slide examined is properly stained and the nuclei of cells in stratum basale
and stratum spinosum are visible, then cells undergoing different phases of mitosis will be seen.
B. Equipment:
1. Microscope
2. Prepared slide: human skin (not the one with follicles)
C. Procedure:
1. Place the prepared slide under the microscope at 40x magnification. Look for the dark, wiggly
line near the top of the tissue. That's the line which separates the dermis from the epidermis.
Center that line and increase magnification to 100x.
2. Focus, center the line, and increase magnification to 400x.
3. Focus again, and, using Figure 3.4 as a guide, try to identify each layer of the epidermis.
4. Notice the change in cell size and shape in the different regions.
5. Notice also the dermal papillae and how their size varies.
6. Now begin to scan the slide. Note how the thickness of the layers changes across this tissue
sample.
7. Draw at least two fields of the scope where the thickness varies greatly.
8. Put everything away.
D. Observations:
1. The most visible (even at 40x magnification) and obvious layer was the stratum granulosum.
2. The cells of the stratum granulosum were all a very dark color compared to the other cells and
stood out in a straight dark line across the slide.
3. The precise parameters of the dermal papillae became easily distinguishable at 100x
magnification.
4. The dermal papillae were all different shapes and sizes and no two looked alike.
5. The Stratum basale was only one cell thick and closely outlined the dermal papillae.
6. The cells in stratum basale were taller and skinnier than the cells in the other layers and very
tightly packed together also each cell in this stratum made contact with the dermal papillae
7. In the stratum basale, one cell was found that had the regular dark spot for the nucleus as well
as two much smaller and fainter dark spots, one on each side of the nucleus.
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8. The stratum spinosum was the most irregularly shaped of all the layers, its cells were more
compact than the cells in the dermis but were the most spread out of all the cells in the epidermis.
9. In stratum spinosum a few cells were observed that each had two small dark spots on opposite
sides of the cell (whereas most cells only had one dark spot indicating the nucleus)
11. The stratum granulosum was mostly two cells thick however in some places it was only one
cell thick and in other places it was three cells thick.
12. Only a few of the cells in stratum granulosum had distinguishable nuclei.
13. The stratum lucidum was not present (indicating that the skin on the slide was not thick skin).
14. The stratum corneum was the thickest of all the layers but its cells were the most flattened
and least distinguishable of all the cells in the epidermis.
15. No nuclei were seen in the cells of the stratum corneum.
16. On the outside edge of the stratum corneum, several cells were seen that appeared to be
flaking off.
17. The nuclei of the cells in the dermis appeared to be narrow and elongated, while the nuclei
of the cells in the first two layers of the epidermis were round in shape.
E. Conclusions:
The data collected seemed to support the hypothesis. The cells in the stratum spinosum that were
seen to have two smaller nuclei probably were undergoing the telophase of mitosis at the time
the sample was taken. The cell in the stratum basale that appeared to have one nucleus with two
much smaller dark spots on each side of it could be a cell undergoing the metaphase of mitosis
(the phase where the centrioles gather on opposite sides of the nucleus to pull the duplicated
chromosomes apart). The cells on the slide were distinguishable and the nuclei were properly
stained and certain cells were observed that seemed to be undergoing different phases of mitosis.
One way to improve the experiment would be to use a microscope that can achieve higher
magnification (such as 1000x) than the 400x magnification used. This would allow for a better
examination of the individual cells and their nuclei to be able further to distinguish the
differences between the cells in the different layers. Another way to improve the experiment
would be to use a microscope projector to make it easier to sketch what was seen on the slide.
Another thing one could do to enhance the experiment would be to examine slides of skin from
different parts of the body. For example one could look at the skin from the eyelids (the thinnest
skin) and the skin from the soles of the feet (some of the thickest skin) to compare and contrast
them.
Future studies could try to determine how the cells in the lower epithelial layers know when to
undergo mitosis. The cells could be studied while they still live and function or the genetic code
could be analyzed to see if it controls the mitosis rate of the skin cells, or the different organelles
inside each cell could be analyzed to see if they have anything to do with the timing. If it turned
out that the cells were triggered somehow to reproduce, then even further studies could be done
to determine if it were possible to use the same mechanism to trigger other cells to reproduce that
don’t normally reproduce (such as stable cells or permanent cells). And those studies could
eventually lead to major breakthroughs in the field of medicine.
{20}
F. Bibliography:
Brannon, Heather. Definition of epidermis. 2008.
Domain: http://dermatology.about.com
Document: /cs/skinanatomy/g/epidermis.htm
Rosenoff, Steven. Classroom/Internet Lecture. October 2013.
Saunders. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Elsevier, Inc.
Domain: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
Document: /epidermis
Wile, Dr. Jay. L. and Shannon, Marilyn M. The Human Body Fearfully and Wonderfully Made.
5th Edition. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 2009
An example of lab report grading criteria follows:
A. Purpose (10 points possible) (10 points earned)
You must include the following five paragraphs (minimum) and present them in this sequence:
Para 1 - What the experiment is about: the objective
Para 2 - Background information on the experiment from your textbook and two other
sources. You may need more than one paragraph here, which is okay
Para 3 - What the experiment hopes to show
Para 4 - Why this topic is of interest to science
Para 5 - A hypothesis statement in the proper "If, then" format
SUPERIOR (I will include comments in all capitals here. Please note: I am not shouting at
your student! I am simply trying to set my comments apart from the template information.
Remember: no personal pronouns can be used in your lab report!)
B. Equipment (5 points possible) (5 points earned)
You may copy/paste this from the online textbook, but you must make the following changes to
the textbook list:
1. Provide a complete list of equipment necessary to conduct the experiment. If you substituted
or changed anything, please list it here also.
2. Equipment should be listed in a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., fashion down the page; not in the A, B, C,
D, etc., fashion used in your textbook.
PERFECT.
C. Procedure (5 points possible) (5 points earned)
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You may copy/paste this from the online textbook, but you must make the following changes to
the textbook list:
1. Provide a complete list of the procedure used. If you change any, be sure to note it.
2. Procedures should be written in a cookbook fashion
3. Procedures must be numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., down the page, use a, b, c, d, etc. for subitems
PERFECT.
D. Observations (10 points possible) (10 points earned)
1. Provide a detailed, objective report of observations -- what you saw, heard, felt, tasted,
smelled, etc -- when the experiment was performed. (Charts and graphs which provide detail are
encouraged. These MUST be e-mailed as an attachment to me as stated in your assignment
guidelines.) A numbered list of observations works well here: a well-detailed list may be as
many as 10 observations or more long. You can also provide me with a narrative of your
observations in paragraph form if you desire.
GREAT JOB.
E. Conclusions (10 points possible) (10 points earned)
You must include:
Para 1. An analysis of the data
Para 2. Ways to improve the experiment
Para 3. Ideas the experiment generated for further research
OUTSTANDING.
F. Bibliography (10 points possible) (10 points earned)
You must include the following four citations in alphabetical order:
Cit 1 - A reference for me as a class lecture or interview note in proper format as given in
examples
Cit 2 - A reference for your textbook in proper format as given in examples
Cit 3 - A reference for your first outside resource
Cit 4 - A reference for your second outside resource
WONDERFUL BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASSIGNMENT GRADE:
50/50
100% Excellent.
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As per stated policy, any assignment submitted is assumed to be supervised and proctored by the
student's parent.
F. Laboratory Notebook Requirements
Students should keep hard printed copies of all their work (labs, study guides, tests, etc.), not just
computer saved work. I would divide the notebook into sixteen sections, one for each Module of
the Wile’s text. Doing so will allow the student to keep a good portfolio of their class assignments should they be asked to demonstrate their work at some later date. Please note, I do not
maintain copies of a student's work beyond the end of the school year. I will maintain a copy of
a student's final semester grades for seven years beyond the end of our class together. Please
note that some of the experiments require long periods of time to complete. As I do not set the
lab schedule in your home school, you will need to look ahead and adjust your lab time
accordingly. I require a Parent Notebook Report to be submitted at the end of first and second
semesters which states how many of the required experiments have been completed by your
student. The student should have the following completed and in his or her notebook for each
semester listed:
As per stated policy, any assignment submitted is assumed to be supervised and proctored by the
student's parent.
First Semester:
Experiment 2.1
Experiment 2.2
Experiment 3.1 - Formal Report Required
Experiment 3.2
Experiment 4.1
Experiment 4.2
Experiment 5.1
Experiment 7.1 – Formal Report Required
Second Semester:
Experiment 9.1
Experiment 9.2
Experiment 11.1
Experiment 11.2
Experiment 11.3 – Formal Report Required
Experiment 12.1
Experiment 13.1
Experiment 13.2
Experiment 14.1 – Formal Report Required
Experiment 15.1
No assigned lab work due for Module 16.
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G. Module Tests and Exams
Module Tests and Semester Exams are taken online through the Student Portal site. Module
Tests and Semester Exams ARE CLOSED BOOK AND CLOSED NOTES assignments. As per
stated policy, any assignment submitted is assumed to be supervised and proctored by the
student's parent. A parent’s digit signature is required at the bottom of the Test or Exam. I have
has a zero tolerance policy toward cheating or plagiarism. Vocabulary words for the Module
(e.g. those found in question #1 of the Study Guide) MUST BE SPELLED CORRECTLY if
used to answer a test or an exam question. USING SPELL CHECK DURING A TEST IS NOT
ALLOWED.
All Module Test assignments must be completed within 60 minutes of logging onto the Student
Portal site. Semester exams must be completed within 90 minutes. After 60 or 90 minutes,
depending on the assignment, Student Portal WILL DISCONNECT YOU AND NOT
FORWARD your assignment, which could result in a zero being given on an assignment. Please
time yourself during your Module Test or Semester exam to ensure completion within the time
limit.
Table of Contents
Start
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RED WAGON TUTORIALS
Course Schedule
Welcome to Advanced Biology class. I am excited about the new school year for two reasons:
(1) our class will be live-feed Internet. Unlike some Internet courses that require you to send in
assignments, which I would score then return, you and I will be communicating directly with
each other on at least a weekly basis. This arrangement gives us greater opportunity to interact
and learn from each other because we will be together for ninety minutes each week; (2) our
curriculum will be challenging and exhilarating. Sixteen major topics will be covered during the
course of this year. These units are all outlined in the following syllabus and in the book Human
Body: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made, 1st Edition, by Dr. Jay Wile and Marilyn M. Shannon,
M.A., which will also be our classroom text. As a former medical and industrial research
scientist, you can be certain I will bring a depth of knowledge to the topics we will study
together. I am eager to share my experience with you in a tutorial capacity.
This document in conjunction with stated requirements, the Assignment Supplement, and the
Parent Agreement (e-mailed to you at registration) outline and detail the requirements for the
Advanced Biology Course.
Schedule:
FIRST SEMESTER
Module 1: An Organizational Overview and Some Review
Class discussions: Week of 9-8, Week of 9-15
For the first class meeting (Week of 9-8), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "A Review of Cell Structure and Organelle Function."
For the second class meeting (Week of 9-15), you need to have finished reading Module 1.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
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(All required experiments in the textbook are to be completed as they are encountered.
Experiment reports are to be handwritten in the informal format provided at the front of your
textbook, completed on notebook paper, and kept in a 3-ring binder. I will ask each parent at the
end of each semester for a count of the number of experiments completed during the semester.
Failure to complete the all the required experiments may keep your student from continuing on
into the next semester of science.)
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
Online Module Test:
Due by 9-17
None
Due by 9-24
Module 2: Histology: The Study of Tissues
Class discussions: Week of 9-22, Week of 9-29
For the first class meeting (Week of 9-22), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "Glandular Epithelium."
For the second class meeting (Week of 9-29), you need to have finished reading Module 2.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
notebook
Online Module Test:
Due by 10-1
Due by 10-8: Experiment 2.1 and Experiment 2.2 informal reports in
Due by 10-8
Module 3: Skin and Bones – The Integumentary and Skeletal Systems
Class discussions: Week of 10-6, Week of 10-13
For the first class meeting (Week of 10-6), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "Skin Glands."
For the second class meeting (Week of 10-13), you need to have finished reading Module 3.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
{26}
Experiment 3.1 Draft Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due by 10-15
Required Experiments: Due by 10-22: Experiment 3.1 Draft Report to Mr.R and Experiment
3.2 informal report in notebook
Online Module Test:
Due by 10-22
Module 4: Skeletal System Histology and Movement
Class discussions: Week of 10-20, Week of 10-27
For the first class meeting (Week of 10-20), you need to have read up to and including the
section called "Bone Homeostasis."
For the second class meeting (Week of 10-27), you need to have finished reading Module 4.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 3.1 Corrected Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due by 10-29
Required Experiments: Due by 11-5: Experiment 3.1 Corrected Report to Mr.R, and
Experiment 4.1 and Experiment 4.2 informal reports in notebook
Online Module Test:
Due by 11-5
Module 5: Muscle Histology and Physiology
Class discussions: Week of 11-3, Week of 11-10
For the first class meeting (Week of 11-3), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "How a Muscle Fiber Contracts."
For the second class meeting (Week of 11-10), you need to have finished reading Module 5.
Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
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Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
Online Module Test:
Due by 11-12
Experiment 5.1 informal report in notebook
Due by 11-19
Module 6: The Skeletal Muscle System
Class discussions: Week of 11-17, Thanksgiving Break: 11/22 to 11/30, Week of 12-1
For the first class meeting (Week of 11-17), you need to have read up to and including the
section called "Major Muscles of the Anterior Chest and Abdominal Wall."
For the second class meeting (Week of 12-1), you need to have finished reading Module 6.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
Online Module Test:
Due by 12-3
None
Due by 12-10
Module 7: The he Nervous System: Neurons and Neuroglia
Class discussions: Week of 12-8, Week of 12-15, Christmas Break: 12/20/2014 to 1/4/2015
For the first class meeting (12-8), you need to have read up to and including the section called
"Nerve Structure."
For the second class meeting (12-15), you need to have finished reading Module 7.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 7.1 Draft Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
Online Module Test:
Due by 12-17
Due by 1-7: Experiment 7.1 Draft Report to Mr.R
Due by 1-7
Module 8: The Central Nervous System
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Class discussions: Week of 1-5, Week of 1-12
For the first class meeting (Week of 1-5), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "The Cerebrum in More Detail."
For the second class meeting (Week of 1-12), you need to have finished reading Module 8.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 7.1 Corrected Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due 1-14
Experiment Reports: Due 1-21: Experiment 7.1 Corrected Report to Mr.R
Semester Exam:
Due 1-21 (Exam covers Modules 1 thru 8. There WILL be questions over
Module 8 on the Exam.)
Parent Notebook Report -- Due 01/23/2015
SECOND SEMESTER
Module 9: The Peripheral Nervous System
Class discussions: Week of 1-19, Week of 1-26
For the first class meeting (Week of 1-19), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "The Sense of Smell."
For the second class meeting (Week of 1-26), you need to have finished reading Module 9.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
notebook.
Online Module Test:
Due by 1-28
Due by 2-4: Experiment 9.1 and Experiment 9.2 informal reports in
Due by 2-4
Module 10: The Endocrine System
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Class discussions: Week of 2-2, Week of 2-9, Winter Break: 2/14 to 2/22
For the first class meeting (Week of 2-2), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "Hormone Chemistry."
For the second class meeting (Week of 2-9), you need to have finished reading Module 10.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
Online Module Test:
Due by 2-11
None
Due by 2-25
Module 11: The Circulatory System
Class discussions: Week of 2-23, Week of 3-2
For the first class meeting (Week of 2-23), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "Blood as a Connective Tissue."
For the second class meeting (Week of 3-2), you need to have finished reading Module 11.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 11.3 Draft Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due by 3-4
Required Experiments: Due by 3-11: Experiment 11.1 and Experiment 11.2 in notebook and
Experiment 11.3 Draft Report to Mr.R
Online Module Test:
Due by 3-11
Module 12: The Lymphatic System
Class discussions: Week of 3-9, Week of 3-16
For the first class meeting (Week of 3-9), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "The Spleen and Thymus Gland."
{30}
For the second class meeting (Week of 3-16), you need to have finished reading Module 12.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 11.3 Corrected Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due by 3-18
Required Experiments: Due by 3-25: Experiment 11.3 Corrected Report to Mr.R and
Experiment 12.1 informal report in notebook
Online Module Test:
Due by 3-25
Module 13: The Digestive System
Class discussions: Week of 3-23, Week of 3-30, Spring Break: 4/4 to 4/12
For the first class meeting (Week of 3-23), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "The Stomach."
For the second class meeting (Week of 3-30), you need to have finished reading Module 13.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
notebook
Online Module Test:
Due by 4-1
Due by 4-15: Experiment 13.1 and Experiment 13.2 informal reports in
Due by 4-15
Module 14: The Respiratory System
Class discussions: Week of 4-13, Week of 4-20
For the first class meeting (Week of 4-13), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "The Muscles and Mechanics of Ventilation."
For the second class meeting (Week of 4-20), you need to have finished reading Module 14.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 14.1 Draft Report
{31}
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Required Experiments:
Online Module Test:
Due by 4-22
Due by 4-29: Experiment 14.1 Draft Report to Mr.R
Due by 4-29
Module 15: The Urinary System
Class discussions: Week of 4-27, Week of 5-4
For the first class meeting (Week of 4-27), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "Urine Formation, Step 2: Reabsorption."
For the second class meeting (Week of 5-4), you need to have finished reading Module 15.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
Experiment 14.1 Corrected Report
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due by 5-6
Required Experiments: Due by 5-13: Experiment 14.1 Corrected Report to Mr.R and
Experiment 15.1 informal report in notebook
Online Module Test:
Due by 5-13
Parent Notebook Report -- Due 05/22/2015
Module 16: The Reproductive System
Class discussions: Week of 5-11, Week of 5-18
For the first class meeting (Week of 5-11), you need to have read up to and including the section
called "Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction."
For the second class meeting (Week of 5-18), you need to have finished reading Module 16.
Formal Experiment report to be turned in to Mr. Rosenoff:
None
Assignments Due:
Module Study Guide:
Due by 5-20
{32}
Required Experiments:
None
Exam Review: During class week of 5-18
Final Assignments:
Second Semester Exam: Due 5-27 (Exam covers Modules 9 thru 16. There WILL be questions
over Module 16 on the Exam.)
Please note that 5/27 is the LAST POSSIBLE DAY to turn in assignments for the school year.
I will close my grade book at 6:01 PM, Eastern, and finalize grades. Please do not be late with
your final assignments.
To you, the parent, I promise that I will make every effort possible to keep in close contact with
you; however, in order to do that, I need to be able to find you! Please keep the school and me
advised of a daytime phone number where you can be reached, and provide me with an e-mail
account to which only you have access. I do not make evening or weekend phone calls or
answer or send e-mails on the weekends. (My family needs my time during these hours.)
Therefore, it is imperative that I be able to contact you during daylight hours. If you have any
questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me at 360-347-1799 during my school year
office hours, which are 3:00 – 6:00 PM, Eastern Time, Monday, Wednesday, or Friday or e-mail
me at rwt1@comcast.net.
God Bless your efforts this year and always,
Mr. Steven Rosenoff
Advanced Biology Instructor
Cleo’s Classroom
Table of Contents
Start
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RED WAGON TUTORIALS
Parent Agreement
Thank you for your interest in this Cleo’s Classroom Advanced Biology class. I am excited
about the new school year for two reasons: (1) our class will be live-feed Internet. Unlike some
Internet courses which require you to send in assignments which I grade and then return, you and
I will be communicating directly with each other on at least a weekly basis. This arrangement
gives us greater opportunity to interact and learn from each other because we will be together for
ninety minutes each week; (2) our curriculum will be challenging and exhilarating. Sixteen
major topics will be covered during the course of this year. These units are all outlined in the
book Human Body: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made!, 1st Edition, by Dr. Jay Wile and
Marilyn F. Shannon, which will also be our classroom text. As a former medical and industrial
research scientist, you can be certain I will bring a depth of knowledge to the topics we will
study together. I am eager to share my experience with you in an educational capacity.
In order to start out with a firm understanding of my expectations for this class, I would ask that
you please review the following requirements with your student:
1. Students entering advanced biology should have completed Algebra I prior to the start of the
academic school year. (Success in biology at this level and math ability go hand-in-hand,
according to research.)
2. Incoming advanced biology students should have mastered the introductory concepts covered
in a general biology, including basic laboratory procedures and experiment report writing.
(Please see Exploring Creation with Biology, 2nd Edition by Dr. Jay Wile for guidance as to
basic curriculum covered in these courses.)
3. Students should have a basic understanding of document citation and have the ability to
produce a two-to-three page formal laboratory experiment report following a standardized
documentation style I will provide.
4. Students or their parents should have basic computer literacy, including knowledge of how to
download files, load web pages, open and create e-mail attachments in Word 2010 docx or
Adobe PDF format, and how to copy from a Word 2010 docx or Adobe PDF document and paste
to a website template. (These are not skills I teach in class.)
5. The text we will be using for our course, as stated earlier, is Human Body: Fearfully and
Wonderfully Made!, 1st Edition, by Dr. Jay Wile and Marilyn F. Shannon. You are also
{34}
required to purchase the textbook Solutions Manual. The textbook and manual, or a complete
CD-ROM version of the text/manual, and other support materials are available through Christian
Book Distributors, http://www.christianbook.com/. The text is divided into 16 modules. Unless
otherwise noted in the advanced biology course schedule, (1) a parent-graded module study
guide; (2) a paper-and-ink informal report (following an informal format I will provide) for each
required module experiment; and (3) an instructor-graded online module test MUST all be
completed for each module. Each student will also produce a formal lab report each quarter
following the formal report format that I will provide. There will also be an instructor-graded
semester exam given at the end of 1 st and 2nd semesters. I will also require that the student
maintain a penciled lab notebook of all lab experiment work completed: I will post a list of the
required experiments to be completed for each semester. Remember: these assignments MUST
BE COMPLETED BY THE DUE DATES LISTED in the course schedule, which I will post
online.
6. Students must complete the module tests and the semester exams ONLINE on the Student
Portal. Parents MUST post their parent notebook report on the Student Portal site also.
Completing this assignment submission process provides the student/parent with a receipt for the
assignment which is time stamped and gives me a computer-stored copy to look back on. There
is a link for posting each one of these assignments available on the Student Portal site. Students
will forward their formal experiment report as a Microsoft Word 2010 docx or Adobe PDF
document. Please note: I require that you word process (using Word 2010 docx or Adobe PDF,
Times New Roman, 12 font, 1” margins) and spell check the formal experiment report prior to its
being sent as an e-mailed attachment. I will provide you with a Steps to Success handout (in
your Assignment Supplement) which will detail the best method to accomplish all this
assignment work.
7. Laboratory work is an important endeavor in your child’s overall grade and education and
should be completed. A microscope and prepared slide set are required for this course. Please
be sure to be diligent in completing ALL the required lab assignments indicated in the Course
Schedule. Laboratory supplies for this course are obtained from common household and pantry
items, hunting and gathering activities, buy purchasing a blood typing kit, and by purchasing a
dissection kit and specimens through a commercial source specified in the Laboratory Equipment
section at the front of Dr. Wile's text. I will require a parent notebook report be submitted each
semester stating the total number of experiments completed per number required. This report
will amount to one third of your student’s laboratory grade. Please do not be late.
(Those of you living and working overseas may have special needs regarding completion of
laboratory work. Please feel free to contact me on an individual basis so that I can help with any
concerns you may have.)
8. Students should be disciplined enough to submit required work on time. As per stated policy,
I will deduct 10% per day from the score received on the assignment on all late work (including
the parent notebook report), unless the lateness results from personal illness, family
emergency, or computer problem of a non-reoccurring nature. In these instances, I will grant full
points. A schedule for the course, providing due dates for all assignments for the entire year,
will be posted online before the start of the academic year. (If you are leaving on vacation or
{35}
some other personal-choice holiday, please adjust your study schedule to submit the assigned
work before leaving. I will always accept an assignment early. I am available during my office
hours to help you complete assignments before the due date, when and if necessary, during the
school year.)
All class assignments are due by 6:00 PM, Eastern Time, on the date indicated in the Schedule I
will post online. (The Student Portal time stamp on your work is the final authority on whether
something is submitted on time or not.) NOTE: 6:01 PM, Eastern Time, starts a new day, and I
will subtract 10% if your work arrives at or after that time.
9. In order to begin class immediately, students are expected to be signed on to their computers
at the class start time with materials ready. Technology is often a fickle thing. Many students
have to log in several times to get a decent connection. Try to log into class five minutes early to
avoid being late. (This also provides the student time to chat with classmates prior to the start of
our session.) Those students who are habitually tardy for no valid reason will be locked out of
the system until a parent conference can be scheduled.
(Those of you living and working overseas may have special problems regarding absences and
tardiness. Please feel free to contact me on an individual basis so that I can help with your
needs.)
10. Students are expected to come to class prepared every day, which means all assigned
reading, exercises, and labs have been completed.
The following rules and procedures have been established to create an environment conducive to
learning:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Be Prepared -- have assignments finished prior to class.
Be Prompt -- turn in all work on the date it is due.
Be Respectful -- to yourself, other students, and your tutor.
Be Involved -- daily participation is required.
Those students who follow the rules stated above will receive positive reinforcement through the
use of participation points. These points will be given at my discretion to students who are
organized, complete work on time and to the best of their ability, and behave in an appropriate
manner.
11. Daily participation in class is also required. Students are expected to have a working
microphone for this purpose. Students are expected to ask questions, participate in discussions,
and generate and share ideas. Often participation is the deciding factor when figuring grades (an
‘A’ vs. an ‘A-’ or perhaps a ‘D’ vs. an ‘F’). You need to do more than show up to class and
complete your assignments to succeed -- you need to be an active participant in your education.
(Please note: I cannot and will not, in good conscience, pass a student who does not participate in
his or her education.)
{36}
12. The following grade scale will be used for the course:
A
AB+
B
B-
93 - 100%
90 - 92%
87 - 89%
83 - 86%
80 - 82%
C+
C
CD+
D
77 - 79%
73 - 76%
70 - 72%
67 - 69%
60 - 66%
F 59% and below
The two typewritten, formal laboratory write-ups (one required each quarter) and the parent
notebook report detailing completion of all required experiment work comprise 25% of the
student’s semester grade; seven module tests each semester make up an additional 50% of the
student’s grade; the end-of-semester exam comprises 25% of the total score for each semester.
A perpetual grade report for each semester for every student is available on the password
protected course web site for viewing at any time during the school year.
If you have further questions regarding course requirements, my e-mail address is
rwt1@comcast.net. Please feel free to contact me on Monday, Wednesday, or Friday afternoons
between 3:00 PM – 6:00 PM, Eastern Time. My phone number is 360-347-1799.
Looking forward to seeing you in September!
God Bless,
Steve Rosenoff
Advanced Biology Instructor
Cleo’s Classroom
Table of Contents
Start
{37}
Module 1
Lesson 1:
Reading Assignment: ECHB, pp. 1 - 14
Lesson Video: HModule01-1
Lesson Starts: 18:45
An Organizational Overview and Some Review, Part 1
Please watch this video before class starts or the session video is viewed:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2N_b0qwvxY#t=40
(Parents: Please be advised that these are You-Tube videos. We have no control over the ads
that are presented. We do our best to screen the presentations, but ads change daily. Please
preview the video environment before your student views the links. We feel that Google
Chrome is the best browser for students to watch videos. It screens content very well.)
https://www.google.com/chrome/browser/
Today’s class has two parts. The first part is new introductory material beyond your basic
biology course. The second part is review material, which you should know regarding the topic
of cell structure. I will go over the first part (A) during class. If there is time, I will go over the
second part (B). Both parts (A and B) are testable.
A. Lecture:
1. The human body is God’s ultimate what? _______________ _______________
2. The human body is the most incredible _______________ manufacturing plant in the world.
3. T or F: Physiology underlies anatomy. ________
4. The study of the macroscopic structures of an organism is which of the following?
a. gross anatomy
b. structural anatomy
{38}
c. cellular anatomy
d. idon’tknow anatomy
5. Gross anatomy can be divided into what two divisions? _______________
_______________ and _______________ _______________
6. While human anatomy deals with human body design, comparative anatomy deals with the
_______________ and _______________ in structure between creatures.
7. T or F: A physician finding swollen glands in a person’s neck is an example of surface
anatomy. ________
8. A podiatrist (foot doctor) specializes in what kind of anatomy?
a.
b.
c.
d.
comparative
surface
regional
systemic
9. Systemic anatomy means anatomy by what? _______________ _______________
10. _______________ is the science that studies the functions of an organism and its parts.
11. T or F: Muscles are the building blocks of the body. ________
12. The human organism is made up of how many organ systems?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
7
9
11
13. A group of tissues specialized for a particular function is termed what? _____
_______________
14. Tissues are groups of ________ specialized for a particular function.
15. T or F: There are only four kinds of human tissues. ________
16. Ligaments attach bone to bone at the joints. Ligaments are made up of what kind of tissue?
a.
b.
c.
d.
nervous
muscular
connective
epithelial
{39}
17. Members of kingdom Animalia have what kind of cells? _______________
18. To be considered eukaryotic, the cell must have membrane-bound _______________.
19. T or F: Proteins, salts, fats, acids, etc, are characteristic of the molecular level of human
body organization. ________
20. How many basic functions must a cell perform to be alive?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
7
9
11
21. Your parathyroid glands produce a hormone called PTH, which regulates calcium levels in
your blood. When your calcium levels are low, the parathyroid cells produce PTH and put it into
your bloodstream. This encourages bone-destroying cells to dissolve bone tissue, which
increases your blood calcium level.
22. A cell takes in a polysaccharide, breaks it down, and burns it for energy. What 4 functions
(excluding homeostasis) did it perform?
23. When that cell is done, it must eliminate the water and carbon dioxide produced. Both are
soluble in cell fluids. What 2 functions (excluding homeostasis) are performed?
24. When you scratch an itch, you destroy roughly 100 skin cells or so. What function
(excluding homeostasis) must skin cells be constantly performing so that this doesn’t hurt you?
25. A cell takes in a substance and breaks it down. It needs to get rid of part of that substance
which is not soluble in the cell fluids. What 4 functions (excluding homeostasis) are used?
26. _______________ is a state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions,
chemical levels, and tissues.
27. T or F: Maintaining environmental “set points” within a normal range creates homeostasis
within the human body. ________
28. Which of the following environmental variables have set points with the human body?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
blood pressure
oxygen concentration
body temperature
blood pH
All the above have set point norms.
{40}
29. Something in the environment that causes one or more variables to move too far from their
set point is termed what? _______________
30. The increased muscle activity associated with shivering counteracts the stress of being too
_______________.
31. T or F: Stress is an imbalance that must be corrected for proper health. ________
32. Of the eleven organ systems in the human body, which of the following may actually
increase stress or simply not counteract it?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the reproductive system
the nervous system
the digestive system
the lymphatic system
33. What two body systems are responsible for the control of homeostasis? _______________
system and _______________ system
34. The _______________ system senses variables that go too far beyond set point norms, and
the _______________ system secretes hormones that help restore homeostasis.
35. T or F: A receptor is a structure in the body that can change the value of a set point variable.
________
36. Negative feedback systems are healthy because they promote which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
absorption
biosynthesis
digestion
egestion
homeostasis
37. Positive feedback systems can lead to what if uncontrolled? _______________
B. Cell Structure Review: (These are sample questions I would expect you to be able to answer
regarding this topic for your test.)
1. Cytology is the study of _______________.
2. When the distance across the cell doubles, the cell’s volume goes up by a factor of what?
________
3. T or F: Aside from the nucleus and centrioles, there are often SEVERAL of each organelle
found in a given cell. ________
{41}
4. The plasma membrane is which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
semi-permeable
found only in animal cells
solid like an egg
composed of a phosphoprotein bilayer
5. _______________ is a jelly-like fluid in which all of the cell organelles are suspended.
6. What bean-shaped organelles are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell?
_______________
7. T or F: Hydrolysis reactions take place in the hydrosome. ________
8. Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are non-membrane bound
organelles that are responsible for production of what in the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
fats
carbohydrates
proteins
none of the above
9. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: _______________ ER and _______________
ER.
10. When a protein or lipid is needed by the cell, what organelles package the protein or lipid
molecule so that it can be transported to the place in the cell where needed? ______________
_______________
11. T or F: Vacuoles are “sacs” that exist in the cell. ________
12. Centrioles have which of the following functions?
a.
b.
c.
d.
form the base of the flagella
pull apart the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis
pull apart the duplicated chromosomes during meiosis
All the above are correct.
13. The nucleus contains what, which is essential for cell life? _______________
14. The cytoskeleton is made up of three basic kinds of fibers: _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
15. T or F: Microfilaments are responsible for the ponderous motion exhibited by muscle cells.
________
{42}
16. Microtubules perform which of the following for the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
participate in cell movement.
produce channels in which materials can flow
form the tube-foot of the starfish
provide for transport across the plasma membrane
17. The intermediate filaments are mostly responsible for strengthening and supporting the cell,
which allows it to keep its _______________.
Table of Contents
Start
{43}
Answers & Links:
Lesson 1:
An Organizational Overview and Some Review, Part 1
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/1stOverhead01.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/2ndOverhead.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/3rdOverhead.htm
http://www.redwagontutorials.com/php/
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/HModule1SG.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/SampleInformalReport.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/FormalReport2a.htm
Please watch this video before class starts or the session video is viewed:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2N_b0qwvxY#t=40
(Parents: Please be advised that these are You-Tube videos. We have no control over the ads
that are presented. We do our best to screen the presentations, but ads change daily. Please
preview the video environment before your student views the links. We feel that Google
Chrome is the best browser for students to watch videos. It screens content very well.)
https://www.google.com/chrome/browser/
Today’s class has two parts. The first part is new introductory material beyond your basic
biology course. The second part is review material which you should know regarding the topic
of cell structure. I will go over the first part (A) during class. If there is time, I will go over the
second part (B). Both parts (A and B) are testable.
A. Lecture:
1. The human body is God’s ultimate what? _______________ _______________
Answer: The human body is God’s ultimate design achievement.
{44}
http://www.artwallpapers.net/celebs/michael_jordan/01/michael_jordan01.jpg
2. The human body is the most incredible _______________ manufacturing plant in the world.
Answer: The human body is the most incredible chemical manufacturing plant in the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_makeup_of_the_human_body
3. T or F: Physiology underlies anatomy. ________
Answer: False. Anatomy underlies physiology.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anatomy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology
4. The study of the macroscopic structures of an organism is which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
gross anatomy
structural anatomy
cellular anatomy
idon’tknow anatomy
Answer: The correct answer is (a). Gross anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structures of
an organism: the heart, the lungs, the brain, the fingers, etc., are all things that can be seen
without a microscope. Microscopic anatomy is the study of the microscopic structures of an
organism: the heart’s cardiac muscle cells, the lung’s alveoli, the brain’s neurons, and the
finger’s epithelial cells would be examples.
http://www.news.wisc.edu/story_images/0000/0269/anatomy_lab_skeleton07_1501.jpg
http://www.histology-world.com/
5. Gross anatomy can be divided into what two divisions? _______________
_______________ and _______________ _______________
Answer: Gross anatomy can be divided into human anatomy and comparative anatomy.
6. While human anatomy deals with human body design, comparative anatomy deals with the
_______________ and _______________ in structure between creatures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy
Answer: While human anatomy deals with human body design, comparative anatomy deals with
the similarities and differences in structure between creatures. The bones of a bird’s wing
resemble a human radius and ulna, while the bones in a bat’s wing resemble human fingers.
{45}
Convergent evolution says that wings on reptiles, insects, birds, and bats all developed along
different evolutionary lines and there is no common ancestor for these. It is hard enough to
account for wings developing once by random chance, let alone several times along different
lineages. The chance of a 20-link chain having four different links assembling itself exactly the
same way by random chance is 1.2 trillion to 1. DNA for wings is billions of linkages long.
You can’t calculate a number big enough to account for wing DNA happening more than once,
let alone four times along different species. The math for wing evolution just does not add up.
http://www.innerbody.com/
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/bio/Notes/Image689.gif
7. T or F: A physician finding swollen glands in a person’s neck is an example of surface
anatomy. ________
Answer: True. A physician finding swollen glands in a person’s neck is an example of surface
anatomy. Often called “anatomy by Braille,” surface anatomy is feeling for abnormal changes to
the person’s anatomy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_anatomy
8. A podiatrist (foot doctor) specializes in what kind of anatomy?
a.
b.
c.
d.
comparative
surface
regional
systemic
Answer: The correct answer is (c). A podiatrist (foot doctor) specializes in the regional anatomy
of the human foot.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry
9. Systemic anatomy means anatomy by what? _______________ _______________
Answer: Systemic anatomy means anatomy by organ systems: digestive, nervous, circulatory,
etc. It deals with how organs of the body work together to perform a function.
http://www.cprnation.org/assets/pages/78/The_heart_as_a_double_pump.jpg
10. _______________ is the science that studies the functions of an organism and its parts.
Answer: Physiology is the science that studies the functions of an organism and its parts.
http://hungeree.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/pb-120807-alexandra-raisman-gold-nj-01.jpg
{46}
11. T or F: Muscles are the building blocks of the body. ________
Answer: False. Tissues are the building blocks of the body. Histology is the study of tissues;
therefore, a histologist studies the building materials of the body.
http://madhyantikaaherbals.synthasite.com/resources/human%20body%20%20tissues.jpg
12. The human organism is made up of how many organ systems?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
7
9
11
Answer: The correct answer is (d). The human organism is made up of eleven organ systems.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.1.htm
13. A group of tissues specialized for a particular function is termed what? _____
_______________
Answer: An organ is a group of tissues specialized for a particular function.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)
14. Tissues are groups of ________ specialized for a particular function.
Answer: Tissues are groups of cells specialized for a particular function.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)
15. T or F: There are only four kinds of human tissues. ________
Answer: True. There are only four kinds of human tissues: nervous, muscular, connective, and
epithelial.
16. Ligaments attach bone to bone at the joints. Ligaments are made up of what kind of tissue?
a.
b.
c.
d.
nervous
muscular
connective
epithelial
Answer: The correct answer is (c). Ligaments attach bone to bone at the joints. Ligaments are
made up of connective of tissue.
{47}
http://www.osteoarthritisblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/knee-ligaments.png
17. Members of kingdom Animalia have what kind of cells? _______________
Answer: Members of kingdom Animalia have eukaryotic cells.
http://cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
Remember, there are five kingdoms in all of Creation: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
Animalia. Each kingdom has its defining characteristic:
1. Monera: prokaryotic cells; bacterial cell type; microscopic; producers, decomposers, or
parasitic.
2. Protista: eukaryotic cells; animal cell type; mostly microscopic or some macroscopic; no
specialized tissues; form aggregates; producers, consumers, or decomposers.
3. Fungi: eukaryotic cells; animal cell type; microscopic or macroscopic; has specialized tissues;
generally multicellular; decomposer or parasitic.
4. Plantae: eukaryotic cells; plant cell type; microscopic or macroscopic; has specialized tissues;
generally multicellular; producer.
5. Animalia: eukaryotic cells; animal cell type; microscopic or macroscopic; has specialized
tissues; generally multicellular; consumers, generally herbivores, carnivores or omnivores.
18. To be considered eukaryotic, the cell must have membrane-bound _______________.
Answer: To be considered eukaryotic, the cell must have membrane-bound organelles.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
19. T or F: Proteins, salts, fats, acids, etc, are characteristic of the molecular level of human
body organization. ________
Answer: True. Proteins, salts, fats, acids, etc, are characteristic of the molecular level of human
body organization. The seven levels of human body organization, therefore, are organism, organ
system, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and molecules. Note: Molecules can be further broken
down into atoms, but the unique property of the molecule is lost in the process. (Organic changes
into inorganic.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein#Structure_of_proteins
20. How many basic functions must a cell perform to be alive?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
7
9
11
{48}
Answer: The correct answer is (d). There are eleven basic functions that a cell must perform to
be alive:
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_main.html
Absorption, biosynthesis, digestion, egestion, excretion, homeostasis, irritability, movement,
respiration, reproduction, and secretion.
Abdee him rrs
21. Your parathyroid glands produce a hormone called PTH, which regulates calcium levels in
your blood. When your calcium levels are low, the parathyroid cells produce PTH and put it into
your bloodstream. This encourages bone-destroying cells to dissolve bone tissue, which
increases your blood calcium level.
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/anatomy.html
a. What 3 functions (excluding homeostasis) do the parathyroid gland cells perform to make this
happen?
Answer: They must make PTH, which is BIOSYNTHESIS. They must move it to the plasma
membrane, which is MOVEMENT. They must expel it. Since the chemical is being used by
other cells, this is SECRETION.
b. What is the first function (excluding homeostasis) that the bone-destroying cells perform in
this situation?
Answer: They must respond to the PTH. That is IRRITABILITY.
22. A cell takes in a polysaccharide, breaks it down, and burns it for energy. What 4 functions
(excluding homeostasis) did it perform?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CellRespiration.svg
Answer: The cell takes in the polysaccharide. That is ABSORPTION. The cell moves it to
where it can be broken down. That is MOVEMENT. The cell breaks it down. That is
DIGESTION. The cell converts it to energy. That is RESPIRATION.
23. When that cell is done, it must eliminate the water and carbon dioxide produced. Both are
soluble in cell fluids. What 2 functions (excluding homeostasis) are performed?
Answer: It must move them to the plasma membrane. That is MOVEMENT. It must expel
them. Since they are soluble, that is EXCRETION.
24. When you scratch an itch, you destroy roughly 100 skin cells or so. What function
(excluding homeostasis) must skin cells be constantly performing so that this doesn’t hurt you?
{49}
Answer: The skin cells must be constantly making new ones to replace those which you destroy.
That is REPRODUCTION.
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
25. A cell takes in a substance and breaks it down. It needs to get rid of part of that substance
which is not soluble in the cell fluids. What 4 functions (excluding homeostasis) are used?
Answer: The cell takes it in. That is ABSORPTION. The cell must move it to where it can be
broken down. That is MOVEMENT. The cell must break it down. That is DIGESTION. The
cell must move the non-soluble part back to the membrane. We already mentioned that. The
cell must get rid of the non-soluble part. Since it is non-soluble, that is EGESTION.
26. _______________ is a state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions,
chemical levels, and tissues.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookANIMORGSYS.html
Answer: Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions, chemical
levels, and tissues. It is the process of maintaining the status quo in the cell. Homeostasis will
employ the 10 other basic functions in order to maintain the status quo.
27. T or F: Maintaining environmental “set points” within a normal range creates homeostasis
within the human body. ________
Answer: True. Maintaining environmental “set points” within a normal range creates
homeostasis within the human body.
28. Which of the following environmental variables have set points with the human body?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
blood pressure
oxygen concentration
body temperature
blood pH
All the above have set point norms.
Answer: The correct answer is (e). Blood pressure, oxygen concentration, body temperature,
and blood pH, as well as thousands of other variables, all have set point norms.
http://www.thebody.com/content/art6062.html#normal
29. Something in the environment that causes one or more variables to move too far from their
set point is termed what? _______________
Answer: Stress is something in the environment that causes one or more variables to move too
far from their set point.
{50}
30. The increased muscle activity associated with shivering counteracts the stress of being too
_______________.
Answer: The increased muscle activity associated with shivering counteracts the stress of being
too cold.
http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/wp-content/gallery/snow/pa-1020612.jpg
31. T or F: Stress is an imbalance that must be corrected for proper health. ________
Answer: True. Stress is an imbalance that must be corrected for proper health.
32. Of the eleven organ systems in the human body, which of the following may actually
increase stress or simply not counteract it?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the reproductive system
the nervous system
the digestive system
the lymphatic system
Answer: The correct answer is (a). Of the eleven organ systems in the human body, the
reproductive system may actually increase stress or simply not counteract it.
33. What two body systems are responsible for the control of homeostasis? _______________
system and _______________ system
Answer: The nervous system and the endocrine system are responsible for the control of
homeostasis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system
34. The _______________ system senses variables that go too far beyond set point norms, and
the _______________ system secretes hormones that help restore homeostasis.
Answer: The nervous system senses variables that go too far beyond set point norms, and the
endocrine system secretes hormones that help restore homeostasis.
35. T or F: A receptor is a structure in the body that can change the value of a set point variable.
________
Answer: False. An effector is a structure in the body that can change the value of a set point
variable.
{51}
Receptors monitor the value of the body’s variables. A control center establishes the normal
range for the variable. When the control center (usually the brain) receives input from the
receptors that a variable may go outside its normal range, the control center sends a message
(either electrical or hormonal) to one or more effectors to adjust the variable’s value.
36. Negative feedback systems are healthy because they promote which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
absorption
biosynthesis
digestion
egestion
homeostasis
Answer: The correct answer is (e). Negative feedback systems are healthy because they
promote homeostasis. (Examples: Blood pressure regulation and blood sugar level control are
both examples of negative feedback systems.)
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.2.htm
37. Positive feedback systems can lead to what if uncontrolled? _______________
Answer: Positive feedback systems can lead to death if uncontrolled. (Example: Lower blood
pressure generates even lower blood pressure in a positive feedback system. Negative feedback
systems are inversely relational to the variable’s change; low blood pressure causes the release of
substances which increase the blood pressure variable.)
http://www.getbodysmart.com/
B. Cell Structure Review:
(These are sample questions I would expect you to be able to answer regarding this topic for
your test.)
1. Cytology is the study of _______________.
Answer: Cytology is the study of cells. Since the 1600’s, scientists have been studying cells. In
the entire history of cytology, scientists have only seen cells produced in one way: from other
cells. Never have chemicals or any other non-living substances produced cells. In fact, scientists
cannot even produce cells in the lab unless they have a living cell to start with. Even the process
of cloning starts with a living cell. Without that living cell, cloning would not work.
http://137.189.150.85/cytopathology/GT1photo/4/08153022.JPG
2. When the distance across the cell doubles, the cell’s volume goes up by a factor of what?
________
{52}
Answer: When the distance across the cell doubles, the cell’s volume goes up by a factor of
eight! Well, when a cell’s volume increases, it must absorb more nutrients to survive. The
amount of nutrients it must absorb is actually dependent on its volume. Thus, when a cell’s
radius doubles, its absorption must increase by a factor of 8. Since the amount of absorption that
a cell needs is so dramatically dependent on the cell’s size, there is a fundamental size limit that
cells can reach. After that point, they cannot grow any larger. That’s why cells are so small.
3. T or F: Aside from the nucleus and centrioles, there are often SEVERAL of each organelle
found in a given cell. ________
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.3.htm
Answer: True. This is an idealized drawing of a cell. It is WAY TOO SIMPLE. First, the cell
is three-dimensional, as are the organelles. This 2-dimensional drawing just makes the
discussion simpler. Second, aside from the nucleus and centrioles, there are often SEVERAL of
each organelle, depending on the cell itself. Just realize, then, that this is a VERY SIMPLIFIED
drawing.
http://search.aol.com/aol/image?query=Cell%20SEM%20picture
4. The plasma membrane is which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
semi-permeable
found only in animal cells
solid like an egg
composed of a phosphoprotein bilayer
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane.html
Answer: The correct answer is (a). The plasma membrane is semi-permeable. It allows certain
substances (nutrients, water, and oxygen, for example) to pass through and enter the cell, but it
does not allow other substances (certain toxins, for example) in. Likewise, the plasma
membrane allows water and waste products to leave the cell, but it does not allow the contents of
the cell itself to leave.
5. _______________ is a jelly-like fluid in which all of the cell organelles are suspended.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
Answer: Cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid in which all of the cell organelles are suspended. The
cytoplasm is comprised of a mixture of several different compounds, including proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates. In addition, there are substances called ions in the cytoplasm.
As you already learned in prior science classes, atoms must have the same number of protons
and electrons in order to remain electrically balanced. Well, if an atom loses or gains an
electron, it suddenly is thrown out of electrical balance. If an atom gains electrons (which are
{53}
negatively charged), it ends up with an overall negative charge. If an atom loses electrons, it
ends up with an overall positive charge. Atoms that have gained or lost an electron are called
ions. Since ions have electrical charge, they respond to electrical stimuli.
6. What bean-shaped organelles are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell?
_______________
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html
Answer: Perhaps the most important of the organelles are the mitochondria, which is the plural
of mitochondrion. These bean-shaped organelles are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of
the cell because they are responsible for the respiration of monosaccharides, which releases
energy that can be used by the cell.
The mitochondria also possess DNA. Mitochondrial DNA codes for the production of certain
proteins necessary for the mitochondrion to do its job. A mitochondrion cannot produce all of
the proteins that it needs. The mitochondrion must rely on the DNA in the nucleus to produce
those proteins it cannot make.
7. T or F: Hydrolysis reactions take place in the hydrosome. ________
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html
Answer: False. All of the necessary hydrolysis reactions take place in the lysosome.
Remember, in order to use polysaccharides or disaccharides, a cell must first break them down
into monosaccharides using hydrolysis reactions. In addition, cells must break certain proteins
and lipids down into their constituent parts (amino acids and fatty acids, respectively) in order to
use them for biosynthesis.
Interestingly enough, when the lysosome was first discovered, it was called the “suicide sac”
because, prior to the death of certain cells, the lysosomes would release chemicals that destroyed
the cell. Later on, scientists realized that as the cell dies, the membrane which encloses the
lysosome is generally the first thing to deteriorate. When that membrane deteriorates, the
contents of the lysosome spill into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Some cells, such as white blood cells, actually use their lysosomes to commit suicide. A white
blood cell tries to kill invading pathogens. One way it can do that is to fill itself with a huge
amount of antibodies. Then, it can enter into a group of pathogens and rupture its own
lysosomes. This will cause the cell to break open, and the antibiotic will spill out onto the
pathogens, killing them. Thus, the white blood cell runs a “suicide mission” to destroy the
pathogens. When you have an infected cut, the pus is actually the remains of the white blood
cells after their suicide runs!
8. Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are non-membrane bound
organelles that are responsible for production of what in the cell?
{54}
a.
b.
c.
d.
fats
carbohydrates
proteins
none of the above
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ribosomes/ribosomes.html
Answer: The correct answer is (c). The ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles that are
found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These organelles are responsible for production
of proteins in the cell.
9. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum, _______________ ER and _______________
ER:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/endoplasmicreticulum.html
Answer: The endoplasmic reticulum, commonly abbreviated as ER, is composed of an extensive
network of folded membranes. There are two types of ER: rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER
is dotted with ribosomes; smooth ER is not.
Since it has ribosomes, rough ER is a part of protein synthesis. Typically, specialized proteins
that are secreted by certain cells are produced here. Although no protein synthesis occurs in
smooth ER, many cells produce lipids in this organelle. These lipids are generally the means by
which excess energy is stored. In addition, smooth ER inactivates certain harmful by-products of
digestion and respiration and then sends them to the plasma membrane to be ejected.
10. When a protein or lipid is needed by the cell, what organelles package the protein or lipid
molecule so that it can be transported to the place in the cell where it is needed?
_______________ _______________
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html
Answer: When a protein or lipid is needed by the cell, the Golgi bodies package the molecule so
that it can be transported to the place in the cell where it is needed. Golgi bodies are comprised
of flattened, interconnected membrane sacs that store proteins and lipids. When the cell
produces proteins and lipids, they are transferred to the Golgi bodies where they are sorted and
stored until needed. The “packaging” that goes on in the Golgi bodies is typically some process
of adding a small molecule to the protein or lipid that is being processed. This chemical then can
be used by the cell as a marker, telling the cell where to transport the molecule. Thus, the Golgi
bodies function much like a mailing service. They take in molecules, package and address them,
and then send them to where they are needed.
11. T or F: Vacuoles are “sacs” that exist in the cell. ________
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endosomes/endosomes.html
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Answer: True. Vacuoles are “sacs” that exist in the cell. In addition to food vacuoles and
contractile vacuoles, there are waste vacuoles that hold waste and phagocytic vacuoles that can
be used to engulf things. If a vacuole is small, it can be called a VESICLE. A pinocytic vesicle
is one that is formed so that proteins can be absorbed. A secretion vesicle is used to take
chemicals made by the cell and send them out of the cell for other cells to use (secretion).
12. Centrioles have which of the following functions?
a.
b.
c.
d.
form the base of the flagella
pull apart the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis
pull apart the duplicated chromosomes during meiosis
All the above are correct.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/centrioles/centrioles.html
Answer: The correct answer is (d). In cells that possess flagella (euglena, for example) or cilia
(paramecia, for example), the centriole actually form the base of the movement organelle.
In many eukaryotic cells, centrioles appear in pairs. Each individual centriole is oriented at a 90
degree angle to its partner, like the corner of a square. These centrioles are necessary for
reproduction, as they pull apart the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
13. The nucleus contains what, which is essential for cell life? _______________
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html
Answer: The nucleus contains the DNA, which is a basic criterion for life. During most of the
cell’s life, the DNA is referred to as CHROMATIN. During the reproduction of the cell, the
DNA winds itself up into chromosomes. The nucleus has its own membrane to keep certain
chemicals out and let other chemicals in. In addition, there is a nucleolus that holds RNA.
14. The cytoskeleton is made up of three basic kinds of fibers: _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
Answer: Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its
shape, and aids in movement. The cytoskeleton is made up of three basic kinds of fibers:
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. You already learned about
microtubules when we discussed the centrioles, but the other two types of filaments are new to
you. Microfilaments are fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton. Intermediate
filaments are threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as
microfilaments
15. T or F: Microfilaments are responsible for the ponderous motion exhibited by muscle cells.
________
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http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html
Answer: True. The microfilaments are mostly associated with movement. For example,
microfilaments are responsible for the ponderous motion exhibited by amoeba. They also can
cause certain cells to contract. Muscle cells, for example, do their job by contracting and
relaxing. The microfilaments in the muscle cells take care of this function. Finally, in some
cells, the microfilaments also generate cytoplasmic streaming.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/microtubules.html
16. Microtubules perform which of the following for the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
participate in cell movement
produce channels in which materials can flow
form the tube-foot of the starfish
provide for transport across the plasma membrane
Answer: The correct answer is (a). Microtubules are used to form cilia and flagella in the cells
that have those structures. They also provide a “track” upon which organelles and vesicles can
travel as they move throughout the cell.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/intermediatefilaments/intermediatefilaments.html
17. The intermediate filaments are mostly responsible for strengthening and supporting the cell,
which allows it to keep its _______________.
Answer: The intermediate filaments are mostly responsible for strengthening and supporting the
cell, which allows it to keep its shape. Another important role of the cytoskeleton is to keep the
various organelles of the cell in their proper positions. Cellular organelles are not free to “float
around” the cell because the internal cellular structure is just too complex to allow for that. Thus,
the cytoskeleton holds this complex structure together by keeping each organelle in its proper
position.
Important!!!! The make-up of an individual cell's cytoskeleton is characteristic of the task for
which the cell has been designed. For example, skin cells must be very rigid. As a result, the
cytoskeleton of a skin cell contains a lot of intermediate filaments so that it can hold its shape
well. A muscle cell does a lot of contracting and relaxing, so it has a lot of microfilaments in its
cytoskeleton. A paramecium needs lots of cilia, so it has a high concentration of microtubules.
Although you might not think about it, there are cells in your body that have cilia as well. The
bronchial tubes that bring air to your lungs are lined with cells that have cilia. These cilia filter
dust and debris from the air that you breathe and then beat back and forth to sweep the dust and
debris away from your lungs.
Table of Contents
Start
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Lesson 2:
Reading Assignment: ECHB, pp. 14 - 27
Lesson Video: HModule01-2
Lesson Starts: 31:20
An Organizational Overview and Some Review, Part 2
Please watch this video before class starts or the session video is viewed:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZOjm0
Today’s class has two parts. The first part is new materials beyond your basic biology course.
The second part is review material which you should know regarding the topics of protein
synthesis and cellular reproduction. I will go over the first part (A) during class. If there is time,
I will go over the second part (B). Both parts (A and B) are testable.
A. Lecture:
1. T or F: A beautiful example of structure and function can be seen in the cell’s plasma
membrane. ________
2. The plasma membrane is important to the life of the cell because it limits what goes
________ and ________ of the cell.
3. Three kinds of molecules found in the plasma membrane include _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
4. A phospholipid is which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a fat molecule with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group
polar on one side and non-polar on the other
“hydrophilic” on one end and “hydrophobic” on the other
All the above are correct.
5. T or F: Phospholipids will re-orient themselves so that the polar heads of the phospholipid
bilayer are pointed into the cell and out into the watery environment. ________
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6. Like icebergs in the sea, what can be found floating in the phospholipid bilayer?
_______________
7. The three kinds of protein found in the phospholipid bilayer are _______________
_______________, _______________, and _______________ _______________.
8. Which kind of phospholipid bilayer protein acts as a marker, allowing cells to recognize each
other?
a.
b.
c.
d.
glycoproteins
channel proteins
receptor proteins
phosphoproteins
9. T or F: Nerve cells release chemicals which bind with channel proteins on a muscle cell,
causing the muscle to contract. ________
10. _______________ stabilizes the cell membrane and gives the plasma membrane the right
amount of firmness.
11. The words “fluid” and “mosaic” found in the fluid mosaic model description refer to what,
respectively? fluid = _______________ ____________ and mosaic = _______________
12. Which of the following define(s) a function of the plasma membrane?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It delimits the cell.
It provides receptors.
It allows for defective permeability.
All the above are membrane functions.
13. T or F: In Type I diabetes, the person does not make insulin. In Type II diabetes, the
glucose receptors don’t respond to the glucose present. ________
14. The ability of the plasma membrane to let certain materials in or out of the cell while
restricting others is termed _______________ _______________.
15. The first reason plasma membranes are selectively permeable is due to the fact that polar
substances dissolve _______________ and nonpolar substances dissolve _______________.
16. Water molecules move in and out through channel proteins because they are which of the
following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
polar in nature
the right size
have the correct charge
all the above
{59}
17. T or F: The amino acids in the channel proteins are oriented so that they form positive or
negative charges in the channel, which repel like charges and attract opposite charges.
________
18. In _______________ _______________, a carrier protein is designed for a specificallyshaped molecule.
19. What three conditions must be considered for mediated transport to work well?
_______________, _______________, and _______________
20. When similarly-shaped molecules fight to use the same carrier protein, which mediated
transport condition is exhibited? _______________
21. Which of the following is not a factor leading to the selective permeability of the plasma
membrane?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the membrane’s polar nature
the presence of small molecule channel proteins
the channel protein’s overall electrical charge
the transport rate of large molecules through the plasma membrane
22. Molecules can enter the cell through one of four pathways: (1) dissolving through the
phospholipid bilayer; (2) entering through channel proteins due to their small size; (3) entering
through charged channel proteins due to their charge size;or (4) employing carrier proteins.
Indicate which method (1, 2, 3, or 4) is being used by the following molecules.
a.
b.
c.
d.
fructose
________
fluoride ions ________
lipids ________
water ________
23. T or F: The four pathways above use two basic kinds of plasma membrane transport:
passive transport and active transport. ________
24. Passive transport is accomplished by what two processes? _______________ and
_______________ _______________.
25. Diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from an area of ____________
concentration to an area of ____________ concentration.
26. Diffusion using mediated transport is termed which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
mediated diffusion
diffusion transport
facilitated diffusion
a weird and strange event
{60}
27. T or F: Both diffusion and facilitated diffusion require energy (derived from the breakdown
of ATP) to be expended by the cell. ________
28. Active transport is movement against the dictates of diffusion and, therefore, requires
_______________ be expended.
29. Moving sodium from inside the cell to the outside environment requires _______________
transport.
30. Which of the following is not an active transport process?
a.
b.
c.
d.
pumping
facilitated diffusion
endocytosis
exocytosis
31. T or F: The process by which large molecules (proteins, etc.) move into the cell is termed
endocytosis. ________
32. Endocytosis can be divided into two processes: _______________ and _______________.
33. Phagocytosis means what? ____________ _______________
34. Insulin-secreting cells use which of the following to release insulin?
a.
b.
c.
d.
facilitated diffusion
pinocytosis
exocytosis
insocytosis
35. Both endocytosis and exocytosis involve a breakdown of what to occur? __________
_______________ _______________
B. Protein Synthesis and Cellular Reproduction Review:
(These are sample questions I would expect you to be able to answer regarding this topic for
your test.)
1. The general trend in protein synthesis is what? ________  ________  ________
2. T or F: There is no difference between DNA and RNA. They are, in fact, the same structure.
________
3. A molecule contains uracil. Is it DNA or RNA? ________
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4. A molecule has an anticodon. Is it DNA, mRNA, or tRNA? ________
5. A DNA strand has the following 6 bases:
Guanine - Adenine - Cytosine - Thymine - Guanine - Guanine
What will the bases be on the mRNA that forms in transcription? ________ - ________ ________ - ________ - ________ - ________
6. How many codons is this? ________
7. How many amino acids will this code for? ________
8. How many tRNA will be attracted to this portion of the mRNA? ________
9. What will be the anticodons on this tRNA?
First one: ________ - ________ - ________
Second one: ________ - ________ - ________
Everyone talks a lot about genes, but most people don’t know what they are. A gene simply is a
recipe for a protein or a portion of a protein. That’s it. All of the traits that we have are
determined by proteins, and the recipes for the proteins are in the DNA.
Although the genes that we have determine a lot of physical traits, they do not determine
everything about us. There is a constant battle between genetics, environment, and the spiritual
realm. This is often characterized as “nature versus nurture.” Our genes provide a basic
blueprint for what we look like and how we act. However, our environment and spiritual factors
then shape that blueprint into a final product. You might have the genes of an athlete. However,
if you never work out, eat the wrong foods, etc., you will still be overweight and inactive.
Most scientists believe (and they are certainly not sure) that genes provide TENDENCIES and
that environmental and spiritual factors either allow us to follow those tendencies or fight them.
For example, there is a gene present in 65% of alcoholics and 35% of non-alcoholics. Scientists
think that this gene gives us the tendency towards alcoholism. However, 25% of alcoholics
don’t have that gene but are nevertheless alcoholics. Also, 30% of non-alcoholics have the gene
and are not alcoholics. Thus, the gene gives a TENDENCY towards alcoholism. People with
the gene are not destined to be alcoholics - they can fight it. You don’t have to have the gene to
be an alcoholic, either. Bad choices can be enough to make you one. Thus, genes give us
tendencies, while environmental and spiritual factors allow us to either go along with those
tendencies or fight them.
Genes are stored in chromosomes. A human being has 23 PAIRS of chromosomes. Thus, there
are 46 total chromosomes. Each pair has the same set of genes. The genes are not the same, but
{62}
the mapping is the same. Let me make sure you understand what I mean. Suppose, for example,
your eye color was determined by one gene (it is not, but suppose it were). If the gene that
determines eye color were on chromosome pair 14, then you would have 2 genes for eye color,
one on each of the chromosomes in the pair. Now, the first gene might be for blue eyes and the
second for green eyes, but they would both be genes for eye color. That’s what we mean by
HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS. Each pair of chromosomes carry the same gene map. The genes
might be for different traits, but each chromosome in the pair affects the same traits. Thus, if the
gene for hair color (once again, there are more than one, but suppose there were just one) were
on chromosome pair 12, you would have 2 genes for hair color: one on the first chromosome in
pair 12 and one on the second. The first might be for blonde hair and the second for red hair, so
they need not be the same.
They both affect hair color, however.
10. When a cell is not reproducing, it is said to be in which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
prophase
interphase
metaphase
anaphase
11. The “four broad steps” of mitosis--in order from start to finish--are _______________,
_______________, _______________, and _______________
12. During which “broad step” are the duplicate chromosomes and original chromosomes pulled
apart? _______________
Table of Contents
Start
{63}
Answers & Links:
Lesson 2:
An Organizational Overview and Some Review, Part 2
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/1stOverhead02.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/2ndOverhead.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/3rdOverhead.htm
http://www.redwagontutorials.com/php/
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/HModule1SG.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/SampleInformalReport.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/FormalReport2a.htm
Please watch this video before class starts or the session video is viewed:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZOjm0
Today’s class has two parts. The first part is new materials beyond your basic biology course.
The second part is review material which you should know regarding the topics of protein
synthesis and cellular reproduction. I will go over the first part (A) during class. If there is time,
I will go over the second part (B). Both parts (A and B) are testable.
A. Lecture:
1. T or F: A beautiful example of structure and function can be seen in the cell’s plasma
membrane. ________
Answer: True. A beautiful example of structure and function can be seen in the cell’s plasma
membrane.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.6.htm
2. The plasma membrane is important to the life of the cell because it limits what goes
________ and ________ of the cell.
{64}
Answer: The plasma membrane is important to the life of the cell because it limits what goes in
and out of the cell.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Semipermeable_membrane.png
3. Three kinds of molecules found in the plasma membrane include _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
Answer: Three kinds of molecules found in the plasma membrane include phospholipids,
proteins, and cholesterol.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/CellMembrane.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol
4. A phospholipid is which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a fat molecule with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group
polar on one side and non-polar on the other
“hydrophilic” on one end and “hydrophobic” on the other
All the above are correct.
Answer: The correct answer is (d). A phospholipid is a fat molecule with one fatty acid
replaced by a phosphate group, which is polar on one side and non-polar on the other, which
makes it “hydrophilic” on one end and “hydrophobic” on the other.
http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/images/phospholipid.jpg
5. T or F: Phospholipids will re-orient themselves so that the polar heads of the phospholipid
bilayer are pointed into the cell and out into the watery environment. ________
Answer: True. Phospholipids will re-orient themselves so that the polar heads of the
phospholipid bilayer are pointed into the cell and out into the watery environment.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane.html
6. Like icebergs in the sea, what can be found floating in the phospholipid bilayer?
_______________
Answer: Like icebergs in the sea, proteins can be found floating in the phospholipid bilayer.
7. The three kinds of protein found in the phospholipid bilayer are _______________
_______________, _______________, and _______________ _______________.
{65}
Answer: The three kinds of protein found in the phospholipid bilayer are channel proteins,
glycoproteins, and receptor proteins.
8. Which kind of phospholipid bilayer protein acts as a marker, allowing cells to recognize each
other?
a.
b.
c.
d.
glycoproteins
channel proteins
receptor proteins
phosphoproteins
Answer: The correct answer is (a). Glycoproteins found in the phospholipid bilayer act as a
markers, allowing cells to recognize each other.
http://www.galab.de/technologies/img/glycos.gif
9. T or F: Nerve cells release chemicals which bind with channel proteins on a muscle cell,
causing the muscle to contract. ________
Answer: False. Nerve cells release chemicals, which bind with receptor proteins on a muscle
cell, causing the muscle to contract.
http://scientopia.org/blogs/scicurious/files/2010/11/neuromuscular-junction.jpg
10. _______________ stabilizes the cell membrane and gives the plasma membrane the right
amount of firmness.
Answer: Cholesterol stabilizes the cell membrane and gives the plasma membrane the right
amount of firmness.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/cholesterol.jpg
11. The words “fluid” and “mosaic” found in the fluid mosaic model description refer to what,
respectively? fluid = _______________ ____________ and mosaic = _______________
Answer: The words “fluid” and “mosaic” found in the fluid mosaic model description refer to
the phospholipid bilayer and the three kinds of proteins found floating in the bilayer,
respectively.
http://byallohgee.wikispaces.com/file/view/c8.7x7.fluid.mosaic.jpg/41405687/c8.7x7.fluid.mosai
c.jpg
12. Which of the following define(s) a function of the plasma membrane?
a. It delimits the cell.
b. It provides receptors.
{66}
c. It allows for defective permeability.
d. All the above are membrane functions.
Answer: The correct answer is (a). Three functions of the plasma membrane include (1) it
delimits the cell, (2) it provides receptors, and (3) it allows for selective permeability.
13. T or F: In Type I diabetes, the person does not make insulin. In Type II diabetes, the
glucose receptors don’t respond to the glucose present. ________
Answer: False. In Type I diabetes, the person does not make insulin. In Type II diabetes, the
insulin receptors don’t respond to the insulin present.
http://dtc.ucsf.edu/
14. The ability of the plasma membrane to let certain materials in or out of the cell while
restricting others is termed _______________ _______________.
Answer: The ability of the plasma membrane to let certain materials in or out of the cell while
restricting others is termed selective permeability.
http://www.biologyguide.net/biol1/3b_exchange.htm
15. The first reason plasma membranes are selectively permeable is due to the fact that polar
substances dissolve _______________ and nonpolar substances dissolve _______________.
Answer: The first reason plasma membranes are selectively permeable is due to the fact that
polar substances dissolve polar and nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar. The tails of the
phospholipids are made up of nonpolar fatty acids. Fatty substances or substances which
dissolve in fat can get into the cell easily because they are nonpolar: they pass right through the
plasma membrane. (example: fatty soluble vitamins and nicotine patches.) Polar substances
must use channel proteins to enter the cell.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.11.htm
16. Water molecules move in and out through channel proteins because they are which of the
following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
polar in nature
the right size
have the correct charge
all the above
Answer: The correct answer is (d). Water molecules move in and out through channel proteins
because they are polar in nature, the right size, and have the correct charge.
http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html
{67}
17. T or F: The amino acids in the channel proteins are oriented so that they form positive or
negative charges in the channel, which repel like charges and attract opposite charges.
________
Answer: True. The amino acids in the channel proteins are oriented so that they form positive
or negative charges in the channel, which repel like charges and attract opposite charges.
http://www.cipsm.de/en/publications/researchAreaF/2007/Biel_Function_and_Dysfunction_of_
CNG_Channels/biel_anim.gif
18. In _______________ _______________, a carrier protein is designed for a specificallyshaped molecule.
Answer: In mediated transport, a carrier protein is designed for a specifically-shaped molecule.
The molecule can enter the protein because it fits.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.7.htm
19. What three conditions must be considered for mediated transport to work well?
_______________, _______________, and _______________
Answer: For mediated transport to work well, specificity, competition, and saturation are
conditions that must be considered.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/12_04_passive_active_transport.jp
g
20. When similarly-shaped molecules fight to use the same carrier protein, which mediated
transport condition is exhibited? _______________
Answer: Competition is exhibited when similarly-shaped molecules “fight” or “compete” to use
the carrier protein. Specificity requires that the molecule have a specific shape. Saturation deals
with the fact that there is a limit to how many molecules a carrier protein can accept in a certain
period of time.
21. Which of the following is not a factor leading to the selective permeability of the plasma
membrane?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the membrane’s polar nature
the presence of small molecule channel proteins
the channel protein’s overall electrical charge
the transport rate of large molecules through the plasma membrane
Answer: (a) is not a factor. Factors leading to the selective permeability of the plasma
membrane include (1) the membrane’s fatty or non-polar nature, (2) the presence of small
{68}
molecule channel proteins, (3) the channel protein’s, overall electrical charge, and (4) the
transport rate of large molecules through the plasma membrane.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/aandp/ap/ap1pages/units1to4/introduction/selectiv.htm
22. Molecules can enter the cell through one of four pathways: (1) dissolving through the
phospholipid bilayer; (2) entering through channel proteins due to their small size; (3) entering
through charged channel proteins due to their charge size; or (4) employing carrier proteins.
Indicate which method (1, 2, 3, or 4) is being used by the following molecules.
a. fructose ________ Answer: 4, fructose is a simple sugar; hence, it needs a carrier protein.
http://media.mercola.com/ImageServer/public/2010/January/Sugars101.jpg
b. fluoride ions ________ Answer: 3, fluoride ions are charged molecules; hence, they need
charged channel proteins
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride
c. lipids ________ Answer: 1, lipids are fats; hence, they dissolve through the phospholipid
bilayer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid
d. water ________ Answer: 2, water molecules are small enough to move through simple
channel proteins
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/xtal/nats101/9_7.jpg
23. T or F: The four pathways above use two basic kinds of plasma membrane transport:
passive transport and active transport. ________
Answer: True. The four pathways above use two basic kinds of plasma membrane transport:
passive transport and active transport.
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_passivetran.html
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_activetran.html
24. Passive transport is accomplished by what two processes? _______________ and
_______________ _______________.
Answer: Passive transport is accomplished by two processes: diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp05/0502001.html
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25. Diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from an area of ____________
concentration to an area of ____________ concentration.
Answer: Diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration.
26. Diffusion using mediated transport is termed which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
mediated diffusion
diffusion transport
facilitated diffusion
a weird and strange event
Answer: The correct answer is (c). Diffusion using mediated transport is termed facilitated
diffusion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_diffusion
27. T or F: Both diffusion and facilitated diffusion require energy (derived from the breakdown
of ATP) to be expended by the cell. ________
Answer: False. Neither diffusion nor facilitated diffusion require energy (derived from the
breakdown of ATP) to be expended by the cell.
28. Active transport is movement against the dictates of diffusion and, therefore, requires
_______________ to be expended.
Answer: Active transport is movement against the dictates of diffusion and, therefore, requires
energy to be expended.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport
29. Moving sodium from inside the cell to the outside environment requires _______________
transport.
Answer: Sodium is in low concentration inside the cell and is highly concentrated outside the
cell. Moving sodium from inside the cell to the outside environment requires active transport,
requiring energy to be expended. Potassium has a high concentration inside the cell and has a
low concentration outside the cell. Moving potassium from outside the cell to the inside
environment requires active transport, requiring energy again to be expended.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp05/0502002.html
30. Which of the following is not an active transport process?
a. pumping
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b. facilitated diffusion
c. endocytosis
d. exocytosis
Answer: The correct answer is (b). Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process
because it uses no energy.
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_work
s.html
31. T or F: The process by which large molecules (proteins, etc.) move into the cell is termed
endocytosis. ________
Answer: True. The process by which large molecules (proteins, etc.) move into the cell is
termed endocytosis.
http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/images/endocytosis_types.png
32. Endocytosis can be divided into two processes: _______________ and _______________.
Answer: Endocytosis can be divided into two processes: pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.8.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.9.htm
33. Phagocytosis means what? ____________ _______________
Answer: Phagocytosis means “cell eating.” And pinocytosis means “cell drinking.”
34. Insulin-secreting cells use which of the following to release insulin?
a.
b.
c.
d.
facilitated diffusion
pinocytosis
exocytosis
insocytosis
Answer: The correct answer is (c). Insulin-secreting cells use exocytosis to release insulin.
Exocytosis is the transportation of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell.
http://www.linkpublishing.com/exocytosis5.jpg
35. Both endocytosis and exocytosis involve a breakdown of what to occur? __________
_______________ _______________
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Answer: Both endocytosis and exocytosis involve a breakdown of the plasma membrane to
occur.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.10.htm
http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/838
B. Protein Synthesis and Cellular Reproduction Review:
(These are sample questions I would expect you to be able to answer regarding this topic for
your test.)
1. The general trend in protein synthesis is what? ________  ________  ________
Answer: The general trend in protein synthesis is DNA  RNA  Protein.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.4.htm
2. T or F: There is no difference between DNA and RNA. They are, in fact, the same structure.
________
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/rna2.html
Answer: False. The differences between RNA and DNA are as follows:
a. RNA (left) is composed of a single strand. DNA (right) has 2 strands that form a double
helix.
b. The sugar on the nucleotide in RNA is RIBOSE. The sugar on the nucleotide in DNA is
DEOXYRIBOSE.
c. DNA has the 4 nucleotide bases ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, and GUANINE.
That’s what the ATCG at the top of the DNA stands for. RNA has the 4 nucleotide bases
ADENINE, URACIL, CYTOSINE, and GUANINE. That’s what the AUCG at the top of the
DNA stands for.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/protsyn1.gif
http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/protein-synthesis.html
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/protein_synthesis.html
3. A molecule contains uracil. Is it DNA or RNA? ________
Answer: Only RNA has uracil. DNA has thymine.
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4. A molecule has an anticodon. Is it DNA, mRNA, or tRNA? ________
Answer: It is tRNA. mRNA has codons. tRNA has anticodons.
5. A DNA strand has the following 6 bases:
Guanine - Adenine - Cytosine - Thymine - Guanine – Guanine
What will the bases be on the mRNA that forms in transcription? ________ - ________ ________ - ________ - ________ - ________
Answer: Cytosine - Uracil - Guanine - Adenine - Cytosine - Cytosine
6. How many codons is this? ________
Answer: 2, there are 3 bases per codon.
7. How many amino acids will this code for? ________
Answer: 2, one codon means one amino acid.
8. How many tRNA will be attracted to this portion of the mRNA? ________
Answer: 2, one for each codon.
9. What will be the anticodons on this tRNA?
First one: ________ - ________ - ________
Answer: Guanine - Adenine - Cytosine
Second one: ________ - ________ - ________
Answer: Uracil - Guanine – Guanine
Everyone talks a lot about genes, but most people don’t know what they are. A gene simply is a
recipe for a protein or a portion of a protein. That’s it. All of the traits that we have are
determined by proteins, and the recipes for the proteins are in the DNA.
Although the genes that we have determine a lot of physical traits, they do not determine
everything about us. There is a constant battle between genetics, environment, and the spiritual
realm. This is often characterized as “nature versus nurture.” Our genes provide a basic
blueprint for what we look like and how we act. However, our environment and spiritual factors
then shape that blueprint into a final product. You might have the genes of an athlete. However,
if you never work out, eat the wrong foods, etc., you will still be overweight and inactive.
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Most scientists believe (and they are certainly not sure) that genes provide TENDENCIES and
that environmental and spiritual factors either allow us to follow those tendencies or fight them.
For example, there is a gene present in 65% of alcoholics and 35% of non-alcoholics. Scientists
think that this gene gives us the tendency towards alcoholism. However, 25% of alcoholics
don’t have that gene but are nevertheless alcoholics. Also 30% of non-alcoholics have the gene
and are not alcoholics. Thus, the gene gives a TENDENCY towards alcoholism. People with
the gene are not destined to be alcoholics - they can fight it. You don’t have to have the gene to
be an alcoholic, either. Bad choices can be enough to make you one. Thus, genes give us
tendencies, while environmental and spiritual factors allow us to either go along with those
tendencies or fight them.
Genes are stored in chromosomes.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/kary2.gif
A human being has 23 PAIRS of chromosomes. Thus, there are 46 total chromosomes. Each
pair has the same set of genes. The genes are not the same, but the mapping is the same. Let me
make sure you understand what I mean. Suppose, for example, your eye color was determined
by one gene (it is not, but suppose it were). If the gene that determines eye color were on
chromosome pair 14, then you would have 2 genes for eye color, one on each of the
chromosomes in the pair. Now, the first gene might be for blue eyes and the second for green
eyes, but they would both be genes for eye color. That’s what we mean by HOMOLOGOUS
PAIRS. Each pair of chromosomes carry the same gene map. The genes might be for different
traits, but each chromosome in the pair affects the same traits. Thus, if the gene for hair color
(once again, there are more than one, but suppose there were just one) were on chromosome pair
12, you would have 2 genes for hair color: one on the first chromosome in pair 12 and one on the
second. The first might be for blonde hair and the second for red hair, so they need not be the
same.
They both affect hair color, however.
10. When a cell is not reproducing, it is said to be in which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
prophase
interphase
metaphase
anaphase
Answer: The correct answer is (b). When a cell is not reproducing, it is said to be in interphase.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/Figure1.5.htm
11. The “four broad steps” of mitosis--in order from start to finish--are _______________,
_______________, _______________, and _______________
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Answer: The “four broad steps” of mitosis in order from start to finish are prophase, anaphase,
metaphase, and telophase.
Mitosis: http://royaleb.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/mitosis_phases1.jpg
12. During which “broad step” are the duplicate chromosomes and original chromosomes pulled
apart? _______________
Answer: During anaphase, the duplicate chromosomes and original chromosomes are pulled
apart.
http://redwagontutorials.com/AD/HandoutsH/Module01/kary1.gif
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Formal Report Example #1:
Miss CC
10/13/14
Pond Observation
A. Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to study the environment of a pond. It is to observe the
ecosystem of a pond. This involves taking note of the different organisms supported by the pond
environment, their interactions with one another, and the impact of the environment on the
organisms themselves. This experiment will provide a better understanding of the organisms in a
pond environment and how certain conditions promote or hinder their growth.
There are three types of freshwater ecosystems: lentic, lotic, and wetland. The ecosystem studied
in this experiment is the lentic ecosystem, that is, the ecosystem of slow-moving water
(Wikipedia). An important part of the pond ecosystem is the nitrogen cycle, which describes how
organic waste is broken down. Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are an important part
of this cycle as they are one of the few types of organisms that can convert nitrogen in the
atmosphere into organic nitrate (Veterinary). As they are photosynthetic, cyanobacteria require
light for metabolism and float on the water's surface (Wile). Cyanobacteria can exist as single
microscopic cells or groups of cells, but lack of water turbulence, warm temperature, and levels
of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus will allow them to bloom (California). Some
species of cyanobacteria produce toxins that are harmful to humans and animals (World).
This experiment hopes to show the relationship between the environmental conditions and the
abundance of certain organisms. Attributes of the pond environment directly affect the life there.
Certain conditions will allow some organisms to prosper while limiting the growth of others.
These conditions, among others, include the temperature of the water and air, the availability of
nutrients in the water, and the amount of daily sunlight.
This topic is of interest to scientists because the model of the pond ecosystem can provide a basis
for how to analyze interactions between organisms in other ecosystems. It can also provide a
point of reference for which to compare and contrast with. As the pond's ecosystem is relatively
simple, it functions as a simple model that may help the understanding of more complex
ecosystems. The microorganisms in the pond ecosystem serve as examples for how more
complex organisms can benefit and support one another.
Hypothesis: If the weather is warm, the pond is exposed to sunlight, and the water is calm, then
blue-green algae blooms will be visible.
B. Equipment:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
A ladle
A pond
A clear jar
A camera
Procedure:
1. Set the jars aside and walk slowly around the pond, sitting occasionally to observe all of the
surroundings.
2. Examine the pond water and try to find blue-green algae blooms. Take note of where the
blooms are found, and compare the conditions of that particular spot to another spot without
blue-green algae blooms.
3. Ladle some pond water into the jar.
D. Observations:
1. Neither ducks nor any other birds were seen around the pond. Nor were there any bird
droppings, but scattered bread crumbs on the ground suggest that there may have been ducks
present earlier in the day.
2. Cicadas and crickets were heard, but not seen.
3. A new fountain installed in the center of the pond was noted.
4. There were several families fishing in the pond, but throughout the entire duration of the
experiment, none of them caught any fish.
5. There was an abundance of water plants and algae growing at the bottom of the pond, but no
fish were visible in the pond water.
6. The walkway under the bridge over the pond was flooded. The water covering the concrete
was ankle deep.
7. The water sample collected from the pond was translucent but a light brown color. The water
emitted a musty and earthy odor. There were fine particles of dirt swirling around that eventually
settled on the bottom.
8. The only place blue-green algae blooms were seen in the pond was in a very shallow area that
was almost completely isolated from the rest of the pond water in a miniature cove.
9. There were several small pools of water alongside the pond. An abundance of blooms was
found in one of these pools, but others did not contain any blooms.
10. The blooms, all of which were lime green, observed in the pool were more yellowish than
the blooms in the pond.
11. The blooms in the pond were more spread out and were thinner, while the blooms in the
pool formed in blobs with a bubbly texture.
12. Only a few water insects were observed in the pool. None were seen in the pond.
E. Conclusions:
The data collected appears to both support and negate the hypothesis. The lack of blooms
(excluding the isolated section of the pond) can be explained by the presence of the new
fountain, but the distinct odor of the pond water suggests that cyanobacteria may exist as single
cells in the water. Cyanobacteria naturally exist in the aquatic ecosystem, but blooms occur
when certain conditions are met. In this case, the fountain was continuously disturbing the water,
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making it hard for the individual cells to group together. However, not all of the pools outside of
the pond, which held calm water, contained blooms. A possible explanation for this may be the
disturbance caused by the recent rain, or that majority of those pools formed during the
rainstorm. The flooding of the walkway provides strong evidence for this idea.
One way to improve the experiment would be to bring latex gloves and goggles, as contact with
cyanobacteria can cause irritation of the eyes and skin. Another way would be to visit the pond
when the water level is lower, so that more detailed observations of the pond life can be made.
Yet another way would be to bring a high powered flashlight to shine into the pond depths. Also,
contacting the community president and requesting the fountain to be turned off for a period of
time would also greatly improve the experiment.
An idea for further research would be to conduct the experiment multiple times, isolating
specific environmental factors in order to determine which one is most crucial for blue-green
algae to prosper. For example, a trial could be conducted on a windy day and another on a day
with no or very little wind. Another idea is to track the abundance of blooms following a
rainstorm. Lastly, an experiment could be conducted to compare the amount of toxins released
by cyanobacteria when no blooms are visible versus when there exists an abundance of blooms.
F. Bibliography:
California Department of Public Health. Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Blooms. 2012.
Domain: http://www.cdph.ca.gov
Document: /healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Bluegreenalgae.aspx
Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Harmful Algal Blloms (HABs). 2012.
Domain: http://www.cdc.gov
Document: /hab/cyanobacteria/facts.htm
Rosenoff, Steven. Classroom/Internet Lecture. October 2014.
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc. Pond Ecology: How to
Understand It and Use it to Design and Maintain Ponds. 2008.
Domain: http://www.peteducation.com
Document: /article.cfm?cls=16&cat=1917&articleid=3472
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Aquatic Ecosystems. 2012.
Domain: http://en.wikipedia.org
Document: /wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem
Wile, Dr. Jay. L. and Durnell, Marilyn F. Exploring Creation with Biology, 2nd Ed. Apologia
Educational Ministries, Inc. 2005.
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Module 1 Test Review:
20 - Matching
10 - Multiple Choice
11 – Fill in the Blanks
3 – Essay
44 – Total (50 points possible)
Questions are taken from the Study Guide questions, OYO questions, figures presented in the
textbook, Lecture Notes, and the practice test in your Solutions Manual.
60 minutes to take the Test. It is closed-book and closed-notes. Parents do need to initial the
bottom of the Test. Example questions follow:
A. Matching - Match the term or structure with its definition: 1 point each
A.
B.
C.
D.
Microscopic anatomy
Physiology
Lysosome
Anticodon
1. The study of the microscopic structures of an organism
2. Binds to a codon.
3. Breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids
4. The study of the functions of an organism and its parts
B. Multiple Choice - Select the best possible answer for the following: 1 point
each
5. Which of the following would make up the lining of the stomach?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
nervous tissue
muscle tissue
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
None of the above are found in the stomach.
6. Which of the following is the proper ordering for the phases of mitosis?
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
interphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, prophase
anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, interphase
C. Fill in the blank with the correct word: 1 point each (Correct spelling of terms
required)
7. Homeostasis is threatened by _______________.
8. _______________ concentrates on the structures of an organism.
D. Essay - Answer the following in one or two complete paragraphs: 3 points
each (1 pt for composition; 2 pts for content)
9. A glucose molecule travels into a cell via a carrier protein. If that process required no ATP,
what can you say about the relative concentration of glucose inside and outside of the cell?
Explain your answer in paragraph form.
Module 1 Test
Table of Contents
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