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Practical Data for Metallurgists
Practical Data for Metallurgists
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2.5M 03-09-09 Order No. 4023
Practical Data for
Metallurgists
Sixteenth Edition
Welcome to the Practical Data for Metallurgists,
the guide that technical experts, operations
managers and engineering personnel have
turned to for more than 50 years for the latest
metallurgical information. Our guide—which
conforms with information published by AISI and
SAE—includes an updated listing of standard
steels and their chemical compositions,
hardening abilities and tolerances.
At Timken, we use a combination of materials
science, application engineering and processing
capabilities to add value and improve the performance of our customers. Providing you with the
information you need to make informed decisions
about your alloy steel needs is just one way we
help you reach your fullest potential.
1
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Steel Chemistries
Chemical Compositions, etc.
Page
Number
4-35
Miscellaneous Steel Properties
Relative Tool Steel Properties
Hardenability Band Data
Restricted Hardenability Band Data
Jominy Correlation with Round Bars
Combined Hardenability Charts
Martensite Percent vs. Carbon Content and Hardness
Relationship of Fatigue Strength to Tensile Strength
Carburizing Rates of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Critical Transformation Temperatures and Ms/Mf Points
Hot Working Temperatures
36-39
40-50
51-53
54-57
58-71
72
73
74-78
79-81
82-83
Tubing
General Tolerances
Length Tolerances
Straightness Tolerances
Seamless Steel Tubing Shapes
Tube Size Calculations
OD Cleanups
Formulas for Calculating Surface Cleanup
Formulas for Calculating Camber (Straightness) Cleanup
84-88
89
90-91
92-93
94-97
98
99
99
Bar
General Tolerances
Straightness Tolerances
Weight Table - Rounds and Squares
Reduction Ratios for Round and Square Bars
100
101
102-105
106
Miscellaneous Information
Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
Statistical Process Control (SPC) Information
Handy Physical Constants
Engineering Conversion Factors
Metric-English Stress Conversion Tables
Work-Energy Conversion Tables
Decimal Equivalent Chart
Temperature Conversion Tables
Hardness Conversion Tables
Useful Equations for Hardenable Alloy Steels
Glossary of Metallurgical Terms
107
108-109
110
111-113
114
115
116-117
118-119
120-121
122
123-128
3
STANDARD CARBON STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
1005
1006
1008
.06 max
.08 max
.10 max
.35 max
.25/.40
.30/.50
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
1010
1011
1012
1013
1015
1016
1017
1018
.08/.13
.08/.14
.10/.15
.11/.16
.13/.18
.13/.18
.15/.20
.15/.20
.30/.60
.60/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.30/.60
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.030
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1020
1021
1022
1023
1025
1026
1029
.18/.23
.18/.23
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.22/.28
.25/.31
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1030
1035
1038
1039
.28/.34
.32/.38
.35/.42
.37/.44
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
1040
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1049
.37/.44
.40/.47
.40/.47
.43/.50
.43/.50
.43/.50
.46/.53
.60/.90
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1050
1053
1055
.48/.55
.48/.55
.50/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
1060
1065
.55/.65
.60/.70
.60/.90
.60/.90
.040
.040
.050
.050
1070
1074
1078
.65/.75
.70/.80
.72/.85
.60/.90
.50/.80
.30/.60
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
1080
1086
.75/.88
.80/.93
.60/.90
.30/.50
.040
.040
.050
.050
1090
1095
.85/.98
.90/1.03
.60/.90
.30/.50
.040
.040
.050
.050
4
FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
P
Max
S
1117
1118
1126
1132
1137
1138
1140
1141
1144
1146
1151
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.24/.33
.08/.13
.08/.13
.14/.20
.14/.20
.23/.29
.27/.34
.32/.39
.34/.40
.37/.44
.37/.45
.40/.48
.42/.49
.48/.55
1.00/1.30
1.30/1.60
.70/1.00
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
FREE CUTTING REPHOSPHORIZED
AND RESULPHURIZED STEEL
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
P
S
1212
1213
1215
.13 max
.13 max
.09 max
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
.75/1.05
.07/.12
.07/.12
.04/.09
.16/.23
.24/.33
.26/.35
NOTE: 12XX grades are customarily furnished without specified silicon content because
of adverse effect on machinability.
HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEEL
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
1522
1524
1526
1527
1541
1547
1548
1552
1566
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.18/.24
.19/.25
.22/.29
.22/.29
.36/.44
.43/.51
.44/.52
.47/.55
.60/.71
1.10/1.40
1.35/1.65
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
.85/1.15
5
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
1330
1335
1340
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
1.60/1.80
1.60/1.90
1.60/1.90
..............
..............
..............
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
.............
.............
.............
4023
4027
4037
4047
.20/.25
.25/.30
.35/.40
.45/.50
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
.............
4118
4120a
4130
4137
4140
4142
4145
4150
.18/.23
.18/.23
.28/.33
.35/.40
.38/.43
.40/.45
.43/.48
.48/.53
.70/.90
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.60
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.13/.20
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
4320
4340
E4340
.17/.22
.38/.43
.38/.43
.45/ .65
.60/.80
.65/.85
.40/.60
.70/.90
.70/.90
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
4620
.17/.22
.45/.65
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
4820
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
Ni
Mo
Other
.18/.23
.50/.70
..............
50B46§ .44/.49
.75/1.00
.20/.35
.............. ..............
.............
5120
5130
5132
5140
5150
5160
51B60§
.70/.90
.70/.90
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
51100 .98/1.10 .25/.45
.90/1.15
............. ............
E52100 .98/1.10 .25/.45
1.30/1.60 ............. ............
52100 .93/1.05 .25/.45
1.35/1.60 ............. ............
.............
P 5 .025
S 5 .025
P 5 .025
S 5 .015
.17/.22
.28/.33
.30/.35
.38/.43
.48/.53
.56/.64
.56/.64
6
.............
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS – continued
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
6150
.48/.53
.70/.90
.80/1.10 ............. ............
Other
V
.15 min
8615
8617
8620
8622
8630
8640
8645
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
8720
.18/.23
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8822
.20/.25 .75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.30/.40 .............
Si
9259
.56/.64 .75/1.00
.45/.65 ............. ............. .70/1.10
9260
.56/.64 .75/1.00
............. ............. ............. 1.80/2.20
§ B 5 .0005/.003
a
Formerly PS 15
Unless specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .035 max (SAE J1268), S 5 .040 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max,
Mo 5 .06 max
These standard grades can have modifications in chemistry when agreed upon by user
and supplier.
7
PS GRADES (Formerly EX Grades)
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
PS
No.
C
10
.19/.24
16
.20/.25
17
.23/.28
18
.25/.30
19
.18/.23
20
.13/.18
21
.15/.20
31
.15/.20
32
.18/.23
33
.17/.24
34
.28/.33
36
.38/.43
38
.43/.48
39
.48/.53
40
.51/.59
54
.19/.25
55
.15/.20
56
.08/.13
57† .08 max
58
.16/.21
59
.18/.23
61
.23/.28
63
.31/.38
64
.16/.21
65
.21/.26
66
.16/.21
67
.42/.49
Mn
Cr
.95/1.25
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.25
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.70/1.05
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.25 max
1.00/1.30
1.00/1.30
1.00/1.30
.75/1.10
1.00/1.30
1.00/1.30
.40/.70
.80/1.20
.25/.40
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.45/.65
.45/.65
.20 min
.40/.60
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.40/.70
.45/.65
.45/.65
17.00/19.00
.45/.65
.70/.90
.70/.90
.45/.65
.70/.90
.70/.90
.45/.75
.85/ 1.20
Ni
Unless Specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .035 max, S 5 .040 max
†
P 5 .040 max, S 5 .15/.35, Si 5 1.00 max
Note: PS Nos. 15, 24 and 30 are now standard grades.
(See SAE Nos. 4120, 4121 and 4715)
8
Mo
Other
.20/.40
.05/.10 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20
B
..............
.08/.15 .0005-.003
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
.70/1.00
.45/.60 ..............
.70/1.00
.45/.60 ..............
.20 min
.05 min ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.05 min ..............
1.65/2.00
.65/.80 ..............
1.65/2.00
.65/.80 ..............
.............. 1.75/2.25 ..............
.............. .............. ..............
.............. .............. ..............
.............. ..............
B
.............. .............. .0005-.003
.............. .............. ..............
.............. ..............
V
1.65/2.00
.08/.15
.10/.15
..............
.25/.35 ..............
STANDARD H STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
1330 H
.27/.33 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
1335 H
.32/.38 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
1340 H
.37/.44 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
1345 H
.42/.49 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
4027 H
.24/.30 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
.24/.30 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30
.............
4028 Ha
4032 H
.29/.35 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
4037 H
.34/.41 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
4042 H
.39/.46 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
4047 H
.44/.51 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30
............
4118 H
4130 H
4135 H
4137 H
4140 H
4142 H
4145 H
4147 H
4150 H
4161 H
.17/.23
.27/.33
.32/.38
.34/.41
.37/.44
.39/.46
.42/.49
.44/.51
.47/.54
.55/.65
.60/1.00
.30/.70
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.30/.70
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.65/.95
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.25/.35
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
4320 H
4340 H
E4340 H
.17/.23
.37/.44
.37/.44
.40/.70
.55/.90
.60/.95
.35/.65
.65/.95
.65/.95
1.55/2.00
1.55/2.00
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
4620 H
4718 H
.17/.23
.15/.21
.35/.75
.60/.95
.............
.30/.60
1.55/2.00
.85/1.25
.20/.30
.30/.40
.............
.............
4720 H
.17/.23
.45/.75
.30/.60
.85/1.25
.15/.25
.............
4815 H
4817 H
4820 H
.12/.18
.14/.20
.17/.23
.30/.70
.30/.70
.40/.80
.............
.............
.............
3.20/3.80
3.20/3.80
3.20/3.80
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
50B40 Hb
50B44 Hb
5046 H
50B46 Hb
50B50 Hb
50B60 Hb
.37/.44
.42/.49
.43/.50
.43/.50
.47/.54
.55/.65
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.30/.70
.30/.70
.13/.43
.13/.43
.30/.70
.30/.70
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
............
............
............
............
............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
S 5 .035/.050
b B 5 .0005/.003
a
9
STANDARD H STEELS – continued
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
5120 H
.17/.23 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. ..............
5130 H
.27/.33 .60/1.00 .75/1.20 .............. ..............
5132 H
.29/.35 .50/.90 .65/1.10 .............. ..............
5135 H
.32/.38 .50/.90 .70/1.15 .............. ..............
5140 H
.37/.44 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. ..............
5147 H
.45/.52 .60/1.05 .80/1.25 .............. ..............
5150 H
.47/.54 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. ..............
5155 H
.50/.60 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. .............
5160 H
.55/.65 .65/1.10 .60/1.00 .............. ..............
51B60Hb .55/.65 .65/1.10 .60/1.00 .............. ..............
6118 H
.15/.21 .40/.80
.40/.80
.............. ..............
6150 H
.47/.54 .60/1.00 .75/1.20 .............. ..............
Other
..............
..............
..............
............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
V
.10/.15
.15 min.
81B45 Hb .42/.49
.70/1.05
.30/.60
.15/.45
.08/.15
..............
8617 H
8620 H
8622 H
8625 H
8627 H
8630 H
86B30 Hb
8637 H
8640 H
8642 H
8645 H
86B45 Hb
8650 H
8655 H
8660 H
8720 H
8740 H
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.60/.95
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.14/.20
.17/.23
.19/.25
.22/.28
.24/.30
.27/.33
.27/.33
.34/.41
.37/.44
.39/.46
.42/.49
.42/.49
.47/.54
.50/.60
.55/.65
.17/.23
.37/.44
8822 H
.19/.25 .70/1.05 .35/.65
.35/.75
.30/.40 ..............
Si
9260 H
.55/.65 .65/1.10 ............. .............. .............. 1.70/2.20
9310 H
94B15 Hb
94B17 Hb
94B30 Hb
.07/.13
.12/.18
.14/.20
.27/.33
.40/.70 1.00/1.45 2.95/3.55
.70/1.05 .25/.55
.25/.65
.70/1.05 .25/.55
.25/.65
.70/1.05 .25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
..............
..............
..............
..............
Unless specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .030 max (SAE J1268), S 5 .040 max, Cu 5 .35 max, Ni 5 .25 max,
Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
b
B 5 .0005/.003
10
STANDARD CARBON and
CARBON BORON H STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
1038 H
1045 H
1522 H
1524 H
1526 H
1541 H
15B21*
15B28H
15B30H
15B35H*
15B37H*
15B41H*
15B48H*
15B62H*
.34/.43
.42/.51
.17/.25
.18/.26
.21/.30
.35/.45
.17/.24
.25/.34
.27/.35
.31/.39
.30/.39
.35/.45
.43/.53
.54/.67
.50/1.00
.50/1.00
1.00/1.50
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.50
1.25/1.75
.70/1.20
1.00/1.50
.70/1.20
.70/1.20
1.00/1.50
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
P
Max
S
Max
Si
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
For electric furnace steels P & S 5 .025 max and the prefix E is added.
* B 5 .0005/.003
RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Si
15B21RH*
15B35RH*
3310RH
4027RH
4118RH
4120RH
4130RH
4140RH
4145RH
4161RH
4320RH
4620RH
4820RH
50B40RH*
5130RH
5140RH
5160RH
8620RH
8622RH
8720RH
8822RH
9310RH
.17/.22
.33/.38
.08/.13
.25/.30
.18/.23
.18/.23
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.56/.64
.17/.22
.17/.22
.18/.23
.38/.43
.28/.33
.38/.43
.56/.64
.18/.23
.20/.25
.18/.23
.20/.25
.08/.13
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.40/.60
.70/.90
.70/.90
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.45/.65
.50/.70
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Ni
Cr
Unless specified: Cu 5 .35 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
* B 5 .0005 /.003
11
Mo
.............
............. .............
.............
............. .............
3.25/3.75 1.40/1.75 .............
.............
............. .20/.30
.............
.40/.60
.08/.15
.............
.40/.60
.13/.20
.............
.80/1.10 .15/.25
.............
.80/1.10 .15/.25
.............
.80/1.10 .15/.25
.............
.70/.90
.25/.35
1.65/2.00
.40/.60
.20/.30
1.65/2.00 ............. .20/.30
3.25/3.75 ............. .20/.30
.............
.40/.60 .............
.............
.80/1.10 .............
.............
.70/.90 .............
.............
.70/.90 .............
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.25
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.25
.40/.70
.40/.60
.20/.30
.40/.70
.40/.60
.30/.40
3.00/3.50 1.00/1.40 .08/.15
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
1009
1033
1034
1037
1059
1062
1064
1069
1075
1084
1085
1086
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1119
1120
1123
1139
1145
1152
1211
1320
1345
1513
1518
1525
1533
1534
1536
1544
1545
1546
1551
1553
1561
1570
1572
1580
1590
.15 max
.30/.36
.32/.38
.32/.38
.55/.65
.54/.65
.60/.70
.65/.75
.70/.80
.80/.93
.80/.93
.80/.94
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.13 max
.13 max
.13 max
.10/.16
.13/.18
.14/.20
.14/.20
.18/.23
.20/.27
.35/.43
.42/.49
.48/.55
.13 max
.18/.23
.43/.48
.10/.16
.15/.21
.23/.29
.30/.37
.30/.37
.30/.37
.40/.47
.43/.50
.44/.52
.45/.56
.48/.55
.55/.65
.65/.75
.65/.76
.75/.88
.85/.98
.60 max
.70/1.00
.50/.80
.70/1.00
.50/.80
.85/1.15
.50/.80
.40/.70
.40/.70
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.50
.50/.80
.60/.90
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.00/1.30
.60/.90
1.10/1.40
1.00/1.30
.70/1.00
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
.60/.90
1.60/1.90
1.60/1.90
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
.80/1.10
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
1.00/1.30
.85/1.15
.80/1.10
.75/1.05
.80/1.10
1.00/1.30
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
12
P
Max
S
Max
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.07/0.12
.07/0.12
.07/0.12
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.07/.12
.040
.035
.030
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.10/.15
.16/.23
.24/.33
.08/.13
.08/.13
.16/.23
.24/.33
.08/.13
.06/.09
.13/.20
.04/.07
.06/.09
.10/.15
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
2317
2330
2340
2345
2512
2515
2517
3115
3120
3130
3135
X3140
3140
3145
3150
3215
3220
3230
3240
3245
3250
3310
3311
3312
3316
3325
3335
3340
3415
3435
3450
4012
4024†
4028†
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4119
4121a
4125
4131
4135
4147
4161
4317
4337
4419
.15/.20
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.09/.14
.12/.17
.15/.20
.13/.18
.17/.22
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.43/.48
.48/.53
.10/.20
.15/.25
.25/.35
.35/.45
.40/.50
.45/.55
.08/.13
.10/.16
.08/.13
.14/.19
.20/.30
.30/.40
.35/.45
.10/.20
.30/.40
.45/.55
.09/.14
.20/.25
.25/.30
.30/.35
.40/.45
.50/.56
.60/.67
.63/.70
.17/.22
.18/.23
.23/.28
.28/.33
.33/.38
.45/.50
.56/.64
.15/.20
.35/.40
.18/.23
.40/.60
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.45/.60
.40/.60
.45/.60
.40/.60
.60/.80
.60/.80
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.45/.60
.30/.50
.45/.60
.45/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.50/.70
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.60/.80
.45/.65
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
.70/.90
.55/.75
.70/.90
.70/.90
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
1.40/1.75
1.30/1.60
1.40/1.75
1.40/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40/.60
.45/.65
.40/.60
.90/1.20
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.70/.90
.40/.60
.70/.90
..............
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
4.75/5.25
4.75/5.25
4.75/5.25
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
2.75/3.25
2.75/3.25
2.75/3.25
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..............
.............
..............
.............
..............
.............
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.15 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.25/.35
.20/.30
.20/.30
.45/.60
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
†
S 5 .035/.050
a
Formerly PS 24
13
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
4419H
.17/.23
.35/.75 ..............
..............
.45/.60
4422
.20/.25
.70/.90 ..............
..............
.35/.45
4427
.24/.29
.70/.90 ..............
..............
.35/.45
4608
.06/.11
.25/.45 ..............
1.40/1.75
.15/.25
46B12* .10/.15
.45/.65 ..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
4615
.13/.18
.45/.65 ..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
4617
.15/.20
.45/.65 ..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.18/.23
.50/.70 ..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
X4620
4621
.18/.23
.70/.90 ..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
4621H .17/.23 .60/1.00 ..............
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
4626
.24/.29
.45/.65 ..............
.70/1.00
.15/.25
4640
.38/.43
.60/.80 ..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
b
4715
.13/.18
.70/.90
.45/.65
.70/1.00
.45/.60
4718
.16/.21
.70/.90
.35/.55
.90/1.20
.30/.40
4720
.17/.22
.50/.70
.35/.55
.90/1.20
.15/.25
4812
.10/.15
.40/.60 ..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
4815
.13/.18
.40/.60 ..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
4817
.15/.20
.40/.60 ..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
5015
.12/.17
.30/.50
.30/.50
.............. ..............
50B40* .38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60
.............. ..............
50B44* .43/.48 .75/1.00 .40/.60
.............. ..............
5045
.43/.48
.70/.90
.55/.75
.............. ..............
5046
.43/.48 .75/1.00 .20/.35
.............. ..............
50B50* .48/.53 .75/1.00 .40/.60
.............. ..............
5060
.56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60
.............. ..............
50B60* .56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60
.............. ..............
5115
.13/.18
.70/.90
.70/.90
.............. ..............
5117
.15/.20
.70/.90
.............. ..............
.70/.90
5135
.33/.38
.60/.80 .80/1.05
.............. ..............
5145
.43/.48
.70/.90
.70/.90
.............. ..............
5145H .42/.49 .60/1.00 .60/1.00
.............. ..............
5147
.46/.51
.70/.95 .85/1.15
.............. ..............
5152
.48/.55
.70/.90 .90/1.20
.............. ..............
5155
.51/.59
.70/.90
.70/.90
.............. ..............
50100 .98/1.10 .25/.45
.40/.60
.............. ..............
6115
.10/.20
.30/.60 .80/1.10
.............. ..............
6117
.15/.20
.70/.90
.70/.90
.............. ..............
6118
.16/.21
.50/.70
.50/.70
.............. ..............
6120
.17/.22
.70/.90
.70/.90
.............. ..............
6125
.20/.30
.60/.90 .80/1.10
.............. ..............
6130
.25/.35
.60/.90 .80/1.10
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
6135
.30/.40
.60/.90 .80/1.10
6140
.35/.45
.60/.90
.80/1.10
.............. ..............
6145
.43/.48
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.............. ..............
6195
.90/1.05
.20/.45
.80/1.10
.............. ..............
71360
.50/.70
.30 max 3.00/4.00
.............. ..............
71660
.50/.70
.30 max 3.00/4.00
.............. ..............
7260
.50/.70
.30 max .50/1.00
.............. ..............
* B 5 .0005/.003
b
Formerly PS 30
14
Other
..............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
V
.15 min
.10 min
.10/.15
.10 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
W
12.00/15.00
15.00/18.00
1.50/2.00
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
C
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
8115
.13/.18
.70/.90
.30/.50
.20/.40
.08/.15
81B45* .43/.48
.75/1.00
.35/.55
.20/.40
.08/.15
8625
.23/.28
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8627
.25/.30
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8632
.30/.35
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8635
.33/.38
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8637
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8641†
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8642
.40/.45
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
86B45* .43/.48
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8647
.45/.50
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8650
.48/.53
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8653
.50/.56
.75/1.00
.50/.80
.40/.70
.15/.25
8655
.51/.59
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8660
.56/.64
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
8715
.13/.18
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8717
.15/.20
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8719
.18/.23
.60/.80
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8735
.33/.38
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8740
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8742
.40/.45
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8745
.43/.48
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
8750
.48/.53
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
92501
.45/.55
.60/.90
.............
............. .............
92542
.51/.59
.60/.80
.60/.80
............. .............
92551
.51/.59
.70/.95
.............
............. .............
1
9261
.55/.65
.75/1.00
.10/.25
............. .............
92621
.55/.65
.75/1.00
.25/.40
............. .............
9310
.08/.13
.45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15
9315
.13/.18
.45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15
9317
.15/.20
.45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15
94B15
.13/.18
.75/1.00
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
94B17
.15/.20
.75/1.00
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
94B30* .28/.33
.75/1.00
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
9437
.35/.40
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
9440
.38/.43
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
94B40* .38/.43
.75/1.00
.30/.60
.30/.60
.08/.15
9442
.40/.45
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
9445
.43/.48
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
9447
.45/.50
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
9747
.45/.50
.50/.80
.10/.25
.40/.70
.15/.25
9763
.60/.67
.50/.80
.10/.25
.40/.70
.15/.25
9840
.38/.43
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.15
.20/.30
9845
.43/.48
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.15
.20/.30
9850
.48/.53
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.15
.20/.30
438V12* .08/.13 .75/1.00
.40/.60
1.65/2.00 .20/.30
438V14* .10/.15
.45/.65
.40/.60
1.65/2.00 .08/.15
* B 5 .0005/.003
† S 5 .04/.60
1
2
Si 5 1.80/2.20
Si 5 1.20/1.60
15
Other
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
V
.03 min
.03 min
16
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
.38/.43
.65/.85
1.00/1.15 1.60/1.90
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.28/.33
.70/.90
.38/.43
.50/.70
.28/.33
.40/.60
.23/.28
1.20/1.50
.08/.13
.45/.60
.14/.19
.45/.60
.07/.13
.40/.70
.98/1.10
.25/.45
.48/.53
.70/.90
.025
.035
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
3
2
1
Al 5 .020 max
Al 5 .95/1.35
P & S 5 .025 max if Basic Electric Furnace Steel is specified
4 V 5 .15 min
† Inactive/Cancelled
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated
Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.15/.35
.70/1.00
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.40
.15/.35
1.30/1.70
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.70/.90
.20 max
.80/1.10
.40/.60
.40/.60
1.40/1.80
.80/1.10
.40 max.
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.40
1.30/1.60
.75/1.20
1.65/2.00
.25 max
.25 max
.40/.70
.40/.70
..............
.25 max
1.65/2.00
3.25/3.75
3.25/4.00
3.00/3.50
..............
..............
Solid
or
P
S Tube
C
Mn
Max
Max
Si
Cr
Ni
* Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.
** Timken Company mill type.
S-5000
S-507831
S-5626
S-6049
S-6050†
S-67092
S-6758
S-71083
S-7393†
S-7420
S-85034
MIL*
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
AMS
SAE No.
Nearest Equivalent
.20/.30
6415
E4340
.06 max
.15/.25
6382/6349
4140
.20/.30 6322/6325/6327 8740
.15/.25
6280
8630
.30/.40
6470/6472
..............
637
.15/.25
4130
.35/.45
6425
4625M4**
..............
6250
3310
..............
..............
3316
.08/.15
..............
9310
.............. 6440/6444/6447 52100
..............
6448
6150
Mo
SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
17
.75/1.00
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.75/1.00
.040
.040
.040
.025
.040
.05/.09
.040
.020
7
6
5
P & S 5 .015 max if consumable vacuum melted steel is specified
V 5 .05/.10
Al 5 .040 max
8 V 5 .20/.30
† Inactive/Cancelled
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated
Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
* Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.
** Timken Company mill type.
.48/.55
.47/.55
.41/.49
.38/.45
.025
.040
.040
.040
.010
.010
.025
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.15/.35
1.45/1.80
.30 max
.80/1.10
.80/1.15
.80/1.15
.95/1.25
.40/.60
.............
.75/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.95
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40/.70
.............
1.65/2.00
.85/1.15
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.............
S
S
S
S
.025
.040
.040
.040
.010
.010
.025
S-115957
S-115957
S-115957,8
S-460478
.70/1.00
.60/1.00
.80/1.00
.70/.90
.65/.90
.65/.90
.30/.60
S
S
S
S
S or T
S or T
T
S-86905
S-86953
S-86993,6
S-8707†
S-8844-1
S-8844-26
T-5066
18/.23
.34/.41
.28/.33
.38/.43
.38/.43
.40/.44
.22/.28
Solid
or
P
S Tube
C
Mn
Max
Max
Si
Cr
Ni
MIL*
Mo
.15/.25
.15/.25
.30/.40
.55/.70
.15/.25
.20/.30
.35/.50
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.45
.............
SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
.............
.............
.............
.............
6274
6300
6411/6427
.............
6414
6257
T5066
AMS
4150
41R50
4142M3V2*
.............
8620
4037
4330M4V1*
984
4340
300M
1025
SAE No.
Nearest Equivalent
18
.07/.13
.07/.13
.11/.17
.14/.20
.07/.13
.08/.13
.13/.18
.15/.20
.17/.23
.15/.20
.28/.33
.28/.33
.33/.38
.11/.17
.15/.20
.17/.22
.17/.23
.35/.40
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.60/.95
.60/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.40/.70
.70/.90
2
1
B 5 .001 max
P & S 5 .015 max
4
3
B 5 .0005/.005
P & S 5 .040 max
P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
6250
62601
6263
6264
62652
62663
6270
6272
6274
62753
6280
6281
6282
6290
6292
6294
6299
63004
AMS
Number
C
Mn
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.20/.40
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.35/.65
.30/.50
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.35/.65
.20 max
3.25/3.75
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.40/.70
.35/.75
.30/.60
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.55/2.00
.25 max
.06 max
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.20/.30
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.03/.08
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
V
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS
3310
9310
9315
9317
CV9310
43BV12
8615
8617
..............
94B17
8630
8630
8735
4615
4617
4620
4320H
4037
SAE
Designations
19
.28/.33
.25/.30
.40/.50
.38/.43
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.48/.53
.38/.43
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.27/.33
.38/.43
.45/.65
.60/.90
.40/.70
.60/.80
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.40/.60
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.65/.85
.55/.75
.55/.75
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.70
.15/.35
7
6
5
Cu 5 .50 max
B 5 .0005/.005
P 5 .015 max, S 5 .008 max
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
.80/1.10
.20 max
.40/.60
.30/.55
.40/.60
.40/.60
.55/.75
.40/.60
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
1.00/1.35
.70/.90
.25 max.
.50 max.
.25 max.
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.20/.40
.40/.70
.40/.70
.55/.85
.40/.70
.85/1.15
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
1.85/2.25
1.65/2.00
SAE
Designations
.40/.60
.20/.30
17-22-AS®
.40/.60
.75/.95
17-22-AV®
.45/.65
.25/.35
.20/.30
..............
4640
.20/.30
..............
8735
.08/.15
..............
81B40
.20/.30
..............
8740
.20/.30
..............
8740
.20/.30
..............
8740 Mod
..............
.20/.30
8750
.20/.30
..............
9840
.15/.25
..............
4130
.15/.25
..............
4135
.15/.25
..............
4140
.15/.25
..............
4140
.35/.55
..............
HS220-07
.20/.30
4340*
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
V
P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
* Special Aircraft Quality – Normalized and Tempered
6302
63035
6304
6312
6320
63216
6322
6323
6324
6328
6342
6371
6372
6381
6382
6407
64097
AMS
Number
C
Mn
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
20
.35/.40
.38/.43
.38/.43
.23/.28
.40/.45
.35/.40
.38/.43
.28/.33
.32/.38
.32/.38
.45/.50
.93/1.05
.98/1.10
.92/1.02
.48/.53
.65/.85
.65/.90
.65/.85
1.20/1.50
.60/.90
.65/.85
.65/.85
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.60/.90
.60/.90
.25/.45
.25/.45
.95/1.25
.70/.90
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
1.30/1.70
1.45/1.80
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
.15/.30
.15/.35
.15/.35
.50/.70
.15/.35
9
8
10
P & S 5 .015 max
P & S 5 .010 max
B 5 .0005/.005
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.20/.40
.70/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.65/.90
.65/.90
.90/1.20
1.35/1.60
1.30/1.60
.90/1.15
.80/1.10
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.45
.30/.50
.15/.25
.15/.25
.35/.50
.30/.40
.30/.40
.90/1.10
.10 max
.08 max
.08 max
.06 max
..............
..............
..............
..............
.05/.10
..............
.01/.06
.05/.10
.17/.23
.17/.23
.08/.15
..............
..............
..............
.15/.30
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
V
P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
* Premium Aircraft Quality
6412
64148
6415
6418
64199
642110
642210
6427
6428
64308
64319
6440
64448
64458
6448
AMS
Number
C
Mn
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
4337
CV4340
4340
4625M4
CV300M
98B37 Mod
98BV40 Mod
4330M4V1
4335 Mod
4335M4V2
D6-AC
52100
CV52100*
CV51100 Mod
6150
SAE
Designations
21
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.21/.26
* P 5 .035 max, S 5 .040 max
6470
6471
6472*
6475
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.70
AMS
Number
C
Mn
NITRIDING STEELS
.20/.40
.20/.40
.20/.40
.20/.40
1.40/1.80
1.40/1.80
1.40/1.80
1.00/1.25
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
3.25/3.75
.30/.40
.30/.40
.30/.40
.20/.30
.95/1.30
.95/1.30
.95/1.30
1.10/1.40
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Al
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
N
135M or #3
CV Nit #3
Other
Designations
22
C
Max
Mn
Max
Si
Max
P
Max
S
Max
Cr
Ni
* At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.
201
.15
5.5/7.5
1.00
.060
.030
16.00/18.00
3.50/5.50
202
.15
7.5/10.0
1.00
.060
.030
17.00/19.00
4.00/6.00
301
.15
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
16.00/18.00
6.00/8.00
302
.15
2.00
.75
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
8.00/10.00
302B
.15
2.00
2.00/3.00
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
8.00/10.00
303
.15
2.00
1.00
.200
.15 min
17.00/19.00
8.00/10.00
304
.08
2.00
.75
.045
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/10.50
TP304
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/11.00
304L
.03
2.00
.75
.045
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/12.00
TP304L
.035
2.00
.75
.040
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/13.00
TP304H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/11.00
305
.12
2.00
.75
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
10.50/13.00
308
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
19.00/21.00
10.00/12.00
309
.20
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
22.00/24.00
12.00/15.00
310
.25
2.00
1.50
.045
.030
24.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
TP310
.15
2.00
.75
.040
.030
24.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
314
.25
2.00
1.50/3.00
.045
.030
23.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
316
.08
2.00
.75
.045
.030
16.00/18.00
10.00/14.00
TP316
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
16.00/18.00
11.00/14.00
316L
.03
2.00
.75
.045
.030
16.00/18.00
10.00/14.00
Type
Number
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
Others
N 5 0.25 max
N 5 0.25 max
N 5 0.10 max
N 5 0.10 max
.............
Zr, Mo 5 .60 max*
.............
..............
N 5 0.10 max
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
N 5 0.10 max
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
N 5 0.10 max
23
.040
.040
.040
.045
.040
P
Max
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
S
Max
Cr
16.00/18.00
..............
18.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/20.00
Ni
Others
H 5 Grades for high temperature service.
TP 5 Tubular Products
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .60 max
Cb 1Ta 5 10 3 C min
Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min
5 1.00 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min
5 1.00 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min
Ta 5 .10 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min
Ta 5 .10 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
..............
..............
.75
.75
.75
1.00
.75
Si
Max
TP321H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
347
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
9.00/13.00
TP347
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
TP347H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
9.00/13.00
.08
348
TP348
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
TP348H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
384
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
15.00/17.00
17.00/19.00
385
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
11.50/13.50
14.00/16.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Mn
Max
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
Mo 5 3.00/4.00
Ti 5 5 3 C min, .60 max
Ti 5 5 3 C min, .60 max
.035
.04/.10
.08
.08
.08
C
Max
10.00/15.00
11.00/14.00
11.00/14.00
9.00/12.00
9.00/13.00
TP316L
TP316H
TP317
321
TP321
Type
Number
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
24
.15
.08
.08
.15
.15
.15
.15
Over .15
Over .15
.12
.12
.20
.60/.75
.75/.95
.95/1.20
.20
Over .10
.10
403
405
TP405
410
TP410
414
416
420
TP420
430
430F
431
440A
440B
440C
TP443
501
502
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Mn
Max
.50
1.00
.75
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
Si
Max
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.060
.040
.030
.040
.060
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
P
Max
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.150 min
.030
.030
.030
.150 min
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
S
Max
Cr
11.50/13.00
11.50/14.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
12.00/14.00
12.00/14.00
12.00/14.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
15.00/17.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
18.00/23.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
Prefix TP denotes tubular products.
Suffixes A, B and C denote differing carbon ranges for the same grade. F denotes a free machining grade.
* At producer’s option, reported only when intentionally added.
C
Max
Type
Number
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEELS
Ni
..............
.60 max
.50 max
.75 max
.50 max
1.25/2.50
..............
..............
.50 max
..............
..............
1.25/2.50
..............
..............
..............
.50 max
..............
.............
Others
Turbine Quality
AI 5 .10/.30
AI 5 .10/.30
..............
..............
..............
Zr, Mo 5 .60 max*
..............
..............
..............
Mo 5 .60 max*
..............
Mo 5 .75 max
Mo 5 .75 max
Mo 5 .75 max
Cu 5 .90/1.25
Mo 5 .40/.65
Mo 5 .40/.65
25
A
B
C
F11
F12
A
T4
T5†
T7†
T9†
T11†
T21†
T22†
T91**
T1
T1b
Grade
C
.25 max
.30 max
.35 max
.10/.20
.10/.20
.06/.18
.05/.15
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.05/.15
.05/.15
.05/.15
.08/.12
.10/.20
.14 max
Mn
.27/.93
.29/1.06
.29/1.06
.30/.80
.30/.80
.27/.63
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.80
.30/.80
See current ASTM specifications for P & S limitations.
† These grades also included in ASTM Specifications A213 and A335.
* The combined elements of Cr, Ni, Mo, V and Cu must not exceed 1%
** Cb 5 .06/.10, N 5 .03/.07, Al 5 .04 max
A106*
A182
A192
A200
A209
ASTM
Number
.10 min
.10 min
.10 min
.50/1.00
.10/.60
.25 max
.50/1.00
.50 max
.50/1.00
.25/1.00
.50/1.00
.50 max
.50 max
.20/.50
.10/.50
.10/.50
Si
.40 max
.40 max
.40 max
1.00/1.50
.80/ 1.25
.............
2.15/2.85
4.00/6.00
6.00/8.00
8.00/10.00
1.00/1.50
2.65/3.35
1.90/2.60
8.00/9.00
.............
.............
Cr
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
.40 max
.40 max
.40 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40 max
.............
.............
Ni
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS
Mo
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.44/.65
.44/.65
.............
.44/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.90/1.10
.44/.65
.80/1.06
.87/1.13
.85/1.05
.44/.65
.44/.65
V
.08 max
.08 max
.08 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.18/.25
.............
.............
26
Grade
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
‡
Mn
.30/ .60
.45/ .65
.60/ .80
.80/1.20
.40/ .60
C
.72/.85
.17/.22
.27/.33
.25/.31
.23/.28
Type
TDS-10®
TDS-30®
TDS-50®
TDS-70®
TDS-90®
Si
..............
.15/.30
.40/.70
.50/.80
.15/.30
Cr
..............
.40/ .60
1.00/1.35
1.90/2.40
3.00/3.50
Ni
..............
1.65/2.00
1.85/2.25
.25 max.
..............
..............
.20/.30
.35/.55
.25/.35
.45/.60
Mo
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .60 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min,1.00 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min,
Ta 5 .10 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
These grades also included in ASTM Specifications A312 and A376.
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
Others
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .70 max
TIMKEN® TUBULAR HOLLOW DRILL STEELS
See current ASTM specifications for P & S limitations
A210
A1
.27 max
.93 max
.10 min
.............
.............
.............
C
.35 max
.29/1.06
.10 min
.............
.............
.............
A213
T5b
.15 max
.30/.60
1.00/2.00
4.00/6.00
.............
.45/.65
T5c
.12 max
.30/.60
.50 max
4.00/6.00
.............
.45/.65
T12
.05/.15
.30/.61
.50 max
.80/1.25
.............
.44/.65
TP304H‡
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
18.00/20.00 8.00/11.00
.............
TP310H‡
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
24.00/26.00 19.00/22.00
.............
TP316H‡
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
16.00/18.00 11.00/14.00 2.00/3.00
‡
TP321H
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00
.............
TP347H‡
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00
.............
TP348
.08 max
2.00 max
.75 max
17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00
.............
ASTM
Number
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS – continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
27
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Cb
P 5 .015 max, S 5 .005 max
Impact 7
.26/.32
.60/.90
..............
1.20/1.50
..............
.65/.75
.02/.05
Impact 8
.26/.32
.90/1.10
.20/.40
1.00/1.50
.15 max
.75/.85
.02/.05
Impact 10
.26/.32
.90/1.10
.15/.35
.70/.90
.50/.70
.65/.75
.02/.05
9Cr1Mo
.15 max
.30/.60
.25/1.00
8.00/10.00
..............
.90/1.10
..............
410
.15 max
1.00 max
1.00 max
12.00/14.00
..............
..............
..............
420 Mod
.18/.22
1.00 max
1.00 max
12.50/14.00
..............
..............
..............
Type
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
TIMKEN® OIL COUNTRY STEELS
P 5 .030 max
S 5 .030 max
P 5 .040 max
P 5 .020 max
Other
28
CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOYS
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
44LN
DP-3
3RE60
2205
2304
Uranus 50
Ferralium 255
7-Mo PLUS
*Range indicates min to max mass functions.
C max
Designation
2.0
1.0
1.2-2.0*
2.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
Mn max
1.00
0.75
1.40-2.00*
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.60
Si max
24.0-26.0
24.0-26.0
18.0-19.0
21.0-23.0
21.5-24.5
20.5-22.5
24.0-27.0
26.0-29.0
Cr
Duplex Stainless Steel Ranges and Limits (Not Manufactured by Timken)
Ni
5.50-6.50
5.50-7.50
4.25-5.25
4.50-6.50
3.00-5.50
5.50-8.50
4.50-6.50
3.50-5.20
29
C
.27/.33
.23/.28
.28/.33
.32/.38
.32/.38
Type
HS-220-07
HS-220-18
HS-220-27
HS-220-28
HS-220-30
Mn
Si
.15/.30
.15/.30
Cr
.65/.90
.70/.90
Ni
.40/.70
1.55/2.00
Mo
.15/.25
.20/.30
.60/.80
1.20/1.50
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.60/.90
Mn
.40/.70
1.30/1.70
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
Si
1.00/1.35
.20/.40
.75/1.00
.65/.90
.65/.90
Cr
1.85/2.25
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
Ni
TIMKEN® HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
1.00/1.30
.60/ .80
TM - Trademark of The Timken Company
C
.13/.21
.20/.27
Type
WHS 100TM
WHS 130TM
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
.35/.55
.35/.45
.35/.50
.30/.40
.30/.40
Mo
.03/.08
..............
V
TIMKEN® WELDABLE HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
B
............
............
.05/.10
.17/.23
.17/.23
V
.003 added
..............
30
0.28/0.33
0.28/0.33
0.32/0.36
0.32/0.36
0.31/0.35
0.36/0.40
0.36/0.41
0.36/0.41
0.36/0.40
0.38/0.43
0.53/0.57
0.52/0.57
0.52/0.57
0.52/0.57
MicroTec 3M80
MicroTec 3M80A
MicroTec 3M80B
MicroTec 3M80C
MicroTec 3M85
MicroTec 4M85
MicroTec 4M90
MicroTec 4M90A
MicroTec 4M95
MicroTec 4M95A
MicroTec 5H85
MicroTec 5H90
MicroTec 5H95
MicroTec 5H95A
C
0.10/0.18
0.16/0.20
0.16/0.20
0.16/0.22
0.28/0.33
0.26/0.30
0.28/0.32
MicroTec 2W60
MicroTec 2W65
MicroTec 2W70
MicroTec 2W75
MicroTec 3W70
MicroTec 3W75
MicroTec 3W75A
Type
0.70/0.85
0.70/1.00
1.05/1.25
1.15/1.35
1.30/1.60
1.30/1.50
1.35/1.45
1.35/1.45
1.30/1.50
1.20/1.40
1.10/1.30
1.10/1.30
1.30/1.50
1.35/1.45
1.20/1.60
1.20/1.40
1.40/1.60
1.30/1.70
0.90/1.30
1.00/1.30
0.90/1.20
Mn
0.08/0.12
0.05/0.20
0.08/0.18
0.10/0.20
0.08/0.18
0.08/0.18
0.06/0.10
0.07/0.09
0.10/0.14
0.04/0.10
0.10/0.18
0.10/0.18
0.08/0.12
0.08/0.12
0.05/0.10
0.06/0.10
0.07/0.11
0.10/0.20
0.07/0.18
0.13/0.23
0.13/0.18
V
0.020/0.035
0.025/0.035
0.040/0.060
0.040/0.060
..............
0.025/0.050
0.010 max.
0.005/0.020
0.030/0.050
0.030/0.050
..............
0.030/0.050
0.045 max.
0.030/0.045
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
S
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
TIMKEN® MICROALLOY STEELS
Si
..............
0.15/0.35
0.45/0.65
0.45/0.65
..............
..............
0.40/0.50
0.20/0.30
..............
0.30/0.50
..............
..............
0.50/0.70
0.50/0.65
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Cr = .15/.45
N = .008/.015
N = .008/.015
Other
31
.10/.20
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.12 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.08/.12
.10/.50
.50/1.00
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
1.00/2.00
1.00/1.50
.50/1.00
.25/1.00
.20/.50
..............
1.00/1.50
.80/1.25
1.90/2.60
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
6.00/8.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/9.50
.44/.65
.44/.65
.44/.65
.87/1.13
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.09/1.10
.45/.65
.90/1.10
.85/1.05
1
11
..............
22
5
5c
5b
..............
7
9
91
.040
.040
.040
.45/.65
.45/.65
.60/.90
17-22-A®
17-22-AS®
17-22-AV®
.41/.48
.28/.33
.25/.30
P
Max
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.20/.30
.20/.30
.75/.95
S Max
Si
Cr
Mo
V
.040
.040
.040
ASTM
No
..............
6302
6303
AMS
No
*** Ni 5 .40 max, V 5 .18/.25, Cb 5 .06/.10, N 5 .03/.07, Al 5 .04 max
.045
.030
..............
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.010
S Max
Si
Cr
Mo
Chemical Composition Ranges
Type
C
Mn
.045
.030
..............
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.020
** Ti 5 4 3 C min, .70 max
.30/.80
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
P
Max
TIMKEN® HIGH TEMPERATURE ENGINEERING STEELS
*.50 Mo steel also available with .08/.14 C.
.50Mo*
DM®
DM-2
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Ti**
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Si
5 Cr 1 Mo+Si
7 Cr 1/2 Mo
9 Cr 1 Mo
T9***
Type
C
Mn
Chemical Composition Range and Limits
TIMKEN® ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE
32
Type
C
.98/1.10
.90/1.05
.85/1.00
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.16/.22
.10/.16
.11/.15
.70/.80
.77/.85
.95/1.20
.89/1.01
* 52100 shown for reference purposes only
** Max Cu .10, Co .25, W .25, P .015, S .010
a Deep hardening steels.
52100*
ASTM-A485-1(#1 Mod.)a
ASTM-A485-2(#2 Mod.)
ASTM-A485-3(T-1)a
ASTM-A485-4(T-2)a
TBS-600TM b
CBS-600TM c
CBS1000MTM d
CBS-50NiL**
TBA-2e
M-50
440C
TBS-9®
Mn
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
Cr
.70/.90
.80/1.20
Ni
1.65/2.00
2.00/2.50
d
c
b
Si
.15/.35
.45/.75
.50/.80
.15/.35
.15/.35
.85/1.20
.90/1.25
.40/.60
.10/.25
.15/.35
.25 max.
1.00 max.
.15/.35
Cr
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
1.40/1.80
1.10/1.50
1.10/1.50
1.25/1.65
1.25/1.65
.90/1.20
4.00/4.25
.90/1.20
3.75/4.25
16.00/18.00
.40/.60
Through hardening steel for service up to 600 F.
Carburizing steel for service up to 600 F.
Carburizing steel for service up to 1000 F.
.25/.45
.95/1.25
1.40/1.70
.65/.90
1.05/1.35
.60/.80
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.35
1.05/1.35
.35 max.
1.00 max.
.50/.80
Mn
Ni
e
Mo
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.45/.60
.25/.35
.90/1.10
4.00/5.00
4.00/4.50
1.20/1.40
4.00/4.50
.75 max.
.08/.15
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.25/.50
1.13/1.33
..............
.90/1.10
..............
..............
V
.35/.45
.50/.65
Through hardening steel can be air quenched.
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
2.75/3.25
3.20/3.60
1.30/1.65
.10 max.
..............
.25 max.
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
TIMKEN® SPECIAL BEARING STEELS
C
.30/.38
.30/.38
Type
4333M4
4333M6
Chemical Composition Ranges
TIMKEN® TUBING FOR POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTION
33
C
0.83
0.85
0.98
1.02
1.20
1.32
1.02
0.87
1.08
0.84
0.89
1.57
M1
M2
M2-HC
M3-1
M3-2
M4
M7
M10
M42
M50
M52
T15
O6
A10
ASTM
Type
Graph-Mo®
Graph-Air®
ASTM
C
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.45
0.50
Si
1.45
1.35
Mn
0.25
0.28
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.30
Mn
1.00
1.80
Si
0.90
1.20
Cr
............
............
1.75
6.15
6.15
6.00
6.00
5.35
1.75
0.75
1.50
............
1.10
12.25
W
3.75
4.15
4.15
4.10
4.10
4.50
3.75
4.00
3.85
4.10
4.00
4.00
Cr
1.15
1.85
1.85
2.40
3.00
3.85
1.90
1.90
1.20
1.00
1.85
5.00
V
Nominal Chemical Composition
HIGH-SPEED STEELS
0.015
0.015
S
Nominal Chemical Composition
8.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.40
8.50
8.00
9.50
4.25
4.50
0.50
Mo
............
1.85
Ni
Mo
0.25
1.50
TIMKEN® GRAPHITIC TOOL STEELS
Other
Other
............
............
............
............
............ Alloy Sulfides
............
............
............
............
Nitrogen
............
8.00
............
............
5.00
Co
W
............
............
34
A2
A6
A7
A8
A10
D2
D3
D5
D7
L6
O1
O6
S1
S5
S7
ASTM
C
1.00
0.70
2.60
0.55
1.35
1.50
2.15
1.50
2.30
0.70
0.94
1.45
0.53
0.61
0.50
Si
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.95
1.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.25
0.30
0.90
0.25
1.90
0.25
Mn
0.75
2.00
0.60
0.30
1.80
0.30
0.40
0.35
0.40
0.60
1.20
1.00
0.25
0.90
0.75
............
............
............
1.25
............
............
............
............
............
............
0.50
............
2.00
............
............
W
5.00
1.00
8.25
5.00
............
12.00
12.25
11.65
12.50
0.70
0.50
............
1.35
0.18
3.25
Cr
0.25
............
4.50
............
............
0.90
0.25
............
4.00
............
............
............
0.25
0.28
............
V
Nominal Chemical Composition
COLD WORK DIE STEELS
Mo
1.00
1.25
1.20
1.25
1.50
0.75
............
0.80
1.10
............
............
0.25
............
1.40
1.40
Ni
............
............
............
............
1.85
............
............
............
............
1.40
............
............
............
............
............
Co 5 2.80
Other
35
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H19
H21
P20
ASTM
C
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.33
0.33
Si
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.30
0.45
0.65
Mn
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.80
............
............
1.30
............
4.75
4.25
9.15
............
W
3.30
5.00
5.00
5.25
5.25
4.25
3.30
1.75
Cr
0.65
0.50
0.30
1.00
............
2.00
0.45
............
V
Nominal Chemical Composition
HOT WORK DIE STEELS
Mo
2.45
1.30
1.40
1.35
............
............
............
0.40
Co
2.00
............
............
............
............
4.25
............
............
Other
36
Wear
Resistance
Toughness
Hot
Hardness
T15
M52
M50
M42
M35 M10
M7
M4
M3-2
M3-1
M2
M1
ASTM
Grindability
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES FOR THE SELECTION
AND USE OF HIGH SPEED STEELS
37
H21
H19
H14
H13
H12
H11
H10 Mod
ASTM
Wear
Resistance
Toughness
Temper
Resistance
Machinability
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES FOR THE SELECTION
AND USE OF HOT WORK DIE STEELS
38
S7
O6
O1
L6
D7
D3
D2
A10
A8
A6
A2
ASTM
Wear
Resistance
Toughness
Dimensional
Stability
Machinability
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES FOR THE SELECTION
AND USE OF COLD WORK DIE STEELS
39
L6
H13
S7
S5
S1
A8
ASTM
Wear
Resistance
Toughness
Dimensional
Stability
Machinability
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES FOR THE SELECTION
AND USE OF SHOCK STEELS
40
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
58
56
55
53
49
43
37
33
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
23
21
...
...
...
...
51
42
34
29
26
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
62
61
59
56
52
46
38
34
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
27
26
25
23
22
21
55
52
42
34
31
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
25
24
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
50
48
47
46
45
42
39
37
34
32
30
28
27
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
41
32
27
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
“J”
Distance
1038 H
1045 H
1522 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
51
49
48
47
45
43
39
38
35
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
23
22
20
...
...
...
...
Max.
42
42
38
34
29
25
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1524 H
GRADE
53
50
49
47
46
42
39
37
33
31
30
28
27
26
26
24
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
Max.
44
42
38
33
26
25
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1526 H
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
48
46
44
41
39
35
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
26
Max.
53
52
50
47
44
41
38
35
32
29
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1541 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 1038 H to 15B21 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
48
48
47
47
46
45
44
42
40
38
35
32
27
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
41
40
39
38
36
30
23
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B21 H
Max.
41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
53
53
52
51
51
50
49
48
46
43
40
37
34
31
30
29
27
25
25
24
23
22
21
20
47
47
46
45
42
32
25
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
55
53
52
51
50
48
43
38
33
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
48
47
46
44
32
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
58
56
55
54
53
51
47
41
...
30
...
27
...
26
...
25
...
24
...
22
...
20
...
...
51
50
49
48
39
28
24
22
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
“J”
Distance
15B28 H
15B30 H
15B35 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
58
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
...
45
...
40
...
33
...
29
...
27
...
25
...
23
...
21
Max.
50
50
49
48
43
37
33
26
...
22
...
21
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B37 H
GRADE
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
46
42
39
36
34
33
31
31
Max.
53
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
44
37
32
28
26
25
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
Min.
15B41 H
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
51
48
45
41
38
34
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
Max.
56
56
55
54
53
52
42
34
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
Min.
15B48 H
...
...
...
...
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
63
62
62
61
60
58
54
48
43
40
37
35
34
Max.
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
52
43
39
37
35
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
27
26
Min.
15B62 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 15B28 H to 1330 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
56
56
55
53
52
50
48
45
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
31
31
30
30
49
47
44
40
35
31
28
26
25
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1330 H
Max.
42
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
52
51
50
48
46
44
42
41
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
34
* Formerly Standard Steels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
53
52
51
49
46
40
35
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
63
63
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
49
48
47
46
45
45
45
45
56
56
55
54
51
44
38
35
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
43
43
42
42
42
42
41
41
41
40
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
37
37
36
36
36
35
35
36
36
35
35
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
“J”
Distan
1340 H
1345 H
3310 H*
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
47
47
47
46
46
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
43
43
43
42
42
42
41
Max.
40
39
38
38
37
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
Min.
3316 H*
GRADE
52
50
46
40
34
30
28
26
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
Max.
45
40
31
25
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4028 H
57
54
51
46
39
34
31
29
28
26
26
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
Max.
50
45
36
29
25
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4032 H
59
57
54
51
45
38
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
23
23
Max.
52
49
42
35
30
26
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4037 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 1335 H to 4037 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
62
60
58
55
50
45
39
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
28
27
27
27
26
26
55
52
48
40
33
29
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
Min.
4042 H
Max.
43
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
64
62
60
58
55
52
47
43
40
38
37
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
30
30
29
29
29
57
55
50
42
35
32
30
28
28
27
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
48
46
41
35
31
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
36
27
23
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
48
47
44
41
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
41
37
32
37
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
“J”
Distance
4047 H
4118 H
4120 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
56
55
53
51
49
47
44
42
40
38
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
Max.
49
46
42
38
34
31
29
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4130 H
GRADE
58
58
57
56
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
42
41
40
39
38
38
37
Max.
51
50
49
48
47
45
42
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
27
27
27
26
26
26
Min.
4135 H
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
46
45
44
43
42
42
41
41
Max.
52
51
50
49
49
48
45
43
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
30
29
29
29
Min.
4137 H
60
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
54
53
52
51
49
48
47
46
45
44
Max.
53
53
52
51
51
50
48
47
44
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
Min.
4140 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 4042 H to 4142 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
62
62
62
61
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
53
52
51
51
50
55
55
54
53
53
52
51
50
49
47
46
44
42
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
34
34
33
33
Min.
4142 H
Max.
44
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
55
55
54
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
52
51
50
49
48
46
45
43
42
40
38
37
36
35
35
34
34
64
64
64
64
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
57
57
57
56
56
57
57
56
56
55
55
55
54
54
53
52
51
49
48
46
45
42
40
39
38
37
37
37
36
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
63
63
62
62
62
61
60
59
59
58
58
58
58
59
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
54
53
51
50
48
47
45
43
41
40
39
38
38
38
“J”
Distance
4145 H
4147 H
4150 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
64
64
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
Max.
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
58
58
57
56
55
63
50
48
45
43
42
41
Min.
4161 H
GRADE
48
47
45
43
41
38
36
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
Max.
41
38
35
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4320 H
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
56
Max.
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
52
52
52
51
51
50
49
49
48
48
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
Min.
4340 H
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
57
Max.
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
52
52
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
Min.
E 4340 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 4145 H to 4620 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
48
45
42
39
34
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
35
27
24
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4620 H
Max.
45
51
48
41
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
* Formerly Standard Steels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
45
36
29
24
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
47
47
45
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
27
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
40
40
38
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
48
47
43
39
35
32
29
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
21
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
41
39
31
27
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
“J”
Distance
4626 H*
4718 H
4720 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
45
44
44
42
41
39
37
35
33
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
25
24
24
24
23
23
23
Max.
38
37
34
30
27
24
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4815 H
GRADE
46
46
45
44
42
41
39
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
Max.
39
38
35
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4817 H
48
48
47
46
45
43
42
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
25
Max.
41
40
39
38
34
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4820 H
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
53
51
49
47
44
41
38
36
35
34
33
32
30
29
Max.
53
53
52
51
50
48
44
39
34
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
50B40 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 4626 H to 50B44 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
63
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
54
52
50
48
44
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
56
56
55
55
54
52
48
43
38
34
31
30
29
29
28
27
26
24
23
21
20
...
...
...
Min.
50B44 H
Max.
46
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
63
62
60
56
52
46
39
35
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
56
55
45
32
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
54
51
47
43
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
56
54
52
50
41
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
54
50
47
44
41
39
38
37
36
59
59
58
57
56
55
52
47
42
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
22
21
20
“J”
Distance
5046 H
50B46 H
50B50 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
63
62
60
58
55
53
51
49
47
44
Max.
60
60
60
60
60
59
57
53
47
42
39
37
36
35
34
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
Min.
50B60 H
GRADE
48
46
41
36
33
30
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Max.
40
34
28
23
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5120 H
56
55
53
51
49
47
45
42
40
38
37
36
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
29
27
26
25
24
Max.
49
46
42
39
35
32
30
28
26
25
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5130 H
57
56
54
52
50
48
45
42
40
38
37
36
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
Max.
50
47
43
40
35
32
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5132 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 5046 H to 5135 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
58
57
56
55
54
52
50
47
45
43
41
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
34
33
32
32
31
30
51
49
47
43
38
35
32
30
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5135 H
Max.
47
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
60
59
58
57
56
54
52
50
48
46
45
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
53
52
50
48
43
38
35
33
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
25
24
23
21
20
....
....
....
....
64
64
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
57
56
55
54
53
52
49
45
40
37
35
34
33
32
32
31
30
29
27
26
25
24
22
21
65
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
56
55
53
51
50
48
47
45
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
59
58
57
56
53
49
42
38
36
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
“J”
Distance
5140 H
5147 H
5150 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max. Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
....
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
59
57
55
52
51
49
47
45
44
43
42
41
41
40
Max.
60
59
58
57
55
52
47
41
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
31
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
Min.
5155 H
GRADE
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
56
54
52
48
47
46
45
44
43
43
42
Max.
60
60
60
59
58
56
52
47
42
39
37
36
35
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
Min.
5160 H
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
61
59
57
55
53
51
49
47
Max.
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
54
50
44
41
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
31
30
28
27
25
Min.
51B60 H
46
44
38
33
30
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
Max.
39
36
28
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
6118 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 5140 H to 6150 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
61
60
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
59
58
57
56
55
53
50
47
43
41
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
32
31
30
29
27
26
25
Min.
6150 H
Max.
48
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
63
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
47
45
43
56
56
56
56
55
54
53
51
48
44
41
39
38
37
36
35
34
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
46
44
41
38
34
31
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
39
33
27
24
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
48
47
44
41
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
41
37
32
27
23
21
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
“J”
Distance
81B45 H
8617 H
8620 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
50
49
47
44
40
37
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Max.
43
39
34
30
26
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8622 H
GRADE
52
51
48
46
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
Max.
45
41
36
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8625 H
54
52
50
48
45
43
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
28
28
27
27
27
27
27
Max.
47
43
38
35
32
29
27
26
24
24
23
22
21
21
20
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8627 H
56
55
54
52
50
47
44
41
39
37
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
29
29
29
29
Max.
49
46
43
39
35
32
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8630 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 81B45 H to 86B30 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
56
55
55
55
54
54
53
53
52
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
41
40
39
49
49
48
48
48
48
48
47
46
44
42
40
39
38
36
35
34
32
31
29
28
27
26
25
Min.
86B30 H
Max.
49
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
53
51
49
47
46
44
43
41
40
39
37
36
36
35
35
35
35
52
51
50
48
45
42
39
36
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
23
23
60
60
60
59
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
49
47
45
44
42
41
39
38
38
37
37
37
37
53
53
52
51
49
46
42
39
36
34
32
31
30
29
28
28
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
62
62
62
61
61
60
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
49
48
46
44
42
41
40
40
39
39
39
55
54
53
52
50
48
45
42
39
37
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
“J”
Distance
8637 H
8640 H
8642 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
63
63
63
63
62
61
61
60
59
58
56
55
54
52
51
49
47
45
43
42
42
41
41
41
Max.
56
56
55
54
52
50
48
45
41
39
37
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
27
27
Min.
8645 H
GRADE
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
Max.
56
56
55
54
54
53
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
48
46
45
42
39
37
35
34
32
32
31
Min.
86B45 H
65
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
47
46
45
Max.
59
58
57
57
56
54
53
50
47
44
41
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
Min.
8650 H
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
Max.
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
54
52
49
46
43
41
40
39
38
37
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
Min.
8655 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 8637 H to 8660 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
64
64
63
62
62
61
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
55
53
50
47
45
44
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
35
Min.
8660 H
Max.
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
48
47
45
42
38
35
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
22
22
41
38
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
48
46
45
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
38
53
53
52
51
49
46
43
40
37
35
34
32
31
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
27
27
26
26
50
49
48
46
43
40
37
35
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
27
27
27
27
27
27
43
42
39
33
29
27
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
“J”
Distance
8720 H
8740 H
8822 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
....
....
65
64
63
62
60
58
55
52
49
47
45
43
42
40
38
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
Max.
60
60
57
53
46
41
38
36
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
Min.
9260 H
GRADE
43
43
43
42
42
42
42
41
40
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
34
34
34
33
33
Max.
36
35
35
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
24
24
Min.
9310 H
45
45
44
44
43
42
40
38
36
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
22
Max.
38
38
37
36
32
28
25
23
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
94B15 H
46
46
45
45
44
43
42
41
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
Max.
39
39
38
37
34
29
26
24
23
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
94B17 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 8720 H to 94B30 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
56
56
55
55
54
54
53
53
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
46
44
42
40
38
37
35
34
34
49
49
48
48
47
46
44
42
39
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
25
24
23
23
22
21
21
20
Min.
94B30 H
Max.
51
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
47
46
44
42
37
30
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
41
39
33
24
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.....
....
57
55
54
53
50
46
42
36
32
28
....
25
....
24
....
23
....
22
....
20
....
....
....
....
52
51
50
49
41
33
28
24
23
21
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
42
42
41
41
41
40
40
39
39
39
39
38
38
37
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
34
34
37
37
37
36
36
35
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
27
26
26
26
“J”
Distance
3310 RH
15B35 RH
15B21 RH
Sixteenths
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
of an Inch
Min.
50
48
44
40
36
34
32
30
28
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
55
54
52
49
46
44
41
39
37
35
33
32
32
31
31
31
30
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
42
39
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
45
41
38
34
31
29
28
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
38
30
25
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
44
38
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
46
42
34
28
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
51
48
43
37
32
28
26
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
4130 RH
Max.
Min.
4120 RH
Max.
Min.
4118 RH
Max.
Min.
Max.
4027 RH
GRADE
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 15B21 RH to 4130 RH
RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
52
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
59
59
59
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
52
51
50
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
54
54
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
46
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
35
34
33
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
54
53
52
51
51
50
50
49
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
53
52
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
44
43
42
40
40
39
38
37
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
57
57
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
57
56
54
53
51
49
47
46
45
“J”
Distance
4161 RH
4145 RH
4140 RH
Sixteenths
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
of an Inch
Min.
54
54
53
53
52
50
47
43
38
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
26
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
59
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
52
50
49
47
45
44
41
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
42
42
41
40
36
33
32
30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
20
....
....
....
47
47
46
45
43
41
40
38
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
25
24
23
42
37
30
27
24
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
44
40
37
32
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
40
37
34
31
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
46
44
41
39
36
34
32
31
29
28
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
21
21
21
21
21
21
50B40 RH
Max.
Min.
4820 RH
Max.
Min.
4620 RH
Max.
Min.
Max.
4320 RH
GRADE
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 4140 RH to 50B40 RH
RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
53
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
55
53
51
49
46
44
42
39
37
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
50
47
44
41
37
35
33
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
59
58
57
55
53
51
48
46
44
43
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
54
53
51
49
45
41
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
65
65
65
65
64
63
62
60
58
56
55
53
51
50
48
47
44
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
60
60
60
59
58
57
54
50
45
42
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
29
“J”
Distance
5130 RH
5140 RH
5160 RH
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
47
45
41
38
34
31
29
28
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Max.
42
39
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8620 RH
GRADE
49
47
45
41
38
35
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
Max.
44
41
37
32
29
27
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8622 RH
47
45
43
40
36
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
Max.
42
39
37
32
28
26
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8720 RH
49
48
47
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
Max.
44
43
40
35
31
29
27
26
25
25
24
23
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8822 RH
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell “C” point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits – 5130 RH to 9310 RH
RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
42
42
42
41
41
40
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
32
32
32
31
31
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
Min.
9310 RH
Max.
INTRODUCTION TO
JOMINY CORRELATION
WITH ROUND BARS
The following correlation of Jominy values with quenching severity
and surface to center hardnesses obtainable in round bars is based
on calculated and practical experience data.
Since practical heat treatment results are subject to several variables
that are always difficult to determine, i.e., surface condition of piece
being quenched, furnace atmosphere, and quenching severity of the
coolant, the metallurgist or heat treater may find some differences in
applying this correlation to his particular heat treatment setup.
However, as experience is gained by their use, it is believed that
these charts will be found helpful as a guide to the selection of steel of
proper hardenability based on Jominy end quench results. As a valueadded service, Timken Company hardenability data will be supplied
upon request, with each heat of steel.
54
1" RD
3/4" RD
0
∞
5.0
1.5 2.0
1/2" RD
1.5
1.5
2.0
1.0
0.70
1.0
0.20
0.70
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
12
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
SURFACE
16
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
20
∞
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
H VALUE
24
–
Oil
–
Oil
–
Oil
–
Oil
–
Water
–
Water
–
Brine
–
Brine
– Ideal Quench
QUENCH
28
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
AGITATION
32
Select proper round bar size to be quenched.
Select the curve most representative of quenching conditions (H value) to be used.
Read the curve to the Jominy Distance.
Insert Rockwell “C” hardness values corresponding to the Jominy Distance.
These are obtained from The Timken Company
CENTER
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.20
BAR SIZE
0.35
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
USE OF CHART
Hardenability
Data available
with each
shipment of steel.
These hardness
values represent
the approximate
surface-to-center
hardness
obtainable for
the type of steel
being heat
treated.
CHART FOR PREDICTING APPROXIMATE CROSS SECTION HARDNESS OF QUENCHED
ROUND BARS USING JOMINY TEST RESULTS
0.20
0.50
0.35
0.50
1.0
0.70
0.35
0.50
55
4" RD
3" RD
0
0.35
12
5.0
2.0
1.0
0.50
2.0
0.35
0.70
5.0
0.50
1.0
∞
5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
2.0
5.0
∞
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
1.5
2" RD
0.50
SURFACE
16
0.20
1.0
0.20
0.70
∞
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
∞
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
H VALUE
20
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
0.35
0.70
1-1/2" RD
0.50
CENTER
QUENCH
24
–
Oil
–
Oil
–
Oil
–
Oil
–
Water
–
Water
–
Brine
–
Brine
– Ideal Quench
0.20
0.35
BAR SIZE
28
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
AGITATION
32
0.20
56
1.5
1.5
∞
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
57
8" RD
7" RD
6" RD
5" RD
BAR SIZE
0
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
12
16
∞
5.0
20
1.5
24
1.0
∞
0.70
28
5.0
32
0.35
1.5
∞
0.35
1.5
∞
0.35
0.70
1.5
0.35
0.50
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
EXPLANATION OF COMBINED
HARDENABILITY CHARTS
The following charts present hardenability data for thirteen popular
steels. They may be used to determine the approximate mid-radius
hardness which is developed, in various sized rounds up to 9" in
diameter using a good oil quench (.4-.5 Hv), or rounds up to 15" in
diameter when air cooling. The effect of a subsequent 1000°F 2 hour
temper is also illustrated.
The relationship between hardness and section size was determined
using data from the Jominy end quench test, and air hardenability test,
and controlled cooling tests. It must be remembered that the results
for a particular steel type are based on one chemical analysis and
one austenitizing temperature. Variations of these will affect hardenability, as shown by the Jominy hardenability bands (shaded area).
Therefore, the charts should be used to determine estimated, rather
than exact, hardness values.
1. S
elect steel type.
USE OF CHARTS
2. F
ind desired diameter for the quenching medium employed.
3. R
ead the approximate as-quenched or tempered hardness using
the appropriate curve; read hardness range using hardenability
band.
For example, a 2-inch round made of 1045 type steel will develop the following mid-radius hardnesses:
As-Cooled
Tempered
1000 °F-2 Hours
Mild Water
Oil .4-.5 Hv
Air
28(25/32) Rc
25(22/29) Rc
91Rb
22.5 Rc
21 Rc
91Rb
58
1045
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
59
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
S
.023
Si
.22
Cr
.11
Ni
.18
Mo
.04
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
~9"
48
F
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
Al
—
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Cu
.04
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
P
.019
NORMALIZED 1600° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
Mn
.79
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.42
HEAT TREATMENT
1340
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
60
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.011
S
.013
Si
.24
Cr
.08
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
F
48
~9"
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
.019
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.11
NORMALIZED 1600° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
1.87
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.40
HEAT TREATMENT
3310
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
61
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.012
S
.012
Si
.25
Cr
1.56
Ni
3.42
Mo
.05
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
~9"
48
F
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
6" 10" 15"
B
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
W
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
(FROM ASM HANDBOOK)
19° /M
F
4"
V
—
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
.032
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.10
NORMALIZED 1700° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
.54
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.08
HEAT TREATMENT
4027
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
62
5
55°F/S
2"
P
.011
S
.027
Si
.29
Cr
.05
Ni
.09
Mo
.22
10
15
12°F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7°F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
48
~9"
4"
80°F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290°F/M 200°F/M
6"
5"
19°F/M
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13°F/M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1600˚ F.
27°F/M
3"
Al
.032
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32°F/M
2"
Cu
.07
NORMALIZED 1650° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1600° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
25°F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.86
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.26
HEAT TREATMENT
4130
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
63
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.013
S
.020
Si
.30
Cr
.96
Ni
.20
Mo
.21
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
~9"
48
F
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1600˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
—
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.12
NORMALIZED 1650° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1600° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
.51
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.31
HEAT TREATMENT
4140
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
64
5
55°F/S
2"
P
.031
S
.021
Si
.31
Cr
.96
Ni
.13
Mo
.20
10
15
12°F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7°F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
~9"
48
4"
80°F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290°F/M 200°F/M
6"
5"
19°F/M
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13°F/M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27°F/M
3"
Al
—
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32°F/M
2"
Cu
.08
NORMALIZED 1600° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
25°F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.82
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.39
HEAT TREATMENT
4320
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
65
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.29
Cr
.50
Ni
1.79
Mo
.23
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
F
48
~9"
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1700˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
.021
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.09
NORMALIZED 1700° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1700° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
.61
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.18
HEAT TREATMENT
4340
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
66
5
55°F/S
2"
10
P
.014
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
.72
Ni
1.75
Mo
.26
15
12°F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7°F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
~9"
48
4"
80°F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290°F/M 200°F/M
6"
5"
19°F/M
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13°F/M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27°F/M
3"
Al
—
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32°F/M
2"
Cu
.13
NORMALIZED 1600° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
25°F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.74
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.41
HEAT TREATMENT
4620
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
67
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.013
S
.019
Si
.32
Cr
.20
Ni
1.75
Mo
.22
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
~9"
48
F
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1700˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
—
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.05
NORMALIZED 1700° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1700° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
.60
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.19
HEAT TREATMENT
5130
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
68
5
55°F/S
2"
P
.022
S
.026
Si
.26
Cr
.98
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
10
15
12°F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7°F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
~9"
48
4"
80°F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290°F/M 200°F/M
6"
5"
19°F/M
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13°F/M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1600˚ F.
27°F/M
3"
Al
.019
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32°F/M
2"
Cu
.14
NORMALIZED 1650° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1600° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
25°F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.79
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.30
HEAT TREATMENT
5160
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
69
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.014
S
.016
Si
.29
Cr
.78
Ni
.07
Mo
.01
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
F
48
~9"
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
11/4"
/4"
3
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
400˚ F. TEMPER
1000˚ F. TEMPER
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
.023
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.05
NORMALIZED 1600° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
.91
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.58
HEAT TREATMENT
8620
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
70
5
55°F/S
2"
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.30
Cr
.50
Ni
.51
Mo
.19
10
15
12°F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7°F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
~9"
48
4"
80°F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290°F/M 200°F/M
6"
5"
19°F/M
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13°F/M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1700˚ F.
27°F/M
3"
Al
.031
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32°F/M
2"
Cu
.09
NORMALIZED 1700° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1700° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
25°F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.85
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.20
HEAT TREATMENT
9310
BRINELL HARDNESS – 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
“C” HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
“B” HARDNESS
71
5
55° /S
2"
F
F
10
25° /S
3"
2"
P
.012
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
1.26
Ni
3.26
Mo
.11
F
15
12° /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7° /S
F
4"
7"
27
F
6"
~9"
48
F
4"
80° /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290° /M 200° /M
6"
5"
19° /M
F
4"
B
—
6" 10" 15"
W
—
13° /M 12°F/M 9°F/M 6°F/M
F
5"
V
—
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000˚ F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550˚ F.
27° /M
F
3"
Al
.044
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32° /M
F
2"
Cu
.11
NORMALIZED 1700° F. — AUSTENITIZED 1550° F.
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
.58
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.10
HEAT TREATMENT
72
ROCKWELL C HARDNESS
10
20
30
40
50
60
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
PERCENT CARBON
.60
.70
Note: Fine divisions added to
simplify use of the graph.
Hodge, J. M. and Orehoski, M. A.
Relationship between hardenability
and percentage of martensite in
some low-alloy steels.
Transactions. AIME, 1946, v. 167,
pp. 627-642.
50% MARTENSITE
80% MARTENSITE
90% MARTENSITE
99.9% MARTENSITE
95% MARTENSITE
AVERAGE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON CONTENT, HARDNESS AND
PERCENTAGE OF MARTENSITE IN QUENCHING
414
552
690
828
TENSILE STRENGTH, MPa
966 1104 1241 1379 1517
1655 1793 1931
EFFECTS OF SURFACE CONDITIONS AND MECHANICAL
NOTCHES ON ENDURANCE OR FATIGUE LIMITS
160
1140
ENDURANCE LIMIT, 1000 psi
828
120
POLISHED
690
100
GROUND
552
80
MACHINED
60
414
276
40
HOT ROLLED,
SEVERLY NOTCHED,
AS FORGED
20
60
80
100
120
140 160
180 200 220
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1000 psi
240
260
138
280
Note: Endurance limits for surfaces exposed to corrosive environment fall
below the band for hot rolled, severly notched, and as forged surfaces.
Conditions Which Affect
Fatigue Strength
The fatigue strength of a material depends on many factors of which
the following are considered among the most important: (1) the
strength of the material and the magnitude of the stress being applied
to the material in its application, (2) the surface integrity of the material
including its finish and method of manufacture, magnitude of residual
stress present, and the presence of decarburization, (3) the environment in which the material is exposed in service.
It must be noted that fatigue data such as that represented by the
curves shown above are averages obtained from laboratory tests
which approach ideal conditions and should not be considered more
than a guide.
F.B. Stulen and W.C. Schulte, Metals Engineering Quarterly (Am. Soc. Metals), Vol. 5,
No. 3, Aug. 1965
SAE Fatigue Design Handbook (AE4) - 1968
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, (IME-ASME) - 1956
73
ENDURANCE LIMIT, MPa
966
140
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .10% Carbon (Approx.) Higher Alloy Carburizing
Steels, i.e., 3310, 9310, etc.
“EFFECTIVE” CASE DEPTH
for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Carburizing Temperature (°F)
Time,
Hours
1600°
1650°
1700°
1750°
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.011"
.015"
.019"
.021"
.024"
.026"
.028"
.030"
.032"
.034"
.036"
.013"
.019"
.023"
.026"
.030"
.033"
.035"
.038"
.040"
.042"
.044"
.016"
.023"
.028"
.033"
.037"
.040"
.043"
.046"
.049"
.052"
.054"
.019"
.027"
.034"
.039"
.044"
.048"
.052"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.065"
12
.037"
.046"
.057"
.068"
16
.043"
.053"
.065"
.078"
20
.048"
.059"
.073"
.088"
24
.052"
.065"
.080"
.096"
30
.059"
.073"
.089"
.108"
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in
May 1974 by F. E. Harris.
74
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .20% Carbon (Approx.) Lower Alloy Carburizing
Steels, i.e., 4017, 4620, 8620, etc.
“EFFECTIVE” CASE DEPTH
for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Carburizing Temperature (°F)
Time,
Hours
1600°
1650°
1700°
1750°
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.013"
.018"
.022"
.025"
.029"
.031"
.034"
.036"
.038"
.040"
.042"
.015"
.022"
.027"
.031"
.034"
.038"
.041"
.044"
.046"
.049"
.051"
.019"
.026"
.032"
.037"
.042"
.045"
.049"
.053"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.022"
.031"
.039"
.045"
.050"
.055"
.059"
.063"
.067"
.071"
.073"
12
.044"
.053"
.065"
.077"
16
.051"
.061"
.075"
.088"
20
.057"
.069"
.084"
.099"
24
.062"
.075"
.092"
.109"
30
.070"
.085"
.103"
.122"
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in
May 1974 by F. E. Harris
75
PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
DEW POINT, °F
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
2
SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %
Austenite
cementite
Low-carbon
steel
1
760° C
0.6
815° C
Austenite
+ ferrite
870° C
0.4
925° C
980° C
0.2
1040° C
Workpiece
temperature
1150° C
1095° C
0.1
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
DEW POINT, °C
Variation of carbon potential with dew point for an endothermic-based atmosphere
containing 20% CO and 40% H2 in contact with plain carbon steel at various workpiece
temperatures.
76
74
77
SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1
2
0.02
0.04
0.1
0.2
980° C
1040° C
925° C
0.4
CARBON DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE, %
0.06
1095° C
0.6
870° C
815° C
1
760° C
2
Austenite
+ ferrite
Low-carbon
steel
Variation of carbon potential with carbon dioxide concentration for an endothermic-based atmosphere containing 20% CO and
40% H2 in contact with plain carbon steel at various workpiece temperatures.
0.01
Workpiece
temperature
1150° C
Austenite cementite
PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
4
DETERMINING CARBURIZING TIMES
AND TEMPERATURES
100
80
1,
50
0
F
60
1,
70
0
F
1,
60
0
F
40
1,
90
0
F
1,
80
0
F
20
10
6
4
400
2
200
1
100
CASE DEPTH, 0.001 in.
TIME AT HEAT, Hr
8
80
60
40
20
11
12
13
14
15
10
PARAMETER, P
TO USE THE CHART
In the upper grid, select a point (time and temperature) for which the case
depth results are known. Go vertically down from that point to the known
case depth and plot the point. Pass a line through this point parallel to the
dashed line shown. Projecting a line vertically upward from any point on
this line into the grid will give the combinations of time and temperature
that will result in the same depth of case. For instance, a vertical line drawn
upward from the dashed line at 100 thousandths indicates that a 0.100 in.
case will be produced by 6 hr. at 1900°F, 11 hr. at 1800°F, or 22 hr. at
1700°F. Shop experience of the Cook Heat Treat Co., Houston, is depicted
by this line and its related points.
Adapted from information provided by Charles F. Lewis, Cook Heat
Treating Co., Div. Lindberg Corp.
78
79
1325
1315
1340
1325
1285
1280
1285
1265
1290
1260
1355
1350
1345
1355
1355
1355
2317
2330
2340
2345
2512
2515
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
1370
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1340
.............
.............
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
1330
1335
1340
1345
Ac1
SAE
No.
1500
1480
1460
1410
1410
1380
1400
1400
1435
1360
1350
1335
1470
1460
1420
1420
1565
1555
1485
1475
1460
1440
1420
.............
.............
Ac3
Heating (°F)
1480
1445
1360
1275
1300
1275
1150
1160
1265
1205
1185
1125
1340
1340
1310
1300
1545
1515
1465
1440
1420
1405
1390
.............
.............
Ar3
1240
1230
1220
1225
1215
1215
1060
1090
1065
910/1050
1060
1040
1160
1165
1160
1160
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
.............
.............
Ar1
Cooling (°F)
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1500
1625
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
580
.............
.............
640
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
525
420
.............
.............
.............
440
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
400
.............
.............
450
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
300
175
Quench
Temp °F
Ms (°F)
Mf (°F)
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
2512
2515
2317
2330
2340
2345
1330
1335
1340
1345
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
SAE
No.
APPROXIMATE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS
OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
80
1335
1335
1360
1340
1340
1310
1360
1365
1385
1380
1380
.............
1390
.............
1355
1350
.............
1340
1300
1325
.............
1285
1285
1290
1360
1370
1380
1360
3310
3316
4027
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4118
4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695*
4718
4815
4820
5045
5060
5120
5140
1430
1410
1525
1450
1500
1500
1460
1400
1390
1395
1500
1475
1460
.............
1450
.............
1485
1425
.............
1485
1490
1400
.............
1510
1450
1440
1440
1425
Ac3
Ar3
1305
1305
1460
1345
1400
1350
1340
1320
1220
1215
1410
1350
1370
.............
1290
.............
1330
1220
.............
1400
1335
1220
.............
1410
1310
1260
1235
1235
* Represents the case of 4600 grades of carburizing steels
Ac1
SAE
No.
1255
1285
1305
1230
1230
1250
1210
1200
1190
1195
1275
1250
1280
.............
1245
.............
840/1170
725/1210
.............
1200
1220
875/1130
.............
1200
860/1110
825/1110
1160
1160
Ar1
Cooling (°F)
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
1500
.............
1500
.............
.............
1600
1500
1500
.............
1575
.............
1550
1500
.............
.............
1550
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
610
.............
445
.............
.............
710
640
590
.............
500
.............
550
530
.............
.............
640
255
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
460
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
550
425
.............
.............
.............
.............
330
.............
.............
.............
490
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Quench
Temp °F
Ms (°F)
Mf (°F)
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS – continued
Heating (°F)
5045
5060
5120
5140
4027
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4118
4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695*
4718
4815
4820
3310
3316
SAE
No.
81
1645
1480
1600
1700
1415
1415
1490
1455
.............
1435
1520
1450
1410
1430
1350
1460
1525
1365
1260
1305
1290
.............
1280
1400
1300
1265
1455
1400
1340
1275
1240
.............
1350
1245
1280
1230
1275
1150
830/1080
800
.............
1190
1200
1180
1190
1265
1200
1210
1170
1195
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
1460
.............
.............
1700
1575
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
410
325
.............
.............
170
620
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
690
.............
.............
275
305
260
620
.............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
410
............
............
............
.............
.............
540
............
............
............
.............
.............
460
.............
9 Cr 1 Mo
17-22-A®
17-22-AS®
17-22-AV®
Graph Mo®
Graph Air®
9310
9317
9395*
9442
8720
8740
8750
8615
8620
8630
8640
8650
8695*
6117
6120
6140
6150
.............
51100
.............
.............
52100
.............
52100
SAE
No.
Note: (1) All data in this table is empirically derived unless noted otherwise.
(2) When two temperatures are given for Ar1, the higher represents the pearlitic reaction and the lower represents the bainitic reaction.
(3) See USEFUL EQUATIONS FOR HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS (see Table of Contents) for formulas to calculate approximate critical temperatures and Ms points.
* Represents the case of 8600 and 9300 grades of carburizing steels, respectively.
1515
1370
1440
1435
1380
1275
1315
1300
.............
1350
9310
9317
9395*
9442
9 Cr 1 Mo
17-22-A®
17-22-AS®
17-22-AV®
Graph Mo®
Graph Air®
1380
1350
1350
8720
8740
8750
1550
1525
1480
1435
1390
.............
.............
.............
1600
.............
.............
1500
1360
1350
1350
1350
1325
.............
1270
1300
.............
1275
8615
8620
8630
8640
8650
8695*
1430
1440
.............
1375
1650
1740
1550
.............
1560
1530
.............
1450
.............
345
305
260
Quench
Temp °F
Ms (°F)
Mf (°F)
1400
1410
.............
1380
Ar1
Cooling (°F)
Ar3
6117
6120
6140
6150
Ac3
.............
1560
1650
1740
Ac1
51100
1385
1415
1320
1300
52100
1340
1415
1320
1270
52100
52100
SAE
No.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS – continued
Heating (°F)
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS
Temperature
(°F)
SAE
No.
Temperature
(°F)
1008
1010
1015
1040
1118
1141
2250
2250
2250
2200
4320
4337
4340
2200
2200
2200
4422
4427
2250
2250
1350
2200
4520
2250
2317
2340
2250
2200
4615
4620
4640
2300
2300
2200
2512
2250
4718
2250
3115
3135
3140
2250
2200
2200
4820
2250
5060
2150
3240
3310
3316
3335
4017
4032
4047
4063
2200
5120
5140
5160
2250
2200
2150
2300
2200
2200
2150
51100
52100
2050
2050
6120
6135
6150
2250
2250
2200
4130
4132
4135
4140
4142
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
8617
8620
8630
8640
8650
2250
2250
2200
2200
2200
SAE
No.
2250
2200
2250
2250
2250
82
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS – continued
SAE
No.
Timken
Type
Temperature
(°F)
8720
8735
8740
9310
302
303
304
309
310
316
317
321
347
2200
2200
2200
2150
2050
2150
2150
2150
2150
410
416
420
430
440A
440C
443
446
2200
2200
2200
2100
2100
2050
2100
1900
Temperature
(°F)
2250
2200
2200
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.05C)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.15C)
2250
2250
2250
2250
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.25C)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Ti
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Si
7 Cr 1/2 Mo
9 Cr 1 Mo
2250
2100
2200
2250
2200
8 1/2 Ni
2200
Graph-Mo®
Graph-Air®
1950
1925
5 Cr Mo (1.00C)
5Cr Mo W (1.00W)
2050
2300
10105
Nitriding #3
2050
2200
17-22A®
17-22AS®
17-22AV®
2200
2200
2250
A 485-1
A 485-2
A 485-3
A 485-4
2050
2050
2100
2100
TBS-600
2050
CBS-600
CBS-1000M
2250
2200
C-Mo
2300
DM
2300
DM-2
2300
NOTE: Information obtained from hot-twist test data publshed in “Evaluating The
Forgeability of Steels” (3rd edition,The Timken Company) occasionally modified by
actual Forge Shop experience.
83
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES
Standard Timken Company Tolerances
HOT ROLLED, ROUND1
OD Tolerances
As rolled or single thermal treatment:
• inches
TOD 5 6 (.0045 OD 1 .005) or 6.015 min.
• mm
TOD 5 6 (.0045 OD 1 .13) or 6.38 min.
• over 10.75 inches (273mm) to 12.0 inches (305mm)
inches TOD 5 6.095
mm
TOD 5 62.41
• greater than 12.00 inches (305mm) to 13 inches
(330mm)—refer to mill
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
• inches
TOD 5 61.5 (.0045 OD 1 .005) or 6.023 min.
• mm
TOD 5 61.5 (.0045 OD 1 .13) or 6.58 min.
• over 10.75 inches (273mm) to 12.00 inches (305 mm)
inches TOD 5 6.113
mm
TOD 5 62.87
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 or over 10.75 inches (273 mm) to
13.00 inches (330 mm) OD
(all OD to wall ratios) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610%
OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.020 inch (.51mm).
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
W - Wall Thickness
1 Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and wall
thickness (W) only.
Timken Company guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using Timken Company
tolerances.
84
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE – continued
Standard Timken Company Tolerances
ROUGH TURNED, ROUND1
OD Tolerances
As turned or single thermal treatment:
• under 6.75 inches (171.5mm)
inches TOD 5 6.005
mm
TOD 5 6.13
• 6.75 inches (171.5mm) and over
inches TOD 5 6.010
mm
TOD 5 6.25
Straightened and/or tempered or stress relieved after
rough turning:
inches
mm
TOD 5 6.010
TOD 5 6.25
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
• Under 6.75 inches (171.5mm)
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned
TOD 5 6.010 inches (6.25mm)
Heat Treated After Rough Turned
TOD 5 6.015 inches (6.38mm)
• 6.75 inches (171.5mm) and over
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned
TOD 5 6.020 inches (6.51mm)
Heat Treated After Rough Turned
TOD 5 6.030 inches (6.76mm)
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.5%
OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.0%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.020 inch (.51mm).
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
W - Wall Thickness
1 Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and wall
thickness (W) only.
Timken Company guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using Timken Company
tolerances.
85
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE – continued
Standard Timken Company Tolerances
COLD DRAWN, Round2
OD Tolerances
As drawn:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.004 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.10 min.
Drawn and annealed, normalized, tempered or
stress relieved:
inches
TOD/ID 5 61.8 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.007 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 61.8 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.18 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 62.5 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 62.5 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.25 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & ID dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 63.75 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.015 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 63.75 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.38 min.
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
OD to wall ratio 10:1 to 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66%
OD to wall ratio under 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
Note: (1) Minimum wall tolerance is 6.012 inch (.30mm)
(2) When ID is under 1.000 inch (25.4mm), inquiry basis
(3) Walls 6% of OD and lighter, inquiry basis
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
W - Wall Thickness
2 Tubes with a final OD/W ratio less than 4:1 or a nominal finish wall size greater than
1.250 inches (31.75mm) will have a hot rolled ID and will be produced to cold drawn OD
tolerances and hot rolled wall tolerances.
ASTM A-519 tolerances are acceptable except for cold finished sizes smaller than
2.500 inches (63.50mm) diameter, where Timken Company tolerances apply.
86
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE – continued
Standard Timken Company Tolerances
(4) When OD & ID dimensions, use 67.5% wall
ROTOROLLED®, ROUND
OD Tolerances
As Rotorolled®:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.005 min. OD
6.010 min. ID
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.13 min.
Rotorolled® and annealed, normalized, tempered or
stress relieved:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .007) or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .18) or 6.25 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 62 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 62 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.25 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & ID dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 63 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.015 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 63 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.38 min.
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
All wall thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.012 inches (.30mm)
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
87
W - Wall Thickness
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES
Special Processed Tubing Tolerances
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED (Square, Rectangular or Oval)
OD Tolerances
As drawn or tempered:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.020 min.
mm
TOD 5 6.005 OD or 6.51 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.040 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 61.02 min.
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
All wall thicknesses 610% at center of flats
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED3 (Dissimilar OD and ID Configuration)
OD Tolerances
As drawn or tempered:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.25 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.020 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.51 min.
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
All wall thicknesses 610% at center of flats
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
W - Wall Thickness
3 When corner radii and twist are important, they must be reviewed by our mill before we
accept the order.
88
LENGTH TOLERANCES
All Conditions – Seamless Steel Tubing
Random Lengths
Tubing shipped on random-length orders has a length spread of 7
feet (2.1 meters) with a mean length 10 feet to 26 feet (3 to 8 meters)
unless otherwise specified.
Multiple Lengths
For tubing ordered in multiple lengths, it is standard practice for the
customer to make their own allowances for loss of steel due to cutting
operations. These allowances will vary from one customer to another
due to their cutting practices and the amount of facing required on the
ends of the part. Therefore, tubing is furnished to the multiple length
as specified by the individual customer.
In Inches
Specified Size
Specified Length
Outside Diameter
4 feet and under
4 feet and under
4 feet and under
Over 4 feet to 10 feet, incl.
Over 4 feet to 10 feet, incl.
Over 10 feet to 24 feet, incl.
Over 24 feet to 34 feet, incl.
Over 34 feet to 44 feet, incl.
Up to 2 inches incl.
Over 2 inches to
4 inches incl.
Over 4 inches
Up to 2 inches incl.
Over 2 inches
All
All
All
Permissible
Variations
Over Under
1/16 inch 0
3/32 inch 0
1/8 inch
3/32 inch
1/8 inch
3/16 inch
5/16 inch
7/16 inch
0
0
0
0
0
0
In Meters
Specified Size
Specified Length
Outside Diameter
Over Under
1 meter and under
1 meter and under
1mm 0
2mm 0
1 meter and under
Over 1 meter to 3 meters
Over 1 meter to 3 meters
Over 3 meters to 7 meters
Over 7 meters to 10 meters
Over 10 meters to 13 meters
Up to 50mm incl.
Over 50mm to
100mm incl.
Over 100mm
Up to 50mm incl.
Over 50mm
All
All
All
89
Permissible
Variations
3mm
2mm
3mm
5mm
8mm
11mm
0
0
0
0
0
0
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES
All Conditions – Seamless Steel Tubing
Straightness tolerances (T) should not exceed those shown in the
tables below. The tolerance (T) for any 3-foot (1 meter) length is
measured as shown in Figure 1. The total tolerance, the maximum
curvature in the total length, is measured as shown in Figure 2. The
table applies to lengths not exceeding 22 feet (6.7 meters).
The tolerances shown apply to conventional steel grades of as rolled,
annealed, and heat treated tubing up to 302 Brinell maximum or micro
alloy grades with a hardness of 229 Brinell or below. Heat treated
tubes with a Brinell hardness of 302 maximum up to 401 maximum
or micro alloy grades with a Brinell hardness exceeding 229 will have
tolerance (T) twice the values shown in the table. Tubes with lighter
walls, or with hardness exceeding 401 Brinell maximum, or weighing
greater than 140 pounds per foot, require agreement on tolerances at
time of order.
FIGURE 1
Measuring technique for straightness in any three feet
T max
Three foot (one meter) straight-edge
FIGURE 2
Measuring technique for overall straightness
L
Surface plate
T max
90
91
Maximum Curvature
in Total Lengths
of 5 feet or more
Ratio of 1.65mm
per meter
OD over 200mm to 280mm inclusive.
1.65mm
Wall thickness, over 4% of OD
1.25 mm 3 length in meters
Ratio of 1.25mm
per meter
Maximum Curvature
for Lengths
Under 1.5 meters
OD over 125mm to 200mm inclusive.
1.25mm
.85mm 3 length in meters
Wall thickness, over 4% of OD
Maximum Curvature
in Total Lengths of
1.5 meters or more
Ratio of 0.020 inch
per foot
Ratio of .85mm
per meter
Maximum
Curvature
in 1 meter
.045 inch 3 length in feet
3
Ratio of 0.015 inch
per foot
Ratio of .010 inch
per foot
Maximum Curvature
for Lengths
Under 5 feet
OD 125mm and smaller. Wall
.85mm
.55mm 3 length in meters
thickness, over 3% of OD
In Meters
Specified Size
OD over 8 inches to 11 inches
.060 inch
inclusive. Wall thickness, over
4% of OD
.020 inch 3 length in feet
3
OD over 5 inches to 8 inches
.045 inch
.030 inch 3 length in feet
inclusive. Wall thickness, over
3
4% of OD
Maximum
Curvature
in any 3 feet
OD 5 inches and smaller. Wall
.030 inch
thickness, over 3% of OD
In Inches
Specified Size
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES – continued
All Conditions—Seamless Steel Tubing
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES
W � 10.68 (D � t) t
M � .02466 (D � t) t
A � � (D � t) t
W � 10.68 (D � et) et
M � .02466 (D � et) et
et � D � 1.050 d
2
ed � 1.050 d
W � 11.27 (D � t) t
M � .02601 (D � t) t
eD � 1.027 D
ed � 1.027 d
W � 10.68 (eD � et) et
M � .02466 (eD � et) et
et � 1.050 D � d
2
eD � 1.050 D
W � 11.78 (D � t) t
M � .02719 (D � t) t
eD � 1.050 D
ed � 1.050 d
W � 10.68 (D � et) et
M � .02466 (D � et) et
et � D � 1.128 d
2
ed � 1.128 d
W � 13.60 (D � t) t
M � .03138 (D � t) t
eD � 1.128 D
ed � 1.128 d
W � 10.68 (D � et) et
M � .02466 (D � et) et
et � D � 1.027 d
2
ed � 1.027 d
92
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES – continued
W � 10.68 (eD � et) et
M � .02466 (eD � et) et
et � 1.027 D � d
2
eD � 1.027 D
W � 13.60 (D � t) t
M � .03138 (D � t) t
eD � 1.128 D
ed � 1.128 d
W � 10.68 (D � et) et
M � .02466 (D � et) et
et � D � .7425 d
2
ed � .7425 d
W � 5.34 (D1 � D2 � 2t) t
M � .01233 (D1 � D2 � 2t) t
eD � D1 � D2
2
ed � d1 � d2
2
Legend
A 5 Tubing cross sectional area.
Round OD and ID.
ed 5 Equivalent round inside diameter in inches (or millimeters)
W 5 Weight in pounds per foot
et 5 Equivalent wall thickness in
inches (or millimeters)
M 5 Mass in kilograms per meter
D1 5 Major outside diameter of oval
tube in inches (or millimeters)
D 5 Outside diameter or distance
across flats in inches
(or millimeters)
d1 5 Major inside diameter of oval
tube in inches (or millimeters)
d 5 Inside diameter or distance
across flats in inches
(or millimeters)
t5
D2 5 Minor outside diameter of oval
tube in inches (or millimeters)
d2 5 Minor inside diameter of oval
tube in inches (or millimeters)
Wall thickness in inches
(or millimeters)
eD 5 Equivalent round outside diameter in inches (or millimeters)
93
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS
How Mechanical Tube Sizes Are Calculated
The Timken Company has pioneered a method to determine the most
economical tube size, which insures that all part dimensions will clean
up during machining. This program has the capability to determine
what we call a “guaranteed” tube size for either full or bright metal
cleanup on the outer diameter and/or the inner diameter, based on the
condition of the tube.
The guaranteed tube size is based on the part’s critical finished dimensions and critical machining position. The required critical dimensions
are: 1) maximum finished OD, 2) minimum finished ID, and 3) maximum
finished part length. All applicable tolerances and surface finishes
(“machined” or “ground”) should be included. The critical machining
position is based on whether the tube is chucked on the tube OD or
the tube ID during the initial machining operation.
Critical finished part dimensions and machining position influence the
amount of cleanup, the size tolerances and the tube eccentricity variables. These variables are then factored into the tube size calculation.
Cleanup Allowance
“Cleanup allowance” must be added to the finished OD dimension
or subtracted from the finished ID dimension to provide for the
elimination of surface imperfections, decarburization and camber
(out-of-straightness). Other allowances specific to the application
may be needed. (See table, page 98.)
Examples of Tube Size Calculation
Finished Part Dimensions
4.995 inches 6.005 inch OD 3 4.005
inches 6.005 inch ID 3 7 inches. Part is
cut to length and held on one end. Allowance for camber is made for parts over
3 inches, measured from the end of the
part to the face of the chuck. Examples
on page 96 are for a hot rolled tube using
Timken Company cleanup allowances.
94
7 inches
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS – continued
Figure 1
Cross section of finished part
requiring full cleanup of OD
and ID surfaces.
Figure 2
Finished part with addition of
cleanup stock to OD. (Refer to
Example 1, Operation 1, page 96.)
Figure 3
Finished part showing cleanup
stock added to ID. (Refer to
Example 1, Operaton 2.)
Figure 4
Finished part with cleanup
allowance added to OD and ID
determines minimum wall required
for part to clean up. (Refer to
Example 1, Operation 3.) Were it
not for eccentricity, this would be
the recommended tube size.
Figure 5
Same tube size machined true
to OD showing effect of tube
eccentricity. Tube ID is
eccentric in relation to tube
OD. Note that cleanup stock
(dashed line) has been
eliminated at A due to tube
eccentricity. Part would not
clean up at this point.
Figure 6
Here enough stock has been
added to ID to protect cleanup
stock required at minimum wall
point A. (Refer to Example 1,
Operations 4 and 5.)
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply except
that stock to compensate for eccentricity is added to the tube OD.
(See Example 2, page 97.)
95
96
Tube OD (Operation 1)
Minus average wall doubled
2
Required tube ID
5. Determine nominal tube ID
(see Figure 6)
.589 in
.925
4
.637 in
5.109 in
1.274 in
2
3.835 in
Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.109 inches OD 6.028 inches 3 .637 inches 67.5% Theoretical Foot Weight: 30.42 lbs.
Minimum tube wall
Divide by the complement of minus tolerance
4
Average tube wall
5.109 in
3.931 in
2
1.178 in
2
4
.589 in
3. Determine minimum wall required
Tube OD (Operation 1)
(see Figure 4)
Minus tube ID (Operation 2)
2
Divide by 2
4
Minimum tube wall
4. Determine average wall required
(see Figure 6)
4.000 in
.042 in
2
.027 in
2
3.931 in
Minimum machined ID
Minus cleanup stock
2
Minus camber allowance
2
Maximum tube ID
Example
5.000 in
.054 in
1
.027 in
1
.028 in
1
5.109 in
2. Determine maximum tube ID
(see Figure 3)
Formula
Maximum machined OD
Plus cleanup stock
1
Plus camber allowance
1
Plus OD negative tolerance
1
Nominal tube OD
1. Determine nominal tube OD
(see Figure 2, page 95)
Operation
Example 1 – Machined True to OD
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS – continued
129.77mm
32.34mm
97.43mm
14.95mm
.925
16.17mm
129.77mm
99.84mm
29.93mm
2
14.96mm
101.60mm
1.07mm
.69mm
99.84mm
127.00mm
1.37mm
.69mm
.71mm
129.77mm
97
Nominal tube ID (Operation 2)
Plus average wall doubled
1
Nominal tube OD
5. Determine nominal tube OD
.604 in
.925
4
.653 in
3.861 in
1.306 in
1
5.167 in
Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.167 inches OD 6.028 inches 3 .653 inches 67.5% Theoretical Foot Weight: 31.48 lbs.
Minimum tube wall (Operation 3)
Divide by the complement of minus tolerance
4
Average tube wall
5.069 in
3.861 in
2
1.208 in
2
4
.604 in
3. Determine minimum wall required
Minimum tube OD (Operation 1)
Minus nominal tube ID (Operation 2)
2
Divide by 2
4
Minimum tube wall
4. Determine average wall required
4.000 in
.054 in
2
.027 in
2
.028 in
2
.030 in
2
3.861 in
Minimum machined ID
Minus minimum OD cleanup
2
Minus camber allowance
2
Minus OD tolerance
2
Minus (if hot rolled)
2
Nominal tube ID
Example
5.000 in
.042 in
1
.027 in
1
5.069 in
2. Determine nominal tube ID
Formula
Maximum machined OD
Plus ID cleanup stock
1
Plus camber allowance
1
Minimum tube OD
1. Determine minimum tube OD
Operation
to the tube OD. This will result in a larger recommended tube size.
98.07mm
33.19mm
131.26mm
15.35mm
.925
16.59mm
128.76mm
98.07mm
30.69mm
2
15.35mm
101.60mm
1.37mm
.69mm
.71mm
.76mm
98.07mm
127.00mm
1.07mm
.69mm
128.76mm
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply, except that stock to compensate for tube eccentricity is added
Example 2 – Machined True to ID
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS – continued
98
Cleanup (inches)
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
12.0
0.762
0.508
0.254
0.03
0.02
0.01
Note: Total stock removal is calculated for the tube diameter
Outside Diameter (inches)
1.016
0.04
11.0
1.270
0.05
10.0
1.524
0.06
9.0
1.778
0.07
2.032
2.286
0.08
2.540
0.09
3.048
3.302
3.556
3.810
2.794
2.0
304.80
0.10
1.0
279.40
HR-CD-ID Cleanup
HR-OD
Clean-up
254.00
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
CD-OD
Cleanup
228.00
4.064
152.40 177.80 203.20
4.318
127.00
Outside Diameter (mm)
0.16
101.60
4.572
76.20
0.17
50.80
0.18
25.40
HOT ROLLED AND COLD DRAWN MECHANICAL TUBING CLEANUPS
FOR FULL SURFACE INTEGRITY AND BASE METAL
Cleanup (mm)
Formulas for Calculating
Surface Cleanup
Hot Rolled OD Cleanup 5 [.022e.18 OD]
Cold Drawn OD Cleanup 5 .86[.022e.18 OD]
Hot Rolled and Cold Drawn ID Cleanup 5 .78[.022e.18 OD]
Formulas for Calculating
CAMBER (STRAIGHTNESS) CLEANUP
Chucked on one end:
• Part length 3 inches or less—no camber added
• Part length over 3 inches—double the part length to calculate camber.
Chucked on both ends:
• Length 6 inches or less—no camber added
• Length over 6 inches—use formulas below (do not double part length).
Formulas (Calculate all length dimensions in inches):
A) OD , 5.000 inches 5 (171 3 length) 2 444 2 (1.03 3 length squared)
100,000
B) OD $ 5.000 inches 5 (222 3 length) 2 222 2 (1.13 3 length squared)
100,000
C) OD , 5.000 inches and Part Length . 60 inches 5 450 1 (25 3 length)
30,000
D)OD 5.000 inches and Part Length . 60 inches:
Use formula C 1 .030 inches
99
Bar Cross Sectional Tolerances
For Hot Rolled steel Bars
Specified Size of
Rounds or Squares
(inches)
To 5/16 incl.
Over 5/16 to 7/16 incl.
Over 7/16 to 5/8 incl.
Over 5/8 to 7/8 incl.
Over 7/8 to 1 incl.
Over 1 to 1-1/8 incl.
Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4 incl.
Over 1-1/4 to 1-3/8 incl.
Over 1-3/8 to 1-1/2 incl.
Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl.
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl.
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 incl.
Over 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 incl.
Over 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 incl.
Over 5-1/2 to 6-1/2 incl.
Over 6-1/2 to 8-1/4 incl.
Over 8-1/4 to 9-1/2 incl.
Over 9-1/2 to 10 incl.
Variation from Size
Over
(inches)
Under
(inches)
Out-of-Round
or Square
(inches)
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.014
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/4
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.014
1/64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.008
.009
.010
.012
.013
.015
.016
.018
.021
.023
.023
.035
.046
.058
.070
.085
.100
.120
BAR Length Tolerances FOR
HOT ROLLED steel BARS
Specified Sizes of
Rounds, Squares,
Hexagons, Octagons
(inches)
Up to 3-1/2, incl.
Over 3-1/2 to 5, incl.
Over 5 to 12 incl.
10' to
20'
Excl.
20' to
30'
Excl.
30' to
40'
Excl.
40' to
60'
Excl.
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
1-3/4
2-1/4
2-3/4
2-1/4
2-5/8
3
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
No Tolerance Under
100
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE
HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, Octagons,
Flats, and SpringFlats
Measurement is taken on the concave side of the bar
with a straight edge.
Normal Straightness
1⁄4"
Special Straightness
1⁄8"
in any 5 ft.
and
in any 5 ft.
and
length in ft.
length in ft.
1⁄8" 3
1⁄4" 3
5
5
Note: Because of warpage, straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any
subsequent heating operation or controlled cooling has been performed.
Note: Tolerances shown are based upon ASTM A29
MACHINING ALLOWANCE
FOR HOT ROLLED BARS
Minimum Stock Removal (diameter)
Standard Grades
Resulfurized Grades
1.6% per side
2.4% per side
Note: Based on bars within special straightness tolerance. Since straightness is a
function of length, additional machining allowance may be required for turning
on centers.
101
MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
ROUNDS AND SQUARES
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
1/8"
9/64"
5/32"
11/64"
.0531
.0672
.0830
.1004
.0417
.0528
.0652
.0789
3/16"
13/64"
7/32"
15/64"
.1195
.1403
.1627
.1868
1/4"
17/64"
9/32"
19/64"
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
3/4"
49/64"
25/32"
51/64"
1.9125
1.9930
2.0752
2.1590
1.5021
1.5653
1.6299
1.6957
.0939
.1102
.1278
.1467
13/16"
53/64"
27/32"
55/64"
2.2445
2.3317
2.4205
2.5110
1.7629
1.8313
1.9011
1.9721
.2125
.2399
.2689
.2997
.1669
.1884
.2112
.2354
7/8"
57/64"
29/32"
59/64"
2.6031
2.6969
2.7924
2.8895
2.0445
2.1182
2.1931
2.2694
5/16"
21/64"
11/32"
23/64"
.3320
.3661
.4018
.4391
.2608
.2875
.3155
.3449
15/16"
61/64"
31/32"
63/64"
2.9883
3.0887
3.1908
3.2946
2.3470
2.4259
2.5061
2.5876
3/8"
25/64"
13/32"
27/64"
.4781
.5188
.5611
.6051
.3755
.4075
.4407
.4753
1"
1-1/32"
1-1/16"
1-3/32"
3.400
3.616
3.838
4.067
2.6704
2.8399
3.0146
3.1945
7/16"
29/64"
15/32"
31/64"
.6508
.6981
.7471
.7977
.5111
.5483
.5867
.6265
1-1/8"
1-5/32"
1-3/16"
1-7/32"
4.303
4.546
4.795
5.050
3.3797
3.5700
3.7656
3.9664
1/2"
33/64"
17/32"
35/64"
.8500
.9040
.9596
1.0168
.6676
.7100
.7536
.7986
1-1/4"
1-9/32"
1-5/16"
1-11/32"
5.313
5.581
5.587
6.139
4.1724
4.3836
4.6001
4.8218
9/16"
37/64"
19/32"
39/64"
1.0758
1.1364
1.1986
1.2625
.8449
.8925
.9414
.9916
1-3/8"
1-13/32"
1-7/16"
1-15/32"
6.428
6.724
7.026
7.335
5.0486
5.2807
5.5180
5.7606
5/8"
41/64"
21/32"
43/64"
1.3281
1.3954
1.4643
1.5348
1.0431
1.0959
1.1500
1.2054
1-1/2"
1-17/32"
1-9/16"
1-19/32"
7.650
7.972
8.301
8.636
6.0083
6.2612
6.5194
6.7838
11/16"
45/64"
23/32"
47/64"
1.6070
1.6809
1.7564
1.8336
1.2622
1.3202
1.3795
1.4401
1-5/8"
1-21/32"
1-11/16"
1-23/32"
8.978
9.327
9.682
10.044
“Round Cornered” squares differ in weight from above schedule.
102
7.0514
7.3252
7.6043
7.8885
MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
ROUNDS AND SQUARES – continued
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
1-3/4"
1-25/32"
1-13/16"
1-27/32"
10.413
10.788
11.170
11.558
8.1780
8.4726
8.7725
9.0776
3"
3-1/32"
3-1/16"
3-3/32"
30.600
31.241
31.888
32.542
24.033
24.537
25.045
25.559
1-7/8"
1-29/32"
1-15/16"
1-31/32"
11.953
12.355
12.763
13.178
9.3880
9.7035
10.0243
10.3502
3-1/8"
3-5/32"
3-3/16"
3-7/32"
33.203
33.871
34.545
35.225
26.078
26.602
27.131
27.666
2"
2-1/32"
2-1/16"
2-3/32"
13.600
14.028
14.463
14.905
10.6814
11.0178
11.3595
11.7063
3-1/4"
3-9/32"
3-5/16"
3-11/32"
35.913
36.606
37.307
38.014
28.206
28.751
29.301
29.856
2-1/8"
2-5/32"
2-3/16"
2-7/32"
15.353
15.808
16.270
16.738
12.0583
12.4156
12.7781
13.1458
3-3/8"
3-13/32"
3-7/16"
3-15/32"
38.728
39.449
40.176
40.910
30.417
30.983
31.554
32.130
2-1/4"
2-9/32"
2-5/16"
2-11/32"
17.213
17.694
18.182
18.677
13.5187
13.8968
14.2802
14.6687
3-1/2"
3-9/16"
3-5/8"
3-11/16"
41.650
43.151
44.678
46.232
32.712
33.891
35.090
36.311
2-3/8"
2-13/32"
2-7/16"
2-15/32"
19.178
19.686
20.201
20.722
15.0625
15.4615
15.8657
16.2751
3-3/4"
3-13/16"
3-7/8"
3-15/16"
47.813
49.420
51.053
52.713
37.552
38.814
40.097
41.401
2-1/2"
2-17/32"
2-9/16"
2-19/32"
21.250
21.785
22.326
22.874
16.6898
17.1096
17.5346
17.9650
4"
4-1/16"
4-1/8"
4-3/16"
54.400
56.113
57.853
59.620
42.726
44.071
45.438
46.825
2-5/8"
2-21/32"
2-11/16"
2-23/32"
23.428
23.989
24.557
25.131
18.4004
18.8410
19.2870
19.7382
4-1/4"
4-5/16"
4-3/8"
4-7/16"
61.413
63.232
65.078
66.951
48.233
49.662
51.112
52.583
2-3/4"
2-25/32"
2-13/16"
2-27/32"
25.713
26.300
26.895
27.496
20.1946
20.656
21.123
21.595
4-1/2"
4-9/16"
4-5/8"
4-11/16"
68.850
70.776
72.728
74.707
54.075
55.587
57.121
58.675
2-7/8"
2-29/32"
2-15/16"
2-31/32"
28.103
28.717
29.338
29.996
22.072
22.555
23.042
23.535
4-3/4"
4-13/16"
4-7/8"
4-15/16"
76.713
78.745
80.803
82.888
60.250
61.846
63.463
65.100
“Round Cornered” squares differ in weight from above schedule.
103
MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
ROUNDS AND SQUARES – continued
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
5"
5-1/16"
5-1/8"
5-3/16"
85.000
87.138
89.303
91.495
66.759
68.438
70.139
71.860
7-1/2"
7-9/16"
7-5/8"
7-11/16"
191.25
194.45
197.68
200.93
150.21
152.72
155.26
157.81
5-1/4"
5-5/16"
5-3/8"
5-7/16"
93.713
95.957
98.228
100.526
73.602
75.364
77.148
78.953
7-3/4"
7-13/16"
7-7/8"
7-15/16"
204.21
207.52
210.85
214.21
160.39
162.99
165.60
168.24
5-1/2"
5-9/16"
5-5/8"
5-11/16"
102.850
105.20
107.58
109.98
80.778
82.62
84.49
86.38
8"
8-1/16"
8-1/8"
8-3/16"
217.60
221.01
224.45
227.92
170.90
173.58
176.29
179.01
5-3/4"
5-13/16"
5-7/8"
5-15/16"
112.41
114.87
117.35
119.86
88.29
90.22
92.17
94.14
8-1/4"
8-5/16"
8-3/8"
8-7/16"
231.41
234.93
238.48
242.05
181.75
184.52
187.30
190.11
6"
6-1/16"
6-1/8"
6-3/16"
122.40
124.96
127.55
130.17
96.13
98.15
100.18
102.24
8-1/2"
8-9/16"
8-5/8"
8-11/16"
245.65
249.28
252.93
256.61
192.93
195.78
198.65
201.54
6-1/4"
6-5/16"
6-3/8"
6-7/16"
132.81
135.48
138.18
140.90
104.31
106.41
108.53
110.66
8-3/4"
8-13/16"
8-7/8"
8-15/16"
260.31
264.04
267.80
271.59
204.45
207.38
210.33
213.31
6-1/2"
6-9/16"
6-5/8"
6-11/16"
143.65
146.43
149.23
152.06
112.82
115.00
117.20
119.43
9"
9-1/16"
9-1/8"
9-3/16"
275.40
279.2
283.1
287.0
216.30
219.3
222.4
225.4
6-3/4"
6-13/16"
6-7/8"
6-15/16"
154.91
157.79
160.70
163.64
121.67
123.93
126.22
128.52
9-1/4"
9-5/16"
9-3/8"
9-7/16"
290.9
294.9
298.8
302.8
228.5
231.6
234.7
237.8
7"
7-1/16"
7-1/8"
7-3/16"
166.60
169.59
172.60
175.64
130.85
133.19
135.56
137.95
9-1/2"
9-9/16"
9-5/8"
9-11/16"
306.8
310.9
315.0
319.1
241.0
244.2
247.4
250.6
7-1/4"
7-5/16"
7-3/8"
7-7/16"
178.71
181.81
184.93
188.08
140.36
142.79
145.24
147.71
9-3/4"
9-13/16"
9-7/8"
9-15/32"
323.2
327.4
331.6
335.8
253.9
257.1
260.4
263.7
“Round Cornered” squares differ in weight from above schedule.
104
MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
ROUNDS AND SQUARES – continued
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
10"
10-1/16"
10-1/8"
10-3/16"
340.0
344.3
348.5
352.9
267.0
270.4
273.8
277.1
10-1/4"
10-5/16"
10-3/8"
10-7/16"
357.2
361.6
366.0
370.4
10-1/2"
10-9/16"
10-5/8"
10-11/16"
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
11-3/4"
11-13/16"
11-7/8"
11-15/16"
469.4
474.4
479.5
484.5
368.7
372.6
376.6
380.5
280.6
284.0
287.4
290.9
12"
12-1/16"
12-1/8"
12-3/16"
489.6
494.6
499.8
505.0
384.5
388.5
392.5
396.6
374.9
379.3
383.8
388.4
294.4
297.9
301.5
305.0
12-1/4"
12-5/16"
12-3/8"
12-7/16"
510.2
515.4
520.6
525.9
400.7
404.8
408.9
413.0
10-3/4"
10-13/16"
10-7/8"
10-15/16"
392.9
397.5
402.1
406.7
308.6
312.2
315.8
319.5
12-1/2"
13"
13-1/2"
14"
531.2
575
620
666
417.2
451
487
523
11"
11-1/16"
11-1/8"
11-3/16"
411.4
416.1
420.8
425.5
323.1
326.8
330.5
334.2
14-1/2"
15"
15-1/2"
16"
715
765
817
871
561
601
642
684
11-1/4"
11-5/16"
11-3/8"
11-7/16"
430.3
435.1
439.9
448.8
337.9
341.7
345.5
349.3
16-1/2"
17"
17-1/2"
18"
926
982
1040
1102
727
772
818
865
11-1/2"
11-9/16"
11-5/8"
11-11/16"
449.6
454.6
459.5
464.4
353.1
357.0
360.9
364.8
18-1/2"
19"
19-1/2"
20"
1164
1227
1293
1360
914
964
1015
1068
“Round Cornered” squares differ in weight from above schedule.
105
Reduction Ratios
for Round Bars
Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square
Product
Diameter
(inches)
14" x 11.75"
15.000
4.4
14.500
4.7
14.000 5.1
13.500 5.5
13.000 5.9
—
—
—
—
—
12.500 6.4
12.000 6.9
11.500 7.5
—
—
1.6
11.000 8.2
10.500 9.1
10.000
10.0
1.7
1.9
2.1
9.500
9.000
8.500
11.1
12.3
13.8
2.3
2.6
2.9
8.000
7.500
7.000
15.6
17.7
20.4
3.3
3.7
4.3
As Cast Size
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
6.500 23.6 5.0
6.000 27.7 5.8
5.500 33.0 6.9
5.000 39.9 8.4
4.500 49.3 10.3
4.000 62.4 13.1
3.500 81.5 17.1
3.000
110.9 23.3
2.500
159.7 33.5
2.000
1.500
1.000
249.6 52.4
443.7 93.1
998.2
209.4
Reduction Ratios
for SQUARE Bars
Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
15.000
3.5
14.500
3.7
14.000 4.0
13.500 4.3
13.000 4.6
—
—
—
—
—
12.500 5.0
12.000 5.4
11.500 5.9
—
—
1.2
11.000 6.5
10.500 7.1
10.000 7.8
1.4
1.5
1.6
9.500 8.7
9.000 9.7
8.500
10.9
1.8
2.0
2.3
8.000
7.500
7.000
2.6
2.9
3.4
12.3
13.9
16.0
Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
6.500 18.6 3.9
6.000 21.8 4.6
5.500 25.9 5.4
5.000 31.4 6.6
4.500 38.7 8.1
4.000 49.0 10.3
3.500 64.0 13.4
3.000 87.1 18.3
2.500
125.4 26.3
2.000
1.500
1.000
106
196.0 41.1
348.4 73.1
784.0
164.5
IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM
Temperature
°F



CM
3000
2802
2800
2720
+L
Temperature
°C
= Austenite
= Ferrite
= Delta iron
= Cementite

2600
2552
1539
1492
L
+
+L
1400
2400

2200
L + Fe3C
2066° F
2066
2000
1130
Fe3C
1800
1670
1600
1400
1333
1200
1000
410
910
 + Fe3C
+

0.025
A1,2,3
1333° F
Pearlite
and
Ferrite
Austenite
to Pearlite
760
723
Pearlite and Cementite
 + Fe3C
Magnetic change of Fe3C
0.008%
0.50%
6.67
0.83% 1%
Hypo-eutectoid
2%
3%
4%
Hyper-eutectoid
Steel
Cast Iron
107
5%
210
6% 65%
–
CALCULATIONS FOR X AND R CHARTS
AND CAPABILITY
CONTROL CHARTS FOR
VARIABLES
PROCESS CAPABILITY
–
Calculate the Average (X) and
Range (R) of each subgroup
ˆ
Estimated σ
– (σ)
σˆ 5 R/d2
X1 1 X2 1 . . . . . Xn
–
X5
n
Estimated Process Capability (Cp)
R 5 Xmax 2 Xmin
Cp 5
–
Calculate the Average Range (R)
–
and the process Average (X)
=
X5
Estimated Capability Ratio (Cr)
X1 1 X2 1 . . . . . Xk
k
Cr 5 1/Cp 3 100 (%)
R1 1 R2 1 . . . . . Rk
–
R5
k
Estimated Process Capability (Cpk)
CPU 5
Calculate the Control Limits
=
_
–
UCL X 5 X 1 A2R
=
_
–
LCL X 5 X 2 A2R
USL 2 LSL
6σˆ
–
UCLR 5 D4R
–
LCLR 5 D3R
=
USL 2 X
3σˆ
=
X 2 LSL
CPL 5
3σˆ
CPK 5 Minimum of CPU or CPL
Note:A2, D3, D4, d2 factors are dependent on subgroup size (n). See factor values table.
Note:Calculations of Process capability (Cp, Cpk, Cr) are only valid for stable processes.
FACTOR VALUES
N
D4
=
2
3
4
3.27
2.57
2.28
5
6
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
12
2.11 2.00 1.72
D3
*
*
*
A2
1.86
1.02
0.73
0.58 0.48 0.27
*
*
0.26
d2
1.13
1.69
2.06
2.33 2.53 3.26
-3s
* No constant for subgroup sizes below 7.
108
-2s
-1s
X
+1s
68.3%
95.4%
99.7%
+2s +3s
CONTROL CHARTS FOR ATTRIBUTES
The p
p Chart
Chart
The
The
u Chart
The
u Chart
–
number of rejects in subgroup
– total
total
nonconformities
_p
nonconformities
5 number of rejects in subgroup _ u __________________
5
p = _________________________
number inspected in subgroups u =
total units inspected
total units inspected
number inspected
_
_in subgroups
_
3√u
– 3√p ( 12 p )
–
UCLP 5 P 1
UCL
u5 u 1
______
_
_
_
_
_ √n3√ u
3√
√np ( 1- p )
UCLu = u + _____
UCLP = P + _________
_
√_n
_
– 3√ p ( 12 p ) _
_
LCLP 5 P 2_
3√
√np ( 1- p )
LCLP = P - _________
√n
√n
The np Chart
The np Chart
np 5 Number of non-conforming
units within
a sample
np = Number
of non-conforming
units within a sample
–
np
_ 5 Average number of nonconforming
np = Average
numberunits
of per sample
nonconforming
units per
sample
– 1 3 √ np
–(12p
–)
UCL 5 np
np
_
_
√n
3√u _
–
LCLu 5 u 2_
3√ u
LCLu = u -√n_____
_
UCLnp =–np + 3 √ –np (1 - p– )
np 2
3 √ np ( 1 2 p )
LCL np 5
_
_
_
LCL np = np - 3 √ np (1 - p )
The c Chart
The u Chart
c 5 The count (number) of
nonconformities
within
c = The
count (number)
of a
sample
nonconformities
within a
– sample
_ c 5 Average number of nonconfomities
per sample
c = Average
number
of nonconfomities per sample
UCLc 5 c 1 3 √ c
UCL = c + 3 √ c
LCL cc 5 c 2 3 √ c
LCL c = c - 3 √ c
Identification
of
Control
Conditions
Identification
ofOut-of
Out-of Control
Conditions
(Each point
point is
is aa subgroup)
subgroup)
(Each
One or
More Points
Outside
Control
Limits.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Increasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Decreasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points On
Either Side
Of Aim Size.
109
HANDY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Acceleration of gravity, g
Density of water
32.17 ft/s2 5 9.807 m/s2
62.4 lbm/ft3 5 1 g/cm3
1 gal H2O 5 8.345 lbm
Gas Constant, R
Gas volume (STP: 68°F, 1 atm)
Joule’s Constant, J
Poisson’s ratio, µ
1545 ft-lbf/pmole-R 5 8.314 J/gmole-K
359 ft3/pmole 5 .02241 m3/gmole
778 ft-lbf/BTU
.3 (for steel)
Fe-Fe3C eutectoid composition
Fe-Fe3C eutectoid temperature
0.77 w/o carbon
1340°F (727°C)
Modulus of Elasticity (steel)
30 3 106 psi
Densities:
Carbon & Low-Alloy Steels
304 SS
Tool Steels
Moly High Speed
Multiphase Alloys
0.283 lbm/in3 5 7.84 g/cm3
0.29 lbm/in3 5 7.88 g/cm3
Carbon Steels 3 1.000
Carbon Steels 3 1.035
Carbon Steels 3 1.074
Steel Tensile Strength (psi)
~ 500 3 Brinell Number
STEEL CONSTANTS
COMPARISON MATERIALS
Material
Density
(g/cm3)
Modulus of
Elasticity (psi)
Poisson’s
Ratio
Aluminum Alloys
Nickel-base Superalloys
Titanium Alloys
2.6-2.9
8.0-8.9
4.4-5.0
10.0 3 106
28.5 2 31.0 3 106
15.0 3 16.8 3 106
0.33
0.31
0.34
SI PREFIXES
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
µ
n
110
109
106
103
102
101
1021
1022
1023
1026
1029
ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS
Explanation of Dimensional Units
All table entries are categorized according to their specific combination of basic dimensions of Length [L], Mass [M] and Time [t]. For example, all units of force have the dimensions [M][L][t]22. The following
better illustrates this convention:
Force 5 [M][L][t]22
5 (Mass) 3 (Acceleration)
1 kgf 5 (1 kg) 3 (9.80665 m/s2)
Example Conversion
Meters to Yards
(50 m) 3 (3.28084 ft/m) 3 (1/3 yd/ft) 5 54.68066 yd
Significant Digits
The convention is to retain the number of digits which correctly infers
the known accuracy of the numbers involved. Normally, this means
using the same number of significant digits as occur in the original
number. For the above example, the answer would therefore be
rounded to 55 yards.
When the accuracy of the measurement is known, additional digits
may become significant. For example, if the measurement of 50
meters is known to be accurate to .01 meters (.0109 yards), then the
conversion result may be rounded to 54.68 yards.
111
CONVERSION FACTORS
EQUATION: A 3 B 5 C
A
Area [L]2
ft2
in2
in2
B
0.092903
645.16
6.45160
C
m2
mm2
cm2
Energy, Work or Heat [M] [L]2 [t]22
Btu
1.05435
Btu
0.251996
Calories (cal)
4.184*
ft-lbf
1.355818
ft-lbf
0.138255
hp-hr
2.6845
KWH
3.600
m-kgf
9.80665*
N-m
1.
kJ
kcal
Joules (J)
J
kgf-m
MJ
MJ
J
J
Flow Rate [L]3 [t]21
ft3/min
ft3/min
gal/min
gal/min
l/s
l/s
7.4805
0.471934
0.063090
Force or Weight [M] [L] [t]22
kgf
9.80665*
lbf
4.44822
lbf
0.453592
Newton (N)
N
Kgf
Fracture Toughness
ksi√in
1.098800
MPa√m
Heat Content
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/ft3
0.555556
2.324444
0.037234
cal/g
J/g
MJ/m3
Heat Flux
Btu/hr-ft2
Btu/hr-ft2
cal/s-cm2
7.5346 E-5
3.1525
4.184*
cal/s-cm2
W/m2
W/cm2
Length [L]
Foot (ft)
Inch (in)
Mile (mi)
0.304800
25.4000
1.609344
Meter (m)
Millimeter (mm)
Kilometer (km)
* Indicates exact conversion(s)
112
CONVERSION FACTORS – continued
EQUATION: A 3 B 5 C
A
B
C
Mass Density [M] [L]23
lbm/in3
lbm/ft3
27.68
16.0184
g/cm3
kg/m3
Power [M] [L]2 [t]23
Btu/hr
ft-lbf/s
Horsepower (hp)
Horsepower
0.292875
1.355818
745.6999
550.*
Watt (W)
W
W
ft-lbf/s
Pressure (fluid) [M] [L]21 [t]22
Atmosphere (atm)
14.696
atm
1.01325 E5*
lbf/ft2
47.88026
lbf/in2
27.6807
lbf/in2
Pascal (Pa)
Pa
in. H2O at 39.2°F
Stress [M] [L]21 [t]22
kgf/cm2
ksi
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
9.80665 E-2*
6.89476
1.
1.42231
MPa
MPa
MPa
ksi
Volume [L]3 & Capacity
in3
ft3
ft3
ft3
Gallon
16.3871
0.028317
7.4805
28.3168
3.785412
cm3
m3
Gallon
Liter (l)
Liter
Specific Heat
Btu/lbm-°F
1.
cal/g-°C
Temperature*
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Rankine
(°F232)/1.8
°F1459.67
°C1273.16
R/1.8
Celsius
Rankine
Kelvin
Kelvin
Thermal Conductivity
Btu-ft/hr-ft2-°F
14.8816
cal-cm/hr-cm2-°C
* Indicates exact conversion(s)
113
METRIC-ENGLISH STRESS
CONVERSION TABLE
Kg Per Sq Mm to Psi to M Pa
Kg
per
Psi
sq
mm
M Pa
Kg
per
Psi
sq
mm
10 14,223 98.1
11 15,646 107.9
12 17,068 117.7
13 18,490 127.5
14 19,913 137.3
50
51
52
53
54
71,117
72,539
73,962
75,384
76,806
490.3
500.1
510.0
519.8
529.6
90
91
92
93
94
128,011
129,433
130,855
132,278
133,700
15 21,335
16 22,757
17 24,180
18 25,602
19 27,024
147.1
156.9
166.7
176.5
186.3
55
56
57
58
59
78,229
79,651
81,073
82,496
83,918
539.4
549.2
559.0
568.8
578.6
95
96
97
98
99
135,122
136,545
137,967
139,389
140,812
20 28,447
21 29,869
22 31,291
23 32,714
24 34,136
196.1
205.9
215.7
225.6
235.4
60
61
62
63
64
85,340
86,763
88,185
89,607
91,030
588.4
598.2
608.0
617.8
622.6
25 35,558
26 36,981
27 38,403
28 39,826
29 41,248
245.2
255.0
264.8
274.6
284.4
65
66
67
68
69
92,452
93,874
95,297
96,719
98,141
30 42,670
31 44,093
32 45,515
33 46,937
34 48,360
294.2
304.0
313.8
323.6
333.4
70
71
72
73
74
35 49,782
36 51,204
37 52,627
38 54,049
39 55,471
343.2
353.0
362.8
372.7
382.5
40 56,894
41 58,316
42 59,738
43 61,161
44 62,583
45 64,005
46 65,428
47 66,850
48 68,272
49 69,695
Kg
per
Psi
sq
mm
Kg
per
Psi
sq
mm
M Pa
882.6
892.4
902.2
912.0
921.8
130
131
132
133
134
184,904
186,327
187,749
189,171
190,594
1274.9
1284.7
1294.5
1304.3
1314.1
931.6
941.4
951.2
961.0
970.9
135
136
137
138
139
192,016
193,438
194,861
196,283
197,705
1323.9
1333.7
1343.5
1353.3
1363.1
100
101
102
103
104
142,234 980.7 140 199,128
143,656 990.5 141 200,550
145,079 1000.3 142 201,972
146,501 1010.1 143 203,395
147,923 1020.0 144 204,817
1372.9
1382.7
1392.5
1402.4
1412.2
637.4
647.2
657.0
666.9
676.7
105
106
107
108
109
149,346
150,768
152,190
153,613
155,035
1029.7
1039.5
1049.3
1059.1
1068.9
145
146
147
148
149
206,239
207,662
209,084
210,506
211,929
1422.0
1431.8
1441.6
1451.4
1461.2
99,564
100,986
102,408
103,831
105,253
686.5
696.3
706.1
715.9
725.7
110
111
112
113
114
156,457
157,880
159,302
160,724
162,147
1078.7
1088.5
1098.3
1108.2
1118.0
150
151
152
153
154
213,351
214,773
216,196
217,618
219,040
1471.0
1480.8
1490.6
1500.4
1510.2
75
76
77
78
79
106,675
108,098
109,520
110,943
112,365
735.5
745.3
755.1
764.9
774.7
115
116
117
118
119
163,569
164,991
166,414
167,836
169,258
1127.8
1137.6
1147.4
1157.2
1167.0
155
156
157
158
159
220,463
221,885
223,307
224,730
226,152
1520.0
1529.8
1539.6
1549.5
1559.3
393.3
402.1
411.9
421.7
431.5
80
81
82
83
84
113,787
115,210
116,632
118,054
119,477
784.5
794.3
804.1
814.0
823.8
120
121
122
123
124
170,681
172,103
173,525
174,948
176,370
1176.8
1186.6
1196.4
1206.2
1216.0
441.3
451.1
460.9
470.7
480.5
85
86
87
88
89
120,899
122,321
123,744
125,166
126,588
833.6
843.4
853.2
863.0
872.8
125
126
127
128
129
177,792
179,215
180,637
182,059
183,482
1225.8
1235.6
1245.4
1255.3
1265.1
M Pa
114
M Pa
WORK-ENERGY CONVERSION TABLE
ft.-lbf
0.7376
1.4751
2.2127
2.9502
3.6878
4.4254
5.1629
5.9005
6.6381
7.3756
8.1132
8.8507
9.5883
10.3259
11.0634
11.8010
12.5386
13.2761
14.0137
14.7512
15.4888
16.2264
16.9639
17.7015
18.4391
19.1766
19.9142
20.6517
21.3893
22.1269
22.8644
23.6020
24.3396
25.0771
25.8147
26.5522
27.2898
28.0274
28.7649
29.5025
30.2400
30.9776
31.7152
32.4527
33.1903
33.9279
34.6654
35.4030
36.1405
36.8781
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
joules
ft.-lbf
1.356
2.712
4.067
5.423
6.779
8.135
9.491
10.847
12.202
13.558
14.914
16.270
17.626
18.981
20.337
21.693
23.049
24.405
25.761
27.116
28.472
29.828
31.184
32.540
33.895
35.251
36.607
37.963
39.319
40.675
42.030
43.386
44.742
46.098
47.454
48.809
50.165
51.521
52.877
54.233
55.589
56.944
58.300
59.656
61.012
62.368
63.723
65.079
66.435
67.791
37.6157
38.3532
39.0908
39.8284
40.5659
41.3035
42.0410
42.7786
43.5162
44.2537
44.9913
45.7289
46.4664
47.2040
47.9415
48.6791
49.4167
50.1542
50.8918
51.6294
52.3669
53.1045
53.8420
54.5796
55.3172
56.0547
56.7923
57.5298
58.2674
59.0050
59.7425
60.4801
61.2177
61.9552
62.6928
63.4303
64.1679
64.9055
65.6430
66.3806
67.1182
67.8557
68.5933
69.3308
70.0684
70.8060
71.5435
72.2811
73.0186
73.7562
Examples: 1 ft-lbf 5 1.356 joules
1 joule 5 0.7376 ft-lbf
115
joules
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
69.147
70.503
71.858
73.214
74.570
75.926
77.282
78.637
79.993
81.349
82.705
84.061
85.417
86.772
88.128
89.484
90.840
92.196
93.551
94.907
96.263
97.619
98.975
100.331
101.686
103.042
104.398
105.754
107.110
108.465
109.821
111.177
112.533
113.889
115.245
116.600
117.956
119.312
120.668
122.024
123.379
124.735
126.091
127.447
128.803
130.159
131.514
132.870
134.226
135.582
TABLES FOR CONVERSION FROM
INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS
Inches
Millimeters
1
⁄64
1
⁄32
3
⁄64
1
⁄16
5
⁄64
3
⁄32
7
⁄64
1
⁄8
9
⁄64
5
⁄32
11
⁄64
3
⁄16
13
⁄64
7
⁄32
15
⁄64
1⁄ 4
17
⁄64
9
⁄32
19
⁄64
5
⁄16
21
⁄64
11
⁄32
23
⁄64
3
⁄8
25
⁄64
13
⁄32
27
⁄64
7⁄ 16
29⁄
64
15
⁄32
31⁄
64
1⁄ 2
.015625
.031250
.046875
.062500
.078125
.093750
.109375
.125000
.140625
.156250
.171875
.187500
.203125
.218750
.234375
.250000
.265625
.281250
.296875
.312500
.328125
.343750
.359375
.375000
.390625
.406250
.421875
.437500
.453125
.468750
.484375
.500000
* On the basis of the conversion factor 1 in. 5 25.4 mm.
116
.396875
.793750
1.190625
1.587500
1.984375
2.381250
2.778125
3.175000
3.571875
3.968750
4.365625
4.762500
5.159375
5.556250
5.953125
6.350000
6.746875
7.143750
7.540625
7.937500
8.334375
8.731250
9.128125
9.525000
9.921875
10.318750
10.715625
11.112500
11.509375
11.906250
12.303125
12.700000
TABLES FOR CONVERSION – continued
Inches
Millimeters
33⁄
64
17
⁄32
35⁄
64
9⁄ 16
37⁄
64
19
⁄32
39⁄
64
5⁄ 8
41⁄
64
21
⁄32
43⁄
64
11⁄ 16
45⁄
64
23
⁄32
47⁄
64
3⁄ 4
49⁄
64
25
⁄32
51⁄
64
13⁄ 16
53⁄
64
27
⁄32
55⁄
64
7⁄ 8
57⁄
64
29
⁄32
59⁄
64
15⁄ 16
61⁄
64
31
⁄32
63⁄
64
1
(All the values in these tables are exact).
117
.515625
.531250
.546875
.562500
.578125
.593750
.609375
.625000
.640625
.656250
.671875
.687500
.703125
.718750
.734375
.750000
.765625
.781250
.796875
.812500
.828125
.843750
.859375
.875000
.890625
.906250
.921875
.937500
.953125
.968750
.984375
1.000000
13.096875
13.493750
13.890625
14.287500
14.684375
15.081250
15.478125
15.875000
16.271875
16.668750
17.065625
17.462500
17.859375
18.256250
18.653125
19.050000
19.446875
19.843750
20.240625
20.637500
21.034375
21.431250
21.828125
22.225000
22.621875
23.018750
23.415625
23.812500
24.209375
24.606250
25.003125
25.400000
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES
Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
—459.4 to 0
C
F/C
F
0 to 100
C
-273
-268
-262
-257
-251
-459.4
-450
-440
-430
-420
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-246
-240
-234
-229
-223
-410
-400
-390
-380
-370
-218
-212
-207
-201
-196
F/C
F
100 to 1000
C
F/C
50
51
52
53
54
F
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
C
F/C
100
110
120
130
140
212
230
248
266
284
260
266
271
277
282
C
F/C
F
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
5
6
7
8
9
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
55
56
57
58
59
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
66
71
77
82
88
150
160
170
180
190
302
320
338
356
374
288
293
299
304
310
550
560
570
580
590
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
-360
-350
-340
-330
-320
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
10
11
12
13
14
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
60
61
62
63
64
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
93
99
100
104
110
200
210
212
220
230
392
410
413.6
428
446
316
321
327
332
338
600
610
620
630
640
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273 -459.4
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
15
16
17
18
19
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
65
66
67
68
69
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
116
121
127
132
138
240
250
260
270
280
464
482
500
518
536
343
349
354
360
366
650
660
670
680
690
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-454
-436
-418
-400
-382
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
20
21
22
23
24
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
70
71
72
73
74
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
143
149
154
160
166
290
300
310
320
330
554
572
590
608
626
371
377
382
388
393
700
710
720
730
740
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-364
-346
-328
-310
-292
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
25
26
27
28
29
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
75
76
77
78
79
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
171
177
182
188
193
340
350
360
370
380
644
662
680
698
716
399
404
410
416
421
750
760
770
780
790
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
-112
-107
-101
-96
-90
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-274
-256
-238
-220
-202
-1.1
- .6
0
.6
1.1
30
31
32
33
34
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
80
81
82
83
84
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
199
204
210
216
221
390
400
410
420
430
734
752
770
788
806
427
432
438
443
449
800
810
820
830
840
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
-84
-79
-73
-68
-62
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-184
-166
-148
-130
-112
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
35 95.0
36 96.8
37 98.6
38 100.4
39 102.2
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
85
86
87
88
89
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
227
232
238
243
249
440
450
460
470
480
824
842
860
878
896
454
460
466
471
477
850
860
870
880
890
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-94
-76
-58
-40
-22
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
40
41
42
43
44
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
90
91
92
93
94
194.0 254 490 914
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
482
488
493
499
504
900
910
920
930
940
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
510
516
521
527
532
538
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
-29
-20
-4
7.2 45 113.0
-23
-10
14
7.8 46 114.8
-17.8
0
32
8.3 47 116.6
8.9 48 118.4
9.4 49 120.2
35.0 95
35.6 96
36.1 97
36.7 98
37.2 99
37.8 100
38
43
49
54
60
F
0
1
2
3
4
500 932
510 950
520 968
530 986
540 1004
Look up reading in middle column. If in degress Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in
right hand column; if in Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
118
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES – continued
Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
1000 to 2000
2000 to 3000
C
F/C
F
C
F/C
F
C
F/C
538
543
549
554
560
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1832
1850
1868
1886
1904
816
821
827
832
838
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
2732
2750
2768
2786
2804
F
C
F/C
F
1093
1099
1104
1110
1116
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
3632
3650
3668
3686
3704
1371
1377
1382
1388
1393
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
4532
4650
4568
4586
4604
566
571
577
582
588
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994
843
849
854
860
866
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
2822
2840
2858
2876
2894
1121
1127
1132
1138
1143
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
3722
3740
3758
3776
3794
1399
1404
1410
1416
1421
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
4622
4640
4658
4676
4694
593
599
604
610
616
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
871
877
882
888
893
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
2912
2930
2948
2966
2984
1149
1154
1160
1166
1171
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
3812
3830
3848
3866
3884
1427
1432
1438
1443
1449
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
4712
4730
4748
4766
4784
621
627
632
638
643
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
899
904
910
916
921
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
3002
3020
3038
3056
3074
1177
1182
1188
1193
1199
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
3902
3920
3938
3956
3974
1454
1460
1466
1471
1477
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
4802
4820
4838
4856
4874
649
654
660
666
671
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
927
932
938
943
949
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
3092
3110
3128
3146
3164
1204
1210
1216
1221
1227
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
3992
4010
4028
4046
4064
1482
1488
1493
1499
1504
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
4892
4910
4928
4946
4964
677
682
688
693
699
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
954
960
966
971
977
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
3182
3200
3218
3236
3254
1232
1238
1243
1249
1254
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
4082
4100
4118
4136
4154
1510
1516
1521
1527
1532
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
4982
5000
5018
5036
5054
704
710
716
721
727
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
982
988
993
999
1004
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
3272
3290
3308
3326
3344
1260
1266
1271
1277
1282
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
4172
4190
4208
4226
4244
1538
1543
1549
1554
1560
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
5072
5090
5108
5126
5144
732
738
743
749
754
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
3362
3380
3398
3416
3434
1288
1293
1299
1304
1310
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
4262
4280
4298
4316
4334
1566
1571
1577
1582
1588
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
5162
5180
5198
5216
5234
760
766
771
777
782
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
1038
1043
1049
1054
1060
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
3452
3470
3488
3506
3524
1316
1321
1327
1332
1338
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
4352
4370
4388
4406
4424
1593
1599
1604
1610
1616
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
5252
5270
5288
5306
5324
788 1450 2642
793 1460 2660
799 1470 2678
804 1480 2696
810 1490 2714
1066
1071
1077
1082
1088
1093
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
3542 1343
2450 4442
3560 1349
2460 4460
3578 1354
2470 4478
3596 1360
2480 4496
3614 1366
2490 4514
3632
1621
1627
1632
1638
1643
1649
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3000
5342
5360
5378
5396
5414
5432
Look up reading in middle column. If in degress Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in
right hand column; if in Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
119
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES
BASED ON BRINELL
(APPROXIMATE)
BRINELL HARDNESS
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
Diameter Tungsten
A-Scale
B-Scale
C-Scale
mm
Carbide
60 Kg
100 Kg
150 Kg Superficial
3000 Kg 10 mm Ball
Brale
1/16" Ball
Brale
30 N
Diamond
Pyramid Approx.
Hardness Tensile
Number
Stength
(Vickers) 1000 psi
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
757
86.5
86.0
85.6
85.0
84.4
....
....
....
....
....
70.0
69.0
68.0
67.0
65.9
86.0
85.0
84.4
83.6
82.7
1076
1004
940
900
860
....
....
....
....
....
2.25
....
....
2.35
2.40
745
722
710
682
653
84.1
83.4
83.0
82.2
81.2
....
....
....
....
....
65.3
64.0
63.3
61.7
60.0
82.2
81.1
80.4
79.0
77.5
840
800
780
737
697
....
....
....
....
....
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
627
601
578
555
534
80.5
79.8
79.1
78.4
77.8
....
....
....
....
....
58.7
57.3
56.0
54.7
53.5
76.3
75.1
73.9
72.7
71.6
667
640
615
591
569
323
309
297
285
274
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
514
495
477
461
444
76.9
76.3
75.6
74.9
74.2
....
....
....
....
....
52.1
51.0
49.6
48.5
47.1
70.3
69.4
68.2
67.2
65.8
547
528
508
491
472
263
253
243
235
225
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
429
415
401
388
375
73.4
72.8
72.0
71.4
70.6
....
....
....
....
....
45.7
44.5
43.1
41.8
40.4
64.6
63.5
62.3
61.1
59.9
455
440
425
410
396
217
210
202
195
188
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
363
352
341
331
321
70.0
69.3
68.7
68.1
67.5
....
(110.0)
(109.0)
(108.5)
(108.0)
39.1
37.9
36.6
35.5
34.3
58.7
57.6
56.4
55.4
54.3
383
372
360
350
339
182
176
170
166
160
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
311
302
293
285
277
66.9
66.3
65.7
65.3
64.6
(107.5)
(107.0)
(106.0)
(105.5)
(104.5)
33.1
32.1
30.9
29.9
28.8
53.3
52.2
51.2
50.3
49.3
328
319
309
301
292
155
150
145
141
137
120
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES – continued
BRINELL HARDNESS
Diameter Tungsten
mm
Carbide
3000 Kg 10 mm Ball
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
A-Scale
60 Kg
Brale
B-Scale
100 Kg
1/16" Ball
Diamond
Pyramid Approx.
C-Scale
Hardness Tensile
150 Kg Superficial Number
Stength
Brale
30 N
(Vickers) 1000 psi
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
269
262
255
248
241
64.1
63.6
63.0
62.5
61.8
(104.0)
(103.0)
(102.0)
(101.0)
100.0
27.6
26.6
25.4
24.2
22.8
48.3
47.3
46.2
45.1
43.9
284
276
269
261
253
133
129
126
122
118
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
235
229
223
217
212
61.4
60.8
59.7
59.2
58.5
99.0
98.2
97.3
96.4
95.5
21.7
20.5
(18.8)
(17.5)
(16.0)
42.9
41.9
....
....
....
247
241
234
228
222
115
111
....
105
102
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
207
201
197
192
187
57.8
57.4
56.9
56.5
55.9
94.6
93.8
92.8
91.9
90.7
(15.2)
(13.8)
(12.7)
(11.5)
(10.0)
....
....
....
....
....
218
212
207
202
196
100
98
95
93
90
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
183
179
174
170
167
55.5
55.0
53.9
53.4
53.0
90.0
89.0
87.8
86.8
86.0
(9.0)
(8.0)
(6.4)
(5.4)
(4.4)
....
....
....
....
....
192
188
182
178
175
89
87
85
83
81
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
163
156
149
143
137
52.5
51.0
49.9
48.9
47.4
85.0
82.9
80.8
78.7
76.4
(3.3)
(.9)
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
171
163
156
150
143
79
76
73
71
67
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
131
126
121
116
111
46.0
45.0
43.9
42.8
41.9
74.0
72.0
69.8
67.6
65.7
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
137
132
127
122
117
65
63
60
58
56
Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are given for information only.
The Brinell values in this table are based on the use of a 10mm tungsten carbide ball; at
hardness levels of 429 Brinell and below, the values obtained with the tungsten carbide
ball, the Hultgren ball, and the standard ball are the same.
The Hardness Conversion Tables are based on SAE J417 and ASTM E140.
121
USEFUL EQUATIONS FOR
HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS
Ae1 (°F) ~ 1333 2 25 3 Mn 1 40 3 Si 1 42 3 Cr 2 26 3 Ni ............... (1)
Ae3 (°F) ~ 1570 2 323 3 C 2 25 3 Mn 1 80 3 Si 2 3 3 Cr 2 32 3 Ni.. (2)
Ac1 (°C) ~ 723 2 10.7 3 Mn 1 29.1 3 Si 1 16.9 3 Cr 2 16.9 3 Ni 1
290 3 As 1 6.38 3 W ........................................................... (3)
Ac3 (°C) ~ 910 2 203 3 √C 1 44.7 3 Si  15.2 3 Ni 1 31.5 3 Mo 1 104
3 V 1 13.1 3 W ...................................................................... (4)
Ms (°F) ~ 930 2 600 3 C 2 60 3 Mn 2 20 3 Si 2 50 3 Cr 2 30 3
Ni 2 20 3 Mo 2 20 3 W........................................................ (5)
M10 (°F) ~ Ms 2 18 ................................................................................. (6)
M50 (°F) ~ Ms 2 85 ................................................................................. (7)
M90 (°F) ~ Ms 2 185 ............................................................................... (8)
Mf (°F) ~ Ms 2 387................................................................................ (9)
Bs (°F) ~ 1526 2 486 3 C 2 162 3 Mn 2 126 3 Cr 2 67 3 Ni 2
149 3 Mo ............................................................................ (10)
B50 (°F) ~ Bs 2 108 ............................................................................. (11)
Bf (°F) ~ Bs 2 216 ............................................................................. (12)
Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .025√t, for 1700°F ............................... (13)
Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .021√t, for 1650°F ............................... (14)
Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .018√t, for 1600°F ............................... (15)
(t 5 time in hours)
___________________________________________________________________________
Note:
1 & 2:
3 & 4:
5:
6-12:
13-15:
Each equation above is subject to the chemistry limitations under which
it was developed.
R. A. Grange, Metal Progress, 79, April 1961, p 73.
K. W. Andrews, JISI, 203, 1965, p 721.
E. S. Rowland and S. R. Lyle, Trans. ASM, 37, 1946, p 27.
W. Steven and A. G. Haynes, JISI, 183, 1956, p 349.
F. E. Harris, Metal Progress, 44, August 1943, p 265.
122
105
GLOSSARY OF
METALLURGICAL TERMS
Alloying Elements
ALUMINUM - Al
is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size control is
effected by forming a fine dispersion with nitrogen and oxygen which
restricts austenite grain growth. Aluminum is also an extremely effective
nitride former in nitriding steels.
BORON - B
is usually added between .0005-.003% to significantly increase the hardenability, especially for low carbon alloys. It does not affect the strength
of ferrite, therefore not sacrificing ductility, formability or machinability
in the annealed state.
CALCIUM - Ca
is used in certain steels to control the shape, size and distribution of
oxide and/or sulfide inclusions. Benefits may include improved ductility,
impact strength and machinability.
CARBON - C
is the most important alloying element which is essential for the formation
of cementite, pearlite, spheriodite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite.
Compared to steels with similar microstructures, strength, hardness,
hardenability, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature are increased
with increasing carbon content up to approximately .60%. Toughness
and ductility of pearlitic steels are decreased with increasing carbon
content.
CHROMIUM - Cr
is used in low alloy steels to increase 1) resistance to corrosion and
oxidation, 2) high temperature strength, 3) hardenability, and 4) abrasion
resistance in high carbon alloys. Straight chromium steels are susceptible
to temper embrittlement and can be brittle.
COPPER - Cu
is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used
in certain steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
LEAD - Pb
improves machinability. It does not dissolve in steel but stays as globules.
Environmental concerns are resulting in a decreased usage of lead in
the steel industry.
MANGANESE - Mn
is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working of
the steel by reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. It combines with
sulfur to form MnS stringers which increases machinability. Manganese
contributes to the effectiveness of normalizing for strengthening, to the
formation of fine pearlite, and lowers the Ms temperature, therefore
increasing the probability of retained austenite.
123
GLOSSARY – continued
MOLYBDENUM - Mo
increases hardenability of steels and helps maintain a specified hardenability. It increases high temperature tensile and creep strengths.
Molybdenum hardened steels require higher tempering temperatures
for softening purposes.
NICKEL - Ni
is used in low alloy steels to reduce the sensitivity of the steel to variations in heat treatment and distortion and cracking on quenching. It also
improves low temperature toughness and hardenability.
NIOBIUM - Nb (Columbium - Cb)
lowers transition temperature and raises the strength of low carbon steel.
Niobium increases strength at elevated temperatures, results in finer grain
size and forms stable carbides, lowering the hardenability of the steel.
NITROGEN - N
increases the strength, hardness and machinability of steel, but it
decreases the ductility and toughness. In aluminum killed steels, nitrogen combines with the aluminum to provide grain size control, thereby
improving both toughness and strength. Nitrogen can reduce the effect
of boron on the hardenability of steels.
PHOSPHORUS - P
is generally restricted to below 0.04 weight percent to minimize its detrimental effect on ductility and toughness. Certain steels may contain
higher levels to enhance machinability, strength and/or atmospheric
corrosion resistance.
SILICON - Si
is one of the principal deoxidizers with the amount used dependent on the
deoxidization practice. It slightly increases the strength of ferrite without
a serious loss of ductility. In larger quantities, it aids the resistance to
scaling up to 500°F in air and decreases magnetic hysteresis loss.
SULFUR - S
is detrimental to transverse strength and impact resistance. It affects
longitudinal properties to a lesser degree. Existing primarily in the form
of manganese sulfide stringers, sulfur is typically added to improve
machinability.
TITANIUM - Ti
is added to boron steels because it combines with oxygen and nitrogen,
thus increasing the effectiveness of boron. Titanium, as titanium nitride,
also provides grain size control at elevated temperatures in microalloy
steels. In excess, titanium is detrimental to machinability and internal
cleanness.
124
GLOSSARY – continued
TELLURIUM - Te
is added to steel to modify sulfide type inclusion size, morphology and
distribution. The resulting sulfide type inclusions are finer and remain
ellipsoidal in shape following hot working, thereby improving transverse
properties.
VANADIUM - V
inhibits grain growth during heat treating while improving strength and
toughness of hardened and tempered steels. Additions up to .05%
increase hardenability whereas larger amounts tend to reduce hardenability because of carbide formation. Vanadium is also utilized in ferrite/
pearlite microalloy steels to increase hardness through carbonitride
precipitation strengthening of the matrix.
Standard Mill Terminology
ANNEALING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a temperature, within or
above the critical range, and cooling at a controlled rate to a temperature
under the critical range. This treatment is used to produce a definite
microstructure, usually one designed for best machinability, and/or to
remove stresses, induce softness, and alter ductility, toughness or other
mechanical properties.
BILLET
A solid semifinished round or square that has been hot worked usually
smaller than a bloom. Also a general term for wrought starting stock for
forgings or extrusions.
BLOOM
A semifinished hot rolled rectangular product. The width of the bloom is
no more than twice the thickness and the cross-sectional area is usually
not less that 36 square inches.
CAPPED STEEL
A type of steel similar to rimmed steel, usually cast in a bottle top ingot,
in which the application of a mechanical or chemical cap renders the
rimming action incomplete by causing the top metal to solidify.
DI (Ideal Diameter)
The diameter of a round steel bar that will harden at the center to a given
percent of martensite when subjected to an ideal quench (i.e., Grossman
quench severity H=infinity)
ELONGATION
In tensile testing, the increase in gage length, measured after the fracture
of a specimen within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage
of the original gage length.
125
GLOSSARY – continued
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST (Jominy Test)
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or
other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard
specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen
in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and,
after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness
near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its
length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from
the quenched end.
HARDNESS
Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation.
However, this may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to
scratching, abrasion, or cutting.
IMPACT TEST
A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates
of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured
is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in
the Charpy or Izod tests.
INGOT
A casting of a simple shape which can be used for hot working or
remelting.
KILLED STEEL
Steel treated with a strong deoxidizer to reduce oxygen to a level where
no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
LAP
A surface imperfection which appears as a seam. It is caused by the
folding over of hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging
them into the surface but not welding them. Laps on tubes can form from
seams on piercing mill billets.
MACHINABILITY
This is a generic term for describing the ability of a material to be machined.
To be meaningful, machinability must be qualified in terms of tool wear,
tool life, chip control, and/or surface finish and integrity. Overall machining
performance is affected by a myriad of variables relating to the machining
operation and the workpiece. An overall review is provided in the ASM
Metals Handbook: Machinability, Ninth Edition, Volume 16, 1989.
NORMALIZING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to temperature at least 100°F
above the critical range and cooling in still air at room temperature. The
treatment produces a recrystallization and refinement of the grain structure
and gives uniformity in hardness and structure to the product.
126
GLOSSARY – continued
PICKLING
An operation by which surface oxide (scale) is removed by chemical
action. Sulfuric acid is typically used for carbon and low-alloy steels.
After the acid bath, the steel is rinsed in water.
QUENCHING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a predetermined temperature and cooling rapidly in air or liquid medium to produce a desired
crystalline structure.
REDUCTION OF AREA
The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between the
original cross-sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum
cross-sectional area measured after complete separation.
RIMMED STEEL
A low carbon steel having enough iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide during solidification giving a rim of material
virtually free of voids.
SCAB
An imperfection which is a flat piece of metal rolled into the steel surface.
SEAM
A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack. Experience
indicates that most seams are created during the cooling or reheating
of cast structures.
SEMI-KILLED STEEL
Incompletely deoxidized steel which contains enough dissolved oxygen
to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset solidification
shrinkage.
SPHEROIDIZE ANNEAL
A special type of annealing that requires an extremely long cycle. This
treatment is used to produce globular carbides and maximum softness
for best machinability in some analyses, or to improve cold formability.
STRAND CASTING (Continuous Casting)
Operation in which a cast shape is continuously drawn through the bottom of the mold as it solidifies. The length is not determined by mold
dimensions.
STRESS RELIEVE TEMPER
A thermal treatment to restore elastic properties and to minimize distortion on subsequent machining or hardening operations. This treatment
is usually applied to material that has been heat treated (quenched and
tempered). Normal practice would be to heat to a temperature 100°F
lower than the tempering temperatures used to establish mechanical
properties and hardness. Ordinarily, no straightening is performed after
the stress relieve temper.
127
GLOSSARY – continued
TEMPERING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to some predetermined
temperature under the critical range, holding at that temperature a
designated period of time and cooling in air or liquid. This treatment is
used to produce one or more of the following end results: A) to soften
material for subsequent machining or cold working, B) to improve
ductility and relieve stresses resulting from prior treatment or cold
working, and C) to produce the desired mechanical properties or
structure in the second step of a double treatment.
TENSILE STRENGTH
In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original crosssectional area.
YIELD POINT
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase
in stress. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction
may be made between upper and lower yield points.
YIELD STRENGTH
The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of .2% is commonly
used.
Information adapted from ASM
and/or SAE publications.
128