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Development Strategies
Development Strategies
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Diversification of Industrial Base
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Diversification of Industrial Base
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Copper production in Zambia – over-reliance on
primary products whose prices are determined
by world demand can cause problems for
developing countries
• Many developing
countries too reliant on
primary commodities
• Subject to wide
price fluctuations and
instability
• Expansion of industrial
base
would help avoid overreliance on these
commodities
Agricultural Development
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Agricultural Development
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Finding ways of improving agricultural
production and productivity may be one route
to promoting economic development.
• Property rights – who has the
right of ownership?
• Land reform – part of the
process but not forced (i.e.
Zimbabwe)
• International agreements –
abolition of price controls and
trade liberalisation, buffer
stock schemes
• Productivity improvements –
investment in capital, quality
seed, etc.
Free Market Strategies
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Free Market Strategies
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• Opening up developing countries’
markets to competition
• Improvement of the price
mechanism – aim to improve
efficiency in the allocation
of resources and the use of capital
and human resources
• But:
Problems of market failure
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• Externalities:
– Pollution
– Environmental Degradation
• Public goods/merit goods –
who will provide if the state
cannot afford to fill the gap?
• Period of time to adjustment
might mean that large sections
of the population would suffer
Structural Change
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Structural Change
• Structural Adjustment Policies
(SAPs)
• Plan for economic recovery
to make the country creditworthy
again and to put in place
the conditions for sustainable
economic growth
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Structural Change
• Loans from IMF – in return:
– Remove import controls
– Make exchange rates fully convertible –
often means devaluation of the currency
– Privatisation programme
– Cutting of subsidies
– Deregulation of markets
– Balancing national budgets
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Structural Change
• Problems:
– Prices tend to rise as subsidies
removed and currency devalues
– Cuts in government spending and rise
in taxes hits the most vulnerable
– Deflationary policies tend to cause
unemployment
– Social unrest can be common
– Living standards fall
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Trade Strategies
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Outward looking
•
•
•
•
•
Reducing the levels of protection
Encouraging investment flows
Publicising the country's trade and goods
Economies of scale
Competition stimulates efficiency
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Inward looking
• Erect protective barriers
• Subsidise domestic producers
• Import substitution
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Population Control
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Encourage Savings and
Investment
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Harrod-Domar Model:
• 2 sources of economic growth:
– Savings
– Investment to lower
the capital/output ratio
• Change in National Income (Δ Y )=
Savings ratio(s)/capital output
ratio (k)
• Δ Y = s/k