CRIMINOLOGY
© 2005
Leonard Glick
ISBN 0-205-40278-X
(Please use above number to order your exam copy.)
Visit www.ablongman.com/replocator to contact your local Allyn & Bacon/Longman representative.
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
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1.1
INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?
1.2
CRIMINOLOGY AND THE CRIMINOLOGIST’S ROLES
3
5
The Criminologist Explains the Causes of Crime 5
The Criminologist as Theoretician and Researcher 6
The Criminologist as Critic and Evaluator 7
1.3
CRIMINOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
8
Objectivity 8
Factual Data and Precision 8
Verification and Appraisal 9
1.4
CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 10
The Functionalist or Consensus Perspective
The Conflict Perspective 11
The Interactionist Perspective 12
1.5
1.6
10
THE NATURE OF DEVIANT AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
13
Conformity and Mechanisms of Control: Norms and Laws
How Do Social Norms Become Laws? 14
13
DEFINING CRIME
16
The Legal Definition of Crime 16
Crime Is Relative 17
Mala Prohibita and Mala in Se 18
Civil Law and Criminal Law 18
Juvenile Delinquency 19
1.7
DURKHEIM ON THE NORMALITY OF CRIME
1.8
SUMMARY
19
20
Study Guide 22
Reading 1.1: Crime as Normal Behavior by Émile Durkheim
25
CONTENTS
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2.1
INTRODUCTION: RESEARCHING CRIME
2.2
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DATA
COLLECTION 30
Survey Research: Questionnaires
Survey Research: Interviews 31
Experimentation 32
29
30
FYI The Controlled Experiment: Drug Therapy Research
for Children 32
Observation: Detached and Participant 33
The Case Study 33
Aggregate Data Research 34
2.3
THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS 35
Part I and Part II Crimes 35
Limitations and Criticisms of the Uniform Crime Report 38
2.4
OTHER WAYS TO MEASURE CRIME
40
The National Crime Victimization Survey 40
FYI The National Crime Victimization
Survey (NCVS) 41
Limitations of the National Crime Victimization Survey
41
FYI The Nation’s Two Crime Measures 42
The National Incident-Based Reporting System 44
FYI
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
Self-Report Surveys and Their Limitations 45
2.5
44
CRIME PATTERNS: CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINALS AND
CRIME VICTIMS 46
Ecological and Time Factors
47
Profiles Crime Patterns: The Time of Day and Place 47
Crime and Age 48
Crime and Gender 49
Crime and Race and Class
2.6
vi
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
50
52
Study Guide 53
Reading 2.1: The Professional Thief by Edwin Sutherland 56
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3.1
INTRODUCTION: THEORIES OF CRIME
3.2
TRADITIONAL EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME
59
60
Spiritual and Natural Explanations 60
FYI
FYI
Spiritual Explanations for Crime
Natural Explanations for Crime
The Classical School of Criminology 62
3.3
CESARE BECCARIA
JEREMY BENTHAM
62
64
Eighteenth-Century Criminal Law 64
FYI Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms
Social Contract Theory 65
Pleasure, Pain, and Punishment 65
3.4
61
65
66
Utilitarianism 66
The Greatest Happiness and Social Control 67
Influences of the Classical School 68
3.5
THE POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 69
Auguste Comte 69
Cesare Lombroso 70
FYI
Lombroso’s Study of a Criminal’s Brain
Enrico Ferri 71
FYI
Ferri Believed in Social Reform
Raffaele Garofalo 73
3.6
71
72
CONTEMPORARY CLASSICISM AND POSITIVISM 75
Rational Choice Theory 76
Deterrence Theory 77
An Economic Model of Crime 78
Routine Activities Theory 78
3.7
SUMMARY
Study Guide
Reading 3.1:
80
81
Contemporary Classicism: Deterrence and
Econometrics, and Implications and Conclusions
by George B. Vold and Thomas J. Bernard 84
CONTENTS
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4.1
INTRODUCTION: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 87
4.2
CRIMINALITY AND GENETICS 88
Studies of Body Measurements 89
Twin Studies and Adoption Studies 90
FYI
FYI
Additional Studies Show Statistical Significance 91
Adoption Studies Support Role of Genetic Factors 93
Chromosomal Research 94
FYI
4.3
The Origins of Violence: Nurturing Nature
BIOCHEMICAL INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR
95
96
Dietary Factors 96
FYI Research on Diet and Behavior
Environmental Exposure to Chemicals 98
Hormonal Levels 99
97
FYI Hormone Studies Have Contradictory Results
Alcohol and Drugs 101
4.4
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
102
Brain-Wave Abnormalities 103
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
4.5
SUMMARY
Study Guide
viii
100
104
105
106
CONTENTS
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5.1
INTRODUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 109
5.2
PSYCHIATRIC EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR 110
Freudian Explanations for Crime 110
5.3
FYI Freud’s Id, Ego, and Super Ego
Mental Disorders and Crime 111
111
BEHAVIORAL EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME
113
Bandura and Social Learning Theory 114
Violence and Crime in the Media 115
FYI
5.4
Television in America
115
COGNITIVE THEORIES AND CRIME
116
Intelligence and Criminal Behavior 117
Kohlberg and Moral Development 117
FYI
5.5
Kohlberg’s Moral Dilemma
PERSONALITY THEORIES AND CRIME
Personality Traits
118
119
120
FYI What is a Personality Disorder?
Antisocial Personality Disorder 120
5.6
SUMMARY
120
122
Study Guide 123
Reading 5.1: Media Violence and Youth by John P. Murray
125
CONTENTS
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6.1
INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURE-BASED
EXPLANATIONS 129
6.2
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
130
FYI On Social Change 131
Social Disorganization and Social Change 131
The Chicago School of Criminology 132
6.3
STRAIN THEORY
134
Merton’s Means/Ends Theory 135
FYI Retreatism, Rebellion, Innovation, and
Ritualism 136
Agnew’s General Strain Theory 136
FYI
6.4
Agnew’s Three Types of Strain
138
SUBCULTURAL DELINQUENCY THEORIES 140
Studies of Delinquent Gangs
140
FYI Cloward and Ohlin’s Three Types of
Delinquent Subcultures 142
Lower-Class Cultural Theory 142
The Subculture of Violence 144
6.5
SUMMARY
Study Guide
Reading 6.1:
x
146
147
Illegitimate Means and Delinquent
Subcultures by Richard A. Cloward
and Lloyd E. Ohlin 151
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7.1
INTRODUCTION: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES II
7.2
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
155
156
Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 156
FYI
FYI
Criminal Behavior as Normal Learned Behavior
Differential Association 158
Reinforcement Theory: Burgess and Akers 160
Differential Identification and Anticipation Theories: Glaser 161
7.3
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
157
162
Travis Hirschi on Control Theory: Elements of the
Social Bond 162
FYI Hirschi’s Four Elements of the Social Bond
A General Theory of Crime: Gottfredson and Hirschi 164
7.4
CONFLICT THEORY
165
Karl Marx and the Conflict Perspective 166
Richard Quinney and the Social Reality of Crime
7.5
FEMINIST THEORY
LABELING THEORY
167
169
Socialist Feminism 169
Radical Feminism 171
Moderate or Liberal Feminism
7.6
163
171
172
Howard S. Becker on Labeling Theory 173
FYI
Labeling Theorists’ Assumptions
An Assessment of Labeling Theory 174
7.7
SUMMARY
Study Guide
Reading 7.1:
174
176
177
Feminism for the Mainstream Criminologist:
An Invitation by Jeanne Flavin 180
CONTENTS
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8.1
INTRODUCTION 185
8.2
ASSAULT 186
Profiles Assault 187
Assault Rates and Trends 187
Assaultive Behavior in the Workplace 187
Profiles UCR Data on Aggravated Assault 188
Profiles Violence at Work 190
8.3
ASSAULT AND ABUSE IN THE AMERICAN FAMILY 190
Profiles Nationwide Poll on Domestic Violence 192
Spouse Assault 192
FYI Women and Men as Victims 192
Intimate Partner Violence 193
The Assault and Abuse of Children 194
FYI Some Facts on Child Abuse 196
Sibling, Elder, and Parent Assault 196
FYI Family Violence and Animal Cruelty
8.4
197
EXPLAINING AND RESPONDING TO ASSAULTIVE AND ABUSIVE
BEHAVIOR 198
Psychopathological Explanations for Violence 198
Sociocultural Explanations for Violence 199
Childhood Assault and Adult Criminal Behavior 200
Economic Explanations for Violence 200
Responses to the Problem of Family Violence 202
8.5
RAPE
204
Profiles Rape 204
8.6
EXPLAINING AND RESPONDING TO RAPE
FYI
206
Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and
Medical Attention, 1992–2000 208
8.7
SUMMARY
Study Guide
Reading 8.1:
Reading 8.2:
xii
209
211
The Criminalization of Domestic Violence
by Fran S. Davis 214
Violence against Women: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
by Toni Nelson 222
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9.1
INTRODUCTION: DEFINING VIOLENT CRIMES
AGAINST PERSONS 227
9.2
ROBBERY
228
Profiles Robbery Characteristics 229
FYI Clearance and Arrest Rates 230
A Typology of Robbers 230
Robbery Patterns, Choices, and Motives 231
9.3
MURDER
232
FYI
Weapons Used in Homicides 233
Characteristics of Murderers and Their Victims
FYI Intimate Homicide 235
Circumstances That Lead to Murder 236
Serial and Mass Murder 238
Explaining Criminal Homicide 239
234
Profiles School Violence 241
School Violence and School Shootings
9.4
HATE CRIME
241
243
Hate Crime Victim, Offender, and Incident Characteristics 244
FYI Other Facts about Hate Crimes 244
Types of Hate Crime Offenders 245
Organized Hate/Bias Groups 246
Responses to Hate Crime 247
FYI National Hate Crime Training Initiative 248
9.5
TERRORISM 249
Terrorist Goals and Means 250
Cyberterrorism 251
Responding to Terrorism 252
9.6
SUMMARY
253
Study Guide 255
Reading 9.1: Mass Murder by James A. Fox and Jack Levin
Reading 9.2: Talking to Children about Terrorism and
Armed Conflict by Judith A. Myers-Walls
259
263
CONTENTS
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10.1
INTRODUCTION: DEFINING PROPERTY CRIMES 267
10.2
AN OVERVIEW OF PROPERTY CRIMES 268
Profiles Property Crimes in the United States 268
10.3
LARCENY–THEFT 269
FYI
Larceny–Theft 269
Types of Thieves: Amateur and Professional 271
FYI Amateur Thieves 272
Motor Vehicle Theft 273
FYI Motor Vehicle Theft 274
Carjacking: From Nonviolent to Violent Crime 276
Shoplifting 276
Identity Theft 278
10.4
FRAUD
10.5
BURGLARY
279
280
Profiles Burglary 281
FYI
Data on Burglary 282
Types of Burglars and Their Methods
Responses to Burglary 284
10.6
10.7
FENCING
FYI
285
Arson
ARSON
282
287
287
Profiles Arson in the United States 287
10.8
SUMMARY
289
Study Guide 291
Reading 10.1: Crimes of Fraud by James A. Inciardi
xiv
294
CONTENTS
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11.1
INTRODUCTION: WHITE-COLLAR CRIME DEFINED
11.2
EMBEZZLEMENT AND CONSUMER FRAUD
297
300
Profiles Embezzlement 301
Embezzlement: Explanations and Responses 302
Employee Pilferage and Theft 303
Consumer and Business-Opportunity Fraud 304
Home-Improvement and Real Estate Fraud 304
Health-Care Fraud 304
Securities and Investment Fraud 305
FYI Investment Fraud 306
Tax and Insurance Fraud 307
11.3
11.4
11.5
COMPUTER CRIME
FYI
308
Computer Crime
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
FYI
309
310
Water Contamination
311
EXPLANATIONS FOR AND RESPONSES TO
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME 313
Prosecution of White-Collar Offenders
Controlling White-Collar Crime 316
11.6
ORGANIZED CRIME
314
318
Profiles Characteristics of Organized Crime Groups 319
FYI
11.7
Organized Crime Activities
SUMMARY
Study Guide
321
322
323
CONTENTS
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12.1
INTRODUCTION: CRIMINALIZATION OF DRUG USE 327
12.2
DRUGS DEFINED
12.3
DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT DRUG USE 330
12.4
329
FYI
National Survey on Drug Use Finding 331
Profiles Drug Use and Abuse 331
Illicit Drug Use and Crime 332
FYI Alcohol and Crime: Victim and Offender
Self-Reports of Alcohol Involvement in Crime 333
Alcohol Abuse 335
FYI The Effects of Alcohol 335
Multiple-Drug Use 336
FYI Research on Substance Abuse 336
ILLEGAL DRUGS
337
Cannabis (Marijuana) 337
FYI Effects of Marijuana 337
Profiles Marijuana Trafficking 338
Amphetamines and Other Stimulants 338
Profiles Methamphetamine Trafficking
339
Profiles MDMA Trafficking 340
FYI
Barbiturates 341
Barbiturates and Other Depressants 341
Profiles GHB/GBL Trafficking 341
Heroin and Other Narcotics 342
FYI Heroin and Crime 342
Profiles Heroin Trafficking 343
Cocaine and Crack 344
LSD, PCP, and Other Drugs 345
Profiles Trafficking in LSD, PCP, Flunitrazepam, and Steroids
12.5
EXPLANATIONS FOR ILLICIT DRUG USE AND ADDICTION
345
346
Physiological Explanations 347
FYI The Limits of Physiological Explanations 348
Psychological Explanations 348
Sociological Explanations 350
FYI The Development of Drug Use and Addiction 351
12.6
RESPONDING TO THE DRUG PROBLEM
12.7
SEX-RELATED CRIMES 356
352
Prostitution 356
Pornography 358
12.8
SUMMARY 361
Study Guide 363
Reading 12.1: Drugs and Predatory Crime by Jan M. Chaiken
xvi
CONTENTS
Reading 12.2:
and Marcia R. Chaiken 367
Sex-Slave Trade Enters the U.S. by
Catherine Edwards and James Harder 372
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CHAPTER 13
13.1
INTRODUCTION: THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
13.2
THE POLICE 379
377
Historical Roots of U.S. Policing 380
Police Reform and Professionalism 381
13.3
POLICE ORGANIZATION
383
Federal Law Enforcement 383
FYI The FBI 383
State Law Enforcement 385
County and Local Law Enforcement
13.4
385
POLICE ROLES AND THE FUTURE OF POLICING
IN THE UNITED STATES 387
FYI Discretion is Exercised Throughout the
Criminal Justice System 388
Police Discretion 388
Policing for Crime Prevention 389
13.5
THE COURTS 391
The Funneling Effect 392
Participants in the Judicatory Process 393
Sentencing of Criminals 393
Profiles Attitudes About Sentencing 394
13.6
THE DEATH PENALTY 395
Profiles Arguments For and Against the Death Penalty 397
13.7
13.8
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
FYI
398
Processing of Juveniles
SUMMARY
400
401
Study Guide 402
Reading 13.1: Preventing Crime: The Promising Road Ahead
by Gene Stephens
Reading 13.2:
405
Reasonable Doubts by Stephen Pomper
409
CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 14
14.1
INTRODUCTION: CORRECTIONS 415
14.2
DETERRENCE AND IMPRISONMENT
416
The Solitary System and the Silent System 417
Rehabilitation, Retributive Justice, and the Utilitarian Model 418
14.3
CORRECTIONS TODAY: JAILS AND PRISONS
419
Types of Prisons 420
Profiles Prisoners 422
Prisoners and Prison Populations 422
Prison Conditions 422
Releases from State Prisons, Rearrests, and Reentry Trends 424
14.4
COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS: PROBATION
FYI
425
Major Objectives of Probation 426
The Model Penal Code and Probation Outcomes 427
FYI The Model Penal Code on Probation 427
Shock Probation and Intensive Probation Supervision 429
14.5
OTHER INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 430
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring 430
Restitution, Forfeiture, and Fines 431
14.6
PAROLE
432
Methods of Parole Release and Parolee Characteristics
432
Profiles Parole 434
Parole Outcomes 434
FYI The Truth About Polly Klaas
14.7
RELEASE AND REENTRY PROGRAMS
Furloughs and Halfway Houses
Restorative Justice 438
14.8
SUMMARY
436
437
438
440
Study Guide 442
Reading 14.1: The Goals of Punishment: The Return of
Retributivism and the Utilitarian Model
by Clemens Bartollas and John P. Conrad 445
Reading 14.2:
xviii
CONTENTS
Restorative Justice for Young Offenders and Their
Victims by Anne Seymour and Trudy Gregorie 448
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CHAPTER 15
A v a i l a b l e o n ly a t
www.ablongman.com/glick1e
by Brad A. Myrstol
Steven M. Chermak
15.1
INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS VICTIMOLOGY?
15.2
ESTIMATING VICTIMIZATION: THE NATIONAL CRIME
VICTIMIZATION SURVEY
The Advantages of the NCS and NCVS Data
Trends in Criminal Victimization in the U.S.
The Demographics of Criminal Victimization
Situational Characteristics of Victimization
Interpersonal Dynamics of Victimization
15.3
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF VICTIMIZATION
Victim Precipitation
FYI: Research on Victimization in Intimate Partner
Homicides
Victim Lifestyle
Routine Activities
15.4
CONSEQUENCES OF VICTIMIZATION
Financial Impacts
Physical and Psychological Impacts
Secondary Trauma
15.5
VICTIMS’ RIGHTS
The Victims’ Rights Movement
FYI: Proposed Changes to the Sixth Amendment
Monetary Reimbursement
Civil Remedies
Victim Participation Programs
15.6
SUMMARY
Study Guide
CONTENTS
xix