DECEMBER 2012 EDITION Credits News in Review is produced by CBC News Resource Guide Writers: Jill Colyer and Jennifer Watt Host: Michael Serapio Packaging Producer: Marie-Hélène Savard Associate Producer: Francyne Dorais Production Assistant: Carolyn McCarthy Supervising Manager: Laraine Bone Visit us at our Web site at our Web site at http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca, where you will find News in Review indexes and an electronic version of this resource guide. As a companion resource, we recommend that students and teachers access CBC News Online, a multimedia current news source that is found on the CBC’s home page at www.cbc.ca/news/. Closed Captioning News in Review programs are closed captioned. Subscribers may wish to obtain decoders and “open” these captions for the hearing impaired, for English as a Second Language students, or for situations in which the additional on-screen print component will enhance learning. CBC Learning authorizes the reproduction of material contained in this resource guide for educational purposes. Please identify the source. News in Review is distributed by: CBC Learning, P.O. Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1E6 • Tel: (416) 205-6384 • Toll-free: 1-866-999-3072 • Fax: (416) 205-2376 • E-mail: cbclearning@cbc.ca • www.cbclearning.ca Copyright © 2012 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News in Review, December 2012 1. Learning from the Death of Amanda Todd (Length: 14:47) 2. U.S. Election: Obama Re-elected (Length: 16:34) 3. Canada's Spy Story (Length: 14:51) 4. Truth, Lies and Confessions (Length: 18:42) DECEMBER 2012 CONTENTS IN THIS ISSUE ..........................................................................................................2 Learning from the Death of Amanda Todd SETTING THE STAGE ................................................................................................................................ 4 VIDEO REVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 6 ACTIVITY: Digging Deeper ...................................................................................................................... 10 U.S. Election: Obama Re-elected SETTING THE STAGE .............................................................................................................................. 12 VIDEO REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 14 ACTIVITY: Weighing In ........................................................................................................................... 17 Canada's Spy Story MINDS-ON ACTIVITY .............................................................................................................................. 19 SETTING THE STAGE .............................................................................................................................. 19 ACTIVITY................................................................................................................................................ 19 VIDEO REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 20 ACTIVITY: Two Perspectives ................................................................................................................... 22 ACTIVITY: Canada's Intelligence History ................................................................................................. 23 Truth, Lies and Confessions MINDS-ON ACTIVITY .............................................................................................................................. 25 SETTING THE STAGE .............................................................................................................................. 25 VIDEO REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 27 ACTIVITY: Primary Source Analysis ......................................................................................................... 29 COMMUNITY CONNECTION ................................................................................................................... 30 News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 1 DECEMBER 2012 IN THIS ISSUE Learning from the Death of Amanda Todd (Length: 14:47) B.C. teenager Amanda Todd was bullied relentlessly for years before choosing to take her own life. What can we learn from this tragedy, and what must change to stop bullying? News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos Teen Suicide: Breaking the Silence, November 2011 A New Campaign to Fight Bullying, December 2010 Teaching Children How to Care, December 2006 Bullies in Schools, September 2001 Reena Virk: A Senseless Death, May 2000 #bullyPROOF Boys Will Be Boys: Sexual Harassment in Schools Bullied, Battered & Bruised + Update Class Queers Cyber-Bullying It's a Girl's World: How Girls Use Their Power to Hurt Each Other It's a Teen's World: Wired for Sex, Lies and Power Trips Sext up KIDS U.S. Election: Obama Re-elected (Length: 16:34) Barack Obama is the President of the United States for another four years after defeating Republican challenger Mitt Romney. We review the campaign and look at both men's successes and failures. News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos The Great U.S. Health Care Debate, December 2009 Barack Obama Visits Canada, March 2009 Americans Choose a New President, November 2008 Barack Obama: Great Expectations Meltdown: The Secret History of the Global Financial Collapse News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 2 DECEMBER 2012 Canada's Spy Story (Length: 14:51) Royal Canadian Navy Sub-Lieutenant Jeffery Paul Delisle has confessed to being a spy for Russia. We show what he did, how he managed to get away with it for so long, and what motivated him to betray his country. News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos U.S.-China: The Risks of Spying, May 2001 CSIS: Spying on Canada, October 1994 Inside CSIS Spies Who Came from the Sea Truth, Lies and Confessions (Length: 18:42) A popular police interrogation method is seen as a success for all the confessions it helps elicit from suspects. Detractors acknowledge its success but also claim it can pressure people into confessing to crimes they did not commit. News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos Bill C-30 and Internet Privacy, April 2012 Cracking Down on Tasers, February 2008 Policing and Race in Canada, December 2002 Best of News in Review: Law Eyewitness: Unreliable Evidence Inside the Interrogation Room: Police Tactics Mounties Under Fire Steven Truscott: His Word Against History Steven Truscott Story: Moment of Truth Exercises marked with this symbol indicate that a worksheet to aid in the exploration of the topic is available online. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 3 News in Review – December 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD SETTING THE STAGE It is a story that has become all too familiar. A young woman is a victim of cyberbullying. Targeted, taunted, mocked and humiliated online. And when she goes to school, people whisper about her, refuse to be friends with her, and move away from her when she is eating in the cafeteria. Note to Teachers and Students This News in Review story deals with the issues of bullying and suicide. Some of the material is very disturbing, and it is important to make sure that a safe climate exists in the classroom before these issues are explored. She tried to make a new start a couple of times — changing schools in an attempt to leave her past behind and begin again. But in the world of online bullying, it doesn’t matter where you live because information travels everywhere. Students from the previous school tell students at the new school horrible things about her, and the bullying continued. She was relentlessly bullied for three years. She became depressed and suffered from anxiety and panic attacks. On one occasion she tried to kill herself by drinking bleach. Her parents were loving and supportive, and they did everything they could to help her. They put her in counselling, moved houses to get her away from local kids who were teasing her, helped her to switch schools, and at one point even moved cities to help her get free of the bullying. But all these efforts failed to stop the tide of the abuse. Eventually, the parents contacted the police for help in identifying her cyber attackers, but this action came too late. The young woman — Amanda Todd — had given up all hope of anything improving, and she took her own life. She was 15. A National Debate is Sparked Amanda Todd’s suicide on October 10, 2012 set off a national debate. Not only because it was another tragic case of a life cut short as a result of cruel and vicious bullying, but also because before her suicide Todd had posted a nineminute YouTube video in which she used a series of flash cards to tell her experience of being bullied. After her suicide the video post went viral, receiving over 1.5 million views by October 13, 2012. The video was heartbreaking, and served as a visual suicide note. The video itself generated discussion and debate, as did the posts that appeared on YouTube. Some people posted comments mocking Todd for her feelings, and calling her ugly and stupid. Some people even made fun of her for killing herself. Some people 4 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD also left horrible comments on her Facebook page following her death. But on the other hand, an avalanche of support for Amanda and her family followed her death. More than a million people have “like” Todd’s memorial page on Facebook, and tributes have been held for her across the country. The RCMP is investigating her death and trying to locate the key people who bullied Todd. And on October 15, 2012 a motion was introduced in the House of Commons to put a nationwide anti-bullying strategy in place. Amanda Todd’s family does not want her short life and death to have been for nothing. They want Amanda’s YouTube video to be debated in schools and at dinner tables, and they want young people to stop acting in cruel and hurtful ways. They believe that the anonymity of the internet allows people to engage in cruel behaviour that they would never conduct if they had to do it to another person’s face. Although the debate over how to curb cyberbullying is far from over, it seems clear that the problem is no longer a secret, and that those who engage in this type of cruel and shameful behaviour are going to find themselves persecuted if they choose to bully others. To Consider 1. Everyone knows how bad it feels to be picked on so why do some kids choose to pick on others? 2. Why didn’t anyone stand up for Amanda Todd? How hard would it have been for someone to be nice to her, include her in a group, or eat with her at lunch? 3. Take a moment and write a message to her parents sharing your feelings about their daughter’s suicide. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 5 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD VIDEO REVIEW Pre-viewing Activity Organize yourself into small groups and respond to the following questions and activities. Be prepared to share your responses with the rest of the class. Context The issue of bullying is not new. Most people can share stories of when they, or someone they know, was bullied. But cyberbullying — where young people are targeted through Facebook or other forms of social media — is a relatively new phenomenon. It has only really been an issue for the past ten years. 1. Is cyberbullying different than “regular” bullying? Explain. 2. Does the fact that cyberbullying occurs online and is anonymous make it easier for people to become bullies? Provide at least one reason for your answer. 3. Why don’t kids who are being cyberbullied take themselves completely offline? (For example, delete their Facebook page, get rid of their smart phone, and not check social media sites.) 4. Make a list of things that you think teachers, other adults, and schools could do to reduce bullying. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 6 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD Viewing Questions 1. Explain what was in Amanda Todd’s video. 2. Why do some experts worry that the video might lead to problems for some kids? 3. Why does Professor Hymel, from the University of British Columbia, say that drawing a line between bullying and suicide is too simplistic? 4. What disturbing thing happened to her Facebook page after her death? 5. Why can’t the police do anything about the hateful messages being posted on Amanda Todd’s memorial page? 6. Where were Amanda Todd’s cyberbullies from? 7. Who is “Anonymous” and what does the group do? What did it do in response to Amanda Todd’s bullying and suicide? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 7 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD 8. What is the problem with vigilante justice online? 9. Why do some people say that it is easier to bully in person than face-to-face? 10. What steps should parents take to help prevent bullying? 11. Record some of the ways that Amanda Todd’s death has been memorialized across the country. Post-viewing Activities With a partner, or in a small group, reflect on the video material and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you think Amanda Todd’s online behaviour was outrageous, or fairly “normal”? 2. How do you think the man that she “flashed” was able to locate her (track her down)? 3. Does it concern you that your online actions can be tracked or traced by another person? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 8 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD 4. Why do you think the man decided to harass and victimize Amanda? 5. Why do you think Amanda’s friends and other kids at the schools she attended joined in the bullying? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 9 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD ACTIVITY: Digging Deeper The life and death of Amanda Todd gained widespread media attention. This is because people were horrified at the extent of the bullying she experienced, as well as the fact that she committed suicide. But her case also gained widespread attention because she chose to chronicle her pain in a YouTube video. The video — which some people feel was basically an online suicide note — has been watched by millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, Amanda Todd is not the only young person who has been bullied and has committed suicide. Review the cases below and complete an organizer in your notebook that identifies similarities and differences between each case and Amanda’s case. These notes will help you complete the discussion questions at the end of this feature. For example: Case Similarities to Amanda Todd Story Jenna Bowers-Bryanton In January 2011, 15-year-old Jenna BowersBryanton, from Belmont, Nova Scotia, committed suicide after being harassed at school and through a social networking site. Jenna was not your typical victim. She was a talented drama student and singer. People recall that “she lit up a room” when she entered it. But for some reason, she became the target of bullies. Girls in her class pretended to vomit when she walked into the classroom. And an older student slapped her on her first back to school in Grade 10. Her mom, Pam Murchison, took immediate action and pulled her out of school. What her mother didn’t anticipate was that the bullying would continue to reach Jenna at home through social media. Jenna received mean messages via SMS and on forums such as Formspring. Jenna’s cyberbullies ridiculed her Differences from Amanda Todd Story looks, her personality, and her singing ability. They told her she might as well kill herself. In January 2011, she took her own life. Mitchell Wilson Mitchell Wilson was an 11-year-old boy from Pickering, Ontario, who suffered from muscular dystrophy and had to use a walker to get around. In 2011, two boys beat Mitchell on the street and stole his iPhone. After the beating, Mitchell suffered from depression and anxiety and lived in fear of another attack. One boy was charged with assault after Mitchell identified him as one of Mitchell’s attackers. Mitchell was terrified when he learned he’d have to face his attacker in court and testify against him. Just before the trial began, Mitchell took his own life. Without Mitchell’s testimony, and the ability of the defense to cross-examine Mitchell about his certain identification of the boy, the boy was found not-guilty. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 10 DECEMBER 2012 — LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF AMANDA TODD Your Task These are difficult stories to think about. They all involve young people who have been tormented by other kids, and who have chosen to kill themselves. But it is important to reflect on these stories so that you can think about your own life, the lives of your friends, and what these tragedies mean for us as a society. With a partner, discuss each of the following statements or questions. Record your thoughts in your notebooks. Your teacher may choose to discuss these with the entire class. Teen girls tend to be bullied in a different way. While the bullying of males typically (1) “ involves physical aggression, girls tend to be the target of social and verbal harassment, „ including exclusion or having others talk — or in many cases now, text — about them behind their backs. – Shannon Freud, Kids Help Phone (Globe and Mail, October 14, 2012) To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Are we teaching our children through our words and deeds that might does not make (2) “ right, that stealing is wrong, that one of the bravest things a person can do is own up to his or her mistakes? Taking the time to learn from this case, and working together to ensure „ that such a tragedy never happens again, is the least we can do to express our sorrow to the Wilson family and honour the memory of Mitchell Wilson. – Justice Mary Teresa Devlin, after acquitting a 13-year-old boy of beating Mitchell Wilson (The Toronto Star, March 5, 2012) To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Cases of suicides linked to cyberbullying have grown over the past decade, but being (3) “ tormented over the Internet is rarely the main factor involved, a new Canadian study shows. There have been 41 suicides since 2003 involving cyberbullying in the United States, Canada, „ Australia and the United Kingdom, but most of the victims were also bullied in school and many suffered from mental illness, including depression. – John C. LeBlanc, a professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax (CBC News, October 20, 2012) What point is Professor LeBlanc trying to make? Do you agree with his argument? Why or why not? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 11 News in Review – December 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED SETTING THE STAGE A YouTube clip of a little girl crying and saying she was “tired of Bronco Bamma and Mitt Romney” captured the sentiments of many Americans in the final days before Election Day. Although election night fell on November 6, 2012, the campaign for president began as early as 2010 in the national media, and in a concerted way by both parties in 2011. By January 2012 — a full 10 months before election night — over 50 per cent of Americans reported that the election campaign had already been going on too long (Pew Research Center, January 18, 2012). Every four years — on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November — Americans go to the polls to elect their president. Election Day 2012 saw the Democratic President Barack Obama square off again the Republican candidate, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney. By all accounts, it was a long and bitter campaign. Both candidates were involved in negative campaigning — pointing out the weaknesses of their opponents rather than focusing on the policy issues at hand — and both candidates were sometimes defensive, changed their positions, made exaggerated statements, and ridiculed the other. This is not unusual for election campaigns, but when President Obama was elected in 2008 he had run a fairly clean campaign. One that focused on hope and change, and the promise that he could unite Americans from different political persuasions, and work with politicians across party lines. So his campaign for the 2012 election stood in marked contrast to the 2008 campaign. But times had changed since President Obama was elected in 2008. The President inherited a Check It Out A YouTube clip of a little girl crying because she was sick of hearing about the American election showed up in news broadcasts around the world. www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjrthOPLAKM three trillion dollar deficit when he took office, and then had to deal with an economic collapse, the depth of which had not been seen since the Great Depression of the 1920s. Many of the promises he’d made in 2008 were quickly overshadowed by the economic crisis. Despite the extremely difficult financial situation he faced, President Obama did deliver on a number of his promises from the 2008 campaign. He introduced a health care reform bill, withdrew American troops from Afghanistan, and worked to improve the reputation of the United States around the world. Supporters of Republican challenger Mitt Romney felt that President Obama’s fiscal plan was flawed. They wanted to reduce taxes to stimulate the economy, and they argued that Obama and the Democratic Party were moving the country in a direction that was far too liberal. 12 DECEMBER 2012 — U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED This was because the Democrats support reproductive choice for women, same-sex marriage and reform to immigration. The Republicans, on the other hand, supported policies that were more socially conservative. The Republican Party is not pro-choice, and some of its members hold the position that abortion should be illegal, even in cases where a woman is raped. They also do not believe in same-sex marriage, and some members of the party believe that homosexuality itself is a sin. They believe that America needs to return to its roots: a socially conservative country, with less government. Although the election result was very close — too close to call before election night — the results were very interesting. The Republicans had the most support from white males, especially those over 30 years of age. The Democrats had the most support from women, immigrants, black Americans, and younger Americans across racial and ethnic lines. In any event, President Obama was given another four years to lead the country. And since this is his final term in office he will push ahead with policies to leave the greatest legacy possible. Already, some people are talking about the next election — speculating that Hillary Clinton of the Democratic Party — will run for president. Checking Understanding 1. If you could have voted for the president of the United States, whom would you have voted for? Why? 2. Which of the two dominant political parties in the United States do you think most reflects “Canadian” values? Explain your answer. 3. How would you compare the leadership qualities of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper with those of U.S. President Barack Obama? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 13 DECEMBER 2012 — U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED VIDEO REVIEW Pre-viewing Activity Work with a partner to complete the following organizer. The organizer is designed to help you understand some of the differences between the American and Canadian political and electoral systems. Canada United States Leader of the country (Name of position) Leader of the country (Name of person) Main political parties Political party that is the most socially conservative How is the leader of the country elected? The name of the lower house of government The name of the upper house of government How health care is managed Viewing Questions 1. Rick Santorum was a candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2012 U.S. election race. Identify some of his beliefs. 2. What happened when Santorum withdrew from the nomination race? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 14 DECEMBER 2012 — U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED 3. a) What is President Obama’s position on same-sex marriage? b) What is Mitt Romney’s position on same-sex marriage? 4. President Obama has always had a great deal of support amongst the Hollywood community and famous stars. What happened when Mitt Romney tried to use the star power of Clint Eastwood in his campaign? 5. How did the Republican Party handle the “Clint-astrophe”? 6. Which of the two candidates was considered to have won the first televised presidential debate? And why? 7. Who is considered to have won the next two debates? 8. In what ways did Hurricane Sandy help President Obama during the campaign? (2) 9. President Obama was re-elected on November 6. What are some of the major impacts that will have on the United States in the following areas? a) Taxes b) Health care c) The economy News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 15 DECEMBER 2012 — U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED Post-viewing Activities With a partner, or in a small group, reflect on the video material and discuss the following questions. 1. American presidential campaigns last for many months and cost billions of dollars. Canadian election campaigns are not inexpensive, but they are not as expensive or as lengthy. Do you think there should be limits placed on campaign spending and extravagance? If so, why and what? Further Research Visit the Elections Canada website at www.elections.ca/ home.aspx to learn more about the Canadian electoral system. 2. What influence do televised presidential debates have in the United States? How does that compare to televised leadership debates here in Canada? 3. Do you think Americans are more involved in the political process and elections in the United States than we are here in Canada? Explain your answer. 4. a) What is one lesson you’d like Canadian politicians to learn from the American style of politics? b) What is one lesson you’d like American politicians to learn from the Canadian style of politics? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 16 DECEMBER 2012 — U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED ACTIVITY: Weighing In Elections in countries like Canada and the United States are really a fight for public opinion as much as they are about anything else. Political parties hire public relations firms to learn how to “sell” their positions to the public. Political candidates get public speaking training and image makeovers, which includes tips for how to style their hair and what glasses and clothing they should wear. And political parties spend an inordinate amount of money on media campaigns to convince voters that their candidate is the right one, and all other opponents will be a bad choice. But when we have a chance to clear away all the media hype and political spin, there are always a number of very important issues that need to be addressed and discussed during an election campaign. Your Task Below and on the following page you’ll find a number of quotes. Read each quote, and write a response to each in your notebook. 1. Comment on the extent to which you agree or disagree with each quote. Make sure you explain your position on each quote. 2. When you are finished evaluating each quote, write a concluding statement that sums up your overall opinion of the 2012 presidential election in the United States. Do you think the right person won? „ “ America’s changing. I’m calling it ‘Obamerica.’ It’s a different place. It’s much more multicultural, much more diverse, a much more open, tolerant place. It’s also a place that doesn’t quite know where its soul is at. „ – Gil Troy, history professor at McGill University (CBC News, November 7, 2012) “ It’s been dreadful — in many ways the worse campaign I’ve ever lived through. We saw two honourable men absolutely pollute themselves in desperation to be president or remain president. Two serious, intelligent, previously honourable men who told untruths, changed their positions, refused to talk about many of the most serious issues we face . . . – Stephen Hess, presidential scholar, The Brookings Institution (Toronto Star, November 3, 2012). “ It is not easy to feel sorry for Mitt Romney… he looks too comfortably well off, his skin too shiny and tanned, his hair too expensively cut, his jeans too well pressed. He estimates his personal wealth at somewhere between $210m and $250m. When you don’t know how rich you are to the nearest $40m, it must be hard to relate to people who know exactly how little there is in their pay packets. „ – Nicholas Wapshott, New Statesman, June 11, 2012 News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 17 DECEMBER 2012 — U.S. ELECTION: OBAMA RE-ELECTED “ Obama’s re-election to another four-year term should guarantee the future of his signature legislative achievement, a health care overhaul…. Internationally, it means the United States is likely to continue a foreign policy emphasizing multinational partnerships in dealing with issues such as Syria's civil war and Iran’s nuclear program…. Obama’s victory could also come as a relief to China since Romney had pledged to declare it a currency manipulator, potentially leading to sanctions and escalating trade tensions. „ – Editorial, Toronto Star, November 7, 2012 “ It doesn’t matter whether you’re black, or white, or Hispanic, or Asian, or native American, or young, or old, or rich, or poor, abled, disabled, gay, or straight, you can make it here in America if you’re willing to try. „ “ Former Republican presidential challenger Mitt Romney says President Barack Obama won re-election last week because of the ‘gifts’ Obama had provided to blacks, Hispanics and young voters and because of his effort to paint Romney as antiimmigrants. „ – CTV News online, November 15, 2012 “ Obama has the chance to shape and leave a legacy not just for himself, but also for his party, through the election’s connection with new constituencies that seem to be forming…. Polls have indicated a large majority of the Latino community favours immigration reform that would give some path toward permanent residency to the more than 12 million undocumented immigrants who already live and work in the United States. „ – Andrew Davidson, CBC News, November 7, 2012 – President Obama, acceptance speech, November 6, 2012 News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 18 News in Review – December 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide CANADA'S SPY STORY MINDS-ON ACTIVITY Discuss the following questions before reading: 1. How does the media portray spies? 2. How do you think spies in the "real world" may differ from those in books, television and movies? 3. Why do you think countries spy on each other? What types of information do you think are the target of spying? SETTING THE STAGE Hollywood portrays spies as glamorous, athletic and highly intelligent people jumping from planes and engaging in high speed car chases with their guns ablaze. However, spying is not a new phenomenon nor is it especially glamorous work. Spies have existed since the beginning of civilization. As nations competed with each other over land and resources it became increasingly important to stay one step ahead of foreign powers by knowing their secrets. Spying is the gathering of secret knowledge or "intelligence" held by a different nation or peoples without their knowledge. These secrets tend to involve military information such as the location, size and strength of weapons and troops in addition to future plans for military activities. They may also steal technology, convince others to defect to their side, and sabotage military or political plans. Spies often infiltrate the military or industrial ranks of another nation to get access to this confidential information. There are strict laws against espionage and severe punishments for spies in most nations since spying compromises the security of a nation. In addition to international espionage, domestic spying also exists. Governments may want to keep track of perceived threats to their own national stability. Many nations have a "secret service" that is directly involved in intelligence and espionage. This government-sanctioned intelligence gathering is a controversial area of government activity since the nation's security interests may compete with its citizens’ desire for privacy. ACTIVITY Define as many of the following espionage terms as you can and then check a reliable source to insure your definition is correct. double agent deep cover operative agent provocateur re-doubled agent safe house covert agent sleeper agent cyber spy 19 DECEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SPY STORY VIDEO REVIEW Pre-viewing Activities Answer the following questions individually, then discuss them with a partner. Prepare to debrief as a class. 1. What do you think might motivate someone to become a spy against their own country? 2. What qualities or characteristics do you think would make an effective spy? 3. List as many ways that you can think of that a government tries to prevent spying. 4. Do you think the Canadian government engages in spying? On whom and why? Viewing Questions 1. Why is this case very serious and of "grave concern"? 2. Where did Delisle work? 3. What is the maximum penalty that Delisle could face? 4. HMCS Trinity in Halifax is the hub for _____________ intelligence. It tracks all vessels moving in and out of Canadian waters, using _______________, drones and ____________________. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 20 DECEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SPY STORY 5. What additional information did Delisle have access to? 6. In addition to Russia, what other countries may be interested in Canada's intelligence? 7. Why did the Canadian government not publically expel the Russian diplomats? 8. Why is Delisle's guilty plea a relief for the government? 9. How did technology assist in this case of espionage? 10. Why did Delisle get caught? 11. Stone Ghost is a programme that shares classified information between the U.S., _________, Australia, ____________, and Canada. 12. What information did the Russians want according to Delisle? Post-viewing Questions 1. Did Lt. Jeffery Paul Delisle fit your description of an effective spy? Why or why not? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 21 DECEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SPY STORY 2. Why do you think Delisle became a spy? 3. What punishment do you think he should face and why? 4. Is spying an inevitable or do you think the government could do more to prevent its own citizens from spying? 5. Recently it has come to light that it was the FBI that alerted the RCMP of the fact that Delisle was an informant for the Russians. Why do you think this fact embarrassed the Canadian government? ACTIVITY: Two Perspectives Explain the reason for these two viewpoints on the Delisle espionage case. Consider the source, the bias and the point of view. on CSIS analysis and our current knowledge of the totality of the compromise, “Based Delisle's unauthorized disclosures to the Russians since 2007 has caused severe and irreparable damage to Canadian interests.„ – CSIS report 2012-02-22 spy on everybody. Everybody spies. It's uh…(laughs). And, and our Western values, you “We know it's uh … everybody spies and we spy on our friends and they spy on us and we hold hands smile and it's … it's hypocritical.„ – Jeffery Paul Delisle quoted during his police interrogation. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 22 DECEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SPY STORY ACTIVITY: Canada's Intelligence History Minds-On Activity 1. About which countries do you think Canada gathers the most intelligence? Why? 2. Which countries do you think want intelligence about Canada? Why? Leader in Signals Intelligence Where does Canada fit in the world community in terms of espionage? Canada's intelligence resources centred around the work of the RCMP until World War II where dramatic events led to Canada being pushed to the forefront of protecting its ally, Great Britain. It was then that Canada became a leader in signals intelligence. Signals intelligence is intelligence-gathering by monitoring, intercepting, decoding and interpreting radio, radar and other communication signals. Many Canadian, American and British women were involved in transcribing and translated coded messages. Signals intelligence was vital in monitoring the movement of enemy troops, planes and vessels. Canada tracked naval signals to convoys of ships in the western Atlantic, warning of German Uboat activity. Canadian intelligence also intercepted and decrypted German agent messages. The RCMP captured 3 German agents sent to Canada. Canadians served with distinction with the SOE (Special Operations Executive) a secret resistance group created by Winston Churchill to aid a resistance movement in occupied France. At the end of World War II, the Canadian government believed that there was a need to sustain intelligence efforts and to cooperate with its allies in gathering intelligence. The Communications Security Establishment allows signals intelligence exchanges between Britain, the United States and other commonwealth countries. The Gouzenko Affair The most startling case of spying in Canada was involved a Russian man named Igor Gouzenko. On September 5, 1945, Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa defected to the Canadian authorities. He revealed to the RCMP that a number of Soviet spy rings were operating in highly sensitive government departments and nuclear laboratory facilities. These revelations caught Canada unaware since Russia had been considered an ally during the war. The government beefed up internal security and counter intelligence measures. The Cold War had begun — leading to decades of mutual suspicion and spying between the U.S. (and its allies) as new world power and the Soviet Union (and its allies). News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 23 DECEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SPY STORY CSIS Arrives on the Scene Canada continues to be a target of spying by various foreign powers, largely because of our proximity to the United States and Russia. In 1984, a new civilian intelligence organization came into being in Canada, called the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). The RCMP Security Service was disbanded largely in response to criticism of its performance. Canada continues to play a large role in defence alliances such as NATO and NORAD from which it gains access to a wider pool of strategic intelligence. Canada in Question Canada's reputation as a secure nation with which to share intelligence came into question in January 2012, when the FBI alerted the RCMP that there was a Canadian spy who had been sharing secrets with Russia for over four years. Royal Canadian Navy Sub.-Lt. Jeffrey Paul Delisle plead guilty to passing secret information to a foreigner in breach of the federal Security of Information Act, a law passed in the aftermath of the September 11 terror attacks. He is also charged with breach of trust under the Criminal Code of Canada. Delisle has admitted to sending CSIS reports, information on organized crime, contact details for U.S. Defence officials and intelligence officers in Australia and Canada. His arrest has raised questions of internal security due to the crude methods used by Delisle to extract the information. He used floppy discs and USB drives to smuggle data from his secure office in Halifax to his home — and then on to Russian agents via online email. He was paid $3,000 a month for the stolen information. He has plead guilty and is awaiting sentencing. He faces a possible sentence of life imprisonment. Questions after Reading 1. Why did World War II mark a change in Canada's participation in espionage? 2. Why did the Gouzenko spy case surprise the Canadian government and its allies? 3. Research Delisle's final sentence. Do you think he deserved this sentence? Did You Know? In the early 1940s, the British established a training camp for spies just outside Oshawa. Camp X trained mainly British and American intelligence agents. There is speculation that Ian Fleming, the creator of James Bond, trained there. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 24 News in Review – December 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide TRUTH, LIES AND CONFESSIONS MINDS-ON ACTIVITY Before further reading complete the questions below. Discuss your answers as a class. What do you think? Indicate below if you agree, somewhat agree, disagree or strongly disagree with the following statements: 1. A trained, experienced interrogator is better at detecting if someone is lying to them than an untrained individual. 2. People should be treated as if they are innocent until they are proven guilty. 3. Police should be allowed to aggressively interrogate a suspect in order to solve a crime and catch a dangerous criminal. Indicate below if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. A. Psychological manipulation is not allowed during a Canadian police investigation. B. A small percentage of suspects in a criminal investigation waive their right to silence and a lawyer. C. Sometimes people confess to a crime he or she did not commit. D. Confessions must be voluntary in order to be upheld by the law. SETTING THE STAGE The scene is a cramped, brightly lit police interrogation room with no windows. The suspect is sweating, arms crossed and refusing to talk. The two police officers involved are taking turns with “good cop” and “bad cop” interrogation styles. One officer tries to befriend the suspect and assures him that the law will be lenient if he cooperates; the other officer badgers and intimidates the suspect in order to get him to confess. While this scene plays out on a nightly basis on television crime dramas, the reality of the interrogation process is more complex and nuanced. So what actual happens during a Canadian criminal investigation? The gathering of evidence from witnesses and forensics often results in a person being arrested for a crime. In Canadian criminal law, all accused persons are innocent until proven guilty, and they have the right to legal counsel (a lawyer) and to remain silent in the face of police questioning. Many people waive these rights and choose to cooperate with police through the process of an interview (in the US 75-80% of all suspects waive their right to silence and counsel). The decision to do so most likely arises from their belief that they can best argue their own innocence. 25 DECEMBER 2012 — TRUTH, LIES AND CONFESSIONS Most police officers believe they can detect deceit during an interrogation. Research shows, however, that compared to "untrained individuals," police investigators perform no better than chance (50% accuracy) in detecting lies. Police interrogators also demonstrate a bias towards finding suspects "deceitful" rather than "truthful." They can be more likely to conclude that any suspect being interviewed is guilty. The Reid Technique In Canada, the United States and Great Britain, a style of police interrogation called the Reid Technique is used when interviewing accused suspects. This technique has recently been criticized for leading to false confessions and Charter of Rights violations. The technique assumes that the accused is guilty and can be manipulated into making a confession through a three-part procedure. The first component is the interviewing of witnesses and victims. The second is a nonaccusatorial interview of the suspect to assess whether or not he or she is lying. The police officer will display sympathy and understanding at the beginning of an interview with the suspect to gain trust. The officer may suggest two alternative scenarios or motivations for the crime, each worse than the next, to encourage the subject to confess to the lesser crime of the two. Thirdly, the interrogator moves to a more accusatorial interrogation in which the main objective is securing a confession through psychological coercion and by minimizing the consequences of confessing to the crime. If the suspect maintains he or she is innocent, the Reid Technique stipulates that the officer should tell the suspect the crime is already solved. The officer issues a warning that the only question is how harsh the punishment will be. The Reid Technique has its critics both in and outside of the legal system. Some claim it leads to false confessions and that it borders on violating the rights of citizens. The strongest argument against Reid interrogations is a number of documented cases in which suspects confessed (some were convicted and sentenced to death) but were later exonerated by irrefutable evidence (typically DNA testing). A number of factors can contribute to an initial false confession but interrogation techniques account for a significant proportion of these cases. A proposed alternative to the Reid Technique is known as PEACE, an acronym that refers to a five-part process: (1) preparation and planning, (2) engage and explain, (3) account, (4) closure and (5) evaluation. According to its supporters, this method focuses on disproving theories rather than proving hunches. Its methods have been adopted by police forces in Great Britain and training has begun in Ontario and B.C. Critics of the PEACE methods say it doesn't have enough "teeth" to be an effective method of persuading suspected criminals to tell the truth, and that the Reid Technique has been very effective at obtaining confessions. The debate on the best interrogation model remains unresolved. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 26 DECEMBER 2012 — TRUTH, LIES AND CONFESSIONS VIDEO REVIEW Pre-viewing Questions 1. Do you think police should be allowed to use deceit and/or use psychological coercion to get a confession of guilt from a suspect in a criminal investigation? Why or why not? 2. Why do you think some people make false confessions? Viewing Questions 1. What is the Reid Technique? 2. What is the main concern regarding the use of the Reid Technique? 3. After starting out by" playing it tough," what does the Reid Technique suggest the interrogator do to the suspect? 4. What is the purpose of presenting the suspect with two reasons for committing the crime? 5. True or False? Under Canadian law, lying to suspects is allowed. 6. Why was Cory Armishaw's confession "thrown out" by a judge? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 27 DECEMBER 2012 — TRUTH, LIES AND CONFESSIONS 7. According to Craig Perry, what is the main goal of the Reid Interrogation Technique? 8. What crime did Brenda Waudby confess to and why? 9. According to The Innocence Projects in the U.S., _______ out of _______ post-conviction DNA exonerations involved a false confession. 10. List two ways new interrogation techniques differ from the Reid Techniques. 11. What country uses the PEACE interrogation model? 12. What happened to Cory Armishaw and Brenda Waudby? Post-viewing Activity Return to the Pre-viewing Questions and reconsider your answers with a small group. What information in the video made you reconsider your answers? What questions remain? News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 28 DECEMBER 2012 — TRUTH, LIES AND CONFESSIONS ACTIVITY: Primary Source Analysis Select a transcript of an actual police interrogation. Analyse this primary source using the chart below, noting in particular which of the following Reid Techniques of Interrogation were used. An interesting possible example would be a transcript of RCMP Sergeant Jimmy Moffat interrogating Canadian Forces naval intelligence officer Jeffery Delisle. In January 2012, Officer Delisle was accused of spying on Canada for the Russian government. A transcript of the Delisle interrogation can be found on the CBC News website: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/story/2012/10/23/ns-navy-spy-documents-.html Reid Interrogation Technique Evidence from Transcript In early part of interview interviewer establishes if suspect is “fit” for the interview (not sick, hungry, under the influence of drugs, injured etc.) Investigator establishes rapport Investigator offers “themes” or reasons for the crime that allow the suspect to “save face” or to minimize the seriousness of the crime News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 29 DECEMBER 2012 — TRUTH, LIES AND CONFESSIONS Investigator offers evidence that the suspect is guilty Investigator offers an alternative question in which an answer points to their guilt (e.g. "Did you blow the money on drugs and partying, or did you use it to pay bills?"; "Was this whole thing your idea or did you get talked into it?") Investigator displays understanding and sympathy for the accused The interrogation process lasts a long time COMMUNITY CONNECTION Invite a community police detective to talk about Charter Rights and police interrogation. Prepare questions ahead of the talk regarding police investigations and training in interrogation. News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 30