CDU APA STYLE GUIDE
CDU APA 6
th
Referencing Style Guide
(Updated November 2013)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
General guidelines ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Personal items & communications ................................................................................................................................... 4
Secondary Citation ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Block quotation ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Examples .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.
Books ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
eBook with doi (Digital Object Identifier) ....................................................................................................................... 6
eBook without doi (Digital Object Identifier) .................................................................................................................. 6
Book with one author ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Book by two or three authors ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Book by more than three authors ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Book or work by an association or institution .................................................................................................................. 8
Edited book ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter in an edited book ................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.
Conference papers............................................................................................................................................. 10
Individual published paper ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Individual unpublished paper ......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.
Dictionary .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.
Encyclopedia ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.
Government publications .................................................................................................................................. 11
Report known by its title rather than by its authors ....................................................................................................... 11
Produced by a government agency ................................................................................................................................ 12
Produced by a government agency with personal authors acknowledged ..................................................................... 12
7.
Images or Artworks .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Image from a book ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Image from a website ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Artwork you have viewed personally ............................................................................................................................ 13
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Journal articles.................................................................................................................................................. 14
8.
Article with DOI ............................................................................................................................................................ 14
Article without DOI ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Article from a website .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Lecture notes/unit readings ............................................................................................................................... 15
9.
Article from eReserve .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Powerpoint slides from a Learnline Module .................................................................................................................. 15
10.
Legislation and cases ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Case Law........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Acts of Parliament or a Bill............................................................................................................................................ 16
11.
Multimedia & Social media .............................................................................................................................. 16
YouTube/Streaming video ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Television programs ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Video recording OR DVD ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Podcast ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
12.
Newspaper articles ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Newspaper article from print source .............................................................................................................................. 17
Newspaper article from fulltext database ....................................................................................................................... 18
Newspaper article from a website .................................................................................................................................. 18
Newspaper article-no author .......................................................................................................................................... 18
13.
Standards .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
14.
Statistics ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
15.
Theses ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Print version ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
From an Institutional database/Espace ........................................................................................................................... 20
16.
WEBSITES ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
Entire website (not a specific document or page on the site) ......................................................................................... 20
Document from website with author .............................................................................................................................. 21
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Document from website no author ................................................................................................................................. 21
Website material that has no author, no year and no page numbers .............................................................................. 21
Common Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 22
17.
1.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
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Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by
author (or by title if there is no author).
APA style reference list uses the hanging indent format, the first line is flush left and the next lines are
indented.
Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your lecturer/tutor for the
bibliographic style they prefer.
When using a direct quote from the text, or paraphrasing a specific section of the text, you
must include page numbers (where available) in your in text citation.
For more than three authors cite names in full the first time and then ‘et al.’ (and others)
may be used in place of additional authors names in the text of your essay, but all the
names must be written in the reference citation list.
When citing more than one publication at a time (in text) it is recommended that the
authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate
the works cited inside the brackets.
An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they
appear as part of a sentence. ie: White & Perrone
You may occasionally need to use a reference for a source for which the examples below do
not provide specific guidance. In this case choose the example that is most like your source
and follow that format and if in doubt provide more information than less.
Don’t forget that the whole point of referencing is to enable readers to retrieve, check and
use the sources quoted.
All examples are based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
th
(6 ed), Washington (2009) Available in the Library at call number REF 808.06615 PUBL.
To find out what has changed see APA site What’s new in the sixth edition
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/brief-guide.aspx
If you are using EndNote software to manage your references you will be advised throughout the text of the
recommended EndNote Ref Type.
Personal items & communications
Your references should identify an item (book, journal article, web page, image from flickr) in sufficient detail so that
others may identify and consult it. Personal items & communications, such as personal unpublished photos,
conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, personal files, telephone conversations, letters and e-mail
messages are not available to others and so details are not included in the reference list.
Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide
as exact a date as possible (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (2009). Washington: APA.
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(R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2008)
R. Smith (class handout, January 28, 2008)…
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As per chapter 6.20 APA Manual 6 ed.
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/10/what-belongs-in-the-reference-list.html
Secondary Citation
Note: If you wish to cite from a work quoted in another source, you need to give the details of the source that you
found the reference in.
e.g. Kellog in McWilliams (1996, p. 73) OR Kellog (as cited in McWilliams, 1996, p. 73)
The reference list would then only refer to McWilliams’ publication.
McWilliams, S. (1996). Personal construct theory: a psychology for the future. Townsville, QLD: The Australian
Psychological Society Ltd.
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As per chapter 6.17 APA Manual 6 ed.
Block quotation
Any quotations of more than 40 words need to be placed on a new line and indented from the rest of the text. Do not
use quotation marks to enclose block quotations. Double quotation marks are only used to enclose any quoted material
within a block quotation.
They found Snow Buntings in some numbers on the tops and had a lovely 200 foot snow slide to help
them down. They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the upper waters of the north
west river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles upstream to cross it. In the middle of the
crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to Hugh’s astonishment stopped to collect it. (Davies,
2010, p. 62)
Examples
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Here are some basic examples of CDU-APA 6 style. More detailed examples are included throughout this guide, but
where no exact example is provided then these general principles should be followed.
Book:
author date
book title
edition
place of publication
publisher
nd
Gimenez, J. (2007). Writing for nursing and midwifery students. (2 ed.). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
What is a DOI? The DOI (Digital Object identifier) links directly to a specific article just like a URL. A live DOI link can
lead you to the fulltext of the article if the library has a subscription to the electronic journal it is published in. If a
DOI is not provided, use the URL of the database you found the article in preceded by the words ‘Retrieved from’.
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Journal article with DOI:
authors
date
journal article title
journal title volume(issue)
Fowler, M. D., & Davis A. J. (2013). Ethical issues occurring within nursing education. Nursing Ethics, 20(2), 126-141.
doi: 10.1177/0969733012474290
doi
pages
Journal article without DOI:
author
date
journal article title
journal title
volume(issue)
Barry, B. (1990). How to defend library institutions. British Journal of Political Science, 20(1), 1-14. Retrieved from
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?kod=JPS
pages
URL
Web page:
editors
date
web page title
publisher
Scollo, M. M., & Winstanley, M. H. (eds.) (2008). Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Cancer Council Victoria,
Retrieved from http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au
webpage URL
Examples are also provided in this guide for in text citations. You will sometimes have to use your own discretion to
correctly include referencing information while also writing clearly.
2.
BOOKS
eBook with doi (Digital Object Identifier)
IN TEXT CITATION:
(Shiraldi, 2001)
REFERENCE LIST:
Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery and growth [Adobe
Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722
eBook without doi (Digital Object Identifier)
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IN TEXT CITATION:
Professionals, policy makers and the general public now find clinical materials and data more accessible through
technology, particularly new and emerging technologies (Brownson et al., 2003).
Or
Brownson believes “the concept of evidence based medicine has grown in prominence in recent years” (Brownson et
al., 2003, p. 5).
REFERENCE LIST:
Brownson, R., Baker, E., Leet, L., & Gillespie, K. (2003). Evidence-based public health. Retrieved from Ovid eBooks
http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/Catalog_Book.jsp
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As per chapter 7.02 examples 19-22 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use electronic book
Book with one author
IN TEXT CITATIONS:
Mikolaj (2005, pp. 25-26) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services
professions.
Or
Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services
professionals (Mikolaj, 2005, pp. 25-26).
Or
Mikolaj states that; “environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in
emergency services professionals” (Mikolaj, 2005, pp. 25-26).
Note: when using a direct quote from the text, or paraphrasing a specific section of the text, you must include page
numbers in your citation as shown above.
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As per chapters 6.04, 6.05 & 6.19 APA Manual 6 ed.
REFERENCE LIST:
Mikolaj, A. A. (2005). Stress management for the emergency care provider. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
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As per chapter 7.02 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Book
Book by two or three authors
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IN TEXT CITATION:
White and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context.
Or
There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone,
1997).
Or
The authors state, “the doctrine of precedent is meant to ensure that radical change of differential treatment of any
kind is difficult to achieve” (White & Perrone, 1997, p. 89).
Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a
sentence.
REFERENCE LIST:
White, R. P., & Perrone, S. (1997). Crime and social control: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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As per chapter 6.12 APA Manual 6 ed
EndNote Ref Type; use Book
Book by more than three authors
IN TEXT CITATION:
The authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones
(Gillis, Perkins, Roemer & Snodgrass, 1987).
Use et al. for subsequent citations;
They document a number of cases which support their argument (Gillis et al., 1987).
Note: et al. (and others) may be used in place of additional authors names in the text of your essay, but all the
names must be written in the reference citation list.
REFERENCE LIST:
nd
Gillis, M., Perkins, D. C., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. (1987). Economics of development (2 ed.). New York: WW
Norton & Company.
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As per chapter 6.12 & Table 6.1 APA Manual 6 ed
EndNote Ref Type; use Book
Book or work by an association or institution
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IN TEXT CITATION:
Chapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Prime Ministerial Task Force Group on
Emissions Trading, 2007).
REFERENCE LIST:
Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading. (2007). Report of the task group on emissions trading. Canberra,
ACT: Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
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As per chapter 7.03 examples 31-34 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Edited book
IN TEXT CITATION:
Swingland (2003) provides an excellent examination of the concept of capturing and conserving biodiversity.
REFERENCE LIST:
Swingland, I. R. (Ed.). (2003). Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: the market approach. London: Earthscan
Publications.
Markandya, A., & Halsnaes, K. (Eds.). (2002). Climate change and sustainable development: prospects for developing
countries. London: Earthscan Publications.
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As per chapter 7.02 APA Manual 6 ed
EndNote Ref Type; use Edited book
Chapter in an edited book
IN TEXT CITATION:
…and according to Tuppen (1998) “departure rates for those people with manual and less well-paid jobs have risen
progressively” (p. 250).
REFERENCE LIST:
Tuppen, J. (1998). France: Tourism comes of age. In A. M. Williams, & G. Shaw (Eds.), Tourism and economic
development (pp.243-268). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley & Sons.
Note: the initials of the editors should not be inverted for a chapter of an edited book
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As per chapter 7.02 APA Manual 6 ed
EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section
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3.
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Note: For published collections of conference papers use the edited book example.
Individual published paper
IN TEXT CITATION:
Coates & Hill (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in terms of lives lost from the early 1800’s onwards.
REFERENCE LIST:
Coates, L., & Hill, P. (1996). An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia. In R. L. Heathcote, C.
Cuttler and J. Koetz (Eds.), NDR96 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction. Canberra: Institution of Engineers, 4954. Retrieved from http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15972837
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As per chapter 7.04 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Conference Paper
Individual unpublished paper
IN TEXT CITATION:
“Developing countries are relying increasingly on leapfrog communication technologies to narrow the gap between
themselves and developed countries” (Banerjee, 2007, p. 1).
Note: when using a direct quote from the text you must enclose it with quotation marks “..”. When direct quoting or
paraphrasing a specific section of the text, you must include page numbers in your citation as shown above.
REFERENCE LIST:
Banerjee, A. (2007, July). Fixed mobile substitution and lessons for broadband. Paper presented at the Australian
Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) Regulatory Conference, Brisbane.
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As per chapter 7.04 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Conference Paper
4.
DICTIONARY
IN TEXT CITATION:
The Penguin dictionary of psychology (2001) defines the term psychogenesis as “the origin and development of the
psyche” (p. 580).
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REFERENCE LIST:
rd
Psychogenesis. (2001). In A. S. Reber & E. S. Reber. (Eds.) The Penguin dictionary of psychology (3 ed., p. 580).
Sydney: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.
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Sub-judice. (2010). In The Macquarie dictionary online (5 ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au
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As per chapter 7.02 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Dictionary
5.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
IN TEXT CITATION:
Vesper, (2005) discusses the range of sources of heavy metal contamination of cave waters.
REFERENCE LIST:
Vesper, D. J. (2005). Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals. In D. C. Culver & W. B. White (Eds.), Encyclopedia
of Caves, (pp. 127-131). Burlington: Elsevier.
Or
Menkhorst, P. (2001). A field guide to mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford.
Or when no author;
E-commerce. (2010). In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, (Academic ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183748/e-commerce
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As per chapter 7.02 examples 27-30 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section
6.
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATI ONS
Report known by its title rather than by its authors
Note:APA style does not support the Australian convention of referring to the Chair or informal titles .eg the Little
children are sacred report would be referenced as:
IN TEXT CITATION:
“In our law children are sacred because they carry the two spring wells of water from our country within them” (Little
children are sacred, 2007, p. 1)
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REFERENCE LIST:
Chief Minister’s Department. Rex Wild QC & Patricia Anderson (2007). Report of the Northern Territory board of inquiry
into the protection of Aboriginal children from sexual abuse 2007. “Little children are sacred”. Retrieved from
http://www.inquirysaac.nt.gov.au/pdf/bipacsa_final_report.pdf
Produced by a government agency
IN TEXT CITATION:
“39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability”
(Australian Public Service Commission. [APSC], 2006, p.107).
Note: If the organisation is recognised by an abbreviation, cite the first time in full (as above) then abbreviation
thereafter – (APSC, 2006) Also when using a direct quote from the text you must enclose it with quotation marks “...”.
REFERENCE LIST:
APSC – see Australian Public Service Commission
Australian Public Service Commission. (2006). State of the service report 2005-06. Canberra: Author.
Note: if the publisher is the same as the author, then just use “Author” as above.
Or
Australian Public Service Commission. (2006). State of the service report 2005-06.. Retrieved from
http://www.apsc.gov.au/stateoftheservice/0506/report.pdf
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As per example 7.03 examples 31-35 APA Manual 6 ed.
Produced by a government agency with personal authors acknowledged
IN TEXT CITATION:
This report highlights the public perception towards smoking in the workplace during the years 1985-95 (DHFS, 1998).
Note: Your citation refers only to the agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will
need a see reference in your reference list (as above).
REFERENCE LIST:
Department of Health and Family Services (1998). Public Opinion towards drug policies in Australia 1985-95. Prepared
by T. Makkai & I. McAllister. Department of Health and Family Services. Canberra. Retrieved from
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/320B9OB7DOB6DB58CA256F1900044D3B/$File/o
pinions.pdf
Note: The name of the Commonwealth department responsible may have changed but the citation details should be
those on the title page of the source document.
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As per example 7.03 – 31-35 APA Manual 6 ed.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Report
7.
IMAGES OR ARTWORKS
Image from a book
IN TEXT CITATION:
The relationship of language to country is clearly represented in the photograph Kalkatungu Country, Queensland
(Robb, n.d.)
REFERENCE LIST:
Robb, J. (n.d.). Kalkatungu Country, Queensland, photograph in D. Nathan (Ed.). (1996). Australia’s indigenous
languages, Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia, Wayville.
EndNote Ref Type; use Brochure
Image from a website
IN TEXT CITATION:
The image of the rash (Scarlet fever rash picture, n.d.)…..
REFERENCE LIST:
Scarlet fever rash picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/dermatlas/scarletfever.html
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
As per examples on http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/04/theres-an-art-to-it.html
Artwork you have viewed personally
IN TEXT CITATION:
Ngarrgoorroon Country (Jandany, 2001) depicts the…..
REFERENCE LIST:
Jandany, H. (2001). Ngarrgoorroon country. [natural ochre on canvas]. Charles Darwin University Art Gallery, Casuarina,
NT.
EndNote Ref Type; use Artwork
As per examples on http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/04/theres-an-art-to-it.html
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8.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Articles can be found on the web, in databases via CDU Library subscriptions and within a printed or bound issue of a
journal. In APA, where you come across a DOI you must cite it in your reference list. DOI stands for Digital Object
Identifier. It is a persistent means of identifying materials. If you found an article on the internet without a DOI you
must include the URL for the homepage of the journal, magazine or newspaper.
Note: A print article may also have a DOI, if not just quote as below without the DOI in the reference.
Article with DOI
IN TEXT CITATION:
The authors also discuss current eBusiness applications and models and how these may be used to position eBusiness
initiatives into the future (Wall, Jagdev, & Browne, 2007).
REFERENCE LIST:
Wall, B., Jagdev, H., & Browne, J. (2007). A review of eBusiness and digital business applications, models and trends.
Production Planning and Control, 18(3), 239-260. doi:10.1080/09537280601127245
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As per chapter 7.01 example 1 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
Article without DOI
IN TEXT CITATION:
The author argues that liberal institutions (freedom of speech or religious worship) will naturally be supported by
liberals, and then poses the question; what arguments can be addressed to non-liberals? (Barry, 1990).
Or
Barry seeks to show “that the possession of liberal ideas is a sufficient condition for supporting liberal institutions”
(1990, p. 2).
Note: When using a direct quote from the text, or paraphrasing a specific section of the text, you must include page
numbers in your citation.
REFERENCE LIST:
Barry, B. (1990). How not to defend liberal institutions. British Journal of Political Science, 20(1), 1-14. Retrieved from
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JPS
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As per chapter 7.01example 3 APA Manual 6 ed.
Note: Capitialise only the first word of the article title and subtitle.
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
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Article from a website
IN TEXT CITATION:
The author outlines the difference between the MICE sector in tourism; in that business communication, not leisure, is
the underlying motivation (Johnson, 1999).
REFERENCE LIST:
Johnson, L. (1999). MICE, size of the meeting sector, Journal of the Bureau of Tourism Research, 1(1), 9-18. Retrieved
from http://www.tra.australia.com/content/documents/
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As per example 7.01 Examples 3-17 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
9.
LECTURE NOTES/UNIT R EADINGS
Article from eReserve
IN TEXT CITATION:
Bryce (1998) discusses bereavement, loss and mourning
REFERENCE LIST:
Pitt, Bryce. (1998) Coping with loss: loss in late life. British Medical Journal, 316(7142), 1452-1454. Retrieved from
http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:22104
Powerpoint slides from a Learnline Module
IN TEXT CITATION:
Bed-sharing in relation to breastfeeding is considered to be a controversial topic amongst some parents (Johnson,
2012)
REFERENCE LIST:
Johnson, A. (2012). Week three: Breastfeeding [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from HEA441, Charles Darwin University
Blackboard Online: http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:21240
10. LEGISLATION AND CASES
AGLC is the approved style for those studying Law subjects, do not use CDU APA.
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The APA style bases it’s legal styles on The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook; 18 ed., 2005) which is
not appropriate for Australian environment, please consult the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (6th ed.,
2002) instead. Only cite details in text; you will not need to include the details in the reference list.
IN TEXT CITATION:
Case Law
Mabo and others v. Queensland, 175 CLR 1 (1992).
Acts of Parliament or a Bill
National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992. (Cth) s 3
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As per appendix 7.1: References to Legal Materials APA Manual 6 ed.
11. MULTIMEDIA & SOCIAL MEDIA
As well as consulting the APA Manual the APA Style blog provides useful guidance on how to refer to online
multimedia materials.
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/social-media/
YouTube/Streaming video
IN TEXT CITATION:
The YouTube video Welcome to CDU Library (2008) shows the libraries at Casuarina, Palmerston and Alice Springs.
OR
Fukuyama (2006) demonstrates the use of various pieces of equipment for interval training.
REFERENCE LIST:
Charles Darwin University (2008, July 22). Welcome to CDU Library, [Online video]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiOG2yvo3G0
Fukuyama, M. (2006). Done in 30 minutes. [Streaming video]. Hanover, MA: Healthy Learning. Retrieved from
http://spex.alexanderstreet.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/View/1826235/
Television programs
IN TEXT CITATION:
The ABC Four corners interview with Lance Armstrong……..(ABC Television, 2013).
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REFERENCE LIST:
Lance and the truth (2013, February 4). [television broadcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2013/02/04/3680186.htm
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As per Chapter 7.07 example 51 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Film or Broadcast.
Please include episode AND series title in the TITLE field to ensure title of episode and series is included in your
reference.
Video recording OR DVD
IN TEXT CITATION:
Filming in the BBC’s The secret life of plants (1995) has set a new benchmark in quality for nature shows.
REFERENCE LIST:
BBC (Producer). (1995). The secret life of plants [DVD]. UK: Author
Note: if the publisher is the same as the author, then just use “Author” as above.
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As per chapter 7.07 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Film or Broadcast.
Please include episode AND series title in the TITLE field to ensure title of episode and series is included in your
reference.
Podcast
IN TEXT CITATION:
The Late Night Live program discusses the question of Palestine and the performance of US President Barack Obama
(2010).
REFERENCE LIST:
Boserio, G. (Producer)., & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter). (2010, October 13). Tariq Ali on Palestine and President Obama.
Late Night Live [audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2010/3030164.htm
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As per chapter 7.07 example 50 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Film or Broadcast
12. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Newspaper article from print source
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IN TEXT CITATION:
Oprah’s guests were all chosen to boost tourism according to Anita Heiss (2011, p. 13)
REFERENCE LIST:
Heiss, Anita. (2011, January 12). An O-mazing day. The Koori Mail, p. 13.
Newspaper article from fulltext database
IN TEXT CITATION:
The West Australian reports that teenage tantrums may be related to suicide (Lampathakis, 2007)
REFERENCE LIST:
Lampathakis, P. (2007, August 11). Tantrums seen as suicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26. Retrieved from EBSCO
database.
th
As per chapter 7.01 example 10 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Newspaper Article
Newspaper article from a website
IN TEXT CITATION:
.. four cars had their windows smashed (Adlam, 2010) ….
REFERENCE LIST:
Adlam, N. (2010, July 29). Crime rampage in blacked out city. NT News. Retrieved from http://www.ntnews.com.au/
th
As per chapter 7.01 example 10 APA Manual 6 ed.
Note: Locate and include the home page of the newspaper. Give the URL of the home page when the online version of
the article is available to avoid nonworking URL’s.
EndNote Ref Type; use Newspaper Article
Newspaper article-no author
IN TEXT CITATION:
st
April the 1 was the proposed date for the big Cane Toad Day Out (Don’t be a fool, 2008).
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REFERENCE LIST:
Don’t be a fool; kill as many cane toads as you can: pollie. (2008, August 18). Northern Territory News, Retrieved from
http://www.ntnews.com.au/
th
As per chapter 7.01 example 9 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Newspaper Article
13. STANDARDS
IN TEXT CITATION:
Standards associated with children’s clothing……(Standards Australia, 2007)
REFERENCE LIST:
Standards Australia. (2007) Size coding scheme for infants’ and childrens’ clothing-Underwear and outerwear (AS 11821997). Retrieved from http://www.saiglobal.com
14. STATISTICS
IN TEXT CITATION:
Latest population and housing data is now available for the Darwin area (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008)
Note: If the organisation is recognised by an abbreviation, cite the first time in full (as above) then abbreviation
thereafter – (APSC, 2006)
REFERENCE LIST:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Census of population and housing: B01 selected characteristics postal area 0812.
Darwin, NT: Author. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics website: http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au
15. THESES
Print version
IN TEXT CITATION:
Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training.
REFERENCE LIST:
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Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or a carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view
of learning in the secondary practicum. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Charles Darwin University, Northern
Territory, Australia.
th
As per chapter 7.05 – APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Thesis
From an Institutional database/Espace
IN TEXT CITATION:
Campbell’s (2004, p. 2) concern is “the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at a rapid rate.”
REFERENCE LIST:
Campbell, K. (2004). Family food environments as determinants of children’s eating: implications for obesity prevention.
(Doctoral dissertation, Charles Darwin University, 2004). Retrieved from
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/collection/cdu:24303
th
As per example 7.05 examples 40-44 APA Manual 6 ed.
EndNote Ref Type; use Thesis
16. WEBSITES
Web-based materials do not always include all the data required for referencing. The APA style blog provides guidance
on what to do in this situation.
http://blog.apastyle.org/files/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style---table.pdf
Note: The basic web material reference template is made up of four pieces of information in the following order:
Author, date, Title [with format in brackets if necessary], and source (the URL). See example on p. 6.
Entire website (not a specific document or page on the site)
IN TEXT CITATION:
A wealth of tourism related information is provided by the Tourism Research Australia’s website at
http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/tra/Pages/default.aspx
REFERENCE LIST:
Note: When citing an entire website, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in text as above so is not
included in Reference list.
As per example at http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-website.aspx
EndNote Ref Type; use Web Page
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Document from website with author
IN TEXT CITATION:
The importance of using sun protection while exercising as stated by Queensland Health (2009).
or
Behaviour modification (Atherton, 2005) can be discussed with the psychologist…..
REFERENCE LIST:
Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from
http://access.health.qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/sunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp.
Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm
Document from website no author
IN TEXT CITATION:
(Behaviour modification, 2010).
Note: Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year.
REFERENCE LIST:
Behaviour modification. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.educational-psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html
Note: When there is no author for a web page, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry.
As per example at http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
Website material that has no author, no year and no page numbers
IN TEXT CITATION:
Note: Because the material does not include page numbers, you can include any of the following in the text to cite
the quotation:

A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could count paragraphs down from the beginning of the
document

An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section

A short title in quotation marks, in cases where the heading is too long to cite in full
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REFERENCE LIST:
Note: Because there is no date and no author, your in text citation would include “n.d” for no date, and paragraph
number (e.g., “Indigenous peoples and substance abuse,” n.d., para 1). The entry in the reference list might look
something like this:
Indigenous Peoples and Substance Abuse (n.d., para 1). Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/indigenous/en/
As per example at http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-website-material.aspx
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
17. COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
app.
art.
chap.
div.
ed.
eds.
et al.
n.d.
no. nos.
n.p.
p. pp.
par.
pt.
rev.
sec.
ser.
suppl.
s.v.
trans.
vol.
Charles Darwin University
appendix
article
chapter
division
editor, edited by, edition
editors
and others (Latin et al)
no date
number(s)
no place
page(s)
paragraph
part
revised
section
series
supplement
under the word (Latin sub verso)
translator(s)
volume
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