BI212 Study Guide
Animal Form and Function: Week 4
Vocabulary words:
Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Vasa recta
Nerve nets
Central nervous systems
Peripheral nervous systems
Ganglia
Cephalization
Sensory input
Integration
Motor output
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motorneuron
Effector cell
Dendrite (review)
Cell body (review)
Axon (review)
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Ungated ion channel
Gated ion channel
Resting potential
Polarization
Lymphocytes
B cell
T cell
Antigen receptor
antibody
antigen
Helper T cell
MHC complex
Antigen presentation
Cell-mediated response
Cytotoxic T cell
Perforin
Humoral response
Clonal selection
Memory
Osmolarity
Osmolyte
Osmoconformer
TMAO
Isoosmotic
Osmoregulator
Hypoosmotic
Hyperosmotic
Excretion
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid
Protonephridium
Malphighian tubules
Kidney
Nephron
Understand the antigen receptors occur on the outside ob B cells and T cells. Understand
that they are unique and specific to that particular cell. Understand what antigen
receptors are recognizing.
What is antigen presentation in the helper T cell and in the cytotoxic T cell. What cell
types and what molecules are involved? What is the end result in the case of helper T
cells? What is the end result in cytotoxic T cells?
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What is the role of the helper T cell in the acquired immune response?
What is the cell-mediated response? How do cytotoxic T cells kill target cells?
What is the humoral response? What is the involvement of B cells?
What is memory? How does it occur at the cellular level? Understand how it is the basis
for the development of vaccines.
What is osmotic homeostatis?
What is osmolarity? What are the units we used in our discussions?
What is an osmolyte? What are some examples of different kinds of osmolytes?
What is an osmoconformer? What environments to they occur in?
How do osmoconformers keep the same osmolarity of seawater without destabilizing
their macromolecules?
Understand how marine invertebrates and sharks osmoconform to seawater.
What is an osmoregulator? What kinds of environments do these animals occur in?
How do bony fish osmoregulate in seawater and in freshwater? Are they hyper- or
hypoosmotic to these environments?
What strategies do vertebrates use to prevent dessication?
What is excretion?
Compare and contrast the 3 excretory products made by organisms. What are the
benefits and drawbacks to the use of each of these compounds?
What is the general construction of an excretory system?
What 4 functions so all excretory systems perform?
Describe and form and function of protonephridia and Malphighian tububles.
Understand the structure of the vertebrate kidney and nephron.
Understand the function of the vertebrate nephron. Understand the location where each
of the 4 functions of an excretory system are performed.
2
Compare and contrast the kidneys of 1) desert kangaroo rats and beavers 2) bony fish in
seawater and freshwater and understand how environment plays a role in their contrasting
structures.
Understand the phylogenetic diversity of nervous systems. Understand that complexity
increases with increased cephalization. Do sensory cells occur only in the most
cephalized animals?
Compare and contrast the nervous systems of chitons and squids. How does lifestyle
affect nervous system development?
What are the general components of a neural circuit? What parts of the nervous system
are involved?
In the specific case of the knee-jerk reflex, what are the component of this circuit? What
are the effector cells? What is the other major kind of effector cells in the body?
What is a synapse? Where does it occur on the neuron?
What is the myelin sheath?
Compare and contrast gated and ungated ion channels. How are they different than
pumps?
What is resting potential? How is it maintained in a neuron? What is the actual value in
mV of the resting potential of a neuron. Is it – in the inside or outside?
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